AP Q4 Test Review
Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China; showed Chinese vulnerability; allowed Europe to establish extra-territoriality; USA sponsored Open-Door policy
Russo Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious; established Europeans were not superior
General Strike, 1926
British coal miners go on strike; gov't responds by outlawing strikes; Labour Party rises in reaction
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; had Cape to Cairo Dream
John Maynard Keynes
British economist; believed that for a nation to come out of depression/recession, it need to increase government spending to re-stimulate the economy
Battle of Gallipoli
British forces failed to take Dardanelles to support Russia but Ottoman Empire resisted
T.E. Lawrence
British general who secured major victories in the Middle East
Naval blockade
British naval strategy to cripple the German war machine
The Great Fear
The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.
Karl Lueger
The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class
the Directory
The final stage of the french revolution or the name of the government produced by the Thermidorians, the label for those who were opposed to Robespierre. It was led by an executive council of five men who possessed the title of director.
Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
This is the first phase of The Thirty Years' War. It began in a part of what is now present day Germany when a group of Protestant nobles rebelled against a Catholic king that was trying to make Catholicism the official religion in the region. Catholic officials were thrown out of a 70 foot tall window and survived!... but into a pile of poo... This sparked a rebellion that started the war. Catholic dominated
General Secretary
official head of state in the Soviet Union; occupied by Stalin
Pluralism
officials having more than one job in the church
France 1905
repealed Concordat of 1801
Arthur de Gobineau
Reactionary French diplomat who was the first to say race was the major determining factor of human history
Russian Civil War
Reds vs. Whites, Communists vs. Counter-revolutionaries (supported by Allies); Reds win
Chartist
Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.
Pope Clement VII
Refused to give Henry VIII an annulment
Factory System
Replaced cottage system means of production shifts to private industries concentrates production to one place
Spanish Crusades
Spain took up mantle of Catholic defense during 1500s-1600s
Christopher Columbus
Spanish (Italian) explorer; he mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India; funded by Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand Magellan
Spanish (Portuguese) expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors
Hernando Cortez
Spanish conquistador; conquered the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador; conquered the Incas
Battle Of Lepanto
Spanish victory over Turks allowing for control of the Mediterranean
Ultra Royalists
The most fanatical enemies of the Revolution, who launched the "White Terror" against the supporters of Napoleon.
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela (1819-1821), he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.
The Second Estate
The nobility or the descendants of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages.
Mensheviks
The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.
Victor Hugo
wrote Les Miserables and Hunchback of Notre Dame; talked about the lower class
Charles Darwin
wrote On the Origin of Species; Theory of Natural Selection; took a mechanistic view of the universe and applied it to humans; origin of man no longer required God
John Milton
wrote Paradise Lost
Pope Leo XIII
wrote Reorum Novarum (1891), defended religious education and religious authority over marriage laws
Baldassare Castiglione
wrote the Book of the Courtier; asked the question, what is the ideal man (master of everything)
Giovanni Boccacio
wrote the Decameron, life isn't all about the Church
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote the Prince; study politics as a science; created the "end justifies the means" philosophy
First Balkan War (1908)
1908; Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria vs Ottoman Empire; Serbians tried to get access to the Mediterranean but were unsuccessful; they won the overall conflict
Second Moroccan Crisis
1911; Germany sends a gunboat to the coast of Morocco; Algeciras Conference meets again to force concessions out of Germany
Second Balkan War (1913)
1913; Serbia vs. Bulgaria; Serbia was successfully; Serbs were supported by Russia who didn't want war with the Austrians
Battle of the Marne
1914; Germany is defeated by Franco-British forces
Balfour Declaration
1917, Britain's declaration of support for the foundation of a Jewish state or nation in Palestine
Suez Canal
GB built this canal connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea; the most important canal in history
Cape to Cairo Dream
GB dominating all of East Africa from Cape Colony to Cairo, Egypt; ultimately not successful because of German intervention
Meiji Restoration
In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort
Frederick William (1640-1688)
Prussian monarch; militant leader of Prussia; annexed Brandenburg; assisted by junkers (nobles) who had high military ranks
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon; Frankfurt Proposals; Treaty of Paris
Emile Zola
(1840-1902) Considered to be the father of Realism as a movement; explored alcoholism, prostitution, and labor strife; exposed lower class to general population
Berlin Congress
(1884-1885) European countries gathered together to discuss how they would divide up Africa
Lebensraum
"living space"- the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded
Indian National Congress
(1885) founded with British approval to educate Indians to communicate their public affair views
Germaine d'Stael
"An artist must be of his own time"; cautioned excess of passion and emotion citing the Reign of Terror
Judenrein
"Free of Jews"; policy of getting Jews out of Germany
Sturm und Drang
"Storm and Stress." A literary movment in the late-eighteenth-century Germany.
Il Duce
"The leader", title given to Mussolini
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Gustavus Adolphus
(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.
David Ricardo
(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," high wages lead to more children, more children lead to large labor force, large labor force leads to lower wages
All Quiet on the Western Front
(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(August 29, 1789) Marquis de Lafayette, with the aid of Thomas Jefferson, wrote this document that used the language of the Enlightenment to declare the political sovereignty did not rest in the hands of a monarch but rather in the nation at large. It also stated that all men were to enjoy freedom of speech/religion, due process, separation of powers, only taxed by common consent
February Revolution
(March) forced the tsar to abdicate the throne; provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky was put into place
October Revolution
(November) Lenin took control of Russia with the Bolshevik party; overthrew the privisional government
Napoleonic Code
(The Civil Code of 1804) This French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.
Realpolitik
- "Realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means - "power is more important than principles"
Bolsheviks
- "The Majority" - Opposed the Mensheviks - Supported Lenin and believed the party must consist of revolutionaries who want Russia to be in revolutions all the time
Menshevik
- "The Minority" - Opposed the Bolsheviks and Lenin's ideas and where more moderate - They wanted Democratic reforms - Failed because they were the minority
Giuseppe Garibaldi
- (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics - He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily - A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts
Sergei Witte
- (1849-1915) Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad - He thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness
Karl Marx
- 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary - Often recognized as the father of communism and believed in a classless society - Created a socialistic style political party called "Karl Marx and the First International"
Russo-Japanese War
- A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea
Benjamin Disraeli
- A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, and Conservative statesman - Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage - Reached out to help the lower class - Laws were passed during his rule: Public Health Act of 1875 and the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 - Gladstone took control again in 1880
William Gladstone
- A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance - One of the first Liberal Primer Ministers - He supported the Irish Home Rule, free trade, and the extension of Democratic Principles (more voting rights)
The People's Will
- A group in Russia that were radicals who wished to overthrow Alexander II and succeeded in his assassination - Successful on March 1st, 1881 where the Tzar was killed with a bomb - The group's actions caused his son Alexander III to turn away from reforms and went back to the traditional ways of ruling
"Bloody Sunday"
- A peaceful protest to Tzar Nicholas II palace in 1905 led by Father Gabon about a petition for improvement of working conditions - Were fired upon by palace guards from Nicholas II - Causing the death of 200 people resulting in even more protests - He then issued the October Manifesto where he promised the creation of a constitutional gov't in hopes to calm the protests
Giuseppe Mazzini
- A political nationalist (most important nationalist leader) in Italy in the mid 1800's - Started the group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian Republic (liberal rule) - Lead Guerrilla warfare to drive away Austrians
Zemstvos
- A reform to reorganize the local gov't - Elected town councils replaced landlords and these new councils were dominated by Zemstvos (group of people not just one person) - Set up in Russia under Alexander II (leader after Nicholas I)
Grigory Rasputin
- A self-proclaimed Russian holy man - Rose to prominence after he healed the Tzar's son who was secretly a hemophiliac (blood disorder) - Was a drunk and associated with prostitutes which caused people to question Nicholas II (Tzar) when people found out he hung out with the Tzar
Paris Commune of 1871
- After the Franco-Prussian war, Parisians elected this new municipal government that would administer Paris separate from the rest of France - Was dominated by "petty bourgeois members" that did not want a worker's state, but a nation of relatively independent, radically democratic enclaves - Attempts to administer Paris like its own separate country - The French National Assembly disagrees and the idea is squashed
Parliament Act of 1911
- Allowed the House of Commons to override the legislative veto of the House of Lords - Resulted in new taxes and social programs
Austro-Prussian War
- Also known as the Seven Weeks' War - This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy (Bismark) helping Prussia in 1866 - It was over control of the German Confederation - Prussia won and is declared the only major German Power - This victory created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia
Henry Ford
- American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents
Internal Combustion Engine
- An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine created by Gottlieb Daimler
London Great Exhibition (1851)
- An international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from May 1st to October 15th, 1851 - The first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to become a popular 19th-century feature; Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in London
Cholera
- An intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food - Flared in urban communities because lack of sanitation
Pogroms
- An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or Eastern Europe - Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia
Georges Hausmann
- Appointed by Napoleon III as the planner (architect) for Paris - Raised buildings to have straight with tree boulevards through the center of the city as well as new quarters - He demolished slums by putting in boulevards; small parks sporadically placed and two large ones for activities; improved sewers and aqueducts; made transportation more efficient
Public Health Act (1875)
- British law that prohibited the construction of new buildings without running water and an internal drainage system - Helped sanitation and health and safety
Second Reform Act (1867)
- British man, Benjamin Disraeli, led the conservatives in the House of Commons to creating their own reform bill - It increased the electorate more than previously suggested to 1M voters - Disraeli thought this would garner conservative support from the working class, who he suspected would become increasingly important
Crimean War
- Caused by Russia wanting to extend their influence over the Ottoman Empire where they said they had the right to protect the Christians living their because they were Orthodox Christians - (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans (Muslims) for control of the Black Sea - Very poorly equipped war for both - There was an intervention by Britain and France - Causes Ottomans victory - Ends in Treaty of Paris
Land Acts
- Established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices under the Irish Land League (slowly moved to what the Democratic Republicans wanted)
Alfred Dreyfus
- French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of antisemitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906
William I
- German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 - Leader after Frederick William IV (his brother)
Gottlieb Daimler
- German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900) - Creator of the first automobile
SPD
- Germany socialist group - Its strength was based in the growing industrial working class - Became a key party that causes annoyance to the leadership of Bismark which later caused Bismark to try to repress them - When doing this he tried to change the system from within with the conservative parties to start to help the lower classes by providing workers with accident insurance, petitions, and levels of social security which worked effectively - "Socialist Democratic Party of Germany"
Trade unionism
- Govt's started to extend legal protection to allow Unions to exist and gain rights they didn't have before (improving wages and working conditions and decreasing hours) - The Unions tried to represent their workers and their desires - If they didn't get what they wanted they went on strife's
Francis Joseph
- Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary following Ferdinand's abdication
North German Confederation
- Result of end of Austria-Prussian War where Prussia begins to unite the Northern Germanic States - Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs - North German Confederation is created under the ruler of Prussia - Is a major step towards German unification
Kulaks
- Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor - They were their own class
Nicholas II
- Russian ruler after his father Alexander III - Caused abundant industrial growth (increased Russian railroad systems, still bad working conditions, and still low pay which led to protests and social and economic issues)
Danish War
- In 1864 when Denmark attempts to take over the area of Schleswig and Holstein - Immediately Austria and Prussia defends Schleswig and Holstein and together they defeat Denmark - Prussia gets Schleswig. Austria gets Holstein
Dual Monarchy
- In 1867 the Hapsburg's created this idea where Austria and Hungary will share a common monarch (Francis Joseph) for all things foreign policy
Irish Land League
- Its primary aim was to abolish "landlordism" in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on - This league was formed to intimidate the Land Lords in Britain who controlled Irish lands so the Land Acts were passed that carried out the Irish Lands Ireland but was still apart of Britain the Irish just owned the land
Louis-Philippe
- King of France following Charles X. - Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (noticed his popularity was diminishing) - Nicknamed the "Citizen King"
Vladimir Lenin
- Leader of the group "The Russian Social Democratic Party" that tried to reform Russia through revolution - A disagreement in the group caused exiles but still they tried to meet regularly meeting and planning to overthrow the Russian gov't
Petite bourgeoisie
- Lower middle class in Europe - White collar workers (clerk, secretaries in businesses and gov'ts)
First International
- Marx helped unions form this which later replaced by the Second International - Marx and his group supported workers in unions to reform the conditions of labor - By the end of the 1800's Marxism emerged as the strongest type of socialism
Emigration
- Movement of individuals out of an area
Louis-Napoleon
- Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte - Won the French Presidential Election in 1848 and became the President of the Second Republic - Later named himself emperor Napoleon III in 1852
Changes for Women
- New employment patterns and job openings caused by the second Industrial Revolution - poverty and prostitution was still a thing - "British Married Women's Property Act" allowed married women to own land
Alexander III
- Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894) - Was repressive minded and steered clear from reforms - Expanded the power of the secret police and increased the censorship of the press all in effort to remove the likeliness of revolts
Otto von Bismarck
- Prime Minister of Prussia 1862-1871, when he became chancellor of Germany - A pragmatist who put more trust in power and action than idea - Manipulates the constitution to get an increase in taxes without the parliament - A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership
Camillo di Cavour
- Primer Minister of Piedmont - Had some liberal views but was mainly conservative - Wanted to unify Italy for economic and material progress - Goes to Napoleon III of France to ask for assistance removing the Austrians where he agrees and Austria is defeated - The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state (succeed ^^)
Suburbs
- Residential areas surrounding a city - Where the working class lived
P.A. Stolypin
- Russian who replaced Witte as the new finance minister - He caused no improvements so protests started which led to his assassination in jail - He sought to repress rebellion, remove some causes of revolt, and rallying property owners behind the Czar - In 1906 he cancelled all payments peasants owned the government in hopes they would assume individual proprietorship of the land they farmed
Battle of Sedan
- September 2, 1870. France defeated. Napoleon surrendered and taken prisoner - September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed
Second Industrial Revolution
- Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860's - Was different than the first because of the new products and resources - Occurs mainly in France, Belgium, and Germany
Revolution of 1905
- Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food - Japan won to Russia - Not orchestrated by Lenin
Bacterial Disease theory
- Suggests that disease is passed by invisible particles that carry illnesses
Pale settlement
- The area in the western part of the Russian Empire in which Russian Jews were allowed to live from 1835-1917
Duma
- The elected two chamber legislative body/ parliament where the people could elect - This was created by Nicholas II following his promised after Bloody Sunday to give a constitutional monarchy
Artisan Dwelling Act (1875)
- The government became actively involved in providing housing for the working class
Cult of Domesticity
- The idealized view of women and home: women are self-less caregiver for children and a refuge for husbands
Frederick William IV
- The king of Prussia that was asked to help German Parliament unify Germany and agreed but not under their constitution/terms but under his own terms - He was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I (his brother) after being labelled legally insane
Zollverein
- The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification
Emile Zola
- The person who exposed that French man, Alfred Dreyfus, was innocent after being falsely excused for passing info to the German Army - He was an influential French writer that wrote the newspaper article called "I accuse.."
Population trends
- The rate at which population is growing - 1850 = 266M - 1900 = 401M - 1910 = 447M in Europe - Easy transportation and emigration releaved population pressure and increased spread of European ideals and beliefs
Third Republic
- The republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III - Was a 2 house legislature (one elected through male suffrage and the president who is elected indirectly by the the legislature) - From this time period forward France had no more kings or emperors
Alexander II
- The son of Nicholas I who, as Tzar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (freedom), reorganization of the local gov't, military reforms, and judicial changes
William II
- This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him - Germany ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway
Treaty of Paris (1856)
- This treaty effectively ended the Crimean War - Russia was required to surrender territory near the mouth of the Black Sea, and to renounce claims of protection over Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Franco-Prussian War
- This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany - It was caused by Otto von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany)
Frankfurt Assembly
- Was inspired by the French's revolution - A revolt by German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany - Was a failed German unification attempt
The goals of 19th-century liberals
- challenge traditionalism - legal equality - religious toleration - freedom of speech/press - limited monarchy - keep lower classes powerless - lasseiz faire capitalism
Education Act of 1902
- govt provided state support for both religious and nonreligious schools but imposed the same educational standards on each
5 Key Impacts of the Columbian Exchange
- increaded power and wealth for Europeans - spread Christianity - brought millions of Africans to America - started ethnocentrism - led to competitions
Effects of Imperialism
- peace in Europe, war in foreign states - some economies in colonies were vastly improved - exploited many peoples - created serious cultural issues in Asia and Africa
Causes of the Commercial Revolution
- population growth - Price Revolution (rise of inflation) - New Industries - Consumer goods - Capitalism Experimentation - Mercantilism
Pope Pius X
-Condemned Catholic modernism-movement of Bibical criticism within the Church
Long Term Causes of Reformation
-Corruption in the church -Renaissance Humanism -Economic restrictions -Declining prestige of Papacy -Critics of the Church
British Advantages
-Labor supply (Enclosure Mvmt forced people into cities) -Geography (long narrow island shape allowed for cheap transportation and trade) -Natural Resources (abundance of coal and iron) -Foreign Markets (Massive Empire allowed peole to spread to markets globally) -Capital (Britain's capitalism allowed middle class to invest in ventures allowing industries to grow and expand)
Miguel Cervantes
-Wrote the first modern novel -Don Quixote
Characteristics of Romanticism
-interest in the common man and childhood -strong senses, emotions, and feelings -awe of nature -celebration of the individual -importance of imagination -revival of religion; rejected Deism -rejection of machine like idea of nature -rejected that the past was counter-productive
Romanticism and Religion
-religious revival -John Wesley's Methodism swept America -rejection of Enlightenment Deism
New Urban Poor
1 room apartments, no plumbing ban sanitation, bad sewer system easy spread of disease hard to find and keep jobs crime was rampant better to be poor in the country
Nazi Racial Classes
1. Aryans 2. Western Europeans (French, British) 3. Mediterranean Europeans (Spaniards, Italians, etc.) 4. Slavic Peoples 5. Asians 6. Jews/Blacks
Occupation of the Ruhr
1923; French troops occupied Ruhr Valley when Germany failed to pay its reparations; France was met with German passive-resistance and heavy criticism from the international community
Locarno Treaties
1925; Germany essentially accepts borders of Treaty of Versailles; Germany can join League of Nations
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
1. English conservative leader who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" 2. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution 3. Favored gradual and orderly change
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928; agreement in which many nations agreed to outlaw war
End of Thirty Years War
1. Germany physically destroyed 2. Massive population loss 3. Rise of France, England, and the Netherlands 4. Reaffirms Protestantism is here to stay
Young Plan
1929; after Depression hits USA can no longer support German economy; Germany must pay reparations over a longer period of time
Goals of the Congress of Vienna
1. Legitimacy - return rulers (overthrown by Napoleon) to power 2. Compensation - for financial issues caused by Napoleon 3. Balance of Power - to ensure the B.O.P is stable in Europe and something like the FR doesn't ever happen again
Nuremberg Laws
1935 laws which defined who was a Jew and stripped them of citizenship
Lutheran Beliefs
1. Salvation by faith only 2. Religious authority is found in the Bible alone 3. Universal priesthood 4. Only two sacraments: baptism and Eucharist 5. Politic/secular authority supersedes Church authority on non-religious matters
Causes of New Imperialism
1. Search of New Markets 2. Missionary Work 3. New Military/Naval Base 4. White Man's Burden
Boxer Rebellion
1900; patriotic Chinese rebellion against Europeans; defeated by Eight Nation Alliance
Theory of Relativity
1905; Albert Einstein's ideas about the interrelationships between time and space and between energy and matter
Bloody Sunday
1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds
Causes of Latin American Revolutions
1. rigid class structures 2. spread of Enlightenment ideals to the New World 3. success of the Americans/French 4. Napoleonic Wars distracted the mother countries
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1.) Netherlands gained independence from Spain 2.) Religious toleration 3.) Killed Holy Roman Empire 4.) Ends Catholic Reformation 5.) Reinstates Peace of Augsburg and adds Calvinism 6.) German lands destroyed
Old Imperialism
1500-1800; built trading stations (stayed on coasts); generally mutually beneficial; Americas were exception
The Tricolor Flag
1789; red white and blue
Treaty of Luneville
1801; Austrians signed this with the French which gave almost all of their Italian and German holdings to France
Treaty of Amiens
1802; Britain cedes various islands to France
Peninsular War
1808-1814; revolts in Iberia which involved guerrilla warfare tactics and resulted in Grand Army losing 300K men
Carlsbad Decrees
1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.
Opium War
1839-1842, 1856-1860; very addictive drug introduced into British trade with China; GB dominated and gained Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking)
Anti-Corn Law League
1845 Industrial Revolution Wanted to encourage economic growth by repealing certain laws in order to. Wanted to make british agriculture more efficient and productive expose trade and competition to foreign competition promote peace through trade contracts
End of Japanese Isolationism
1853; Matthew Perry of USA opened trade negotiations with Japan; prompted Japanese to modernize the latter half of 1800s
Kulturkampf
1871; Bismarck feuds with the Church; 1873- Bismarck forced Prussian priests to get educated, weakened power to veto appointments of priests; he also expelled insubordinates
Kruger Telegram
1896, William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the British army; caused tensions between Britain and Germany
Imperialism
19th century ______ in Africa and Asia caused tensions over who controlled what
Romanticism
19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason; reaction to the FR
Reichstag fire
27th February 1933; fire started in the Reichstag building by Nazis; blamed by communist; allowed Hitler to ban communism in Germany
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
2nd Tudor monarch; married Catherine of Aragon; was previously Defender of the Faith and wrote Defense of Seven Sacraments; leader of Anglican Church
Danish Phase (1625-1629)
2nd phase of the war. Albrecht van Wallenstein and team of mercenaries helped to dominate the fight. The Catholics won, sweeping through Silesia, north to the Baltic, and Pomerania.
German Confederation
39 states ujnder Austrian rule which allowed Metternich to keep an eye on Germanic states
French Phase (1635-1648)
4th phase of the war. It was promoted by Richelieu's concern that the Habsburgs would rebound after Gustavus' death. Richelieu declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance. Catholic France sided with Protestants.
Triangular Trade
9 million Africans sent to New Word; Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa and New World, New World sent raw materials to New World
French Civil Wars
9 wars in the last half of the 16th century. They were powerful struggles between 3 families for the crown after the death of Henry II.
Battle of the Somme
A 1916 battle between German and British forces; 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare; was supposed to take pressure off of the French at Verdun
Lutheranism
A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther
Continental System
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military; Berlin and Milan Decree
Young Turks
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era
Modernism
A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Irish Potato Famine
A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease; caused Middle Class to reconsider helping out the poor; aristocracy leads the reforms because of historical obligation
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.
Bolsheviks
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917
Petrograd Soviet
A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905
Maximilien Robespierre
A lawyer whose anti-monarchical sentiments may have started at the age of eleven, when a coach carrying the royal family splashed him with mud just as he was about to read some Latin verses he had written in their honor. A Jacobin, and the dictatorial leader of the Committee of Public Safety, he was eventually killed on his very own national razer on July 28, 1794 .
The Estates General
A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.
Haitian Revolution (1804)
A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successful nature; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Girondists
A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.
Plebiscite
A new constitution consolidating his position was overwhelmingly approved in this form of voting otherwise known as a vote by the people. (McKay)
Zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine; established by Theodore Herzel
Jacobin club
A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.
Jean-Paul Marat
A radical journalist that was a hero of the sans-culottes but was killed by a Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday.
thermidorian reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in Robespierre's death and the loosening of economic controls; segways into the Conservative phase
Charles Dickens
A realist English writer who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods; began in Britain
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
Caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
Maginot Line
A system of fortifications along France's border with Germany; built out of French Fear of Germany; funded by private citizens
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S; chief cause of USA getting involved in the war
Provisional Government
A temporary government created by the Duma; led by Alexander Kerensky; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people.
Long Term Causes of French Revolution
Absolutism, Enlightenment Views, Rigid Social Class
First Consul
After Napoleon overthrew the Directory with Abbe Sieyes he set up a new Constitution with himself as this title.
Marquis de Lafyette
After the storming of the Bastille, Louis XVI agreed to the formation of the National Guard under the leadership of this man who was already known as a champion of liberty because of his involvement with the American Revolution. Also, the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
the German Confederation of the Rhine
After the third coalition collapsed Napoleon abolished many of the tiny German states as well as the Holy Roman Empire when he established this union of fifteen German states minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony.
Lusitania
American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats
Robert Fulton
American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
Alfred von Tirpitz
An admiral and first secretary of the German navy; involved in the Anglo-German arms race
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; promotes domestic industry, places tariffs on imports, and gains colonies for raw materials; negative view from middle class
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Erich von Ludendorff
Another German general who fought on the Eastern Front and defeated Russia
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary; was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) on June 28th, 1914; his death was the spark that caused WWI
Anglo-German Arms Race
Arms build up between Germany and Great Britain; motivated by economic competition; Britain attempted to ensure naval supremacy and dominance over Germany
Henry IV (of Navarre)
Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610); passed Edict of Nantes
Storming of the Tuileries
Aug 1792; Louis accused of communicating with Austria; people arrest Louis
Enabling Act
August 1934; merged the powers of the President with the Chancellor giving Hitler full dictatorial power over Germany
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Sigmund Freud
Austrian psychologist; focused on sex and dreams; believed humans were sexual creature from birth to adulthood
George Hegel
Believed that Thesis vs. Antithesis leads to synthesis (Hegelian dialectic)
BBC
British Broadcasting Corporation; started on the radio
Ban on usury
Ban on loans with interest
Marxist Socialism
Based on Marxist ideas and the Communist Manifesto, this was the idea that the lower classes needed to fight the upper classes and eventually create a system in which society was built on industry and there was no private property.
Bismarck's Imperialism Policy
Bismarck desired to not expand aggressively in Africa and only acquired territories as bargaining chips
Boer War
Boer's resisted British rule; ended in British victory; Boers were successful first couple of battle; Krugar Telegram
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain gains Asiento (Spanish slave trade)
Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Britain; British soldiers fire on peaceful protesters in Manchester; 11 people killed
The Six Acts
Britain; Parliament removes instruments of revolution from the radicals 1. Forbade large unauthorized public meetings 2. Raised fire for seditious libel 3. Sped up trials of political agitators 4. Increased newspaper taxes 5. Prohibited armed training groups 6. Allowed searching of homes in disturbed counties
Corn Law of 1815
Britain; a measure that placed extraordinarily high tariffs on foreign grain that was beneficial to landowners, but made bread too high for the working class.
dechristianization
Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government.
Transubstantiation
Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.
Treaty of Nanking
China ceded Hong Kong to Britain
Lord Liverpool
Conservative British Tory minister who is associated with the Corn Law and the abolition of income tax, both of which helped to promote aristocratic interests.
Alexander I of Russia
Conservative Russian Tsar that fought hard to supress liberalism and nationalism in a domeestic and international basis.
India
Crown Jewel of the British Empire; Queen Victoria was obsessed; Sepoy Mutiny (1857) prompted Britain to take control
Auguste Comte
Father of sociology, positivism; believed certain sociological rules dictated human interaction
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.
March 12, 1917
Duma declares a provisional government
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars giving Spain dominance over France in Italy.
Archbishop Laud
English church official; head of Anglican church during James I; had Catholic sympathies; led to protestants not liking James I
John Maynard Keynes
English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
English economist; believed that population growth would outpace food production
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)
Oliver Cromwell (1653-1659)
English general/Lord Protector; leader of Roundheads in English Civil War; questioned absolutism; became Lord Protector (dictator) and the Protectorate; disbanded Parliament
Richard Arkwright
English inventor and entrepreneur who was the pioneer of the Factory System. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
Queen Anne (1702-1714)
English monarch; Act of Union - merged England and Scotland into Great Britain; introduced cabinet system of law making
Charles II (1660-1685)
English monarch; Restoration monarch; Clarendon Code (1661) - puritans removed from government; Declaration of Indulgence (1673) - Catholics can privately worship; Test Act (1673) - all politicians must be Anglican; Habeas Corpus Act (1679); formation of Tories and Whigs; Scotland gained independence
Charles I (1625-1649)
English monarch; Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament; Petition of Right (1628); Short Parliament (1640); Long Parliament (1640-1660); dissolved Star Chamber; English Civil War (1642-1649)
James I (1603-1625)
English monarch; Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings
James II (1685-1688)
English monarch; became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule; forced to abdicate the throne
Hanoverian Kings
English monarchs; George I, George II, George III; German family; House of Hanover; introduces prime minister
William and Mary (1699-1702)
English monarchs; Glorious Revolution; Act of Toleration - religious freedom for everybody except Jews, Catholics, Unitarians; English Bill of Rights (1689) - established a constitutional monarchy
Battle of Trafalgar
English naval victory; 1805
John Locke (1632-1704)
English philosopher who argued that everyone has natural rights: life, liberty, property; people are always have good intentions but gov't is need to advance society as a whole; representative gov't
William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron
English poets who looked at nature in awe instaed of questioningly
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
English political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan"; viewed human beings as naturally evil; social contract: people forfeit rights for safety; argued that monarchs have absolute political authority
Robert Walpole
English politician; Named first prime minister
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Englishman, lived in Germany, anti-semitic, first to consider manufacturing a perfect race, considered Jews a major enemy of European racial regeneration/a hindrance to creating a perfect race
China
Europe approached this Asian country with spheres of influence
Columbian Exchange
Europe sent coffee, honey bees, disease, banana, livestock America sent peanut, potatoes, turkey
Phillip II of Spain
European ruler who tried to make England Catholic by marrying the Queen and sending an armada; Spain reached the height of its influence and power because of him, he did not listen to his advisors and dictated all actions of Spain
Belgian Congo
Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium; had harshest rule of any African colony
Commune de Paris
Formally recognized by Louis XVI after the storming of the Bastille, this new municipal government would come to play a pivotal role in the later stages of the Revolution. (Pearl)
Martin Luther
Former monk who, after seeing corruption in Rome and getting frustrated over the indulgence controversy, breaks away from the Catholic Church
Battle of Jena
France defeats Prussia 1806
Battle of Austerlitz
French Victory; Austria defeated; Third Coalition defeated; 1805
Habsburg vs. Valois War (1521-1555)
French attempted to keep HRE internally divided; League of Schmalkaden allied with France; ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555) which allowed princes to choose state religion
John Baptiste Colbert
French economist; helped Louis XIV to make France's economy the wealthiest in Europe; basic system of mercantilism; French goods were sold more - higher quality; encouraged basic industries like mining and farming; high tariff(tax) on imported goods
Jean-Paul Sartre
French existentialist; "humans simply exist", life has no greater meaning
Jacques Cartier
French explorer; explored Canada
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer; explored Nova Scotia and Northeastern America
Francis I
French monarch introduced Taille (peasant tax) and Concordat of Bologna (king power over clergy)
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu (1610-1643)
French monarch and chief advisor; monarchy gains more power; implemented intendant system in France; strong Catholic; Peace of Alais (1629) - Huguenots lose cities; fought in Thirty Years War
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
French monarch; "I am the State"; "Sun King"; built Palace of Versailles; sold nobility titles to middle class; Edict of Fountainbleu; Successful wars: 1st Dutch War, 2nd Dutch War; Unsuccessful wars: War of the League of Augsburg; War of Spanish Succession; demolished French Economy
Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)
French monarch; 1st Bourbon; embraced the politique; increased monarch power in France; embraced mercantilism; Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610); passed Edict of Nantes
Georges Clemenceau
French premier; part of the Big Four; determined to make Germany pay for the loss of French life and destruction of Northern France
Radical Phase
From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy, introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.
Kaiser Wilhem II
German emperor in World War I, blamed for starting the Great War. Last emperor of Germany
Paul von Hindenburg
German general who defeated the Russians at Tannenburg which turned the tide of the war on the Eastern Front
Johann Gottfried Herder
German philosopher; father of modern nationalism
Joseph Goebbels
German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who was a staunch anti-semite and was Htiler's closest associate
Gestapo
German secret police
Max Weber
German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society opposing Marx's idea that economics droev society
U-boat
German submarine
Goethe
German writer; wrote Faust - man sells soul to the devil to gain all knowledge; critical of the Englightenment commentary on obsession with reason
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that [supposedly] carry war material
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (not for long)
Causes for Exploration
God, Gold, Glory; Desire for new route to Asia; Rise of Nation-States, Technological Advances
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Russia, later Italy
Greek Revolts (1821-1830)
Greek nation revolted against the Ottoman empire; supported by liberals/radicals; Congress of Vienna supported it to oppose Ottoman Empire
Aristotle
Greek philosopher; geocentric theory; wrote "On the Heavens"
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer's belief that poverty is result of character flaws; accepted by middle class
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out
Anti-semitism
Hatred of Jews
Anti-Semitism
Hatred of Jews; caused by religious zeal that led to a retreat from Enlightenment toleration/freedom and extreme nationalism
Mein Kampf
Hitler's political manifesto; blamed Jews for all of Germany's problems; outlined exactly how he would fix the problems if he came to power in Germany
Belgian Independence
In 1830, this movement began and led to battles in Brussels. Eventually, the Netherlands lost this territory because of outer European intervention.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Church)
In July 1790, the King Louis XVI was forced, to his horror, accept the passage of this legislation that basically made the Church a department of the state. Bishops were to be chosen by assemblies of parish priests, who themselves were to be elected by their parishioners.
Eastern Front
In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Committee of Public Safety
In the Spring of 1793, in response of the revolts in Vendee and demands from the sans-culottes the National Convention formed this committee that later assumed virtually dictatorial power over France throughout the following year.
Anabaptism
In this religion, they believed in adult baptism, chose their own ministers, and believed in complete separation of the church; led by John of Leyden and Thomas Muntzer
Gunpowder
Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.
IRA
Irish Republican Army; fought against Blackened Hand for Irish independence
95 Theses (1517)
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
Fathers of Romanticism
Jean Jacques Rosseau and Immanual Kant
Purges
Joseph Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the Soviet Union.
"Night of the Long Knives"
June 1934; Hitler purges his Nazi associates to get the Nazis in line
Krugar Telegram
Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating Boers on their first few victories; caused tension between GB and Germany
New Economic Policy
Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry caused from the economic destruction of war communism
Petition of Right
King Charles I; gave Parliament right to tax, habeas corpus, no quartering of troops in peace time, and no martial law during peace time; eventually dissolved Star Chamber
Declaration of Indulgence
King Charles II; Catholics can worship freely
Habeas Corpus Act
King Charles II; habeas corpus and guaranteed speedy trial
Spanish Revolution of 1820
King Ferdinand III tried to institute absolutism in Spain; people revolted; Congress of Vienna except for Britain intervened
Peace of Alais
King Louis XIII; made Huguenots lose many of their gained cities
Edict of Fontainbleau
King Louis XIV; revoked Edict of Nantes
Atlantic Slave Trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
Stanley Baldwin
Leader of the Conservative Party
Ramsay MacDonald
Leader of the Labour Party
Heinrich Himmler
Leader of the SS
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
Leader of the Spanish Inquisition
Jose de San Martin
Led revolts for Argentina and Chilean
Peace, Land, Bread
Lenin's ultimate goals for Russia
cahiers de doleances
List of grievances, that were presented to the King of France by the various electoral assemblies at the start of the meeting of the Estates General.
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
Louis XIII chief minister that convinced him to side with Protestants to weaken the HRE
Short Term Causes of French Revolution
Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, economic failure
Consubstantiation
Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only
Concordat of 1801
Made to destroy the rifts with the Church; church must concern itself with religious affairs, it won't gain back land lost during FR, government can promote/remove bishops, and allowed priests who opposed the Civil Constitution to come back
Gustav Flaubert
a master of realism, Wrote "Madame Bovary" story of provincial life and woman's helpless search from love; very realistic - no heros, purpose, or civility
MAIN Causes
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
The Hundred Days
Marked the period between Emperor Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. Ended at the Battle of Waterloo
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572 by Catherine de Medici
Quantum energy
Max Planck; asserted that energy was a series of small separate quantities
Estates General
May 1789, Louis XVI convened this to solve economic problems
"First" Treaty of Paris, 1814
May 1814 France reduced to 1792 size, but regains colonies & is exempt from paying compensation for Napoleon
The Diet of the Worms (1521)
Meetings to decide the fate of Luther after his documents; Luther is excommunicated after standing his ground
Changing Views
Middle Class - becomes more conservative Corporations - gain wealth and rise up
Russian Campaign of 1812
Napoleon entered Russia with 400K men, and the tsar's troops kept on retreating. Found Moscow in flames and did not have anything to help them survive the cold harsh winters of Russia; returned with 10K men
Elba
Napoleon was first exiled to this Mediterranean island where he was allowed to keep a small army and maintain his title of Emperor.
National Socialist German Workers Party
Nazi Party; far-right ultra nationalist group in Germany that rose with the Great Depression; Adolf Hitler championed this group when it came into power in the early 1930s, Hitler was appointed chancellor
S.A (Brown Shirts)
Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power
Edward VI (1547-1553)
Nine-year old boy king of England; England became more Protestant during his reign; Died at the age of 16; Henry's first male son
Kristallnacht
Nov. 10, 1938; "Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany
March of the Women
Oct 1789; Women protest for grain and chased Louis from Versailles to Paris
Show trials
Old bolsheviks confessed to crimes against the soviet union; Shown to the world- showed Stalin was right
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Olympe de Gouges book would be inspiration for this book by Mary Wollstonecraft's that also pushed for women's reforms similar to the Deceleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
the Bastille
On July 13, 1789, the people began to seize arms for the defense of the city, and on July 14 several hundred french people marched to this location to search for weapons and gunpowder.
Battle of Waterloo
On June 18, 1815 the Duke of Wellington along with Marshal Blucher of the Prussian Forces defeated Napoleon's final battle and marked the end of The Hundred Days.
The Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, 1788 the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall because of "repairs," moved to a a large tennis court were they swore this famous deceleration.
Argonne Offensive
One of the costliest military campaigns in American history; Americans pushed into Germany
Hitler Youth
Organizations set up under Hitler to train an educate German young people in Nazi beliefs
"Sick Man of Europe"
Ottoman Empire
Assignats
Paper currency, funded by the selling of church lands -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
reparations
Payment for war damages
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1
Colonial Structure of Spanish Empire
Peninsulares - high class Spanish born Creoles - high class American born Mestizos - Native and Spanish blooded Indians - natives Slaves - African, lowest social class
Burschenschaften
Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.
Brazillian Independence
Portugal simply granted Brazil independence
Amerigo Vespucci
Portuguese cartographer; A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.
Bartholomew Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)
Vasco de Gama (1497)
Portuguese explorer who was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1497 and make it to India
Pedro Cabral
Portuguese explorer; claimed Brazil for Portugal
Paul von Hindenburg
President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933
Uneducated priests
Priests who are uneducated. Can't read the bible
French New Deal
Program for workers which established the right of collective bargaining, a forty-hour work week, two-week paid vacations, and minimum wages; was somewhate successful and caused high inflation
Zwinglianism
Protestant movement based in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli
Frederick I (1688-1713)
Prussian monarch; became the leader of Prussia after Frederick William - the first king of Prussia - attempted international diplomacy
Frederick William I (1713-1740)
Prussian monarch; followed Frederick I as king of Prussia; established Prussian absolutism; built up the military; demanded absolute obedience of all citizens; had most formidable land army in all of Europe
The Rights of Women
Published by Olympe de Gouges it argued that women should enjoy such fundamental rights as the right to be educated, to control their own property, and to initiate divorce.
Taiping Rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion in China; 20 mil dead; GB allied with Manchus to put down rebellion
Act of Union
Queen Anne; merged England and Scotland
Indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
Levee en Masse
Responding to continued military crisis during the French Revolutionary wars, the National Convention sought to call up more troops to defend the new republic in this deceleration from the National Convention
Medici Family
Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
Politburo
Ruling committee of the Communist Party
Valois Family
Ruling family of France
Peter the Great (1682-1725)
Russian monarch; as a child the Strelski put down a revolution; took a tour of Europe to see how far behind was Russia; Westernized Russia; added training for Russian nobles in government (Table of Ranks) and French; built St. Petersburg "Window to the West"; introduced mercantilism; defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War and gained Baltic territories
Ivan the Terrible (IV) (1533-1584)
Russian monarch; attempted Westernization; realized Russia was behind other European powers; brutal king: secret police, Cossacks (peasants who rebelled), peasant brutality
Michael Romanov (1613-1645)
Russian monarch; expanded the Russian Empire to the Pacific; Raskolnikis (Old believers) opposed his decisions; he later persecuted them
Ivan III (1442-1505)
Russian monarch; gains control of Orthodox church; attempted absolutism
Leon Trotsky
Russian politician; fought with Stalin for power; very idealistic; wanted to spread the revolutionary fervor of Russia to the rest of the world
Joseph Stalin
Russian politician; fought with Trotsky for power; very realistic; wanted to build up Russia individually before trying to help any other country
Cheka
Russian secret police who went to destroy any opposition to the new government
Thomas Kempis
Scholar who taught mysticism; critic of the church
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist/terrorist group that assassinated the Archduke
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
Great Terror
Stalin's continued elimination of any person considered to try to usurp his power
Colloquy of Marburg (1529)
States that Eucharist does not experience God's presence and that it is just a personal confirmation of faith
William Harvey
Studied the body's circulatory and cardiovascular systems; wrote "On the Movement of the Heart and Blood"
Tomas Torquemada
Supported torture during the Inquisition
Three Emperors' League
The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia; formed b/c of Bismarck's fear of a war on two fronts
Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
The 3rd phase. It began with the arrival of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in Germany. he came to help assist the Protestant of the area. Protestant dominated
The Third Estate
The commoners of France that consisted of, prosperous merchants and lawyers as well as peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artist, and unskilled day laborers.
Act of Supremacy (1534)
The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline.
Alexander I
The Russian Tsar that decided that it was necessary to make peace with Napoleon after the Battle of Austerlitz. He signed the treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon
September Massacres
The September Massacres were a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed: some 1,200 trapped prisoners, including many women and young boys.
Louis XV
The Sun King was succeeded by this five year old great grandson. Under his rule and the young monarchs regent the duke of Orleans the system of absolutist rule was challenged.
Third Reich (1933-1945)
The Third German Empire (1st being the Holy Roman Empire, 2nd being the 1871 German Empire)
Third Coalition
The alliance between the countries of Austria, Russia, and Great Britain against the forces of Napoleon.
The First Estate
The clergy
The bourgeoisie
The comfortable members of the third estate, or upper middle class. Rose up to lead the entire third estate in the revolution.
Vendee
The counter-revolutionary revolt that began in March in this western region of France. This area's revolt was mainly inspired by anger toward the restrictions placed on the Church.
Brumaire
The coup d'état in 1799 that overthrew the Directory and led to the dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte
Madame de Pompadour
The daughter of a disgraced bourgeois financier, this mistress of Louis XV broke the pattern of kings maintaining mistresses who were chosen from the court nobility. As the king's famous mistress from 1745 to 1750, she exercised tremendous influence over politics, literature, art, and the decorative arts, using her patronage to support Voltaire and promote the rococo style.
Grand Empire
The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.
National Assembly
The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primilarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791.
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
Grand Armee
The gigantic army of 600,000 Napoleon took to Russia in 1812 , and where eventually mostly killed off in the retreat from the cold winter of Russia.
sans-culottes
The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.
Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and new revolutionary culture was imposed.
St. Helena
The place where Napoleon was exiled once again, in the distant island where he died in 1821.
"Black Shirts"
The private army of Mussolini which helped Mussolini come to power
Cartography
The science of making maps; peaked during this period
Simony
The selling of church offices
Louis XVI
The successor of Louis XV this king of France from 1774 to 1792 failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793).
The Three Estates
The three orders of France: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.
Treaty of Tilsit
The treaty between Napoleon and Alexander that forced Prussia to cede half its population to France
Elizabeth I
This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
Decrees of August 4
These were nineteen decrees or articles made in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution.
Coercion Acts of 1817
This suspended habeus corpus (which protects you from arbitrary arrest) in England and increase punishment for sedition
Quadruple Alliance
This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era
Institutes of the Christian Religion
This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin; predestination (elect);
Napoleon Bonaparte
This young general, saved the Directory by putting down the rebellion in Paris. He later overthrew French Directory in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain, and his failure to invade Russia lead to his abdication in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Charlotte Corday
To enhance the Mountain's control over the National Convention, this Girondin sympathizer stabbed to death Jean-Paul Marat.
Cult of the Supreme Being
To move people away from what he thought was corrupting the influence of the Church, Robespierre established this to turn the Cathedral of Notre Dome into a Temple of Reason.
Woodrow Wilson
US President; proposed the 14 points and called for the creation of a mega alliance that promoted peace
Ferdinand and Isabella
Unified Spain and started Inquisition (banishing of all non-catholics)
War of the 3 Henrys
Valois vs. Guise vs. Huguenots; Catholics vs Calvinist; ends with Huguenot victory
Katherine de Medici
Very important sponsor of the arts; married into nobility of France
Act of Toleration
WIlliam and Mary; religious freedom for everyone except Jews, Catholics, and unitarians
Flight to Varennes
Was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family attempted unsuccessfully to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution.
X-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen; 1895, predecessor to MRI/CAT scans
English Bill of Rights
William and Mary; established a constitutional monarchy
Act of Settlement
William and Mary; only Anglicans can be king/queen
Big Four
Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Orlando
Pope Pius IX
Wrote Syllabus of Errors in 1864, attacking nationalism, science, the isms, etc. and wanted people to return to faith; declared couldn't be questioned on matters of faith and morals
Abbe Sieyes
Wrote the famous pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" he argues that the nobility was a tiny overprivileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation.
Volksgeist
a distinct national character of every people (Herder)
Dawes Plan
a plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S; this circular flow of money was a success.
Positivism
a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions; Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France
Trench warfare
a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
Government Response to Industrial Revolution
abolition of slavery to raise wages in Britain Factory Act and New Poor Law
Humanitarian Movements
abolitionist movement, end to slave trade, fighting poverty were all movements born out of Romanticism
Immanual Kant
accepted rationalism, believed in human freedom, existance of God
Pope Paul III
acknowledged Protestantism; combated it without force
December Revolt
after the Death of Alexander I (Nov 1825) Constantine was the expected heir it Nicholas was also legitimate; army sided with Constantine; caused Nicholas to be less open to reform b/c of revolt
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
agreed to a constitution from Charter of 1814
Catholic Emancipation Act
allowed Irish Catholics to vote and hold political office
Article 48
allowed the President to assume dictatorial authority under emergency situations; was very vague
French Foreign Legion
an elite branch of the French military that performs special operations in foreign countries (colonial empire)
Compass
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; United States did not join
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
analyzed Brahe's data; found out that planets orbit in ellipses
Dr. David Livingstone
anti-slavery activist, explorer, scientist; goes to Africa as a missionary; loses control with outside world while traveling to find the source of the Nile; Henry Stanley found and discovered he didn't want to return
Impressionism
artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing; Monet Renoir, Pissaro
Dadaism
artistic movement that sought to turn traditional art values upside down; inspired by the craziness of post-war Europe
Schlieffen Plan
attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France; proposed to go through Belgium then attack France; when successful, focus all resources on Russia
Spain vs. England
attempt from Spain to re-Catholicize England; Phillip sent Spanish Armada; Spanish lost to England
Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 8, 1923)
attempted Nazi takeover of Munich; perpetrators were found and arrested
Virginia Wolf
author; portrayed people living w/o 19th century social norms
Malleus Maleficarum
authored by Kramer Hymrick; how-to guide on witch-hunting
Pope Leo X
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
Militarism
belief that a nation should expand their military; occurred exponentially during peacetime; for colonies and trade protection
Russian Army
believed Russia was behind European powers concerning Enlightenment philosophy; made secret societies that took steps towards democracy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
believed society wasn't advancing; we were becoming corrupted by materialism
Article 231
blamed solely Germany for causing the worst war in human history up to this point
Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos
both led the Mexican Revolution against Spain
liberals
bourgeoisie, favored limited monarchy
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
chief advisor/quasi king; ruler when Louis was a child; managed to stop the Fronde (revolution)
Popular Front
coalition of left wing parties in France; led by Leon Blum
Ursuline Order of Nuns
combated heresy through education
Igor Stravinsky
composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes
the guillotine
considered an Enlightened execution
Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
created a balance of power and time of peace in Europe led to revolutions in various countries throughout the century led to growth of nationalism
Triumph of the Will
created by Leni Riefenstahl; portrayed a Nazi rally which showed enthusiasm to try to bandwagon people into agreeing with the Nazis
Montaigne
created essay (short form of arguments) first modern skeptic
Irish Free State
created on October 1921 by British Parliament; gains full independence in 1922
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
created the deductive method; "I think therefore, I am"; supported Cartesian dualism - existence is divided into the material and the spiritual
Nicolaus Copernicus
credited with heliocentric theory extremely controversial
Mary Tudor (1553-1558)
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
83 Revolutionary Departments
divided up into smaller and more equal areas(based on population and equal representation) Titles of nobility were abolished voting requirements : adult male, pay taxes
Papal (Great) Schism
division of the Church, a time when there was three popes and confusion as to who was the real one
Edict of Nantes
document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots 1598
Roles for Women
domestic jobs in the workplace; unmarried women worked in factories; lower income women turned to prostitution; wealthy women opened charities
Charles X (1824)
embraced conservatives; started punishing sacrilege with death
Metternich of Austria
epitomized conservatism the most (due to the large liberal presence in Austria); created the German Confederation
Council of Trent (1546-1563)
established Catholic doctrine for the next 4 centuries; admitted that there were problems in the church; eliminated the sale of indulgences
Pablo Picasso
established cubism
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
established empiricism - wants observations for any conjecture; created the inductive method
Ptolemy
established geocentric model
Maximilien I
expanded HRE with acquisition of Burgandy
Cabot Brothers
explored the east coast of North America for England
Fascism
extremely right wing form of totalitarianism; characterized by extreme nationalism/militarism/expansionism
Battle of Tannenburg
failed Russian invasion of East Prussia
Early 1800s Family Life
families employed as units (everyone works)
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
fathered calculus, law of composition of light, law of gravitation; most important scientist ever
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
fathered heliocentric theory; Catholic church disagreed and took centuries to agree with him
Nepotism
favoritism shown to family or friends by those in the church
Benito Mussolini
first fascist leader; Italian dictator
Leonardo Bruni
first modern historian; Florence; important humanist
Calvanism
founded by John Calvin, believed in predestination; most militant; French " are called Huguenots
Sir Walter Raleigh
founder of England's first American colony (in Virginia and North Carolina)
Totalitarianism
government controls every aspect of people's lives
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
greedy, "slave driver", strict (fired people for menial offenses)
Freudian Theory
human mind is divided into 3 parts; id (aggression/desire), superego (moral imperative), ego (mediator)
nationalism
idea one is part of a nation (shared members, politics, history, and culture); most powerful political ideology throughout World Wars; some believed that ethnic boundaries should coincide with nations (problematic for places like Austria [lots of diversity])
White Man's Burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized; empowered by Social Darwinism and racism
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest number of people; government welfare; Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart
Kornilov Affair
in late 1917 Kerensky's commander in chief, General Laver Kornolov was under the impression that Kerensky was captured; started martial law in Moscow; showed conflict within the government
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
increased cotton usage child labor laws - put in place by late 1800s foreign trade - increased exponentially population increase - due to accessibility to wealth, resources, food, and health concerns start to be addressed
Great Reform Bill of 1832
increased number of male voters by 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas
Great European Witch Hunt
increased persecution of suspected witchcraft starting around 1480; both Catholics and Protestants believed in it; killed around 40-60 thousand
intellectual skepticism
intellectual attack on Christianity challenged its historical credibility, its scientific accuracy & its morality
Algeciras Conference
international conference that saw all of the major European powers telling Germany to back off in Morocco
Italian Imperialism
invasion of Albania and Ethiopia
Johannes Gutenberg
invented movable type printing press; invention was extremely influential in that it sped up the transferring of ideas
Guglielmo Marconi
invented the radio (1901)
George Stephenson
invented the steam locomotive
Leonardo Da Vinci
inventor, painter, scientist, sculptor, architect designed planes, helicopters, tanks Renaissance Man Works: Last Supper, Mona Lisa, anatomy studies
Utopian Socialism
is a classless society where people own means of production and everyone is given stuff from the government
Battle of Verdun
largest, longest battle of WWI on the Western Front; both the French and Germans suffered heavy losses; Germans failed to capture Verdun
Vladimir Lenin
leader of Socialist/Communist movement in Russia; got Russia out of the war
Alexander Kerensky
leader of the provisional goverment
William I of Orange
led Dutch independence movement with support of England; dominated global trade
Louis Phillipe of France
led a liberal monarchy; brings back the Tri-color flag and was not sympathetic to the working class
Jesuits
led by Ignatius Loyola; formed in 1540; 3 goals: 1. reform church through education 2. convert non-Catholics 3. fight Protestant (debate at any given moment)
Labour Party
led by Ramsey MacDonald; championed workers/lower class rights; replaced liberals as main conservative opposition
Conservative Party
led by Stanley Baldwin; opposed the Labour Party; had more of a compromising attitude
radicals
lower classes; favored extreme change, true democracy, universal suffrage
Gavrilo Princip
member of the black hand; shot Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife June 28, 1914- set off WWI
Albrecht von Wallenstein
mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.
Bourgeoisie
middle class
Gustav Stresemann
most capable leader of Weimar Republic; instituted several plans to try to get Germany to finish paying its reparations
El Greco
most famous Spanish painter Works: View of Toledo
Charlie Chaplin
most famous actor of 1920s
Desiderus Erasmus
most famous scholar Works: In Praise of Folly criticized the Church; main influence for Martin Luther
1830s Family Life
new machines call for specialized labor; gender stratification ensues
Consequences of Latin American Revolutions
new nations were poor and politically unstable; required to look to Britain for economic assisstance
nouveau riche
newly rich; referred to 19th century Bourgeoisie
Frederick Niche
nihilist; believed Christianity promoted weakness and sacrifice; rejected laws/traditions; critical of nationalism, democracy, and modern science; proclaimed "God is Dead"
conservatives
nobles, monarchs, church; favored absolutism and laissez faire capitalism
Late 1800s Family Life
nuclear family emerges; father is the breadwinner
Tithe
one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy.
July Revolution
overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate; Louis Phillipe is made king; ends Bourbon Dynasty
Michelangelo Buonarroti
painter, sculptor; greatest artist of the Renaissance Works: La Pieta, David*, Sistine Chapel *Greatest Sculpture ever made
Eugene Delacroix
painter; Liberty Leading the People - expressed emotion
J.M.W. Turner
painter; Shipwreck 1823; depicted man vs. nature; said man couldn't control nature
Peter Brugel
painter; most accomplished; painted commoner scenes which was unheard of at the time Works: Peasant Wedding
Peasant War (1524-1525)
peasants demanding end to feudalism; inspired by Luther but rejected by him; German princes destroyed peasant opposition
Communists
people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property
Existentialism
philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions because life is inherently absurd
Christian Existentialists
philosophy that merged Christianity and existentialism; humans are naturally sinful, we need God to forgive us
Francesco Petrarch
poet; father of humanism; compiled works from classical civilization
Surrealism
portrayed non-worldly landscapes
Vincent Van Gogh
post-impressionist; "Starry Night"
Henri Matisse
post-impressionist; "Woman with a Hat"
Lady Bountiful
private charities; wealthy women opened charities through religious institutions to perform Christian duty
April Theses
promised the Russian people peace, land, and bread.
Leni Riefenstahl
propaganda filmmaker for Hitler; "Triumph of the Will", portrayed Nazi rally
Marie Antoinette
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
Charter of 1814
re-established a constitutional monarchy Louis XVIII and brought back the Bourbons; restored hereditary monarchy, created a bicameral legislature, guaranteed rights from the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and monarch wouldn't challenge property rights from lost land in FR
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
reinstates Supremacy Act; authored 39 Articles; defended Anglican Church
Henry VII
ruled without Parliament; created Star Chamber (plotting nobles were put on trial)
Thomas More
scholar Works: Utopia (first socialist doctrine) Died because he refused to recognize Henry VIII is head of the church
Donatello
sculptor Works: "David"
Treaty of Sanstefano
signed at the end of Russo-Turkish Wars; Russian dominance prompted GB and Austria to revise the treaty; the opposition between Austria and Russia made the Three Emperors' League collapse
John Tetzel
sold indulgences in Germany; famously said "As soon as the coin of copper rings the soul from purgatory springs"
White Terror
sought revenge against Bonapartists; eroded authority of the constitution; king couldn't do much
Schutzstaffel (SS)
special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925
Army Order #1
stripped officers of their authority and put into the hands of the soldiers; was very inefficient and bad for Russia
Carl Young
student of Freud; believed human subconscious contained memories from previous generations
Salvador Dali
surrealist painter; influenced by Sigmund Freud
Reichstag
the Weimar Republic's Parliament
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; shattered fragile optimism of Europe
absenteeism
the failure to show up for work
"Stab in the Back" theory
the idea that liberal politicians of the new republic betrayed Germany by ending the war early before Germany could attempt another offensive
Pan-Slavism
the idea that the Slavs had a historic mission to develop their culture and unite into an empire
Nicholas II
the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
the last of the great wars in Europe fought nominally for religion
Der Fuhrer
the leader; nickname for Hitler
Western Front
the line of trenches starting from Switzerland to the English channel between Germany, France, and Belgium
Imperialism
the political, economic, military, or cultural domination of a people; colonization
Self-determination
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Poland
this country attempted to lead a failed revolution against Russia
Britain
this country faced almost no revolution because of their willingness to deal with it
France
this country underwent the Bourbon Restoration which saw the Bourbon dynasty restored to power
Prussia
this country was dominated by the Hohenzollerns; Frederick William III flipped on his promise for constitutional monarchy; he also replaced liberal politicians for conservatives
Hitler in WWI
this person was socially awkward in the German military; never advanced beyond rank of corporal; said the war was the best experience of his life
Hitler in Prison
this person was thrown in jail for treason after the Beer Hall Putsch, for about a year; in here he wrote "Mein Kampf"
Southern German States
this set of states was feared by Metternich; experienced the Burschenschaften and the Carlsbad Decrees
Rapallo Treaty, 1922
treaty between Germany and Russia which sought to repair relationship; cooperated economically; waved all debts, claims
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917
Versailles Treaty , 1919
treaty that ended the war; specifically punished Germany for the war and included dictated peace
Post-Impressionism
tried to portray unrealistic worlds; Van Gogh, Matisse
Roger Bacon (1214-1294)
used human reason to solve problems; developed the Scientific Method
New Imperialism
using military force to take control and exploit economies of other places
Cordeliers
wanted more direct democracy and democratic culture based in the virtues of the laboring classes; led Champs de Mars Massacre which signified start of bloodshed
Leon Trotsky
was the man Lenin appointed to lead the Red Army against the Whites
kulaks
wealthy peasants in Russia; hated/eliminated by Stalin
Scientists
were primary receivers of money by relating their discoveries to economic progress, military security, health of the Nation
Total war
when a country devotes all of its populace and every facet of society to winning a conflict
"Revolution from Above"
when the government institutes revolutionary change on the population
collectivization
when the state takes peasant owned farms and redistributes them as their own; peasants work on large communal farms
Charles V
while being distracted by French/Ottoman Empires Protestantism flourishes in HRE; most powerful ruler in Europe; 1st HRE; Ruled over Spain as well
Proletarianization of Workers
workers are now wage based earners 12-14 hour days; 6-7 days per week Dangerous conditions extreme monotony
Christine de Pizan
writer; Europe's first feminist Works: City of Ladies
Confessions of Augsburg (1530)
written by Phillip Melanchthon; traditional state of Lutheran doctrine
George Orwell
wrote "1984", "Animal Farm"; dystopian fiction, showed tyrannical governemnts
Erich Maria Remarque
wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front"; showed horrors of war from German perspective; important anti-war novel
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
wrote "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" (1632); established the validity of heliocentric theory; unintentionally committed heresy; was in house arrest from 1633-1642
David Strauss
wrote "The Life of Jesus"; questioned the Bible's historicity
Franz Kafka
wrote "The Trial", "Metamorphosis"; portrayed helpless individuals against large organizations (church, government, corporations, etc.)
TS Eliot
wrote "The Wasteland"; depicted a barren wasteland of desolation; showed impact of WWI
Thomas Cramner
wrote 42 Articles of Religion which made divorce legal