AP PSychology

Which of the following is the best example of framing? A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients. Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam. Tara incorrectly believes that more Americans are killed each year by tornadoes than by lightning. Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police. Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.

A A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.

Coach Thornton attended a clinic to improve her basketball coaching skills. Afterward, she randomly assigned her seventh-grade players to two groups: Group 1 will be coached by the new method and Group 2 will be coached by the old method. She then measured their performance at one team practice to judge the effectiveness of the new coaching method. Which of the following might affect the statistical significance of his study? By testing only two groups, Coach Thornton's sample size may be too small and unrepresentative. Approval from an Institutional Review Board To determine the effectiveness of the new method, Coach Thornton must first find the median score of each group A third variable, such as height, might affect the relationship between the two variables Coach Thornton should wait until next year to test the incoming freshman because his sample was biased.

A By testing only two groups, Coach Thornton's sample size may be too small and unrepresentative.

Mr. Johnson is being evaluated for Dementia, his doctor conditioned him to blink in reaction to a noise that warned that a puff of air would be directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the noise was a CS. NS. US. CR. UR.

A CS.

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. Edward Titchener Charles Darwin John Watson Mary Calkins B. F. Skinner

A Edward Titchener

Professor Bei believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. evolutionary social-cultural behavioral cognitive psychodynamic

A Evolutionary

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? Gestalt psychologists psychoanalysts parapsychologists evolutionary psychologists behaviorists

A Gestalt psychologists

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to A HE. B EA. C ART. D HEART. E nothing. They were unable to complete the task

A HE.

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the A hypothalamus. B thalamus. C reticular formation. D cerebellum. E amygdala

A Hypothalamus

Why is transduction important to sensation? It converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages. It demonstrates how our experiences and expectations affect whether we perceive a stimuli. It explains our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. It causes the lens to focus light waves on the retina by changing its curvature. It illustrates how much of information processing occurs automatically.

A It converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages.

Every day as she walks to school, Susana passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? Susana has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory. The memory of the mural has decayed over time. Susana is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information. Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted memory formation. Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Susana must have experienced damage to that brain region.

A Susana has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory.

While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away? A sympathetic nervous system B parasympathetic nervous system C limbic system D somatic nervous system E motor cortex

A Sympathetic nervous system

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech? A Wernicke's area B association areas C sensory cortex D angular gyrus E hypothalamus

A Wernicke's Area

Which of the following best explains why children are more likely to resist eating strong-tasting foods? Young children have more taste receptors, so their sensitivity to taste is greater. Sensory interaction makes certain foods more unpleasant to taste. Only children are deterred from eating foods with aversive tastes. Children are more strongly influenced by the McGurk effect than adults are. receptor cells on a child's tongue are replaced more slowly than those of adults.

A Young children have more taste receptors, so their sensitivity to taste is greater.

Spearman's g factor refers to a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks. a highly developed skill or talent possessed by an otherwise retarded person. the ability to understand and regulate emotions. the internal consistency of an intelligence test. the genetic contribution to intelligence.

A a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.

The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered agonists. antagonists. selectively permeable. endorphins. sympathetic.

A agonists.

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of A brain plasticity. B hemispheric specialization. C neural prosthetics. D positron emission training. E integrated association areas.

A brain plasticity

When visually deprived infant monkeys were first allowed to see, they could not visually distinguish circles from squares. between red and green lights. between different-colored objects. figures from backgrounds. light from shadow.

A circles from squares.

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization? closure figure and ground connectedness proximity continuity

A closure

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the cochlea. vestibular apparatus. semicircular canal. eustachian tube. auditory canal.

A cochlea.

Which kind of psychological researcher would be most interested in the research question, "Do people who lose most of their cerebral cortex in an accident still exhibit signs of consciousness?" A cognitive neuroscientist B biopsychosocial researcher C developmental psychologist D behaviorist E social-cultural researcher

A cognitive neuroscientis

Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use? correlational case study survey experimentation naturalistic observation

A correlational

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation? debriefing informed consent protection from harm confidentiality coercion

A debriefing

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to A depression. B Parkinson's disease. C euphoria. D Alzheimer's disease. E schizophrenia.

A depression

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution statistical significance of a difference between two sample means average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean frequency of scores at each level of some measure

A direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. ACh. acetylcholine. serotonin. GABA.

A dopamine.

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Gold has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. echoic iconic mood-congruent short-term implicit

A echoic

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of encoding failure. retroactive interference. source amnesia. proactive interference. storage decay.

A encoding failure.

If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream. epinephrine seratonin endorphins acetylcholine insulin

A epinephrine

Which of the following terms refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly? fluid intelligence concrete operational intelligence crystallized intelligence sensorimotor intelligence postconventional intelligence

A fluid intelligence

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of healthy growth potential. childhood memories. unconscious thoughts. punishment and reinforcement. genetic predispositions.

A healthy growth potential.

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of healthy growth potential. punishment and reinforcement. childhood memories. genetic predispositions. unconscious thoughts.

A healthy growth potential.

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on how long ago we learned that information. whether proactive interference occurred. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. whether the information was learned by deep or shallow processing. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory.

A how long ago we learned that information.

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. implicit flashbulb semantic sensory explicit

A implicit

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as introspection. structuralism. functionalism. psychometrics. empiricism.

A introspection.

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the iris. optic nerve. feature detectors. lens. retina.

A iris.

Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him? laboratory research structuralism separation of mind and body empiricism tabula rasa

A laboratory research

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound. loudness pitch amplitude frequency wavelength

A loudness

A test has a high degree of validity if it measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict. has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test. yields consistent results every time it is used. assesses aptitude and achievement accurately. produces a normal distribution of scores.

A measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.

The British government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ________ as one of the most dangerous of drugs. methamphetamine THC melatonin heroin cortisol

A methamphetamine

Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on monocular cues. perceptual adaptation. stroboscopic movement. relative luminance. lightness constancy.

A monocular cues.

When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of mood-congruent memory. implicit memory. iconic memory. retroactive interference. long-term potentiation.

A mood-congruent memory.

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the A myelin sheath. B pituitary gland. C dendrites. D thresholds. E endocrine gland.

A myelin sheath

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple A neural networks. B dendrites. C endorphins. D ACh antagonists. E ACh agonists

A neural networks

At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development. one-word telegraphic speech semantic syntactic babbling

A one-word

The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between perceived distance and perceived size. relative motion and relative height. place theory and frequency theory. atmospheric air pressure and diffusion of light waves. proximity and closure.

A perceived distance and perceived size.

The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by perceptual adaptation. place theory. relative luminance. retinal disparity. the phi phenomenon.

A perceptual adaptation.

As Maria and her little brother looked up at the clouds, he exclaimed, "That one looks like a giant dinosaur!" Maria thought it looked more like a giant duck. Which of the following concepts best explains their different interpretations of the same ambiguous stimuli? perceptual set context effects selective attention shape constancy difference thresholds

A perceptual set

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. A peripheral B parasympathetic C central D autonomic E sympathetic

A peripheral

Identical twins separated at birth would be most likely to have similar personality. food preferences. norms. religious beliefs. political ideas.

A personality.

At the age of 22, Mrs. Tamimi was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the A pituitary gland. B thyroid. C adrenal gland. D myelin. E pancreas.

A pituitary gland

Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. political attitudes personality extraversion adult weight adult height

A political attitudes

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which A positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane. B am individual reflexively withdraws from a pain stimulus. C dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons. D a neuron fires more rapidly than usual. E an electrical charge travels from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.

A positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane.

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use random assignment scatterplots correlation coefficients naturalistic observations standard deviation

A random assignment

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? recall imagery relearning rehearsal recognition

A recall

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of rehearsal priming implicit memory chunking imagery

A rehearsal

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of reliability. predictive validity. standardization. content validity. heritability.

A reliability.

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of retroactive interference. encoding failure. automatic processing. source amnesia. proactive interference.

A retroactive interference.

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of 8the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates retroactive interference. transience. the spacing effect. proactive interference. source amnesia.

A retroactive interference.

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________. seeing; hearing sensing pleasure; sensing pain speaking; hearing hearing; sensing movement seeing; sensing touch

A seeing; hearing

In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates selective attention. the phi phenomenon. retinal disparity. place theory. gate-control theory.

A selective attention.

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of semantics. morphemes. prototypes. linguistic determinism. syntax.

A semantics.

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. short-term flashbulb long-term echoic implicit

A short-term

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense? smell vision touch audition kinesthesis

A smell

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of source amnesia. mood-congruent memory. the self-reference effect. implicit memory. proactive interference.

A source amnesia.

A long time after being bitten by a spider, Joey found that his fear of spiders seemed to have disappeared. However, when he recently saw a spider in his bed, he began to experience a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates_______________________. spontaneous recovery discrimination extinction conditioned response classical conditioning

A spontaneous recovery

While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away? sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system limbic system motor cortex

A sympathetic nervous system

Many people underestimate the number of nonfatal heart attacks because they are not as memorable as fatal heart attacks. This illustrates the availability heuristic. fixation. belief perseverance. the framing effect. the representativeness heuristic.

A the availability heuristic.

State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. the representativeness heuristic. mental set. fixation.

A the availability heuristic.

Olgulskya sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates the framing effect. the availability heuristic. confirmation bias. the belief perseverance phenomenon. the representativeness heuristic.

A the framing effect.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of the representativeness heuristic. the framing effect. the availability heuristic. confirmation bias. belief perseverance.

A the representativeness heuristic.

Wilhelm Wundt's early experiments were attempts to investigate which area of psychology? the simplest mental processes childhood development social conformity the causes of mental illnesses causes of aggression

A the simplest mental processes

Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of the spacing effect. long-term potentiation. chunking. implicit memory. the serial position effect.

A the spacing effect.

Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance? they want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance statistical significance is used in case studies, not experiments, so researchers do not have a control group to rely on. statistical significance determines which research method should be used for a hypothesis statistical significance is primarily a subjective decision, so researchers need to be more careful. they need to make sure the results are important

A they want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance

Heather Sellers suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror. Her difficulty stems from a deficiency in top-down processing. accommodation. sensation. transduction. kinesthesis.

A top-down processing.

Chase was beaten several times for spilling his cereal at a diner, he became scared to go to the diner. In this case, beating was a(n) ________ for Chase's fear. unconditioned stimulus secondary reinforcer primary reinforcer conditioned stimulus negative reinforcer

A unconditioned stimulus

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115. 50 68 100 30 0

B 68

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every 1.5 days. 90 minutes. 4 hours. 2 1/2 hours. 30 minutes.

B 90 minutes.

What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? A endocrines B agonists C antagonists D action potentials E endorphins

B Agonists

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures. glutamate GABA dopamine serotonin ACh

B GABA

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? William James John B. Watson Edward Titchener Jean Piaget Wilhelm Wundt

B John B. Watson

Which of the following are considered to be limitations of psychological experiments in laboratory environments? Experiments conducted in laboratories allow researchers to make causal inferences Laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world. Researchers tend to ignore ethical considerations in the pursuit of proving their hypotheses It's difficult to accurately measure the research variables Laboratory experiments allow researchers to have control over variables

B Laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world.

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. social-cultural biological psychodynamic behavioral

B Social-cultural

Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community? The median allows you to examine the gap between the lowest and the highest value. The median is minimally affected by extreme scores The median is useful for measuring how much values deviate from one another. The median is best used to sort values into groups. The median allows you to generalize from representative samples to the general population

B The median is minimally affected by extreme scores

Within a single neuron the action potential A will be slower if myelin is present. B travels in one direction toward the axon terminals. C crosses the synapse to the adjacent neurons. D depends on the movement of charged calcium atoms. E is generated in the dendrites.

B Travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language. heuristics a critical period telegraphic speech reinforcement syntax

B a critical period

Charles so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Charles's shortsightedness best illustrates critical periods. a fixation. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic.

B a fixation.

Telegraphic speech is evident before babbling occurs. a grammatically correct two-word utterance. the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. a system of language rules for combining morphemes. considered a form of receptive language.

B a grammatically correct two-word utterance.

Professor Raza suggests that because people are specially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of hindsight bias a hypothesis replication a theory illusory correlation

B a hypothesis

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate iconic memory. a primacy effect. implicit memory. the relearning effect. the recency effect.

B a primacy effect.

George was worried about his bakery's new cupcakes after two customers disliked them on the first day, but when he surveyed his customers over the next week, more than 90% of the customers said they loved them. By giving too much weight to those two customers before the survey, George almost committed an error known as confusing correlation with causation a sampling bias wording effects not following ethical guidelines replication error

B a sampling bias

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as insulin. acetylcholine. epinephrine. endorphin. dopamine.

B acetylcholine.

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n) synapse. action potential. neurotransmitters. myelin sheath. interneuron.

B action potential.

The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________ intelligence. Europeans'; North Americans' adults'; children's practical; creative analytical; emotional interpersonal; intrapersonal

B adults'; children's

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is A delayed by the refractory period. B an all-or-none response. C dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. D inhibited by the myelin sheath. E primarily electrical rather than chemical.

B all-or-none response

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of survey research an experiment a case study naturalistic observation a correlational study

B an experiment

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly. operant and classical conditioning techniques.

B an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n) depressant. antagonist. agonist. stimulant. endorphin.

B antagonist.

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of the serial position effect. automatic processing. priming. relearning. the spacing effect.

B automatic processing.

Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment? because correlational studies permit researchers to estimate the reported behaviors of a whole population because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition because correlational studies allows you to observe behavior in non-artificial environments because researchers using correlational studies may generalize to the population from an atypical case because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study

B because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. biological behavioral psychodynamic cognitive humanistic

B behavioral

Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? psychometrician biological psychologist cognitive psychologist behaviorist psychotherapist

B biological psychologist

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits? cognitive biopsychosocial social-cultural psychodynamic humanistic

B biopsychosocial

Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the evolutionary perspective. biopsychosocial approach. role of empiricism in science. advantage of applied research.

B biopsychosocial approach

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________. memory; attention breathing; walking eating; sleeping hearing; seeing emotion; motivation

B breathing; walking

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements? thalamus cerebellum amygdala reticular formation hypothalamus

B cerebellum

Which of the following best exemplifies the prototype for the concept "furniture"? bench chair lamp television rug

B chair

Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent? clinical psychology cognitive psychology biological psychology personality psychology developmental psychology

B cognitive psychology

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by the misinformation effect. context effects. source amnesia. flashbulb memory formation. semantic encoding.

B context effects.

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates standardization. convergent thinking. factor analysis. reliability. the availability heuristic.

B convergent thinking.

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is unemotional. depressed. happy. excited. relaxed.

B depressed.

Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences. three eight twelve fifteen five

B eight

After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? A The adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system. B Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. C Dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system. D Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. E The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system.

B endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

A researcher insisted in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method? naturalistic observation experiment correlation survey case study

B experiment

After Dr. Spock had conditioned his monkey to drool to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________________ occurred. discrimination extinction conditioned response spontaneous recovery unconditioned response

B extinction

To those throwing a very heavy rather than a light object at a target, the target is likely to be perceived as softer. farther away slower moving. larger. more difficult.

B farther away

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year. the different study habits of men and women.

B fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.

Adopted children are more likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion, more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This finding suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by home environment than by genes. genes than by the home environment. nurture than by nature. environmental relatives than by genetic relatives. genes than by heredity.

B genes than by the home environment.

Akila went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Akila made effective use of the spacing effect hierarchical organization. implicit memory. automatic processing. the peg-word system.

B hierarchical organization.

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items at the beginning of the list. in the middle of the list. at the middle and the end of the list. at the end of the list. at the beginning and in the middle of the list.

B in the middle of the list.

In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? trial and error insight heuristics algorithms framing

B insight

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates the framing effect. insight. the belief perseverance phenomenon. the availability heuristic. a mental set.

B insight.

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via A sensory neurons. B interneurons. C the endocrine system. D the sympathetic nervous system. E the circulatory system

B interneurons

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to A cower in fear. B lapse into a coma. C experience convulsive seizures. D become sexually preoccupied. E become violently aggressive

B lapse into a coma

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to become sexually preoccupied. lapse into a coma. cower in fear. become violently aggressive. experience convulsive seizures.

B lapse into a coma.

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates implicit memory. memory construction. proactive interference. the spacing effect. serial position effect.

B memory construction.

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of introspection. multiple levels of analysis. structuralism. functionalism. humanistic psychology.

B multiple levels of analysis.

The slowdown of neural communication in Multiple Sclerosis involves a degeneration of the pituitary gland. Myelin Sheath. thresholds. endocrine gland. dendrites.

B myelin sheath.

Closing your office door so that you won't hear the other employees talking because it is interfering with your reading is an example of partial reinforcement. negative reinforcement. punishment. positive reinforcement. conditioned reinforcers.

B negative reinforcement.

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth ans marital sanctification are independent variables negatively correlated causally related positively correlated dependent variables

B negatively correlated

IN the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable? list of terms number of terms remembered memorization students time of day.

B number of terms remembered

Dante watches a violent movie and then pretends to shoot his sister Jessica with a toy gun. A psychologist would said that Dante has learned this behavior due to____________________________________________. habituation observational learning classical conditioning operant conditioning conditioned stimulus

B observational learning

Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of framing. overconfidence. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. fixation.

B overconfidence.

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of a hypnagogic state. physical dependence. tolerance. psychological dependence. dissociation.

B physical dependence.

The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of temperature. pitch. pain. color. brightness.

B pitch.

The master gland of the endocrine system is the adrenal gland. pituitary gland. pancreas. thyroid gland. hypothalamus.

B pituitary gland.

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a replication placebo double blind random sample dependent variable

B placebo

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain A phrenology. B plasticity. C hemispherectomy. D encephalography. E tomography

B plasticity

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates tomography. plasticity. aphasia. phrenology. hemispherectomy.

B plasticity.

A smaller survey attempts to make generalizations to a larger group. That group is called independent variable population survey case study control condition

B population

Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech? magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalogram (EEG) computed tomography (CT ) lesion

B positron emission tomography (PET)

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of state-dependent memory. priming. source amnesia. retroactive interference. chunking.

B priming.

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates repression. proactive interference. source amnesia. priming. retroactive interference.

B proactive interference.

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. biological psychodynamic social-cultural behavioral evolutionary

B psychodynamic

Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the nearby flowers. The artist was clearly using the distance cue known as linear perspective. relative height. interposition. light and shadow. relative size.

B relative height.

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the optic nerve. retina. fovea. iris. cornea.

B retina.

Under very dim levels of illumination foveas react to increase the sensitivity of the optic nerve. rods are more light-sensitive than cones. rods fire according to place theory to perceive the available light. feature detectors in the retina activate. the iris expands to allow more light to reach the retina.

B rods are more light-sensitive than cones.

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of repression. semantic encoding. flashbulb memory. source amnesia. iconic memory.

B semantic encoding.

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride? basilar membranes semicircular canals feature detectors eardrum olfactory receptors

B semicircular canals

As a door opens, it casts an increasingly trapezoidal shape on our retinas; however, we still perceive it as rectangular. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? retinal disparity shape constancy perceptual adaptation figure and ground phi phenomenon

B shape constancy

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system. sensorimotor sympathetic central somatic parasympathetic

B sympathetic

The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called the normal curve. the Flynn effect. standardization. the g factor. stereotype threat.

B the Flynn effect.

Knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understand parallel processing. the Moon illusion. the McGurk effect. phantom limb sensations. prosopagnosia.

B the Moon illusion.

Binet used the term mental age to refer to the total number of items correctly answered on an intelligence test divided by the respondent's chronological age. the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance. the approximate maturational age of brain neurons as measured by processing speed. the average chronological age of children who completed a particular grade in school. the years of formal education successfully completed by a child.

B the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance.

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment? the operational definition is not applied to their variables the experimental group receives the experimental treatment the experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior the experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment the research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses

B the experimental group receives the experimental treatment

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates implicit memory. the misinformation effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. the self-reference effect.

B the misinformation effect.

When two adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession, we perceive a single light moving back and forth between them. This is called a context effect. the phi phenomenon. perceptual adaptation. perceptual set. lightness constancy.

B the phi phenomenon.

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of NREM. tolerance. dissociation. narcolepsy. hallucinations.

B tolerance.

Chomksy suggested that diverse human languages share a outcome simulation. universal grammar. category hierarchy. confirmation bias. fixation.

B universal grammar.

Brightness is to intensity as hue is to frequency. wavelength. color. amplitude. pitch.

B wavelength.

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tyler was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tyler's current thoughts being processed? sensory memory working memory the cerebellum echoic memory long-term memory

B working memory

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is $15,000 $31,000 $10,000 $80,000 $16,000

C $10,000

"Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods." ________________ would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? Tolman Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Wilhem Wundt Charles Darwin

C B. F. Skinner

Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. industrial-organizational cognitive biological social

C Cognitive

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage? REM rebound NREM-3 sleep NREM-1 sleep NREM-2 sleep REM

C NREM-1 sleep

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of hypnagogic sensations. muscle tension. REM sleep. sleep talking. NREM-3 sleep.

C REM sleep.

When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has most likely been damaged? angular gyrus parietal lobes Wernicke's area Broca's area corpus callosum

C Wernicke's area

Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overhead? The hair cells along the basilar membrane do not fire when the sounds are directly overhead. An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second. When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously. The sound has become compressed and harder to hear. The bones of the middle ear are all vibrating at different rates.

C When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously.

Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as the emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. Which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin's assessment? John B. Watson Wilhelm Wundt William James Edward B. Titchener Ivan Pavlov

C William James

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Because you have heard the same lecture many times, rehearsal has caused it to be stored in long-term memory. Hearing the words "car keys" leads to the priming of specific memories. Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words. What your Mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled because of the serial position effect. Because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory.

C Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words.

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory. gate-control frequency Young-Helmholtz signal detection opponent-process

C Young-Helmholtz

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates automatic processing the spacing effect. a recency effect. implicit memory. iconic memory.

C a recency effect.

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's willingness to revise beliefs in light of new information. ability to assume the perspective of others. accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. ability to master new information and to learn new skills. ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

C accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n) ________ test. reliability aptitude achievement interest intelligence

C achievement

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's cerebellum. medulla. amygdala. reticular formation. thalamus.

C amygdala.

Noorhan systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. an algorithm. fixation. belief perseverance.

C an algorithm.

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates the independent variable random assignment an operational definition the dependent variable the double-blind procedure

C an operational definition

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what? A agonists B action potentials C antagonists D endorphins E endocrines

C antagonists

Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following? angular gyrus lesion aphasia interneurons neurogenesis

C aphasia

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. structural biological behavioral biopsychosocial psychodynamic

C behavioral

If the sound of an electric knife causes a Jessica to drool because has already been associated with the presentation of food, the Jessica's drooling to the sound of the electric knife is a(n) unconditioned stimulus. preconditioned stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus.

C conditioned response.

To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n) dependent variable random sample control condition experimental condition independent variable

C control condition

A teenager who is punished for cursing at home but reinforced for cursing with his friends in the school cafeteria is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of spontaneous reinforcement. extinction. discrimination. negative reinforcement. instinctive drift.

C discrimination.

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived color. frequency. distance. shape. motion.

C distance.

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter GABA. acetylcholine. dopamine. serotonin. epinephrine.

C dopamine.

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to retroactive interference. source amnesia. encoding failure. retrieval failure. the spacing effect.

C encoding failure.

José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of acetylcholine. dopamine. endorphins. glutamate. insulin.

C endorphins.

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. intermittent-variable variable-ratio fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable-interval

C fixed-interval

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior? parietal lobes Broca's area frontal lobes sensory cortex temporal lobes

C frontal lobes

The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC tests are all types of achievement tests. personality tests. general intelligence tests. factor analysis tests. multiple intelligence tests.

C general intelligence tests.

Adin's psychiatrist advises him so much of his own mother that he has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to her that he has to his own mother. His reactions to his psychiatrist best illustrate the importance of shaping. delayed reinforcement. generalization. habituation. latent learning.

C generalization.

In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Arlene is relying on phonemes. algorithms. heuristics. fixations. prototypes.

C heuristics.

he address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. echoic flashbulb iconic implicit state-dependent

C iconic

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation? control group, random sampling, random assignment effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation case study, naturalistic observation, survey

C informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Sometimes a solution to a problem suddenly comes to us. This event is called instinct drift trial and error insight observational learning latent learning

C insight

Behaviorists dismissed the value of reinforcement. spaced practice. introspection. neuroscience. science.

C introspection.

Experienced chicken sexers can tell you a chick's sex at a glance, yet cannot tell you how they do it. Their acquired expertise is such an automatic habit that it feels like semantics. an algorithm. intuition. telegraphic speech. fixation.

C intuition.

With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of sensory interaction. feature detectors. kinesthesis. sensory adaptation. accommodation.

C kinesthesis.

Which makes finding statistical significance more likely? random sampling skewed distributions large sample size small sample size operational definitions

C large sample size

______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away. social learning observational learning latent learning none of the above insight

C latent learning

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called "Tan." He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production? A left temporal lobe B auditory cortex C left frontal lobe D angular gyrus E sensory cortex

C left frontal lobe

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the inner ear. auditory nerve. middle ear. basilar membrane. oval window.

C middle ear.

After an unicorn sees a second unicorn open a carton that contains a grass and hay, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. observational learning. positive reinforcement. shaping.

C observational learning.

Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home? bipolar cells feature detectors olfactory receptors basilar membrane vestibular sacs

C olfactory receptors

Oriana's chewing her nails became habitual since it allows her to feel less nervous whenever she chews her nails. This best illustrates the process of generalization. extinction. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. latent learning.

C operant conditioning.

While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the "rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins? motor cortex somatic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system limbic system

C parasympathetic nervous system

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why some people experience insomnia throughout their lives. dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form. people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep. most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events. individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.

C people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common morpheme. phenotype. phoneme. prototype. algorithm.

C phoneme.

Researchers have identified receptors for which of the following skin sensations? pain hot pressure warmth cold

C pressure

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of operational definitions replication random assignment naturalistic observations the double-blind procedure

C random assignment

The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as proactive interference. motivated forgetting. retrograde amnesia. anterograde amnesia. retroactive interference.

C retrograde amnesia.

Most people mis-recall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of misinformation effect. iconic memory. semantic encoding. mood-congruent memory. retroactive interference.

C semantic encoding.

The McGurk effect best illustrates color constancy. the rubber-hand illusion. sensory interaction. tinnitus. phantom limb sensations.

C sensory interaction.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. sensory explicit short-term implicit flashbulb

C short-term

As a child, let's say you walked the same route to school each day. As you passed a particular house, a dog in the yard would bark loudly at you, bearing its teeth. This is a frightening experience, particularly as a young child. Prior to this, dogs were a fairly neutral stimulus. Years later, you may experience a case of ________________________. You may not even remember the childhood dog specifically, but as you walk past a similar-looking house with a "beware of dog" sign on the fence, you get unnerved and start to tremble. conditioned stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery mirror neurons conditioned response

C spontaneous recovery

An instructor is teaching a student to balance on a tight rope. Initially, he gives the student a piece of chocolate for approaching the rope, then only for placing his foot on the rope, and finally only for climbing on the rope. The instructor is using the method of latent learning. secondary reinforcement. successive approximations. delayed reinforcement. classical conditioning.

C successive approximations.

Your ability to experience physical sensations is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your A hippocampus. B amygdala. C thalamus. D corpus callosum. E angular gyrus.

C thalamus

Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that humans must learn to recognize depth. binocular cues are more important than monocular cues. the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate. our brains don't learn how to combine signals from both eyes until months after birth. unlike other animals, humans do not perceive depth until about 8 months of age.

C the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate.

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of random assignment random sampling the double-blind procedure replication operational definitions

C the double-blind procedure

On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by the Young-Helmholtz theory. Weber's law. the gate-control theory. the opponent-process theory. frequency theory.

C the gate-control theory.

According to frequency theory frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive. we hear different pitches because different sound waves cause different parts of the nerve cells in the cochlea to fire. the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard. most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies. high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane.

C the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on sensory adaptation. subliminal stimulation. the vestibular sense. accommodation. olfactory receptors.

C the vestibular sense.

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the reflex. refractory period. threshold. action potential. synapse.

C threshold.

Within a single neuron the action potential will be slower if myelin is present. crosses the synapse to the adjacent neurons. travels in one direction toward the axon terminals. is generated in the dendrites. depends on the movement of charged calcium atoms.

C travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates fixation. belief perseverance. trial and error. the availability heuristic. confirmation bias.

C trial and error.

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of muscular coordination. speaking ability. visual perception. language comprehension. pain sensations.

C visual perception.

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech? "to store" "a doggy" "ball pretty" "eat apple" "daddy funny"

D "eat apple"

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean? 9,8,9,8,7 12,15,12,9,12 12,6,8,5,4 10,22,8,9,6 23,7,3,27,16

D 10,22,8,9,6

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw A HEART. B HE. C nothing. They were unable to complete the task. D ART. E EA.

D ART

Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature-nurture issue? Children learn grammar mostly from experience. Sexual behaviors are more "pushed" by inner biology. Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought. Intelligence is purely an inborn trait. Humans are alike because of our evolutionary history.

D Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought.

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan? CT fMRI PET EEG MRI

D EEG

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? Jean Piaget William James Edward Titchener John B. Watson Wilhelm Wundt

D John B. Watson

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? The brain stops making dopamine. The brain shrinks. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased. The brain stops producing endorphins. The immune system is suppressed.

D The brain stops producing endorphins.

Lena has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires psychoanalysis. structuralism. a biopsychosocial approach. introspection.

D a biopsychosocial approach

In elementary school and high school, Ivan got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Ivan spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Ivan's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. concepts. a mental set. the framing effect.

D a mental set.

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates iconic memory. implicit memory. automatic processing a recency effect. the spacing effect.

D a recency effect.

Accodring to professor Alrahami, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our self-esteem as one part of a larger work on attraction. His idea is an example of hindsight bias naturalistic observation replication a theory illusory correlation

D a theory

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce A glutamate. B endorphins. C dopamine. D acetylcholine. E epinephrine.

D acethylcholine

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce dopamine. endorphins. glutamate. acetylcholine. epinephrine.

D acetylcholine.

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as interneurons. Broca's area. parietal lobes. association areas. frontal lobes.

D association areas.

A subliminal message is one that is presented repetitiously. in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive. with very soft background music. below one's absolute threshold for awareness. while an individual is under hypnosis.

D below one's absolute threshold for awareness.

Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four sensations salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet. fruity, fatty, silky, and coarse. sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy. bitter, sweet, sour, and salty. sweet, salty, starch, and bitter.

D bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.

The effortful processing of information cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited. takes place in the cerebellum. occurs less frequently among adults than children. can become automatic through practice. typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively.

D can become automatic through practice.

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as the peg-word system. the serial position effect. imagination inflation. chunking. implicit memory.

D chunking.

A few months ago, Johnny's doctor cleaned his skin with iodine before to giving each of a series of painful vaccination shots. _________________________ accounts for the fact that Johnny currently becomes fearful every time he smells iodine? conditioned response conditioned stimulus operant conditioning classical conditioning habituation

D classical conditioning

As your teacher dims the lights to show a movie clip, you still perceive your friend's shirt as red. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? context effects perceptual adaptation perceptual set color constancy lightness constancy

D color constancy

Which factor appears to be important for the development of depth perception in infancy? encouragement from parents biological maturation perceptual constancy crawling experience retinal disparity

D crawling experience

Alcohol is considered a(n) opiate. hallucinogen. both a depressant and a hallucinogen. depressant. stimulant.

D depressant.

A toddler is consistently reinforced with a hug for touching a shirt after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for touching after seeing other images. By signaling that a touching response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) partial reinforcement. generalized stimulus. primary reinforcer. discriminative stimulus. unconditioned stimulus.

D discriminative stimulus.

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on framing. convergent thinking. belief perseverance. divergent thinking. the availability heuristic.

D divergent thinking.

Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates a prototype. the availability heuristic belief perseverance. divergent thinking. the representativeness heuristic.

D divergent thinking.

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to motivated forgetting. the misinformation effect. long-term potentiation. encoding failure. retroactive interference.

D encoding failure.

Dr. Anderson spends much of his time studying the behavior of rats who are learning to run mazes in his lab on campus, as well as teaching courses at the university. Because of his focus on the basic behaviors of animals, Dr. Anderson is considered to be a(n) _______ psychologist. social psychometric community experimental clinical

D experimental

A CEO in a law firm works with his office door closed. At the top of every hour he opens the door to see what the secretaries are doing. The secretaries have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule. partial-interval fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio

D fixed-interval

After receiving a painful shot from a male doctor in a white scrubs, 10-year-old Natan experiences fear of any man wearing a white suit. Natan's reaction best illustrates extinction. shaping. latent learning. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

D generalization.

Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development. natural selection mutation home environments genetic predispositions adoptive relatives

D genetic predispositions

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by the auditory cortex. the vestibular apparatus. the oval window. hair cells. the eardrum.

D hair cells.

Mr. Bown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. Mr. Bown is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. cognitive developmental educational human factors biological

D human factors

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent? biological psychology psychiatry developmental psychology industrial-organizational psychology clinical psychology

D industrial-organizational psychology

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of: implicit memory. the self-reference effect. long-term potentiation. infantile amnesia. the spacing effect.

D infantile amnesia.

The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates belief perseverance. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. insight. the framing effect.

D insight.

An animal trainer trained dogs to pick up large wooden "dollars" and deposit them in a bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the dogs would drop them, push them with their noses, and then pick them up to put them in the bank. This behavior best illustrates intrinsic motivation. spontaneous recovery. latent learning. instinctive drift. generalization.

D instinctive drift.

Psychologists use ________ to assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others. neural plasticity achievement tests reliability coefficients intelligence tests the g factor

D intelligence tests

L. L. Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. He claimed that word fluency is negatively correlated with g. is the most difficult mental ability to assess reliably. is not actually a form of intelligence. involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning. underlies all of our intelligent behaviors.

D involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning.

If both depressed and non-depressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it suggests that the test has not been standardized does not produce scored that form a normal distribution has not been factor-analyzed is not valid is not reliable

D is not valid

The philosopher John Locke believed that people experience the whole as different from the sum of its parts. are unable to adapt to an inverted visual world. are endowed at birth with perceptual skills. learn to perceive the world through experience. are born with the ability to perceptually adapt.

D learn to perceive the world through experience.

John B. Watson emphasized that both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition.

D learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the thalamus. angular gyrus. cerebellum. limbic system. reticular formation.

D limbic system.

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound. loudness amplitude pitch location intensity

D location

In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n) syntax. algorithm. prototype. morpheme. heuristic.

D morpheme.

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. the autonomic nervous system interneurons sensory neurons motor neurons agonists

D motor neurons

Jackie has a beer after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her beer drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer. secondary partial conditioned negative positive

D negative

If you burn your finger, ________ transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system. feature detectors vestibular sacs hair cells nociceptors ganglion cells

D nociceptors

Color constancy refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object has a constant relation to its brightness. light waves reflected by an object remain constant despite changes in lighting. the frequency of light waves is directly proportional to the light's wavelength. objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes. colors remain the same hue even when the tint changes under our difference threshold.

D objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes.

Kelly and Charlie, both 5-year-olds, have been watching "Spiderman" reruns on Netflix. Kellys's fatherr recently found them standing on the garage roof, ready to try a swing to the next house. What best accounts for the children's behavior? shaping delayed reinforcement immediate reinforcement observational learning classical conditioning

D observational learning

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by the hindsight bias overconfidence the placebo effect operational definitions illusory correlation

D operational definitions

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.

D our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates the framing effect. the representativeness heuristic. belief perseverance. overconfidence. fixation.

D overconfidence.

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile? the representativeness heuristic category hierarchies fixation perceived control the framing effect

D perceived control

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. sympathetic autonomic parasympathetic peripheral central

D peripheral

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called repression. state-dependent memory. automatic processing. priming. chunking.

D priming.

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse fixation. hierarchy. heuristic. prototype. algorithm.

D prototype.

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a heuristic. fixation. phoneme. prototype. mental set.

D prototype.

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of phonemes. algorithms. mental sets. prototypes. heuristics.

D prototypes

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants. the double-blind procedure operational definitions statistical measurement random assignment replication

D random assignment

Reuptake refers to the A inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. B release of hormones into the bloodstream. C the ending of the refractory period. D reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. E movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.

D reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

According to Bandura Social Learning Theory, people learn from one another through this behaviors, EXCEPT : none of the above modeling observation reinforcement imitation

D reinforcement

Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as interposition. relative height. continuity. relative size. proximity.

D relative size.

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her left or right hand to indicate she saw a mouse. left hand to indicate she saw a mouse. left or right hand to indicate she saw a cat. right hand to indicate she saw a cat. right hand to indicate she saw a mouse.

D right hand to indicate she saw a cat.

The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger difference threshold. priming. transduction. selective inattention. sensory adaptation.

D selective inattention.

The axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. What is this characteristic called? A threshold B parasympathetic nervous system C action potential D selective permeability E myelin sheath

D selective permeability

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of automatic processing. priming. the serial position effect. semantic encoding. the "peg-word" system.

D semantic encoding.

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called synaesthesia. accommodation. perception. sensation. priming.

D sensation.

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. long-term memory repressed memory semantic memory sensory memory flashbulb memory

D sensory memory

Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is above average in her capacity for inductive reasoning. gifted with a superior level of Spearman's g factor. high in emotional intelligence. someone with savant syndrome. demonstrating a high level of emotional intelligence.

D someone with savant syndrome.

After his last drinking spree, Harvir hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again.Harvir's pattern of recall best illustrates the spacing effect. the serial position effect. proactive interference. state-dependent memory. motivated forgetting.

D state-dependent memory.

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is experimentally empirical highly variable reliable statistically significant positively correlated

D statistically significant

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the A central nervous system. B somatic nervous system. C endocrine system. D sympathetic nervous system. E glands.

D sympathetic nervous system

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? A hippocampus B amygdala C cerebellum D thalamus E medulla

D thalamus

Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.

D the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into interneurons. synaptic gaps. sensory neurons. the bloodstream. dendrites.

D the bloodstream.

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to be aware of telegraphic speech. the representativeness heuristic. fixation. the framing effect. the availability heuristic.

D the framing effect.

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of central nervous system activity in the absence of normal sensory input? gestalt transduction accommodation tinnitus kinesthesis

D tinnitus

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that infancy is a critical period for language development. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language. all languages share a similar grammar. words shape the way people think. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status.

D words shape the way people think.

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis level of education? -0.01 +0.10 +0.05 -0.001 +0.50

E +0.50

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? +0.59 -0.10 +0.10 0.00 -0.67

E -0.67

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech? A association areas B hypothalamus C angular gyrus D sensory cortex E Broca's area

E Broca's area

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

E Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change? Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most psychological concepts for many years. Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget the psychological concepts that I have learned. Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as new information blocks my recall. I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming occurs. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years.

E I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years.

Who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience? John Locke B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Aristotle Immanuel Kant

E Immanuel Kant

Your life would be most immediately threatened iff you suffered destruction of the A Amygdala B Angular gyrus C Hippocampus D Corpus callosum E Medulla

E Medulla

A football player was tackled hard during a very physical game, but he did not feel any pain until the post-game celebration party. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Small nerve fibers in the spinal cord were activated, stopping the pain signals. Phantom pain sensations occur when the brain misinterprets spontaneous central nervous system activity. The process of accommodation delayed pain sensations from reaching the brain. Sensors in the kinesthetic system released pain-killing endorphins. Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensations.

E Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensations.

Why is replication important to science? Minimizing preexisting differences between groups increases confidence in findings about a specific theory Researchers can test the impact of belief on behavior. It allows you to obtain a representative sample of cases to study The natural setting eliminates the artificial environment of a lab Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.

E Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? They slow body functions and calm neural activity. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

E They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light five seconds after the food. five seconds before the food. at precisely the same time as the food. a half-second after the food. a half-second before the food.

E a half-second before the food.

If a test is standardized, this means that most test scores will cluster near the average. the test's predictive validity has been studied and established. it accurately measures what it is intended to measure. the test will yield consistent results when administered on different occasions. a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.

E a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as A endorphin. B insulin. C epinephrine. D dopamine. E acetylcholine

E acethylcholine

Botulin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetylcholine (ACh) that it blocks the effects of ACh in synapses, making botulin which kind of molecule? autonomic endocrine agonist endorphin antagonist

E antagonist

Achievement tests are designed to measure the desire and potential capacity to successfully meet challenges. measure capacity to learn. assess ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. compare an individual's personality with those of highly successful people. assess learned knowledge or skills.

E assess learned knowledge or skills.

Which term best describes parallel processing? voluntary sequential conscious serial automatic

E automatic

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of priming. the spacing effect. the serial position effect. relearning. automatic processing.

E automatic processing.

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the confirmation bias. belief perseverance phenomenon. representativeness heuristic. framing effect. availability heuristic.

E availability heuristic.

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective. psychodynamic evolutionary biological cognitive behavioral

E behavioral

Rochelle is extremely thin but is convinced that she is too fat. Rochelle's certainty is best explained by which of the following concepts? representativeness heuristic framing availability heuristic overconfidence belief perseverance

E belief perseverance

Ms. D'Souza believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Ms. D'Souza favors a ________ perspective on depression. psychoanalytic cognitive behavioral psychodynamic biological

E biological

Psychologists' personal values and goals lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants have very little influence on the process of scientific observation affect their work only if they are different from the norm are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation can bias their observations and interpretations.

E can bias their observations and interpretations

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the NREM sleep. menstrual cycle. hypnagogic state. REM rebound. circadian rhythm.

E circadian rhythm.

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. biological developmental social personality cognitive

E cognitive

Susan tennis instructor frequently yells at her for using profanity, Susan now becomes nervous when she's near her coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Susan's nervousness. discrimination unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus generalization conditioned stimulus

E conditioned stimulus

Barry cites his cousin Felicity's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Barry's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of fixation. the representativeness heuristic. algorithms. the framing effect. confirmation bias.

E confirmation bias.

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of perceiving illusionary correlations generalizing from unrepresentative samples explaining events in hindsight discerning order in random events confusing correlation with causation

E confusing correlation with causation

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. replication dependent variable experimental correlational control

E control

Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in belief perseverance. divergent thinking. confirmation bias. framing. convergent thinking.

E convergent thinking.

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron. axon to the cell body to the dendrites axon to the dendrites to the cell body dendrites to the axon to the cell body cell body to the axon to the dendrites dendrites to the cell body to the axon

E dendrites to the cell body to the axon

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist. personality industrial-organizational biological social developmental

E developmental

Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of the vestibular sense. sensory adaptation. subliminal stimulation. parallel processing. difference thresholds.

E difference thresholds.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease narcolepsy. reduce hypertension. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal. diminish immunity to disease.

E diminish immunity to disease.

In shaping a dog to "bark," the command "speak" would be the ________. When the dog slightly opens his mouth, this would be a(n) ________. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer modeling; prosocial behavior conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

E discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Association have developed ethical principles urging investigators to avoid use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypothesis that the research will test. Increase the difficulty level of research endeavors while maintaining validity avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

E explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) ACh agonist. hemispherectomy. MRI. brain lesion. fMRI.

E fMRI.

The cocktail party effect is your ability to selectively attend to one voice among many. This ability also illustrates the Gestalt principle of connectedness. proximity. similarity. closure. figure and ground.

E figure and ground.

Kathy edits research papers for a research firm and is paid $15 for every five pages she edits. Kathy is reinforced on a ________ schedule. partial-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio variable-interval fixed-ratio

E fixed-ratio

Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition. oval windows eardrums cochleas semicircular canals hair cells

E hair cells

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on phonemes. algorithms. prototypes. framing. heuristics.

E heuristics.

Frequency theory best explains _______, while place theory best explains ________. how phantom limb sensations occur; how stimulation of the larger fibers in the spinal cord stop pain how we are able to sense our body position without looking; how the vestibular sense functions how touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation; why stroking a pressure spot leads to the sensation of a tickle how we process red, green, and blue light; why we experience color afterimages how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds

E how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds

Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system? thalamus reticular formation hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus

E hypothalamus

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Sperling retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. His experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. flashbulb explicit implicit recall iconic

E iconic

Knowing the differences between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of random sampling hindsight bias correlations replication independent variables

E independent variables

An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the A release of endorphins into the central nervous system. B activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. C excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system. D release of hormones into the bloodstream. E initiation of neural impulses

E initiation of neural impulses

In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following? structuralism tabula rasa functionalism empiricism introspection

E introspection

While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? gustation audition vestibular olfaction kinesthesis

E kinesthesis

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called hemispherectomy. neurogenesis. reticular formation. plasticity. lateralization.

E lateralization.

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. short-term implicit echoic iconic long-term

E long-term

In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores? range mode median standard deviation mean

E mean

Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates the self-reference effect. the misinformation effect. source amnesia. retroactive interference. mood-congruent memory.

E mood-congruent memory.

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of humanistic psychology. structuralism. introspection. functionalism. multiple levels of analysis.

E multiple levels of analysis.

Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver? night terrors insomnia sleepwalking sleep apnea narcolepsy

E narcolepsy

When 6-year-old Kamal hit his sister, his Father places him in a time-out by having him sit in a corner for 6 minutes. A time-out is considered to be positive punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. continuous reinforcement. negative punishment.

E negative punishment.

After chicks were fitted with special lenses that visually displaced objects to the left, they quickly learned to compensate by pecking to the left of where the food appeared to be. immediately adapted and pecked successfully at the food. only gradually learned to compensate by pecking to the left of where the food appeared to be. only gradually learned to compensate by pecking to the right of where the food appeared to be. never adapted to the visual distortion.

E never adapted to the visual distortion.

Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an A oversupply of norepinepherine. B undersupply of serotonin. C undersupply of acetylcholine. D oversupply of GABA. E oversupply of glutamate.

E oversupply of glutamate

After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of bottom-up processing. binocular cues. perceptual adaptation. stroboscopic movement. perceptual set.

E perceptual set.

In 1972, a British newspaper published pictures of a "Loch Ness Monster." Many people readily perceived photographs of a floating tree trunk as the partially submerged monster. This illustrates the powerful influence of sensory interaction. feature detectors. interposition. sensory adaptation. perceptual set.

E perceptual set.

The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different algorithms. morphemes. prototypes. semantics. phonemes.

E phonemes.

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates A lateralization. B hemispherectomy. C tomography. D phrenology. E plasticity.

E plasticity

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) control independent variable representative sample dependent variable population

E population

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that were more accurate than the memories of observers who had not been immediately questioned about what they saw. were influenced by whether Loftus and Palmer identified themselves as police officers. omitted some of the most painful aspects of the event. demonstrated repression of significant aspects of the accident. portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

E portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

Candy's son is a whiner because she always picked him up when he cried. In this case, picking up her son served as a(n) ________ for whinning. negative reinforcer unconditioned stimulus punisher conditioned stimulus positive reinforcer

E positive reinforcer

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, creative, and ________ intelligence. spatial interpersonal musical emotional practical

E practical

Aptitude tests are specifically designed to measure educational achievement. assess learned knowledge or skills. assess the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. compare an individual's abilities with those of highly successful people. predict ability to learn a new skill.

E predict ability to learn a new skill.

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of experimentation explanation replication control prediction

E prediction

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as proactive interference. retroactive interference. repression. chunking. priming.

E priming.

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of replication naturalistic observation random assignment correlation random sampling

E random sampling

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance? visual cliff relative size linear perspective relative motion retinal disparity

E retinal disparity

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of serial position effects. sensory memories. state-dependent memories. iconic memories. retrieval cues.

E retrieval cues.

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? occipital cells feature detectors bipolar cells ganglion cells rods and cones

E rods and cones

Semantics refers to the logical and methodical procedures for solving problems. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences. simple thinking strategies that facilitate quick decision making. typical schemes we use to form concepts. rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

E rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to minimize the overconfidence phenomenon. involve greater reliance on language skills. avoid the issue of fixation. yield more accurate solutions to problems. save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

E save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a pie chart skewed distribution bar graph standard deviation scatterplot

E scatterplot

A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer conduction hearing loss. loss of movement. kinesthesis. loss of balance. sensorineural hearing loss.

E sensorineural hearing loss.

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs? A amygdala B motor cortex C Broca's area D hypothalamus E Sensory cortex

E sensory cortex

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs? amygdala hypothalamus motor cortex Broca's area sensory cortex

E sensory cortex

Olfactory receptor cells are essential for our sense of hearing. kinesthesis. equilibrium. touch. smell.

E smell.

Professor Truya noticed that the distribution of student's scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the test was a poor measure of the student's knowledge test was given to a very small class of students mean test score was lower than the median score students generally performed very well on the test students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

E students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? getting money as a reward cheering after a thrilling football game running through a corn maze to get a treat playing basketball sweating in hot weather

E sweating in hot weather

Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

E the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? naturalistic observation the survey correlation experimentation the case study

E the case study

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs. screams and panic during deep sleep. hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly. the cessation of breathing during sleep.

E the cessation of breathing during sleep.

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of state-dependent memory. the serial position effect. proactive interference. the self-reference effect. the misinformation effect.

E the misinformation effect.

The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can best be explained in terms of the visual cliff. retinal disparity. shape constancy. the principle of continuity. the misperception of distance.

E the misperception of distance.

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. the optic nerve processes top-down stimuli. color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes. certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.

E the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.

Researchers found that if they temporarily disrupted one region of the visual cortex with magnetic pulses, people were unable to recognize faces but could still recognize houses. This suggests that the fovea is the retina's area of central focus. the physical characteristics of light determine our sensory experience of them. visual information is processed by opponent cells in the retina. information presented in the right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain. two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects.

E two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects.

Molly's mom is using a feather to tickle her nose and it causes Molly to sneeze. The feather tickling Molly's nose is the ___________________________ (classical conditioning). conditioned response unconditioned response neutral stimulus unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

E unconditioned stimulus

Your psychology teacher has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test. factor analysis normal distribution standardization reliability validity

E validity

After several attempts to escape with no success, the captured girl gave up. At the moment the door was open and she could simply walk out, she didn't, instead she just sat there. This can be explained by the concept of _______________________. learned helplessness extrinsic motivation external locus of control intrinsic motivation depression

learned helplessness