AP Q4 Test Review

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China; showed Chinese vulnerability; allowed Europe to establish extra-territoriality; USA sponsored Open-Door policy

Russo Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious; established Europeans were not superior

General Strike, 1926

British coal miners go on strike; gov't responds by outlawing strikes; Labour Party rises in reaction

Cecil Rhodes

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; had Cape to Cairo Dream

John Maynard Keynes

British economist; believed that for a nation to come out of depression/recession, it need to increase government spending to re-stimulate the economy

Battle of Gallipoli

British forces failed to take Dardanelles to support Russia but Ottoman Empire resisted

T.E. Lawrence

British general who secured major victories in the Middle East

Naval blockade

British naval strategy to cripple the German war machine

The Great Fear

The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.

Karl Lueger

The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class

the Directory

The final stage of the french revolution or the name of the government produced by the Thermidorians, the label for those who were opposed to Robespierre. It was led by an executive council of five men who possessed the title of director.

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

This is the first phase of The Thirty Years' War. It began in a part of what is now present day Germany when a group of Protestant nobles rebelled against a Catholic king that was trying to make Catholicism the official religion in the region. Catholic officials were thrown out of a 70 foot tall window and survived!... but into a pile of poo... This sparked a rebellion that started the war. Catholic dominated

General Secretary

official head of state in the Soviet Union; occupied by Stalin

Pluralism

officials having more than one job in the church

France 1905

repealed Concordat of 1801

Arthur de Gobineau

Reactionary French diplomat who was the first to say race was the major determining factor of human history

Russian Civil War

Reds vs. Whites, Communists vs. Counter-revolutionaries (supported by Allies); Reds win

Chartist

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Pope Clement VII

Refused to give Henry VIII an annulment

Factory System

Replaced cottage system means of production shifts to private industries concentrates production to one place

Spanish Crusades

Spain took up mantle of Catholic defense during 1500s-1600s

Christopher Columbus

Spanish (Italian) explorer; he mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India; funded by Isabella of Castile

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish (Portuguese) expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador; conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador; conquered the Incas

Battle Of Lepanto

Spanish victory over Turks allowing for control of the Mediterranean

Ultra Royalists

The most fanatical enemies of the Revolution, who launched the "White Terror" against the supporters of Napoleon.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela (1819-1821), he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.

The Second Estate

The nobility or the descendants of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages.

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Victor Hugo

wrote Les Miserables and Hunchback of Notre Dame; talked about the lower class

Charles Darwin

wrote On the Origin of Species; Theory of Natural Selection; took a mechanistic view of the universe and applied it to humans; origin of man no longer required God

John Milton

wrote Paradise Lost

Pope Leo XIII

wrote Reorum Novarum (1891), defended religious education and religious authority over marriage laws

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote the Book of the Courtier; asked the question, what is the ideal man (master of everything)

Giovanni Boccacio

wrote the Decameron, life isn't all about the Church

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote the Prince; study politics as a science; created the "end justifies the means" philosophy

First Balkan War (1908)

1908; Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria vs Ottoman Empire; Serbians tried to get access to the Mediterranean but were unsuccessful; they won the overall conflict

Second Moroccan Crisis

1911; Germany sends a gunboat to the coast of Morocco; Algeciras Conference meets again to force concessions out of Germany

Second Balkan War (1913)

1913; Serbia vs. Bulgaria; Serbia was successfully; Serbs were supported by Russia who didn't want war with the Austrians

Battle of the Marne

1914; Germany is defeated by Franco-British forces

Balfour Declaration

1917, Britain's declaration of support for the foundation of a Jewish state or nation in Palestine

Suez Canal

GB built this canal connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea; the most important canal in history

Cape to Cairo Dream

GB dominating all of East Africa from Cape Colony to Cairo, Egypt; ultimately not successful because of German intervention

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort

Frederick William (1640-1688)

Prussian monarch; militant leader of Prussia; annexed Brandenburg; assisted by junkers (nobles) who had high military ranks

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon; Frankfurt Proposals; Treaty of Paris

Emile Zola

(1840-1902) Considered to be the father of Realism as a movement; explored alcoholism, prostitution, and labor strife; exposed lower class to general population

Berlin Congress

(1884-1885) European countries gathered together to discuss how they would divide up Africa

Lebensraum

"living space"- the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded

Indian National Congress

(1885) founded with British approval to educate Indians to communicate their public affair views

Germaine d'Stael

"An artist must be of his own time"; cautioned excess of passion and emotion citing the Reign of Terror

Judenrein

"Free of Jews"; policy of getting Jews out of Germany

Sturm und Drang

"Storm and Stress." A literary movment in the late-eighteenth-century Germany.

Il Duce

"The leader", title given to Mussolini

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

David Ricardo

(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," high wages lead to more children, more children lead to large labor force, large labor force leads to lower wages

All Quiet on the Western Front

(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

(August 29, 1789) Marquis de Lafayette, with the aid of Thomas Jefferson, wrote this document that used the language of the Enlightenment to declare the political sovereignty did not rest in the hands of a monarch but rather in the nation at large. It also stated that all men were to enjoy freedom of speech/religion, due process, separation of powers, only taxed by common consent

February Revolution

(March) forced the tsar to abdicate the throne; provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky was put into place

October Revolution

(November) Lenin took control of Russia with the Bolshevik party; overthrew the privisional government

Napoleonic Code

(The Civil Code of 1804) This French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.

Realpolitik

- "Realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means - "power is more important than principles"

Bolsheviks

- "The Majority" - Opposed the Mensheviks - Supported Lenin and believed the party must consist of revolutionaries who want Russia to be in revolutions all the time

Menshevik

- "The Minority" - Opposed the Bolsheviks and Lenin's ideas and where more moderate - They wanted Democratic reforms - Failed because they were the minority

Giuseppe Garibaldi

- (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics - He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily - A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

Sergei Witte

- (1849-1915) Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad - He thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness

Karl Marx

- 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary - Often recognized as the father of communism and believed in a classless society - Created a socialistic style political party called "Karl Marx and the First International"

Russo-Japanese War

- A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Benjamin Disraeli

- A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, and Conservative statesman - Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage - Reached out to help the lower class - Laws were passed during his rule: Public Health Act of 1875 and the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 - Gladstone took control again in 1880

William Gladstone

- A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance - One of the first Liberal Primer Ministers - He supported the Irish Home Rule, free trade, and the extension of Democratic Principles (more voting rights)

The People's Will

- A group in Russia that were radicals who wished to overthrow Alexander II and succeeded in his assassination - Successful on March 1st, 1881 where the Tzar was killed with a bomb - The group's actions caused his son Alexander III to turn away from reforms and went back to the traditional ways of ruling

"Bloody Sunday"

- A peaceful protest to Tzar Nicholas II palace in 1905 led by Father Gabon about a petition for improvement of working conditions - Were fired upon by palace guards from Nicholas II - Causing the death of 200 people resulting in even more protests - He then issued the October Manifesto where he promised the creation of a constitutional gov't in hopes to calm the protests

Giuseppe Mazzini

- A political nationalist (most important nationalist leader) in Italy in the mid 1800's - Started the group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian Republic (liberal rule) - Lead Guerrilla warfare to drive away Austrians

Zemstvos

- A reform to reorganize the local gov't - Elected town councils replaced landlords and these new councils were dominated by Zemstvos (group of people not just one person) - Set up in Russia under Alexander II (leader after Nicholas I)

Grigory Rasputin

- A self-proclaimed Russian holy man - Rose to prominence after he healed the Tzar's son who was secretly a hemophiliac (blood disorder) - Was a drunk and associated with prostitutes which caused people to question Nicholas II (Tzar) when people found out he hung out with the Tzar

Paris Commune of 1871

- After the Franco-Prussian war, Parisians elected this new municipal government that would administer Paris separate from the rest of France - Was dominated by "petty bourgeois members" that did not want a worker's state, but a nation of relatively independent, radically democratic enclaves - Attempts to administer Paris like its own separate country - The French National Assembly disagrees and the idea is squashed

Parliament Act of 1911

- Allowed the House of Commons to override the legislative veto of the House of Lords - Resulted in new taxes and social programs

Austro-Prussian War

- Also known as the Seven Weeks' War - This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy (Bismark) helping Prussia in 1866 - It was over control of the German Confederation - Prussia won and is declared the only major German Power - This victory created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia

Henry Ford

- American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents

Internal Combustion Engine

- An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine created by Gottlieb Daimler

London Great Exhibition (1851)

- An international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from May 1st to October 15th, 1851 - The first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to become a popular 19th-century feature; Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in London

Cholera

- An intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food - Flared in urban communities because lack of sanitation

Pogroms

- An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or Eastern Europe - Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Georges Hausmann

- Appointed by Napoleon III as the planner (architect) for Paris - Raised buildings to have straight with tree boulevards through the center of the city as well as new quarters - He demolished slums by putting in boulevards; small parks sporadically placed and two large ones for activities; improved sewers and aqueducts; made transportation more efficient

Public Health Act (1875)

- British law that prohibited the construction of new buildings without running water and an internal drainage system - Helped sanitation and health and safety

Second Reform Act (1867)

- British man, Benjamin Disraeli, led the conservatives in the House of Commons to creating their own reform bill - It increased the electorate more than previously suggested to 1M voters - Disraeli thought this would garner conservative support from the working class, who he suspected would become increasingly important

Crimean War

- Caused by Russia wanting to extend their influence over the Ottoman Empire where they said they had the right to protect the Christians living their because they were Orthodox Christians - (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans (Muslims) for control of the Black Sea - Very poorly equipped war for both - There was an intervention by Britain and France - Causes Ottomans victory - Ends in Treaty of Paris

Land Acts

- Established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices under the Irish Land League (slowly moved to what the Democratic Republicans wanted)

Alfred Dreyfus

- French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of antisemitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906

William I

- German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 - Leader after Frederick William IV (his brother)

Gottlieb Daimler

- German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900) - Creator of the first automobile

SPD

- Germany socialist group - Its strength was based in the growing industrial working class - Became a key party that causes annoyance to the leadership of Bismark which later caused Bismark to try to repress them - When doing this he tried to change the system from within with the conservative parties to start to help the lower classes by providing workers with accident insurance, petitions, and levels of social security which worked effectively - "Socialist Democratic Party of Germany"

Trade unionism

- Govt's started to extend legal protection to allow Unions to exist and gain rights they didn't have before (improving wages and working conditions and decreasing hours) - The Unions tried to represent their workers and their desires - If they didn't get what they wanted they went on strife's

Francis Joseph

- Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary following Ferdinand's abdication

North German Confederation

- Result of end of Austria-Prussian War where Prussia begins to unite the Northern Germanic States - Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs - North German Confederation is created under the ruler of Prussia - Is a major step towards German unification

Kulaks

- Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor - They were their own class

Nicholas II

- Russian ruler after his father Alexander III - Caused abundant industrial growth (increased Russian railroad systems, still bad working conditions, and still low pay which led to protests and social and economic issues)

Danish War

- In 1864 when Denmark attempts to take over the area of Schleswig and Holstein - Immediately Austria and Prussia defends Schleswig and Holstein and together they defeat Denmark - Prussia gets Schleswig. Austria gets Holstein

Dual Monarchy

- In 1867 the Hapsburg's created this idea where Austria and Hungary will share a common monarch (Francis Joseph) for all things foreign policy

Irish Land League

- Its primary aim was to abolish "landlordism" in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on - This league was formed to intimidate the Land Lords in Britain who controlled Irish lands so the Land Acts were passed that carried out the Irish Lands Ireland but was still apart of Britain the Irish just owned the land

Louis-Philippe

- King of France following Charles X. - Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (noticed his popularity was diminishing) - Nicknamed the "Citizen King"

Vladimir Lenin

- Leader of the group "The Russian Social Democratic Party" that tried to reform Russia through revolution - A disagreement in the group caused exiles but still they tried to meet regularly meeting and planning to overthrow the Russian gov't

Petite bourgeoisie

- Lower middle class in Europe - White collar workers (clerk, secretaries in businesses and gov'ts)

First International

- Marx helped unions form this which later replaced by the Second International - Marx and his group supported workers in unions to reform the conditions of labor - By the end of the 1800's Marxism emerged as the strongest type of socialism

Emigration

- Movement of individuals out of an area

Louis-Napoleon

- Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte - Won the French Presidential Election in 1848 and became the President of the Second Republic - Later named himself emperor Napoleon III in 1852

Changes for Women

- New employment patterns and job openings caused by the second Industrial Revolution - poverty and prostitution was still a thing - "British Married Women's Property Act" allowed married women to own land

Alexander III

- Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894) - Was repressive minded and steered clear from reforms - Expanded the power of the secret police and increased the censorship of the press all in effort to remove the likeliness of revolts

Otto von Bismarck

- Prime Minister of Prussia 1862-1871, when he became chancellor of Germany - A pragmatist who put more trust in power and action than idea - Manipulates the constitution to get an increase in taxes without the parliament - A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership

Camillo di Cavour

- Primer Minister of Piedmont - Had some liberal views but was mainly conservative - Wanted to unify Italy for economic and material progress - Goes to Napoleon III of France to ask for assistance removing the Austrians where he agrees and Austria is defeated - The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state (succeed ^^)

Suburbs

- Residential areas surrounding a city - Where the working class lived

P.A. Stolypin

- Russian who replaced Witte as the new finance minister - He caused no improvements so protests started which led to his assassination in jail - He sought to repress rebellion, remove some causes of revolt, and rallying property owners behind the Czar - In 1906 he cancelled all payments peasants owned the government in hopes they would assume individual proprietorship of the land they farmed

Battle of Sedan

- September 2, 1870. France defeated. Napoleon surrendered and taken prisoner - September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed

Second Industrial Revolution

- Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860's - Was different than the first because of the new products and resources - Occurs mainly in France, Belgium, and Germany

Revolution of 1905

- Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food - Japan won to Russia - Not orchestrated by Lenin

Bacterial Disease theory

- Suggests that disease is passed by invisible particles that carry illnesses

Pale settlement

- The area in the western part of the Russian Empire in which Russian Jews were allowed to live from 1835-1917

Duma

- The elected two chamber legislative body/ parliament where the people could elect - This was created by Nicholas II following his promised after Bloody Sunday to give a constitutional monarchy

Artisan Dwelling Act (1875)

- The government became actively involved in providing housing for the working class

Cult of Domesticity

- The idealized view of women and home: women are self-less caregiver for children and a refuge for husbands

Frederick William IV

- The king of Prussia that was asked to help German Parliament unify Germany and agreed but not under their constitution/terms but under his own terms - He was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I (his brother) after being labelled legally insane

Zollverein

- The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification

Emile Zola

- The person who exposed that French man, Alfred Dreyfus, was innocent after being falsely excused for passing info to the German Army - He was an influential French writer that wrote the newspaper article called "I accuse.."

Population trends

- The rate at which population is growing - 1850 = 266M - 1900 = 401M - 1910 = 447M in Europe - Easy transportation and emigration releaved population pressure and increased spread of European ideals and beliefs

Third Republic

- The republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III - Was a 2 house legislature (one elected through male suffrage and the president who is elected indirectly by the the legislature) - From this time period forward France had no more kings or emperors

Alexander II

- The son of Nicholas I who, as Tzar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (freedom), reorganization of the local gov't, military reforms, and judicial changes

William II

- This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him - Germany ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway

Treaty of Paris (1856)

- This treaty effectively ended the Crimean War - Russia was required to surrender territory near the mouth of the Black Sea, and to renounce claims of protection over Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Franco-Prussian War

- This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany - It was caused by Otto von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany)

Frankfurt Assembly

- Was inspired by the French's revolution - A revolt by German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany - Was a failed German unification attempt

The goals of 19th-century liberals

- challenge traditionalism - legal equality - religious toleration - freedom of speech/press - limited monarchy - keep lower classes powerless - lasseiz faire capitalism

Education Act of 1902

- govt provided state support for both religious and nonreligious schools but imposed the same educational standards on each

5 Key Impacts of the Columbian Exchange

- increaded power and wealth for Europeans - spread Christianity - brought millions of Africans to America - started ethnocentrism - led to competitions

Effects of Imperialism

- peace in Europe, war in foreign states - some economies in colonies were vastly improved - exploited many peoples - created serious cultural issues in Asia and Africa

Causes of the Commercial Revolution

- population growth - Price Revolution (rise of inflation) - New Industries - Consumer goods - Capitalism Experimentation - Mercantilism

Pope Pius X

-Condemned Catholic modernism-movement of Bibical criticism within the Church

Long Term Causes of Reformation

-Corruption in the church -Renaissance Humanism -Economic restrictions -Declining prestige of Papacy -Critics of the Church

British Advantages

-Labor supply (Enclosure Mvmt forced people into cities) -Geography (long narrow island shape allowed for cheap transportation and trade) -Natural Resources (abundance of coal and iron) -Foreign Markets (Massive Empire allowed peole to spread to markets globally) -Capital (Britain's capitalism allowed middle class to invest in ventures allowing industries to grow and expand)

Miguel Cervantes

-Wrote the first modern novel -Don Quixote

Characteristics of Romanticism

-interest in the common man and childhood -strong senses, emotions, and feelings -awe of nature -celebration of the individual -importance of imagination -revival of religion; rejected Deism -rejection of machine like idea of nature -rejected that the past was counter-productive

Romanticism and Religion

-religious revival -John Wesley's Methodism swept America -rejection of Enlightenment Deism

New Urban Poor

1 room apartments, no plumbing ban sanitation, bad sewer system easy spread of disease hard to find and keep jobs crime was rampant better to be poor in the country

Nazi Racial Classes

1. Aryans 2. Western Europeans (French, British) 3. Mediterranean Europeans (Spaniards, Italians, etc.) 4. Slavic Peoples 5. Asians 6. Jews/Blacks

Occupation of the Ruhr

1923; French troops occupied Ruhr Valley when Germany failed to pay its reparations; France was met with German passive-resistance and heavy criticism from the international community

Locarno Treaties

1925; Germany essentially accepts borders of Treaty of Versailles; Germany can join League of Nations

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

1. English conservative leader who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" 2. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution 3. Favored gradual and orderly change

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928; agreement in which many nations agreed to outlaw war

End of Thirty Years War

1. Germany physically destroyed 2. Massive population loss 3. Rise of France, England, and the Netherlands 4. Reaffirms Protestantism is here to stay

Young Plan

1929; after Depression hits USA can no longer support German economy; Germany must pay reparations over a longer period of time

Goals of the Congress of Vienna

1. Legitimacy - return rulers (overthrown by Napoleon) to power 2. Compensation - for financial issues caused by Napoleon 3. Balance of Power - to ensure the B.O.P is stable in Europe and something like the FR doesn't ever happen again

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws which defined who was a Jew and stripped them of citizenship

Lutheran Beliefs

1. Salvation by faith only 2. Religious authority is found in the Bible alone 3. Universal priesthood 4. Only two sacraments: baptism and Eucharist 5. Politic/secular authority supersedes Church authority on non-religious matters

Causes of New Imperialism

1. Search of New Markets 2. Missionary Work 3. New Military/Naval Base 4. White Man's Burden

Boxer Rebellion

1900; patriotic Chinese rebellion against Europeans; defeated by Eight Nation Alliance

Theory of Relativity

1905; Albert Einstein's ideas about the interrelationships between time and space and between energy and matter

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Causes of Latin American Revolutions

1. rigid class structures 2. spread of Enlightenment ideals to the New World 3. success of the Americans/French 4. Napoleonic Wars distracted the mother countries

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1.) Netherlands gained independence from Spain 2.) Religious toleration 3.) Killed Holy Roman Empire 4.) Ends Catholic Reformation 5.) Reinstates Peace of Augsburg and adds Calvinism 6.) German lands destroyed

Old Imperialism

1500-1800; built trading stations (stayed on coasts); generally mutually beneficial; Americas were exception

The Tricolor Flag

1789; red white and blue

Treaty of Luneville

1801; Austrians signed this with the French which gave almost all of their Italian and German holdings to France

Treaty of Amiens

1802; Britain cedes various islands to France

Peninsular War

1808-1814; revolts in Iberia which involved guerrilla warfare tactics and resulted in Grand Army losing 300K men

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Opium War

1839-1842, 1856-1860; very addictive drug introduced into British trade with China; GB dominated and gained Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking)

Anti-Corn Law League

1845 Industrial Revolution Wanted to encourage economic growth by repealing certain laws in order to. Wanted to make british agriculture more efficient and productive expose trade and competition to foreign competition promote peace through trade contracts

End of Japanese Isolationism

1853; Matthew Perry of USA opened trade negotiations with Japan; prompted Japanese to modernize the latter half of 1800s

Kulturkampf

1871; Bismarck feuds with the Church; 1873- Bismarck forced Prussian priests to get educated, weakened power to veto appointments of priests; he also expelled insubordinates

Kruger Telegram

1896, William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the British army; caused tensions between Britain and Germany

Imperialism

19th century ______ in Africa and Asia caused tensions over who controlled what

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason; reaction to the FR

Reichstag fire

27th February 1933; fire started in the Reichstag building by Nazis; blamed by communist; allowed Hitler to ban communism in Germany

Henry VIII (1509-1547)

2nd Tudor monarch; married Catherine of Aragon; was previously Defender of the Faith and wrote Defense of Seven Sacraments; leader of Anglican Church

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

2nd phase of the war. Albrecht van Wallenstein and team of mercenaries helped to dominate the fight. The Catholics won, sweeping through Silesia, north to the Baltic, and Pomerania.

German Confederation

39 states ujnder Austrian rule which allowed Metternich to keep an eye on Germanic states

French Phase (1635-1648)

4th phase of the war. It was promoted by Richelieu's concern that the Habsburgs would rebound after Gustavus' death. Richelieu declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance. Catholic France sided with Protestants.

Triangular Trade

9 million Africans sent to New Word; Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa and New World, New World sent raw materials to New World

French Civil Wars

9 wars in the last half of the 16th century. They were powerful struggles between 3 families for the crown after the death of Henry II.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 battle between German and British forces; 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare; was supposed to take pressure off of the French at Verdun

Lutheranism

A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther

Continental System

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military; Berlin and Milan Decree

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease; caused Middle Class to reconsider helping out the poor; aristocracy leads the reforms because of historical obligation

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Petrograd Soviet

A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905

Maximilien Robespierre

A lawyer whose anti-monarchical sentiments may have started at the age of eleven, when a coach carrying the royal family splashed him with mud just as he was about to read some Latin verses he had written in their honor. A Jacobin, and the dictatorial leader of the Committee of Public Safety, he was eventually killed on his very own national razer on July 28, 1794 .

The Estates General

A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.

Haitian Revolution (1804)

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successful nature; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

Plebiscite

A new constitution consolidating his position was overwhelmingly approved in this form of voting otherwise known as a vote by the people. (McKay)

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine; established by Theodore Herzel

Jacobin club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

Jean-Paul Marat

A radical journalist that was a hero of the sans-culottes but was killed by a Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday.

thermidorian reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in Robespierre's death and the loosening of economic controls; segways into the Conservative phase

Charles Dickens

A realist English writer who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods; began in Britain

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Maginot Line

A system of fortifications along France's border with Germany; built out of French Fear of Germany; funded by private citizens

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S; chief cause of USA getting involved in the war

Provisional Government

A temporary government created by the Duma; led by Alexander Kerensky; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people.

Long Term Causes of French Revolution

Absolutism, Enlightenment Views, Rigid Social Class

First Consul

After Napoleon overthrew the Directory with Abbe Sieyes he set up a new Constitution with himself as this title.

Marquis de Lafyette

After the storming of the Bastille, Louis XVI agreed to the formation of the National Guard under the leadership of this man who was already known as a champion of liberty because of his involvement with the American Revolution. Also, the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

the German Confederation of the Rhine

After the third coalition collapsed Napoleon abolished many of the tiny German states as well as the Holy Roman Empire when he established this union of fifteen German states minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony.

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Alfred von Tirpitz

An admiral and first secretary of the German navy; involved in the Anglo-German arms race

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; promotes domestic industry, places tariffs on imports, and gains colonies for raw materials; negative view from middle class

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Erich von Ludendorff

Another German general who fought on the Eastern Front and defeated Russia

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary; was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) on June 28th, 1914; his death was the spark that caused WWI

Anglo-German Arms Race

Arms build up between Germany and Great Britain; motivated by economic competition; Britain attempted to ensure naval supremacy and dominance over Germany

Henry IV (of Navarre)

Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610); passed Edict of Nantes

Storming of the Tuileries

Aug 1792; Louis accused of communicating with Austria; people arrest Louis

Enabling Act

August 1934; merged the powers of the President with the Chancellor giving Hitler full dictatorial power over Germany

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist; focused on sex and dreams; believed humans were sexual creature from birth to adulthood

George Hegel

Believed that Thesis vs. Antithesis leads to synthesis (Hegelian dialectic)

BBC

British Broadcasting Corporation; started on the radio

Ban on usury

Ban on loans with interest

Marxist Socialism

Based on Marxist ideas and the Communist Manifesto, this was the idea that the lower classes needed to fight the upper classes and eventually create a system in which society was built on industry and there was no private property.

Bismarck's Imperialism Policy

Bismarck desired to not expand aggressively in Africa and only acquired territories as bargaining chips

Boer War

Boer's resisted British rule; ended in British victory; Boers were successful first couple of battle; Krugar Telegram

Treaty of Utrecht

Britain gains Asiento (Spanish slave trade)

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Britain; British soldiers fire on peaceful protesters in Manchester; 11 people killed

The Six Acts

Britain; Parliament removes instruments of revolution from the radicals 1. Forbade large unauthorized public meetings 2. Raised fire for seditious libel 3. Sped up trials of political agitators 4. Increased newspaper taxes 5. Prohibited armed training groups 6. Allowed searching of homes in disturbed counties

Corn Law of 1815

Britain; a measure that placed extraordinarily high tariffs on foreign grain that was beneficial to landowners, but made bread too high for the working class.

dechristianization

Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Treaty of Nanking

China ceded Hong Kong to Britain

Lord Liverpool

Conservative British Tory minister who is associated with the Corn Law and the abolition of income tax, both of which helped to promote aristocratic interests.

Alexander I of Russia

Conservative Russian Tsar that fought hard to supress liberalism and nationalism in a domeestic and international basis.

India

Crown Jewel of the British Empire; Queen Victoria was obsessed; Sepoy Mutiny (1857) prompted Britain to take control

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology, positivism; believed certain sociological rules dictated human interaction

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

March 12, 1917

Duma declares a provisional government

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars giving Spain dominance over France in Italy.

Archbishop Laud

English church official; head of Anglican church during James I; had Catholic sympathies; led to protestants not liking James I

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

English economist; believed that population growth would outpace food production

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Oliver Cromwell (1653-1659)

English general/Lord Protector; leader of Roundheads in English Civil War; questioned absolutism; became Lord Protector (dictator) and the Protectorate; disbanded Parliament

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who was the pioneer of the Factory System. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Queen Anne (1702-1714)

English monarch; Act of Union - merged England and Scotland into Great Britain; introduced cabinet system of law making

Charles II (1660-1685)

English monarch; Restoration monarch; Clarendon Code (1661) - puritans removed from government; Declaration of Indulgence (1673) - Catholics can privately worship; Test Act (1673) - all politicians must be Anglican; Habeas Corpus Act (1679); formation of Tories and Whigs; Scotland gained independence

Charles I (1625-1649)

English monarch; Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament; Petition of Right (1628); Short Parliament (1640); Long Parliament (1640-1660); dissolved Star Chamber; English Civil War (1642-1649)

James I (1603-1625)

English monarch; Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings

James II (1685-1688)

English monarch; became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule; forced to abdicate the throne

Hanoverian Kings

English monarchs; George I, George II, George III; German family; House of Hanover; introduces prime minister

William and Mary (1699-1702)

English monarchs; Glorious Revolution; Act of Toleration - religious freedom for everybody except Jews, Catholics, Unitarians; English Bill of Rights (1689) - established a constitutional monarchy

Battle of Trafalgar

English naval victory; 1805

John Locke (1632-1704)

English philosopher who argued that everyone has natural rights: life, liberty, property; people are always have good intentions but gov't is need to advance society as a whole; representative gov't

William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron

English poets who looked at nature in awe instaed of questioningly

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

English political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan"; viewed human beings as naturally evil; social contract: people forfeit rights for safety; argued that monarchs have absolute political authority

Robert Walpole

English politician; Named first prime minister

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Englishman, lived in Germany, anti-semitic, first to consider manufacturing a perfect race, considered Jews a major enemy of European racial regeneration/a hindrance to creating a perfect race

China

Europe approached this Asian country with spheres of influence

Columbian Exchange

Europe sent coffee, honey bees, disease, banana, livestock America sent peanut, potatoes, turkey

Phillip II of Spain

European ruler who tried to make England Catholic by marrying the Queen and sending an armada; Spain reached the height of its influence and power because of him, he did not listen to his advisors and dictated all actions of Spain

Belgian Congo

Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium; had harshest rule of any African colony

Commune de Paris

Formally recognized by Louis XVI after the storming of the Bastille, this new municipal government would come to play a pivotal role in the later stages of the Revolution. (Pearl)

Martin Luther

Former monk who, after seeing corruption in Rome and getting frustrated over the indulgence controversy, breaks away from the Catholic Church

Battle of Jena

France defeats Prussia 1806

Battle of Austerlitz

French Victory; Austria defeated; Third Coalition defeated; 1805

Habsburg vs. Valois War (1521-1555)

French attempted to keep HRE internally divided; League of Schmalkaden allied with France; ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555) which allowed princes to choose state religion

John Baptiste Colbert

French economist; helped Louis XIV to make France's economy the wealthiest in Europe; basic system of mercantilism; French goods were sold more - higher quality; encouraged basic industries like mining and farming; high tariff(tax) on imported goods

Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist; "humans simply exist", life has no greater meaning

Jacques Cartier

French explorer; explored Canada

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer; explored Nova Scotia and Northeastern America

Francis I

French monarch introduced Taille (peasant tax) and Concordat of Bologna (king power over clergy)

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu (1610-1643)

French monarch and chief advisor; monarchy gains more power; implemented intendant system in France; strong Catholic; Peace of Alais (1629) - Huguenots lose cities; fought in Thirty Years War

Louis XIV (1643-1715)

French monarch; "I am the State"; "Sun King"; built Palace of Versailles; sold nobility titles to middle class; Edict of Fountainbleu; Successful wars: 1st Dutch War, 2nd Dutch War; Unsuccessful wars: War of the League of Augsburg; War of Spanish Succession; demolished French Economy

Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)

French monarch; 1st Bourbon; embraced the politique; increased monarch power in France; embraced mercantilism; Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610); passed Edict of Nantes

Georges Clemenceau

French premier; part of the Big Four; determined to make Germany pay for the loss of French life and destruction of Northern France

Radical Phase

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy, introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

Kaiser Wilhem II

German emperor in World War I, blamed for starting the Great War. Last emperor of Germany

Paul von Hindenburg

German general who defeated the Russians at Tannenburg which turned the tide of the war on the Eastern Front

Johann Gottfried Herder

German philosopher; father of modern nationalism

Joseph Goebbels

German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who was a staunch anti-semite and was Htiler's closest associate

Gestapo

German secret police

Max Weber

German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society opposing Marx's idea that economics droev society

U-boat

German submarine

Goethe

German writer; wrote Faust - man sells soul to the devil to gain all knowledge; critical of the Englightenment commentary on obsession with reason

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that [supposedly] carry war material

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (not for long)

Causes for Exploration

God, Gold, Glory; Desire for new route to Asia; Rise of Nation-States, Technological Advances

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, later Italy

Greek Revolts (1821-1830)

Greek nation revolted against the Ottoman empire; supported by liberals/radicals; Congress of Vienna supported it to oppose Ottoman Empire

Aristotle

Greek philosopher; geocentric theory; wrote "On the Heavens"

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's belief that poverty is result of character flaws; accepted by middle class

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out

Anti-semitism

Hatred of Jews

Anti-Semitism

Hatred of Jews; caused by religious zeal that led to a retreat from Enlightenment toleration/freedom and extreme nationalism

Mein Kampf

Hitler's political manifesto; blamed Jews for all of Germany's problems; outlined exactly how he would fix the problems if he came to power in Germany

Belgian Independence

In 1830, this movement began and led to battles in Brussels. Eventually, the Netherlands lost this territory because of outer European intervention.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Church)

In July 1790, the King Louis XVI was forced, to his horror, accept the passage of this legislation that basically made the Church a department of the state. Bishops were to be chosen by assemblies of parish priests, who themselves were to be elected by their parishioners.

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Committee of Public Safety

In the Spring of 1793, in response of the revolts in Vendee and demands from the sans-culottes the National Convention formed this committee that later assumed virtually dictatorial power over France throughout the following year.

Anabaptism

In this religion, they believed in adult baptism, chose their own ministers, and believed in complete separation of the church; led by John of Leyden and Thomas Muntzer

Gunpowder

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.

IRA

Irish Republican Army; fought against Blackened Hand for Irish independence

95 Theses (1517)

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Fathers of Romanticism

Jean Jacques Rosseau and Immanual Kant

Purges

Joseph Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the Soviet Union.

"Night of the Long Knives"

June 1934; Hitler purges his Nazi associates to get the Nazis in line

Krugar Telegram

Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating Boers on their first few victories; caused tension between GB and Germany

New Economic Policy

Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry caused from the economic destruction of war communism

Petition of Right

King Charles I; gave Parliament right to tax, habeas corpus, no quartering of troops in peace time, and no martial law during peace time; eventually dissolved Star Chamber

Declaration of Indulgence

King Charles II; Catholics can worship freely

Habeas Corpus Act

King Charles II; habeas corpus and guaranteed speedy trial

Spanish Revolution of 1820

King Ferdinand III tried to institute absolutism in Spain; people revolted; Congress of Vienna except for Britain intervened

Peace of Alais

King Louis XIII; made Huguenots lose many of their gained cities

Edict of Fontainbleau

King Louis XIV; revoked Edict of Nantes

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Stanley Baldwin

Leader of the Conservative Party

Ramsay MacDonald

Leader of the Labour Party

Heinrich Himmler

Leader of the SS

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

Leader of the Spanish Inquisition

Jose de San Martin

Led revolts for Argentina and Chilean

Peace, Land, Bread

Lenin's ultimate goals for Russia

cahiers de doleances

List of grievances, that were presented to the King of France by the various electoral assemblies at the start of the meeting of the Estates General.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Louis XIII chief minister that convinced him to side with Protestants to weaken the HRE

Short Term Causes of French Revolution

Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, economic failure

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Concordat of 1801

Made to destroy the rifts with the Church; church must concern itself with religious affairs, it won't gain back land lost during FR, government can promote/remove bishops, and allowed priests who opposed the Civil Constitution to come back

Gustav Flaubert

a master of realism, Wrote "Madame Bovary" story of provincial life and woman's helpless search from love; very realistic - no heros, purpose, or civility

MAIN Causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

The Hundred Days

Marked the period between Emperor Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. Ended at the Battle of Waterloo

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572 by Catherine de Medici

Quantum energy

Max Planck; asserted that energy was a series of small separate quantities

Estates General

May 1789, Louis XVI convened this to solve economic problems

"First" Treaty of Paris, 1814

May 1814 France reduced to 1792 size, but regains colonies & is exempt from paying compensation for Napoleon

The Diet of the Worms (1521)

Meetings to decide the fate of Luther after his documents; Luther is excommunicated after standing his ground

Changing Views

Middle Class - becomes more conservative Corporations - gain wealth and rise up

Russian Campaign of 1812

Napoleon entered Russia with 400K men, and the tsar's troops kept on retreating. Found Moscow in flames and did not have anything to help them survive the cold harsh winters of Russia; returned with 10K men

Elba

Napoleon was first exiled to this Mediterranean island where he was allowed to keep a small army and maintain his title of Emperor.

National Socialist German Workers Party

Nazi Party; far-right ultra nationalist group in Germany that rose with the Great Depression; Adolf Hitler championed this group when it came into power in the early 1930s, Hitler was appointed chancellor

S.A (Brown Shirts)

Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power

Edward VI (1547-1553)

Nine-year old boy king of England; England became more Protestant during his reign; Died at the age of 16; Henry's first male son

Kristallnacht

Nov. 10, 1938; "Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany

March of the Women

Oct 1789; Women protest for grain and chased Louis from Versailles to Paris

Show trials

Old bolsheviks confessed to crimes against the soviet union; Shown to the world- showed Stalin was right

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Olympe de Gouges book would be inspiration for this book by Mary Wollstonecraft's that also pushed for women's reforms similar to the Deceleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

the Bastille

On July 13, 1789, the people began to seize arms for the defense of the city, and on July 14 several hundred french people marched to this location to search for weapons and gunpowder.

Battle of Waterloo

On June 18, 1815 the Duke of Wellington along with Marshal Blucher of the Prussian Forces defeated Napoleon's final battle and marked the end of The Hundred Days.

The Tennis Court Oath

On June 20, 1788 the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall because of "repairs," moved to a a large tennis court were they swore this famous deceleration.

Argonne Offensive

One of the costliest military campaigns in American history; Americans pushed into Germany

Hitler Youth

Organizations set up under Hitler to train an educate German young people in Nazi beliefs

"Sick Man of Europe"

Ottoman Empire

Assignats

Paper currency, funded by the selling of church lands -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

reparations

Payment for war damages

Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1

Colonial Structure of Spanish Empire

Peninsulares - high class Spanish born Creoles - high class American born Mestizos - Native and Spanish blooded Indians - natives Slaves - African, lowest social class

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.

Brazillian Independence

Portugal simply granted Brazil independence

Amerigo Vespucci

Portuguese cartographer; A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

Vasco de Gama (1497)

Portuguese explorer who was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1497 and make it to India

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese explorer; claimed Brazil for Portugal

Paul von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Uneducated priests

Priests who are uneducated. Can't read the bible

French New Deal

Program for workers which established the right of collective bargaining, a forty-hour work week, two-week paid vacations, and minimum wages; was somewhate successful and caused high inflation

Zwinglianism

Protestant movement based in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli

Frederick I (1688-1713)

Prussian monarch; became the leader of Prussia after Frederick William - the first king of Prussia - attempted international diplomacy

Frederick William I (1713-1740)

Prussian monarch; followed Frederick I as king of Prussia; established Prussian absolutism; built up the military; demanded absolute obedience of all citizens; had most formidable land army in all of Europe

The Rights of Women

Published by Olympe de Gouges it argued that women should enjoy such fundamental rights as the right to be educated, to control their own property, and to initiate divorce.

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion in China; 20 mil dead; GB allied with Manchus to put down rebellion

Act of Union

Queen Anne; merged England and Scotland

Indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Levee en Masse

Responding to continued military crisis during the French Revolutionary wars, the National Convention sought to call up more troops to defend the new republic in this deceleration from the National Convention

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Politburo

Ruling committee of the Communist Party

Valois Family

Ruling family of France

Peter the Great (1682-1725)

Russian monarch; as a child the Strelski put down a revolution; took a tour of Europe to see how far behind was Russia; Westernized Russia; added training for Russian nobles in government (Table of Ranks) and French; built St. Petersburg "Window to the West"; introduced mercantilism; defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War and gained Baltic territories

Ivan the Terrible (IV) (1533-1584)

Russian monarch; attempted Westernization; realized Russia was behind other European powers; brutal king: secret police, Cossacks (peasants who rebelled), peasant brutality

Michael Romanov (1613-1645)

Russian monarch; expanded the Russian Empire to the Pacific; Raskolnikis (Old believers) opposed his decisions; he later persecuted them

Ivan III (1442-1505)

Russian monarch; gains control of Orthodox church; attempted absolutism

Leon Trotsky

Russian politician; fought with Stalin for power; very idealistic; wanted to spread the revolutionary fervor of Russia to the rest of the world

Joseph Stalin

Russian politician; fought with Trotsky for power; very realistic; wanted to build up Russia individually before trying to help any other country

Cheka

Russian secret police who went to destroy any opposition to the new government

Thomas Kempis

Scholar who taught mysticism; critic of the church

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group that assassinated the Archduke

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Great Terror

Stalin's continued elimination of any person considered to try to usurp his power

Colloquy of Marburg (1529)

States that Eucharist does not experience God's presence and that it is just a personal confirmation of faith

William Harvey

Studied the body's circulatory and cardiovascular systems; wrote "On the Movement of the Heart and Blood"

Tomas Torquemada

Supported torture during the Inquisition

Three Emperors' League

The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia; formed b/c of Bismarck's fear of a war on two fronts

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

The 3rd phase. It began with the arrival of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in Germany. he came to help assist the Protestant of the area. Protestant dominated

The Third Estate

The commoners of France that consisted of, prosperous merchants and lawyers as well as peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artist, and unskilled day laborers.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline.

Alexander I

The Russian Tsar that decided that it was necessary to make peace with Napoleon after the Battle of Austerlitz. He signed the treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon

September Massacres

The September Massacres were a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed: some 1,200 trapped prisoners, including many women and young boys.

Louis XV

The Sun King was succeeded by this five year old great grandson. Under his rule and the young monarchs regent the duke of Orleans the system of absolutist rule was challenged.

Third Reich (1933-1945)

The Third German Empire (1st being the Holy Roman Empire, 2nd being the 1871 German Empire)

Third Coalition

The alliance between the countries of Austria, Russia, and Great Britain against the forces of Napoleon.

The First Estate

The clergy

The bourgeoisie

The comfortable members of the third estate, or upper middle class. Rose up to lead the entire third estate in the revolution.

Vendee

The counter-revolutionary revolt that began in March in this western region of France. This area's revolt was mainly inspired by anger toward the restrictions placed on the Church.

Brumaire

The coup d'état in 1799 that overthrew the Directory and led to the dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte

Madame de Pompadour

The daughter of a disgraced bourgeois financier, this mistress of Louis XV broke the pattern of kings maintaining mistresses who were chosen from the court nobility. As the king's famous mistress from 1745 to 1750, she exercised tremendous influence over politics, literature, art, and the decorative arts, using her patronage to support Voltaire and promote the rococo style.

Grand Empire

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primilarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Grand Armee

The gigantic army of 600,000 Napoleon took to Russia in 1812 , and where eventually mostly killed off in the retreat from the cold winter of Russia.

sans-culottes

The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and new revolutionary culture was imposed.

St. Helena

The place where Napoleon was exiled once again, in the distant island where he died in 1821.

"Black Shirts"

The private army of Mussolini which helped Mussolini come to power

Cartography

The science of making maps; peaked during this period

Simony

The selling of church offices

Louis XVI

The successor of Louis XV this king of France from 1774 to 1792 failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793).

The Three Estates

The three orders of France: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

Treaty of Tilsit

The treaty between Napoleon and Alexander that forced Prussia to cede half its population to France

Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Decrees of August 4

These were nineteen decrees or articles made in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution.

Coercion Acts of 1817

This suspended habeus corpus (which protects you from arbitrary arrest) in England and increase punishment for sedition

Quadruple Alliance

This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

Institutes of the Christian Religion

This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin; predestination (elect);

Napoleon Bonaparte

This young general, saved the Directory by putting down the rebellion in Paris. He later overthrew French Directory in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain, and his failure to invade Russia lead to his abdication in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Charlotte Corday

To enhance the Mountain's control over the National Convention, this Girondin sympathizer stabbed to death Jean-Paul Marat.

Cult of the Supreme Being

To move people away from what he thought was corrupting the influence of the Church, Robespierre established this to turn the Cathedral of Notre Dome into a Temple of Reason.

Woodrow Wilson

US President; proposed the 14 points and called for the creation of a mega alliance that promoted peace

Ferdinand and Isabella

Unified Spain and started Inquisition (banishing of all non-catholics)

War of the 3 Henrys

Valois vs. Guise vs. Huguenots; Catholics vs Calvinist; ends with Huguenot victory

Katherine de Medici

Very important sponsor of the arts; married into nobility of France

Act of Toleration

WIlliam and Mary; religious freedom for everyone except Jews, Catholics, and unitarians

Flight to Varennes

Was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family attempted unsuccessfully to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution.

X-rays

Wilhelm Roentgen; 1895, predecessor to MRI/CAT scans

English Bill of Rights

William and Mary; established a constitutional monarchy

Act of Settlement

William and Mary; only Anglicans can be king/queen

Big Four

Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Orlando

Pope Pius IX

Wrote Syllabus of Errors in 1864, attacking nationalism, science, the isms, etc. and wanted people to return to faith; declared couldn't be questioned on matters of faith and morals

Abbe Sieyes

Wrote the famous pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" he argues that the nobility was a tiny overprivileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation.

Volksgeist

a distinct national character of every people (Herder)

Dawes Plan

a plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S; this circular flow of money was a success.

Positivism

a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions; Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France

Trench warfare

a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other

Government Response to Industrial Revolution

abolition of slavery to raise wages in Britain Factory Act and New Poor Law

Humanitarian Movements

abolitionist movement, end to slave trade, fighting poverty were all movements born out of Romanticism

Immanual Kant

accepted rationalism, believed in human freedom, existance of God

Pope Paul III

acknowledged Protestantism; combated it without force

December Revolt

after the Death of Alexander I (Nov 1825) Constantine was the expected heir it Nicholas was also legitimate; army sided with Constantine; caused Nicholas to be less open to reform b/c of revolt

Louis XVIII (1814-1824)

agreed to a constitution from Charter of 1814

Catholic Emancipation Act

allowed Irish Catholics to vote and hold political office

Article 48

allowed the President to assume dictatorial authority under emergency situations; was very vague

French Foreign Legion

an elite branch of the French military that performs special operations in foreign countries (colonial empire)

Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; United States did not join

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

analyzed Brahe's data; found out that planets orbit in ellipses

Dr. David Livingstone

anti-slavery activist, explorer, scientist; goes to Africa as a missionary; loses control with outside world while traveling to find the source of the Nile; Henry Stanley found and discovered he didn't want to return

Impressionism

artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing; Monet Renoir, Pissaro

Dadaism

artistic movement that sought to turn traditional art values upside down; inspired by the craziness of post-war Europe

Schlieffen Plan

attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France; proposed to go through Belgium then attack France; when successful, focus all resources on Russia

Spain vs. England

attempt from Spain to re-Catholicize England; Phillip sent Spanish Armada; Spanish lost to England

Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 8, 1923)

attempted Nazi takeover of Munich; perpetrators were found and arrested

Virginia Wolf

author; portrayed people living w/o 19th century social norms

Malleus Maleficarum

authored by Kramer Hymrick; how-to guide on witch-hunting

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Militarism

belief that a nation should expand their military; occurred exponentially during peacetime; for colonies and trade protection

Russian Army

believed Russia was behind European powers concerning Enlightenment philosophy; made secret societies that took steps towards democracy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

believed society wasn't advancing; we were becoming corrupted by materialism

Article 231

blamed solely Germany for causing the worst war in human history up to this point

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

both led the Mexican Revolution against Spain

liberals

bourgeoisie, favored limited monarchy

Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)

chief advisor/quasi king; ruler when Louis was a child; managed to stop the Fronde (revolution)

Popular Front

coalition of left wing parties in France; led by Leon Blum

Ursuline Order of Nuns

combated heresy through education

Igor Stravinsky

composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes

the guillotine

considered an Enlightened execution

Legacy of the Congress of Vienna

created a balance of power and time of peace in Europe led to revolutions in various countries throughout the century led to growth of nationalism

Triumph of the Will

created by Leni Riefenstahl; portrayed a Nazi rally which showed enthusiasm to try to bandwagon people into agreeing with the Nazis

Montaigne

created essay (short form of arguments) first modern skeptic

Irish Free State

created on October 1921 by British Parliament; gains full independence in 1922

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

created the deductive method; "I think therefore, I am"; supported Cartesian dualism - existence is divided into the material and the spiritual

Nicolaus Copernicus

credited with heliocentric theory extremely controversial

Mary Tudor (1553-1558)

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics

83 Revolutionary Departments

divided up into smaller and more equal areas(based on population and equal representation) Titles of nobility were abolished voting requirements : adult male, pay taxes

Papal (Great) Schism

division of the Church, a time when there was three popes and confusion as to who was the real one

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots 1598

Roles for Women

domestic jobs in the workplace; unmarried women worked in factories; lower income women turned to prostitution; wealthy women opened charities

Charles X (1824)

embraced conservatives; started punishing sacrilege with death

Metternich of Austria

epitomized conservatism the most (due to the large liberal presence in Austria); created the German Confederation

Council of Trent (1546-1563)

established Catholic doctrine for the next 4 centuries; admitted that there were problems in the church; eliminated the sale of indulgences

Pablo Picasso

established cubism

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

established empiricism - wants observations for any conjecture; created the inductive method

Ptolemy

established geocentric model

Maximilien I

expanded HRE with acquisition of Burgandy

Cabot Brothers

explored the east coast of North America for England

Fascism

extremely right wing form of totalitarianism; characterized by extreme nationalism/militarism/expansionism

Battle of Tannenburg

failed Russian invasion of East Prussia

Early 1800s Family Life

families employed as units (everyone works)

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

fathered calculus, law of composition of light, law of gravitation; most important scientist ever

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

fathered heliocentric theory; Catholic church disagreed and took centuries to agree with him

Nepotism

favoritism shown to family or friends by those in the church

Benito Mussolini

first fascist leader; Italian dictator

Leonardo Bruni

first modern historian; Florence; important humanist

Calvanism

founded by John Calvin, believed in predestination; most militant; French " are called Huguenots

Sir Walter Raleigh

founder of England's first American colony (in Virginia and North Carolina)

Totalitarianism

government controls every aspect of people's lives

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

greedy, "slave driver", strict (fired people for menial offenses)

Freudian Theory

human mind is divided into 3 parts; id (aggression/desire), superego (moral imperative), ego (mediator)

nationalism

idea one is part of a nation (shared members, politics, history, and culture); most powerful political ideology throughout World Wars; some believed that ethnic boundaries should coincide with nations (problematic for places like Austria [lots of diversity])

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized; empowered by Social Darwinism and racism

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest number of people; government welfare; Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart

Kornilov Affair

in late 1917 Kerensky's commander in chief, General Laver Kornolov was under the impression that Kerensky was captured; started martial law in Moscow; showed conflict within the government

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

increased cotton usage child labor laws - put in place by late 1800s foreign trade - increased exponentially population increase - due to accessibility to wealth, resources, food, and health concerns start to be addressed

Great Reform Bill of 1832

increased number of male voters by 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas

Great European Witch Hunt

increased persecution of suspected witchcraft starting around 1480; both Catholics and Protestants believed in it; killed around 40-60 thousand

intellectual skepticism

intellectual attack on Christianity challenged its historical credibility, its scientific accuracy & its morality

Algeciras Conference

international conference that saw all of the major European powers telling Germany to back off in Morocco

Italian Imperialism

invasion of Albania and Ethiopia

Johannes Gutenberg

invented movable type printing press; invention was extremely influential in that it sped up the transferring of ideas

Guglielmo Marconi

invented the radio (1901)

George Stephenson

invented the steam locomotive

Leonardo Da Vinci

inventor, painter, scientist, sculptor, architect designed planes, helicopters, tanks Renaissance Man Works: Last Supper, Mona Lisa, anatomy studies

Utopian Socialism

is a classless society where people own means of production and everyone is given stuff from the government

Battle of Verdun

largest, longest battle of WWI on the Western Front; both the French and Germans suffered heavy losses; Germans failed to capture Verdun

Vladimir Lenin

leader of Socialist/Communist movement in Russia; got Russia out of the war

Alexander Kerensky

leader of the provisional goverment

William I of Orange

led Dutch independence movement with support of England; dominated global trade

Louis Phillipe of France

led a liberal monarchy; brings back the Tri-color flag and was not sympathetic to the working class

Jesuits

led by Ignatius Loyola; formed in 1540; 3 goals: 1. reform church through education 2. convert non-Catholics 3. fight Protestant (debate at any given moment)

Labour Party

led by Ramsey MacDonald; championed workers/lower class rights; replaced liberals as main conservative opposition

Conservative Party

led by Stanley Baldwin; opposed the Labour Party; had more of a compromising attitude

radicals

lower classes; favored extreme change, true democracy, universal suffrage

Gavrilo Princip

member of the black hand; shot Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife June 28, 1914- set off WWI

Albrecht von Wallenstein

mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.

Bourgeoisie

middle class

Gustav Stresemann

most capable leader of Weimar Republic; instituted several plans to try to get Germany to finish paying its reparations

El Greco

most famous Spanish painter Works: View of Toledo

Charlie Chaplin

most famous actor of 1920s

Desiderus Erasmus

most famous scholar Works: In Praise of Folly criticized the Church; main influence for Martin Luther

1830s Family Life

new machines call for specialized labor; gender stratification ensues

Consequences of Latin American Revolutions

new nations were poor and politically unstable; required to look to Britain for economic assisstance

nouveau riche

newly rich; referred to 19th century Bourgeoisie

Frederick Niche

nihilist; believed Christianity promoted weakness and sacrifice; rejected laws/traditions; critical of nationalism, democracy, and modern science; proclaimed "God is Dead"

conservatives

nobles, monarchs, church; favored absolutism and laissez faire capitalism

Late 1800s Family Life

nuclear family emerges; father is the breadwinner

Tithe

one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy.

July Revolution

overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate; Louis Phillipe is made king; ends Bourbon Dynasty

Michelangelo Buonarroti

painter, sculptor; greatest artist of the Renaissance Works: La Pieta, David*, Sistine Chapel *Greatest Sculpture ever made

Eugene Delacroix

painter; Liberty Leading the People - expressed emotion

J.M.W. Turner

painter; Shipwreck 1823; depicted man vs. nature; said man couldn't control nature

Peter Brugel

painter; most accomplished; painted commoner scenes which was unheard of at the time Works: Peasant Wedding

Peasant War (1524-1525)

peasants demanding end to feudalism; inspired by Luther but rejected by him; German princes destroyed peasant opposition

Communists

people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

Existentialism

philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions because life is inherently absurd

Christian Existentialists

philosophy that merged Christianity and existentialism; humans are naturally sinful, we need God to forgive us

Francesco Petrarch

poet; father of humanism; compiled works from classical civilization

Surrealism

portrayed non-worldly landscapes

Vincent Van Gogh

post-impressionist; "Starry Night"

Henri Matisse

post-impressionist; "Woman with a Hat"

Lady Bountiful

private charities; wealthy women opened charities through religious institutions to perform Christian duty

April Theses

promised the Russian people peace, land, and bread.

Leni Riefenstahl

propaganda filmmaker for Hitler; "Triumph of the Will", portrayed Nazi rally

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Charter of 1814

re-established a constitutional monarchy Louis XVIII and brought back the Bourbons; restored hereditary monarchy, created a bicameral legislature, guaranteed rights from the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and monarch wouldn't challenge property rights from lost land in FR

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

reinstates Supremacy Act; authored 39 Articles; defended Anglican Church

Henry VII

ruled without Parliament; created Star Chamber (plotting nobles were put on trial)

Thomas More

scholar Works: Utopia (first socialist doctrine) Died because he refused to recognize Henry VIII is head of the church

Donatello

sculptor Works: "David"

Treaty of Sanstefano

signed at the end of Russo-Turkish Wars; Russian dominance prompted GB and Austria to revise the treaty; the opposition between Austria and Russia made the Three Emperors' League collapse

John Tetzel

sold indulgences in Germany; famously said "As soon as the coin of copper rings the soul from purgatory springs"

White Terror

sought revenge against Bonapartists; eroded authority of the constitution; king couldn't do much

Schutzstaffel (SS)

special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925

Army Order #1

stripped officers of their authority and put into the hands of the soldiers; was very inefficient and bad for Russia

Carl Young

student of Freud; believed human subconscious contained memories from previous generations

Salvador Dali

surrealist painter; influenced by Sigmund Freud

Reichstag

the Weimar Republic's Parliament

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; shattered fragile optimism of Europe

absenteeism

the failure to show up for work

"Stab in the Back" theory

the idea that liberal politicians of the new republic betrayed Germany by ending the war early before Germany could attempt another offensive

Pan-Slavism

the idea that the Slavs had a historic mission to develop their culture and unite into an empire

Nicholas II

the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

the last of the great wars in Europe fought nominally for religion

Der Fuhrer

the leader; nickname for Hitler

Western Front

the line of trenches starting from Switzerland to the English channel between Germany, France, and Belgium

Imperialism

the political, economic, military, or cultural domination of a people; colonization

Self-determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

Poland

this country attempted to lead a failed revolution against Russia

Britain

this country faced almost no revolution because of their willingness to deal with it

France

this country underwent the Bourbon Restoration which saw the Bourbon dynasty restored to power

Prussia

this country was dominated by the Hohenzollerns; Frederick William III flipped on his promise for constitutional monarchy; he also replaced liberal politicians for conservatives

Hitler in WWI

this person was socially awkward in the German military; never advanced beyond rank of corporal; said the war was the best experience of his life

Hitler in Prison

this person was thrown in jail for treason after the Beer Hall Putsch, for about a year; in here he wrote "Mein Kampf"

Southern German States

this set of states was feared by Metternich; experienced the Burschenschaften and the Carlsbad Decrees

Rapallo Treaty, 1922

treaty between Germany and Russia which sought to repair relationship; cooperated economically; waved all debts, claims

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

Versailles Treaty , 1919

treaty that ended the war; specifically punished Germany for the war and included dictated peace

Post-Impressionism

tried to portray unrealistic worlds; Van Gogh, Matisse

Roger Bacon (1214-1294)

used human reason to solve problems; developed the Scientific Method

New Imperialism

using military force to take control and exploit economies of other places

Cordeliers

wanted more direct democracy and democratic culture based in the virtues of the laboring classes; led Champs de Mars Massacre which signified start of bloodshed

Leon Trotsky

was the man Lenin appointed to lead the Red Army against the Whites

kulaks

wealthy peasants in Russia; hated/eliminated by Stalin

Scientists

were primary receivers of money by relating their discoveries to economic progress, military security, health of the Nation

Total war

when a country devotes all of its populace and every facet of society to winning a conflict

"Revolution from Above"

when the government institutes revolutionary change on the population

collectivization

when the state takes peasant owned farms and redistributes them as their own; peasants work on large communal farms

Charles V

while being distracted by French/Ottoman Empires Protestantism flourishes in HRE; most powerful ruler in Europe; 1st HRE; Ruled over Spain as well

Proletarianization of Workers

workers are now wage based earners 12-14 hour days; 6-7 days per week Dangerous conditions extreme monotony

Christine de Pizan

writer; Europe's first feminist Works: City of Ladies

Confessions of Augsburg (1530)

written by Phillip Melanchthon; traditional state of Lutheran doctrine

George Orwell

wrote "1984", "Animal Farm"; dystopian fiction, showed tyrannical governemnts

Erich Maria Remarque

wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front"; showed horrors of war from German perspective; important anti-war novel

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

wrote "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" (1632); established the validity of heliocentric theory; unintentionally committed heresy; was in house arrest from 1633-1642

David Strauss

wrote "The Life of Jesus"; questioned the Bible's historicity

Franz Kafka

wrote "The Trial", "Metamorphosis"; portrayed helpless individuals against large organizations (church, government, corporations, etc.)

TS Eliot

wrote "The Wasteland"; depicted a barren wasteland of desolation; showed impact of WWI

Thomas Cramner

wrote 42 Articles of Religion which made divorce legal