AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM (1st semester)

Which of the following researchers used the case study method, carefully observing one exceptional individual in depth to reach conclusions that might be true of all of us? a. Jean Piaget b. James Randi c. William James d. Jane Goodall e. John B. Watson

a. Jean Piaget

A student who takes a multiple-choice test by reading the stem of each item, generating the correct response before looking at the choices, and then choosing the response closest to the answer is using a. a heuristic b. an "ideal" solution c. vicarious problem solving d. an algorithmic search strategy

a. a heuristic

One effect of long-term potentiation is that a. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase b. more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity c. the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain d. the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters e. more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory

a. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through a. conciliation b. superordinate goals c. third-party mediation d. pacifism e. intimidation

a. conciliation

University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their error best illustrated the impact of a. confirmation bias b. the representativeness heuristic c. the framing effect d. the availability heuristic e. fixation

a. confirmation bias

When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they a. did not regret taking part in the experiment b. had actually enjoyed shocking the "learner" c. did not believe they were actually delivering shock to the "learner" d. had actually believed that Milgram would stop the experiment before shocks were delivered e. did not believe the study should be repeated

a. did not regret taking part in the experiment

Which measure of central tendency would a baseball manager be most likely to rely on in picking a pinch hitter in a tie game? a. mean b. mode c. range d. standard deviation e. median

a. mean

__________ are the smallest meaningful units of speech a. morphemes b. phonemes c. pheromones d. concepts

a. morphemes

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common a. phoneme b. phenotype c. prototype d. algorithm e. morpheme

a. phoneme

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as a. priming b. automatic processing c. relearning d. chunking e. repression

a. priming

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of a. priming b. state-dependent memory c. source amnesia d. chunking e. retroactive interference

a. priming

Research by Kandel and Schwarts on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the a. release of certain neurotransmitters b. development of the cerebellum c. activity level of the hippocampus d. structure of DNA molecules e. transformation of neurons in the medulla

a. release of certain neurotransmitters

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. a. sensory b. flashbulb c. short-term d. implicit e. state-dependent

a. sensory

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable? a. time of day b. students c. number of terms remembered d. list of terms e. memorization

a. time of day

Based on Herman Ebbinhaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change? a. Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most psychological concepts for many years b. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years c. I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming occurs. d. Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as new information blocks my recall. e. Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget the psychological concepts that I have learned.

b. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years

Telegraphic speech is a. the smallest unit of language that carries meaning b. a grammatically correct two-word utterance c. a system of language rules for combining morphemes d. evident before babbling occurs e. considered a form of receptive language

b. a grammatically correct two-word utterance

Despite the overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates a. fixation b. belief perseverance c. the representativeness heuristic d. the framing effect e. the availability heuristic

b. belief perseverance

The solution to math problems requires a. mechanical solutions b. convergent thinking c. insight d. brainstorming

b. convergent thinking

A perceptual set that causes one to become hung up on wrong solutions or remain blind to alternatives is called a. inhibition b. fixation c. conditional thinking d. incubation

b. fixation

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the __________ of violent criminals. a. amygdala b. frontal lobes c. sensory cortex d. hypothalamus e. medulla

b. frontal lobes

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from a. self-serving bias b. frustration c. the just-world phenomenon d. ingroup bias e. stereotypes

b. frustration

The inability to see new uses for familiar objects is termed: a. non-flexible thinking b. functional fixedness c. proactive inhibition d. interference

b. functional fixedness

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of a. explanation b. prediction c. experimentation d. replication e. control

b. prediction

If 98 out of 100 people respond "Golden Retriever" when asked to name what dog best represents the concept "dog," then a golden retriever would be called a a. denotative concept b. prototype c. relational concept d. feature

b. prototype

A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories is called a. intuition b. representative heuristic c. base rate d. framing

b. representative heuristic

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of a. chunking b. semantic encoding c. sensory memory d. parallel processing e. mnemonic devices

b. semantic encoding

Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to a. the fundamental attribution error b. social loafing c. the bystander effect d. deindividuation e. social facilitation

b. social loafing

Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates the impact of a. deindividuation b. the mere exposure effect c. social facilitation d. the chameleon effect e. self-disclosure

b. the mere exposure effect

Researchers have found that men and women learn to walk at the same age, experience the same sensations of light, and exhibit similar overall intelligence. These finding support the idea that a. correlation does not mean causation b. the same underlying processes guide people everywhere c. hindsight bias is inevitable d. women and men are overwhelmingly different e. psychology is based on intuition and common sense

b. the same underlying processes guide people everywhere

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories a. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes b. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex c. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres d. was not restricted to the association areas e. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes

b. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex

The news media reported that a new pesticide was not harmful to humans. Which of the following statements best exemplifies critical thinking in response to this report? a. "I don't like to use pesticides, but this one is safe" b. "I don't believe this study because I got a rash after using this poison on my garden" c. "I wonder who funded this study?" d. "I think I'll use this product, but I think I'll wear gloves" e. "I think I will try this pesticide on my own garden to kill pests"

c. "I wonder who funded this study?"

Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler believed that the solution of a multiple-stick problem in chimpanzees revealed a. how reinforcement strongly guided their behavior. b. an ability for versatile and appropriate behavior to changing circumstances. c. a capacity for insight. d. the same problem solving abilities in chimps as in gorillas.

c. a capacity for insight.

Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences a. unconscious preferences b. gender differences c. common psychological process d. genetic dissimilarities e. negative correlations

c. common psychological process

After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be a. less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment b. less likely to believe that rape occurs quite frequently in society c. more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest d. less likely to be interesting in nonviolent pornography e. more likely to believe that rape is a serious crime

c. more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest

Basic speech sounds are called: a. morphemes b. syllables c. phonemes d. syntax

c. phonemes

Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study a. the bystander effect b. the mere exposure effect c. social traps d. the just-world phenomenon e. social facilitation

c. social traps

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ______ bits of information. a. 3 b. 24 c. 12 d. 7 e. 50

d. 7

Words or ideas representing a class of objects are called a. abstractions b. attributes c. thoughts d. concepts

d. concepts

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the a. fundamental attribution error b. frustration-aggression principle c. mere exposure effect d. foot-in-the-door phenomenon e. bystander effect

d. foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact. a. central b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal e. occipital

d. frontal

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. sensory cortex b. frontal lobe c. adrenal glands d. hippocampus e. pituitary gland

d. hippocampus

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. a. state-dependent b. implicit c. echoic d. iconic e. flashbulb

d. iconic

Marci vividly remembered winning a stuffed animal at a carnival game when she was a child. However, when she mentioned this to her parents, she was told that the event never occurred. Marci's experience may have been influenced by a. parallel processing b. implicit memories c. retroactive interference d. imagination inflation e. mood-congruent memories

d. imagination inflation

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern? a. median b. scatterplot c. correlation coefficient d. mean e. standard deviation

d. mean

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n) a. independent variable b. survey c. case study d. population e. control condition

d. population

Heuristics are problem solving strategies which a. use a trial and error approach b. use random search strategies c. guarantee success in solving a problem d. reduce the number of alternatives

d. reduce the number of alternatives

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is more likely to interfere with Ashley's _________ memory. a. echoic b. implicit c. flashbulb d. short-term e. mood-congruent

d. short-term

Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates a. the availability heuristic b. fixation c. the framing effect d. the representativeness heuristic e. belief perseverance

d. the representativeness heuristic

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy? a. announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy b. announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law c. announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy d. announcing that all countries within a defined geographic region will unite to form a collective negotiating group e. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

e. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of a. flashbulb memory b. priming c. the spacing effect d. the serial position effect e. chunking

e. chunking

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indication the extent to which high school grades predict college grades? a. standard deviation b. median c. mean d. range e. correlation coefficient

e. correlation coefficient

To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in a. experimentation b. naturalistic observation c. creating operational definitions d. generating hypotheses e. critical thinking

e. critical thinking

Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs a. prior to the babbling stage b. during the babbling stage c. after the two-word stage d. during the two-world stage e. during the one-word stage

e. during the one-word stage

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as __________ memory. a. state-dependent b. flashbulb c. sensory d. short-term e. implicit

e. implicit

In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of a. sensory memory b. mood-congruent memory c. flashbulb memory d. long-term potentiation e. memory construction

e. memory construction

Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that a. iconic memories decay quickly b. retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information c. source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events d. when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new memories e. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories

e. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are a. similarity and proximity b. reciprocity and social facilitation c. social facilitation and social exchange d. social-responsibility and social exchange e. reciprocity and social responsibility

e. reciprocity and social responsibility

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of a. 4 b. 3 c. 6 d. 9 e. 5

1. average is 2+5+8/3 = 5 2. (2-5)^2 + (5-5)^2 + (8-5)^2 =9+0+9/3 = 18/3 = 6 sq rt 6 = standard deviation c. 6

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes. a. 40 b. 5 c. 200 d. 26 e. 6

a. 40

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in _______ memory. a. implicit b. echoic c. long-term d. short-term e. iconic

c. long-term

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n) a. algorithm b. heuristic c. concept d. model e. prototype

e. prototype