ap tb test 1

a

20) Which of the neurons in the diagram would most likely pick up an itch sensation? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and B e) A, B, C

b

21) Which of the neurons in the diagram is modified in a manner that helps enhance the sensitivity of the receptor? a) A b) B c) C d) A and C e) A, B, and C

a

22) Which structure in the diagram detects a needle puncture or a cut to the skin? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b, d

23) What statements support that this diagram represents a somatic motor pathway and not an autonomic motor pathway? Select all that apply. a) Neuron cell body is in anterior root b) There is one motor neuron in the pathway c) Because the motor neuron is myelinated d) Because the effector is a skeletal muscle e) The neuron exits the anterior root

e

23) Which structure in the diagram is a multilayer membrane that adapts rapidly to high frequency vibrations? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c

24) Which structure in the diagram is sensitive to low vibrational frequencies and typically located in areas that lack hair? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) Acetylcholine; depolarization

24) ________ is the neurotransmitter used by the pathway shown in the diagram and it causes ________. a) Norepinephrine; depolarization b) Acetylcholine; depolarization c) Epinephrine; depolarization d) Norepinephrine; hyperpolarization e) Acetylcholine; hyperpolarization

d

25) Which structure monitors the stretching of skin during a physical therapy session? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) S1 and C6

26) A child was in a diving accident. When brought into the emergency room, the doctor used sharp and blunt objects to determine if there was any sensation on the bottom of the foot and the lateral aspect of their palm. The child stated they could not feel the stimulus in either area. What nerves were most likely damaged? a) L3 and C8 b) L5 and C6 c) S2 and T1 d) C7 and L4 e) S1 and C6

a) E

27) In this diagram, where is the space that contains a buoyant liquid to form a hydraulic cushion that absorbs shock? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

b) Areas of referred pain

27) What do the colored regions on the body's surface in the diagram represent? a) Dermatomes b) Areas of referred pain c) Regions of nociceptors d) Areas supplied by the primary somatosensory area e) Motor nuclei

b) F

28) In this diagram, where is the space that contains interstitial fluid? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

d) H

29) In this diagram, where is the avascular structure located between the subdural and subarachnoid space? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

c) G

30) In this diagram, where is the structure that adheres to the spinal cord and brain? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

a, d, f

30) Why would neuron B in the diagram be considered a second-order neuron? Select all that apply. a) Decussation occurs b) Second-order neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex c) Second order neurons detect stimuli such as touch, vibration, and proprioception d) Second order neurons end in the thalamus e) Second order neurons connect somatic receptors with the spinal cord f) Cell bodies of the second order neurons are located in the gray matter of spinal cord

e) I

31) In this diagram, which layer is the thickest protective covering? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

a

31) Which of the structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminothalamic tract? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a) A c) D d) C

31) Which part of the neuron in this diagram would be called a nerve fiber? Select all that apply. a) A b) B c) D d) C e) I

g, h

32) Which of the labeled structures contains both sensory and motor axons? Select all that apply. a) D b) B c) C d) G e) H

b

32) Which part of the neuron in this diagram produces proteins that can regenerate damaged axons in the PNS? a) A b) B c) C d) E e) Both A and B

a

33) Which of the labeled structures allows doctors to safely introduce antibiotics or anesthetics and measure CSF pressure? a) A b) E c) D d) G e) H

G

33) Which part of the neuron in this diagram will contain voltage-gated ion channels? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) G

b) C

34) A doctor makes an injection of medication to relieve upper abdominal pain due to chronic pancreatitis. What area in the diagram is the nerve block targeting? a) B b) C c) D d) M e) F

a, b

34) In the diagram, where do graded potentials occur? Select all that apply. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F g) G h) H j) I

c) F

34) Which of the labeled structures would receive injections to cause loss of sensation to control pain in childbirth? a) B b) C c) F d) G e) H

e

35) In this diagram, which structure electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) I

35) Stimulation of the fibers associated with which plexus in the diagram can dramatically alter the pace and force of heart contraction? a) A b) B c) H d) I e) J

b) E

35) Which of the labeled structures is composed of squamous to cuboidal cells and is very vascular? a) D b) E c) F d) G e) H

b) L, c) M

36) In Hirschsprung's disease, the baby is missing nerve cells that would innervate the large intestine. In the diagram, failure to innervate from which plexus would be the main cause of the disease? Select all that apply. a) K b) L c) M d) F e) N

b

36) In this diagram, where is a node of Ranvier? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) H

36) What labeled structure would serve the muscles and skin on the anterior surface of your trunk? a) B b) C c) G d) H e) F

e

37) In this diagram, which structure would be produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) C

37) On what labeled structure would a ganglion be found? a) B b) C c) E d) F e) G

e) N, f) M

37) Postganglionic neurons in lumbar splanchnic nerves will extend to which plexuses in the diagram? Select all that apply. a) J b) K c) D d) F e) N f) M g) G

b) C

38) In this diagram, where would the axons of unipolar neurons be located? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) A

d

38) In this diagram, which of these types of channels represents a gate that opens to a depolarizing event? a) A b) B c) C d) D

a) B, c) D, g) I

39) In this diagram where are tracts located? Select all that apply. a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F f) H g) I

a

39) In this diagram, which of these types of channels contributes to more potassium diffusing down their concentration gradient compared to sodium? a) A b) B c) C d) D

c) G

40) In this diagram which area is continuous with the 4th ventricle of the brain? a) A b) B c) G d) J e) I

c

40) In this diagram, which of the channels is predominantly located on sensory neurons somas and dendrites and responds to vibration, touch, and stretch? a) A b) B c) C d) D

e) H

41) In this diagram where would somatic motor nuclei be located? a) B b) C c) E d) F e) H

c

41) Which diagram represents a circuit that helps coordinated muscular activities, breathing, and short-term memory? a) A b) B c) C d) D

b

42) In this diagram injury to which area would affect sensory impulses reaching the cerebral cortex? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) I

42) In this diagram where would the medial reticulospinal tract be located? a) B b) C c) H d) I e) F

a

42) Which diagram represents the type of circuit commonly used to send sensory signals to multiple areas of the brain? a) A b) B c) C d) D

b) C

43) In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as incoming axons of sensory neurons? a) B b) C c) D d) H e) I

d

43) Which diagram represents the type of circuit used to solve algorithms and geometry? a) A b) B c) C d) D

c) D

43) Which of the labeled structures in the diagram contains centers that control heart rate and blood pressure? a) A b) B c) D d) E e) F

b) E

44) In this diagram which major portion of the brain is used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum? a) B b) E c) F d) C e) A

d) F

44) In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands? a) B b) C c) D d) F e) H

a, c, d, e, g

44) What statements correctly describe the autonomic pathway shown in the diagram? Select all that apply. a) There are two neurons in the motor pathway b) The first neuron's cell body is located in the anterior gray horn c) The first neuron's cell body is located in the lateral gray horn d) The two neurons synapse at a ganglion e) Control of the effectors is involuntary f) Control of the effectors is voluntary g) Both ACh and NE are released h) ACh is released near the effectors

b

44) Which diagram represents the type of circuit involved in controlling the movement of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii skeletal muscles? a) A b) B c) C d) D

a

45) The cell body of what neuron(s) in this diagram is/are found in gray matter of the spinal cord? a) A b) B c) B & C d) A & B e) A & C

b) Special sensory neuron

46) The neuron labeled B in this diagram would be classified as what type of functional neuron? a) Somatic sensory neuron b) Special sensory neuron c) Somatic motor neuron d) Association neuron

a

47) Anosmia may result from head injuries in which the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is fractured. This condition results in impaired function of which cranial nerve in the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) Dendrites

47) Which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram? a) Axon terminal b) Trigger zone c) Cell body d) Peripheral process e) Dendrites

c

48) Which of the structures in this diagram would be included in a ganglion? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) Parasympathetic has a long preganglionic neuron and sympathethic has a short preganglionic neuron.

49) What statements support that this diagram represents parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a) Only sympathetic division has two motor neurons in the pathway. b) Parasympathetic has a long preganglionic neuron and sympathethic has a short preganglionic neuron. c) Effectors in both divisions are involuntary. d) The preganglionic neuron axon in both exits the anterior root. e) Parasympathetic has a short preganglionic neuron and sympathethic has a long preganglionic neuron. f) Both divisions always release ACh at the autonomic ganglia and the effectors.

c

49) Which cranial nerve in the diagram has a somatic motor function primarily involved in moving the upper eyelid and eyeball and an autonomic function involved in iris muscle contraction? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

b

49) Which of the structures in this diagram contains a higher amount of voltage-gated sodium channels where action potentials are propagated? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) Brachial plexus

49) Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram? a) Cervical plexus b) Brachial plexus c) Thoracic nerves d) Lumbar plexus e) Sacral plexus

e) G

50) Left side face paralysis could result from damage to which nerve in the diagram? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

a, a graded potential

50) Mechanically-gated channels are located at letter [dropdown 1] in this diagram and will be involved with the formation of [dropdown 2]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B D E Dropdown 2 choices: an action potential a graded potential

a) Obturator nerve

50) Which of the following structures travels from the area labeled D in the diagram? a) Obturator nerve b) Phrenic nerve c) Long thoracic nerve d) Thoracodorsal nerve e) Lesser occipital nerve

a

50) Which structure carries 80% of the parasympathetic outflow? a) A b) C c) D d) F e) G

c, d, f

51) Damage to which of the cranial nerves in the diagram would result in strabismus? Select all that apply. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F g) G

e) G

51) In the diagram which structure contains nerve roots that arise from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal region of the spinal cord? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

b, an action potential

51) Sodium and potassium voltage gates are located at letter [dropdown 1] and will be involved with forming [dropdown 2]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B C D Dropdown 2 choices: an action potential a graded potential

a

52) A patient has asthma and struggles to breathe at times. Referred pain associated with this patient would be located where on the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) G e) H

c) H

52) During a firework celebration, a firework exploded next to a technician's ear, resulting in hearing loss. What nerve was damaged? a) E b) G c) H d) I e) J

a

52) In this diagram, respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves? a) A b) C c) E d) F e) H

c) F

53) A gymnast has damaged their hip flexor muscles. The nerve that innervates these muscles arise from which group of spinal nerves in this diagram? a) A b) C c) F d) H e) I

a) B

53) Pain associated with chronic cirrhosis of the liver is referred to which location on the diagram? a) B b) G c) H d) F e) D

a) E

53) The maxillary branch of which cranial nerve in the diagram would be anesthetized by dentists for upper jaw work? a) E b) G c) H d) I e) J

a) E

54) In this diagram which structure is the conus medullaris? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

b) I, f) A, g) G

54) You smell fresh baked cookies, and your mouth begins to salivate. Which cranial nerves are involved in this feedback system? Select all that apply. a) B b) I c) D d) E e) F f) A g) G h) H j) K k) J

a

55) Christopher Reeve, a famous actor and competitive equestrian, suffered fractures to the top two vertebra and could not breathe without the help of a respirator. Which of the nerves in this diagram were likely damaged? a) A b) C c) D d) E e) G

e) F

55) Damage to which cranial nerve in the diagram will cause the inability of an eyeball to move laterally beyond the midpoint? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F

c

55) Which of the cells in this diagram sends electrical signals to glands, muscles and other neurons? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

a

56) Which of the cells in the diagram produces a myelin sheath around CNS axons? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

c) D

56) Which of the nerves in this diagram would be involved with 'flexing' the chest wall to bring the ribs together? a) A b) C c) D d) E e) G

d

57) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that can be found in gray or white matter and makes contact with blood capillaries, neurons and pia mater of brain and spinal cord? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

c) F

57) Which of the nerves in this diagram innervates muscles that extend the toes and if damaged results in foot drop (plantar flexion)? a) A b) C c) F d) E e) G

b

58) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that removes debris and acts as a phagocyte? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

b

58) Which plexus shown in the diagram supplies the bronchial tree? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

b) Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

59) Identify the structure labeled 2 in the diagram. a) Somatic motor neuron b) Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron c) Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron d) Sympathetic preganglionic neuron e) Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

b) I, d) K, g) E, j) G

59) Which cranial nerves in the diagram innervate the tongue? Select all that apply. a) H b) I c) J d) K e) L f) D g) E h) F j) G

e) F

59) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and assists in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

c) Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron.

60) Identify the structure labeled 3 in the diagram. a) Somatic motor neuron. b) Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron. c) Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron. d) Sympathetic preganglionic neuron. e) Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

d) K

60) Which cranial nerve in the diagram is involved with speech and swallowing and has a purely motor function? a) H b) I c) J d) K e) L

c) Terminal ganglia

61) Where do the structures labeled 1 and 3 in the diagram meet? a) Paravertebral ganglia b) Prevertebral ganglia c) Terminal ganglia d) Trunk ganglia e) Chain ganglia

c) D

61) Which of the nerves in this diagram only have anterior and posterior rami branches and do not form plexuses? a) A b) B c) D d) E e) G

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