AP Psychology Unit 4 and Unit 5 Part I Quiz

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream? a. William James b. Albert Bandura c. Charles Spearman d. Carl Rogers e. Sigmund Freud

b. Albert Bandura

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? a. Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. b. Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. c. Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. d. Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. e. Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

b. Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? a. Teaching them a rhyme for each word b. Asking them questions about the meaning of each word c. Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in d. Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in e. Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body

b. Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

According to research by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word "umbrella"? a. Counting the number of syllables in the word "umbrella" b. Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip c. Mentally spelling the word "umbrella" d. Writing the word "umbrella" e. Deciding whether the word "umbrella" rhymes with the word "banana"

b. Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? a. Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. b. Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. c. Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. d. After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he hear

b. Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. retroactive amnesia d. anterograde amnesia e. the misinformation effect

b. retroactive interference

Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of a. the pragmatics of language b. semantic encoding c. maintenance rehearsal d. convergent thinking e. shallow processing

b. semantic encoding

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following? a. An operant response b. A discriminative stimulus c. An unconditioned response d. An unconditioned stimulus e. A classically conditioned response

a. An operant response

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? a. Biological preparedness b. Spontaneous recovery c. Stimulus discrimination d. Stimulus generalization e. Observational learning

a. Biological preparedness

Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories? a. Elizabeth Loftus b. Noam Chomsky c. Ernst Heinrich Weber d. Jean Piaget e. Mary Ainsworth

a. Elizabeth Loftus

A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? a. Episodic memory b. Semantic memory c. Echoic memory d. Eidetic imagery e. State-dependent learning

a. Episodic memory

While he is at soccer practice, Erwin reminds himself that he has to stop at the grocery store on the way home to pick up milk and cereal for tomorrow's breakfast. What sort of memory is Erwin using? a. Prospective b. Flashbulb c. Procedural d. Sensory e. Semantic

a. Prospective

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class? a. "Spanish is a difficult subject that I am very poor at." b. "I sure hope that my Spanish professor is better than my high school Spanish teacher." c. "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." d. "If I spend more time studying, I'm sure I will do better than in high school." e. "I need to find a good tutor to help me learn Spanish; I can't learn it on my own."

c. "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? a. After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. b. Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. c. Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. d. Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. e. Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.

c. Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was a. Albert Bandura b. Martin Seligman c. Edward Tolman d. B. F. Skinner e. Ivan Pavlov

c. Edward Tolman

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? a. Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. b. Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. c. Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. d. Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. e. Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

c. Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall? a. Algorithms b. Heuristics c. Framing d. Proactive interference e. The primacy effect

c. Framing

Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping? a. Jasmine decides it is pointless studying, because she thinks her teacher is unfair. b. Jasmine decides to put off going to a party until she studies for two hours. c. Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress. d. Jasmine sets aside an hour each night to study for her exam and goes to the instructor's extra study session. e. Jasmine notices that the best student in the class makes flash cards to study, so she makes flash cards.

c. Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress.

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? a. Chunking b. Long-term potentiation c. Semantic encoding d. Self-reference e. Imagery

c. Semantic encoding

Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order? a. State-dependent b. Latent c. Serial d. Procedural e. Paired-associate

c. Serial

In legal cases, Elizabeth Loftus' research on the misinformation effect is most often used to cast doubt on which of the following? a. The knowledge of expert witnesses b. The judgment of jurors c. The memory of eyewitnesses d. The impartiality of judges e. The intelligence of attorneys

c. The memory of eyewitnesses

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning? a. They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike. b. They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity. c. They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy. d. They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner. e. They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory.

c. They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating a. rote learning b. imitation training c. discrimination training d. stimulus generalization e. classical conditioning

d. stimulus generalization

Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain? a. It is where motor control occurs. b. It is where decision making happens. c. It is where low-level visual features are processed. d. It is where the sense of touch is processed. e. It is where declarative memories are stored.

e. It is where declarative memories are stored.

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? a. Declarative b. Semantic c. Iconic d. Episodic e. Procedural

e. Procedural

The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following? a. Classical conditioning b. Gestalt theory c. Hypothesis testing d. Operant conditioning e. Social learning theory

e. Social learning theory

The cerebellum is most directly involved in a. forming emotional memories b. forming explicit and spatial memories c. judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality d. sensory processing and relaying e. motor learning

e. motor learning

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of a. cue-dependent forgetting b. repression c. reconstruction d. retroactive interference e. proactive interference

e. proactive interference

Joe's best friend Liz says, "I heard the best joke from my sister" and then proceeds to tell Joe the joke that he had told her last week. Liz is most likely experiencing a. retrieval failure b. retrograde amnesia c. encoding failure d. proactive interference e. source amnesia

e. source amnesia

Metacognition refers to a. amnesia b. mental retardation c. artificial intelligence d. thinking without theory e. thinking about thinking

e. thinking about thinking

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario? a. The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. b. The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. c. The next day, Janice's coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator. d. The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again. e. The next day, her boss took away some of Janice's vacation time. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.

a. The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe a. anterograde amnesia b. Broca's aphasia c. cue-dependent forgetting d. selective amnesia e. retroactive interference

a. anterograde amnesia

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to a. implicit memory b. episodic memory c. spontaneous recovery d. deductive reasoning e. fluid intelligence

a. implicit memory

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of a. learned helplessness b. social facilitation c. retrograde amnesia d. the mere-exposure effect e. regression to the mean

a. learned helplessness

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is a. limited in capacity b. unlimited in capacity c. long-lasting d. not under conscious control e. resistant to decay

a. limited in capacity

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. Priming b. Habituation c. Conditioned response d. Stimulus generalization e. Discrimination

a. priming

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention a. requires more automatic processing than selective attention does b. is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks c. is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not d. is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is e. is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing

a. requires more automatic processing than selective attention does

Uma is able to remember a list of items she must buy by creating visual images of the items in various spots in her dorm room. The technique Uma is using is called a. the method of loci b. the peg-word method c. eidetic imagery d. an acronym e. chunking

a. the method of loci

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when a. the tone only is presented b. the food only is presented c. the food and tone are presented together d. a different tone is presented with the food e. a different kind of food is presented without a tone

a. the tone only is presented

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? a. Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. b. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. c. When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. d. Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. e. Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend

b. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios? a. Malia teaches her cat to jump through a hoop by first teaching the cat to jump over her arm, then through a circle Malia forms with her arms, then through an actual hoop. b. Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled. c. Whenever Gizele masters a piano piece, her teacher puts a sticker on the page of music. d. When Grizilla's dog tries to steal her food, she taps him on the nose and says "NO!" sharply. e. After Ben stays out after curfew, his parents tell him he is not allowed to spend time with his friends for one month.

b. Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? a. Grandmother's house; fear b. Grandmother's house; falling c. Fear; grandmother's house d. Falling; anxiety e. Anxiety; fear

b. Grandmother's house; falling

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? a. Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. b. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. c. Retrieval, because though Catherine pro

b. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? a. Remembering events specific to one's life b. Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood c. Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture d. Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time e. Becoming classically conditioned

b. Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Many participants in a study of memory were led to falsely believe that they were lost in a shopping mall as a young child. What memory construction error was demonstrated by the researchers' ability to create these artificial memories? a. Source amnesia b. Misinformation effect c. Context-dependent memory d. Spontaneous recovery e. Confirmation bias

b. Misinformation effect

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? a. The method of loci b. Schemas c. Association networks d. Sensory memory e. Context effects

b. Schemas

The use of tokens in token economies is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Negative d. Vicarious e. Aversive

b. Secondary

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? a. Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. b. Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. c. Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. d. To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. e. Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.

b. Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

As Susie left for work, she said "goodbye" to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing "goodbye" followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say "goodbye." In this scenario, hearing the word "goodbye" is the a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response e. positive reinforcer

b. conditioned stimulus

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be a. learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her b. going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out c. feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her d. thinking she has to rely on luck to work things out with her roommate e. waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away

b. going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as a. encoding devices b. iconic memories c. implicit memories d. retrieval cues e. semantic cues

d. retrieval cues

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment? a. Honeybees will automatically stick out their tongue when sugar water is placed on their antennae. If a neutral odor is paired with the sugar water, the bees will eventually stick out their tongue. Finally, if a second neutral odor is paired with the first odor, the bees will learn to stick out their tongue in response to this odor. b. As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. c. While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. d. Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks. e. A rat was taught to dunk a ball in

c. While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was a. a conditioned stimulus b. a conditioned response c. an unconditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned response e. a secondary reinforcer

c. an unconditioned stimulus

The "Little Albert" study demonstrated that a. humans can learn through observation b. biological constraints affect learning in humans c. fear can be conditioned in humans d. punishment can effectively decrease behavior in humans e. learning in humans is fundamentally different from learning in other species

c. fear can be conditioned in humans

When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are a. at the beginning of the list b. at the end of the list c. in the middle of the list d. hardest to pronounce e. easiest to spell

c. in the middle of the list

When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel a. switches from one language to another b. switches to a nonlanguage c. mentions the participant's name d. presents information similar to that on the attended channel e. presents information in a foreign language

c. mentions the participant's name

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment e. extinction

c. negative punishment

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as a. negative reinforcement b. spontaneous recovery c. shaping d. latent learning e. implicit learning

c. shaping

A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as a. proactive interference b. the serial position effect c. the misinformation effect d. the McGurk effect e. the Stroop effect

c. the misinformation effect

Which of the following is the best example of shaping? a. A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room. b. An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months. c. A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times. d. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. e. A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.

d. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food? a. Diego should feed Agatha a large, filling meal when she first starts begging. b. Diego should only feed Agatha on rare occasions when she begs. c. Diego should never feed Agatha when she begs, but instead should pet her. d. Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs. e. Diego should provide a distinctive signal, such as ringing a bell, whenever dinner is ready to be put on the table.

d. Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs.

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. Which of the following disorders is hypothesized to result most frequently from real-world conditions that are similar to those used in the study? a. Autism spectrum b. Bipolar c. Dependent personality d. Major depressive e. Obsessive-compulsive

d. Major depressive

The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts? a. Next-in-line effect b. Spacing effect c. Misinformation effect d. Serial position effect e. Short-term memory decay

d. Serial position effect

People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Continuous

d. Variable-ratio

A mental image of a spatial layout is called a. an algorithm b. a mental set c. a heuristic d. a cognitive map e. insight

d. a cognitive map

The difficulty many people have recalling the details of common objects such as pennies can best be explained by a. interference b. memory decay c. repression d. a lack of encoding e. amnesia

d. a lack of encoding

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing a. dissociative fugue b. dissociative amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. anterograde amnesia e. conversion disorder

d. anterograde amnesia

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves a. retrieval b. storage c. rehearsal d. encoding e. transfer

d. encoding

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. source amnesia d. encoding failure e. retrieval failure

d. encoding failure

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of a. iconic memory b. procedural memory c. semantic memory d. episodic memory e. short-term memory

d. episodic memory

Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of a. discrimination b. response generalization c. systematic desensitization d. extinction e. spontaneous recovery

d. extinction

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of a. spontaneous recovery b. secondary reinforcement c. latent learning d. generalization e. shaping

d. generalization

Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of a. instinct b. modeling c. learning set d. insight e. spontaneous recovery

d. insight