AP Test 2

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation? (1) diaphragm (2) external intercostals (3) internal intercostals (4) rectus abdominis

1,2

Drag the terms to the proper category as it pertains to factors affecting cardiac output. 1. Preload 2. Gravity 3. Venous Tone

1. Amount of blood entering heart from veins Increases cardiac output 2. Decreases cardiac output Decreases preload Negative feedback is necessary to prevent fainting 3. Partial contraction of veins Involves sympathetic stimulation Increases preload

Indicate whether each way of acquiring adaptive immunity is an example of active immunity or passive immunity. 1. Active immunity 2. Passive immunity

1. An individual becomes infected with influenza 1.A patient receives a vaccination against the measles virus 2. IgA antibodies from a mother are transferred to her daughter in breastmilk 2.Rabbit IgG antibodies against snake venom are injected into a patient that was recently bitten

Drag each label its appropriate location under the different types of immune acquisition. 1. Active natural immunity: 2. Active artificial immunity: 3. Passive artificial immunity: 4. Passive natural immunity:

1. Antibody production resulting from illness 1. Immunity that would result from the pathogen acquisition from kissing 2. Antibody production resulting from immunization 2. The injection of a dead or weakened pathogen 3. Injection of gamma globulins 3. Treatment for snake bite 4. Antibody acquisition from mother's milk 4. Antibody acquisition from mother's bloodstream

1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic

1. Can raise the heart rate to as high as 250 bpm Postganglionic axons pass through cardiac nerves Increases contraction strength of the myocardium Innervates atrial and ventricular myocardia 2. Has little effect on stroke volume Slows the heart rate Preganglionic axons pass through vagus nerves

Place the labels in the correct order to describe a baroreflex in response to increased cardiac output.

1. Cardiac output increases 2. Baroreceptors in aortic arch are stimulated 3. Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers of medulla oblongata stimulated 4. Parasympathetic stimulation of heart increases 5. Heart rate decreases

Match the term with the corresponding definition. 1. Measures the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand 2. Total amount of air moved into and out of the lungs each minute 3. Number of breaths taken each minute

1. Compliance 2. Minute respiration 3. Respiratory rate

Match the correct response of blood vessels in the skin to the event. 1. At the onset of increased physical activity 2. Increased body temperature 3. Decreased skin temperature 4. Anger or embarrassment 5. Increased sympathetic activity

1. Constriction of blood vessels in the skin 2. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin 3. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin 4. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin 5. Constriction of blood vessels in the skin

Match the muscle with its role in respiration. 1. Internal intercostals: 2. External intercostals: 3. Diaphragm: 4. Abdominal muscles:

1. Contract during expiration 2. Contract during inspiration 3. Contract during inspiration 4. Contract during expiration

Match the response or effect with each of these conditions. 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Vasodilation 3. Erythrocytosis

1. Decreased blood flow Increased resistance to blood flow Skin appears pale 2. Increased blood flow Deceased resistance to blood flow Skin appears flushed 3. Elevated hematocrit levels Increased blood viscosity

Starting with the elastic arteries, place the following vessels in the order that blood flows.

1. Elastic Arteries 2. Muscular Arteries 3. Arterioles 4. Capillaries 5. Venules 6. Small veins 7. Large Veins

Match the vessel type with the correct explanation. 1. Recoil when stretched and prevent blood pressure from falling 2. Regulate blood flow to different regions of the body 3. Contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood 4. The most common blood vessel type 5. Are found between two capillary beds 6. Provide nutrients to the outer layers of large vessels

1. Elastic arteries 2. Muscular arteries 3. Medium and large veins 4. Capillaries 5. Portal veins 6. Vasa vasorum

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. The heart skeleton consists of a bony plate of osseous tissue between the atria and ventricles. 2. The heart skeleton forms rings around the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and provides support for them. 3. The heart skeleton serves as insulation between the atria and the ventricles and provides a rigid site for attachment of the cardiac muscles. 4. The heart skeleton serves as an electrical insulator between the atria and the ventricles.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the differences between quiet breathing and labored breathing. 1. During quiet, normal breathing, inspiration is passive. 2. Muscles contract more forcefully during labored breathing than during normal respiration. 3. During labored expiration, the volume of the thorax decreases passively. 4. During quiet expiration, the volume of the thorax decreases passively.

1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding pressure and respiration. 1. A decrease in alveolar volume causes a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure 2. During inspiration, pleural pressure is lower than intra-alveolar pressure. 3. As lung volume increases during respiration, pleural pressure decreases.

1. False 2. True 3. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding active and passive immunity. 1. Passive immunity generally has longer lasting effects than active immunity. (Click to select) True False 2. In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells. (Click to select) True False 3. Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime. (Click to select) True False 4. If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding pressure of gases. 1. Gases move from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. 2. Daltons law states that the total pressure of a gas is the sum of pressures of each gas. 3. If a single gas represents 60% of the total gas, its partial pressure will be 60% of the total pressure. 4. If the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than the concentration of oxygen in the blood, oxygen will diffuse out of the blood. 5. Typically, carbon dioxide concentrations are higher in the blood than in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label. 1. Antibody-Mediated Immunity 2. Cell-Mediated Immunity 3. Both

1. Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes Plasma cells IgG production Complement activation Antigen inactivation 2. Used to destroy cancerous cells CD8 cells MHC-1 3. Memory T cells APCs

Match the example with the type of acquired immunity 1. Active natural immunity: 2. Active artificial immunity: 3. Passive natural immunity: 4. Passive artificial immunity:

1. Immunity to the flu virus after becoming ill with it 2. Immunity to the flu virus through a vaccination 3. An infant acquires antibodies through the mother's milk 4. Antibodies from an animal are removed and injected into a human

1. Increases MAP

1. Increased heart rate Drugs that cause vasoconstriction Increasing end-diastolic volume Decreasing blood pH 2.Blood loss Beta-adrenergic blockers Decreasing adrenal medullary hormone secretion Decreased stroke volume Increasing parasympathetic stimulation

Indicate whether each of the following increase or decrease during exercise. 1. Cardiac output Increases 2. Venous return Increases 3. Peripheral resistance Decreases 4. Blood pressure Increases 5. Blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle Increases

1. Increases 2. Increases 3. Decreases 4. Increases 5. Increases

Match the pulmonary capacity with its definition. 1. Tidal volume plus Inspiratory reserve volume 2. Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume 3. Sum of Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume 4. Sum of all of the pulmonary volumes

1. Inspiratory capacity 2. Functional residual capacity 3. Vital capacity 4. Total lung capacity

Match the description with the appropriate term. 1. The tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size due to elastic fibers 2. Water molecules being attracted to other water molecules due to their chemistry (oppositely charged ends of the molecules) 3. Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium to prevent alveoli from collapsing

1. Lung recoil 2. Surface tension 3. Surfactant

Match the T cell type with its function. 1. Cytotoxic T cells: 2. Helper T cells: 3. Memory T cells:

1. Lysis of infected cells 2. Promote phagocytosis and inflammation 3. Provide a secondary response and long-lasting immunity

Match the cell action to the appropriate cell, then drag the cell to the immune class to which it belongs. 1. Innate Immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity

1. Monocyte 1. Natural Killer Cell 1. Eosinophil 2. B cell 2. Cytotoxic T cell 2. Helper T cell

Place the following tonsils in order based on their location from superior to inferior

1. Pharyngeal 2. Palatine 3. Lingual

Match the lymphatic organ with its function. 1. Tonsils 2. Lymph Nodes 3. Spleen 4. Thymus

1. Protect against bacteria from entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity 2. Filter lymph; house lymphocytes 3. Destroys defective red blood cells; responds to foreign substances in the blood 4. Site for the maturation of T cells

Place the components of the electrical conducting system in order from the initiation of an action potential until the end.

1. SA node 2. Atrial myocardium 3. AV node 4. AV bundle 5. R&L bundle 6. Purkinje fibers

Match the mechanism of arterial blood pressure regulation with the correct category. 1. Adrenal medullary mechanism 2. CNS ischemic response 3. Vasopressin mechanism 4. Baroreceptor reflexes 5. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism 6. Atrial natriuretic mechanism 7. Chemoreceptor reflexes 8. Fluid shift mechanism 9. Stress-relaxation response

1. Short-term regulation 2. Short-term regulation 3. Long-term regulation 4. Short-term regulation 5. Long-term regulation 6. Long-term regulation 7. Short-term regulation 8. Long-term regulation 9. Long-term regulation

Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense. 1. First line of defense 2. Second line of defense 3. Third line of defense

1. Skin Mucosal membranes 2. Macrophages Eosinophils Inflammation Fever 3. Vaccines Cell-mediated immunity MHCs APCs Antibodies Humoral immunity

1. Laminar 2. Turbulent

1. Smooth, streamlined flow Flow rate slowest along vessel wall Fluid flows in concentric layers 2. Interrupted flow Partially responsible for heart sounds Increased chance to develop thrombose

Indicate whether contraction of each muscle plays a part in either an increase in thoracic volume or a decrease in thoracic volume. 1. Increase 2. Decrease

1. Sternocleidomastoid 1. Scalenes 1. Pectoralis major 1. External intercostals 1. Diaphragm 2. Internal intercostals 2. Abdominal muscles

Place the events regarding B cell proliferation in the correct order.

1. The B cell binds and engulfs an antigen 2. The B cell uses an MHC class II molecule to present the processed antigen to the helper T cell 3. The T-cell receptor binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex 4. Costimulation of the B cell by CD4 and other surface molecules occurs 5. Costimulation by interleukins (cytokines) released from the helper T cells occurs 6. The B cell proliferates 7. Many of the daughter cells differentiate to form plasm cells which produce antibodies

Put the following events into the correct order. Rank the options below. The T cell binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex. The B cell engulfs and processes a specific antigen. The B cell divides and the daughter B cells divide, resulting in plasma cells that produce antibodies. The B cell uses an MHC class II molecule to present the antigen to the helper T cell.

1. The B cell engulfs and processes a specific antigen. 2. The B cell uses an MHC class II molecule to present the antigen to the helper T cell. 3. The T cell binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex. 4. The B cell divides and the daughter B cells divide, resulting in plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Put the following in order of occurrence as you inspire:

1. The respiratory center sends an impulse to the phrenic nerve 2. The phrenic nerve sends an impulse to the diaphragm to contract 3. The diaphragm moves downward 4. The volume of thoracic cavity will increase 5. The pressure in the alveoli will decrease to 758 mmHg 6. Air will move into the from outside

Put the following in order for expiration:

1. The respiratory center stops nervous impulses to the phrenic nerve 2. The diaphragm relaxes 3. The diaphragm moves upwards 4. The volume of the thoracic cavity decrease 5. The pressure inside the alveoli increase to 762 mmHg

Match the pulmonary volume with its definition. 1. Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath 2. Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration 3. Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal exhalation 4. Volume of air in the lungs after forceful expiration

1. Tidal volume 2. Inspiratory reserve volume 3. Expiratory reserve volume 4. Residual volume

Place each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category based on their location. 1. Head or Neck 2. Thorax 3. Abdomen

1. Tonsils 2. Mediastinal lymph nodes 2. Thymus 2. Thoracic duct 3. Spleen 3. Cisterna chyli

1. Blood pressure is a measure of the force blood exerts against blood vessel walls. 2. An instrument called a mercury manometer measures blood pressure in millimeters of mercury. 3. Health professionals most often use the palpatory method to measure blood pressure.

1. True 2. True 3. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Capillary exchange is the process by which cells receive everything they need to survive and to eliminate metabolic waste. True 2. By far the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs is filtration. False 3. A small amount of fluid moves out of capillaries at their venous ends, and most of that fluid reenters the capillaries at their arterial ends. False 4. Net filtration pressure is the force responsible for moving fluid across capillary walls. True

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

Choose true or false for each of the statements regarding gas exchange across the respiratory membranes. 1. The thinner the membranes, the more readily gas exchange occurs. 2. CO2 has a diffusion coefficient of 20, and oxygen has a diffusion coefficient of 1; therefore CO2 does not diffuse as readily through themembranes as oxygen. 3. A larger surface area allows for more gas exchange. 4. Gas exchange occurs across membranes from areas of low concentration to high concentration.

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and inhibition. 1. Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number. (Click to select) True False 2. After recognizing an antigen, B cells proliferate and activate helper T cells. (Click to select) True False 3. Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed. (Click to select) True False 4. Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding pleural pressure changes during inspiration and expiration. 1. An increase in lung volume causes a decrease in pleural pressure. 2. Pleural pressure decreases as lungs expand due to the lungs tendency to recoil. 3. Pleural pressure decreases during expiration as thoracic volume decreases. 4. As thoracic volume decreases, pleural pressure increases.

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True

Match the cardiac cycle event with the correct ventricular activity. 1. AV valves are open 2. Semilunar valves are open 3. First heart sound 4. Second heart sound 5. Third heart sound

1. Ventricular diastole 2. Ventricular systole 3. Ventricular systole 4. Ventricular diastole 5. Ventricular diastole

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system. 1. The respiratory tract is a passageway forair between the external environment and the ____________ (air sacs) of the lungs. 2. There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, ____________ , diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. 3. Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called ____________ receptors detect odors as air moves across them. 4. The vocal cords of the ____________ (voicebox) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.

1. alveoli 2. oxygen diffuses 3. olfactory receptors 4. larynx (voice box)

1. Protection against extracellular pathogens (Click to select) Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity 2. Results from the activity of B cells (Click to select) Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity 3. Also known as humoral immunity (Click to select) Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity 4. Protection against intracellular pathogens (Click to select) Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity 5. Results from the activity of T cells

1. antibody-mediated 2. antibody-mediated 3. antibody-mediated 4. cell-mediated 5. cell-mediated

1. When the cuff pressure is high enough to keep the brachial artery closed, no blood flows through it and no sound is heard. 2. When cuff pressure decreases and is no longer able to keep the artery closed, blood is pushed through, producing turbulent blood flow and a sound. 3. Systolic pressure is the pressure at which a sound is first heard. 4. At first, the artery is closed during diastole but as cuff pressure continues to decrease, the artery partially opens. 5. Turbulent blood flow during systole produces Korotkoff sounds, although the pitch of the sounds changes as the artery becomes more open. 6. Eventually, cuff pressure drops below brachial artery pressure and remains open. 7. Nonturbulent flow is reestablished, and no sounds are heard. 8. Diastolic pressure is the pressure at which the sound disappears.

1. closed 2. decreases 3. Systolic 4. diastole 5. Korotkoff 6. open 7. no 8. Diastolic

Take a look at the following equation describing Laplace's law where F = force, D = blood vessel diameter, and P = blood pressure: F = D x P From this relationship, one can determine that as blood pressure declines, the force acting upon the walls of the blood vessels declines. From this, it is clear that if this force declines below a minimum, blood vessels are in danger of collapsing. It can also be seen that as blood vessel diameter increases, the force increases. The implication of this is that when an arterial wall becomes weakened and bulges, forming a/an aneurysm, the bulge increases the vessel diameter. In turn, this increases the force, further enlarging the bulge. Ruptures of blood vessels of the brain or aorta are often fatal.

1. declines; collapsing 2. diameter; aneurysm 3. increases; enlarging 4. often

1. Innate immunity is a general response that ____________ improve with subsequent exposure. 2.c Acquired immunity is a specific response that ____________ improve with subsequent exposure. 3. Antibodies produced by ____________ cells can have a direct effect against antigens. 4. Cells that are responsible for causing an adaptive immunity secondary response are ____________ cells. 5. Cells that produce cytokines and cause lysis of cells that are expressing antigens are ____________ cells.

1. does not 2. does 3. plasma 4. memory 5. cytotoxic T

Fill in the blanks, then create a paragraph by putting the sentences in a logical order to discuss capillary exchange. Note that terms may be used multiple times. The cells of tissues are enveloped in a thin film of extracellular fluid called interstitial fluidthat lies between the cells and the capillaries. Two opposing forces determine the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial fluid: (1) blood pressure, (2) osmotic pressure. (1) Blood pressure tends to push fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid. (2) Osmotic pressure of the blood tends to pull fluid from interstitial fluid into the capillaries. At the arterial end of capillaries, blood pressure exceeds osmotic pressure, so fluid moves out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid. At the venous end of capillaries, osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure, so fluid moves from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries. When we consider the volume of fluid that moves out of the blood at the arterial end of the capillaries and moves into the interstitial fluid, about 90 % returns to the blood at the venous end of the capillaries; the remaining 10% of the fluid is picked up by the lymphatic system and is ultimately returned to the blood.

1. interstitial fluid; capillaries 2. interstitial fluid 3. capillaries; interstitial fluid 4. interstitial fluid; capillaries 5. BP; OP; capillaries: ISF 6. OP; BP; ISF; capillaries 7. ISF; venous; lymphatic system

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position 1. Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as ____________ and is similar to ____________ in consistency and appearance. 2. Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the ____________ , which resemble ____________ . 3. Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called ____________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection. 4. The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of ____________ .

1. lymph; blood plasma 2. lymphatic vessels; veins 3. lymphatic tissues 4. lymphatic organs

Complete each sentence with the correct word from the list. 1. MHC class I molecules are found on ____________ cells. 2. MHC class II molecules are found on ____________ cells. 3. Foreign antigens combined with MHC class I molecules stimulate ____________ of infected cells. 4. Foreign antigens combined with MHC class II molecules stimulate ____________ of helper T cells.

1. nucleated 2. antigen-presenting 3. cell destruction 4. activation

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. 1. When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time, the immune reaction is called the ____________ response. 2. The appearance of protective ____________ is delayed for several days, while B cells multiply and differentiate. 3. As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the antibody concentration begins to ____________ . 4. Eventually the primary response will make an immune ____________ of the antigen.

1. primary 2. antibodies 3. rise term-1374. memory

3. An ECG tracing from someone with a third-degree AV block is best described as a tracing with a ______________________.

2:1 ratio of P waves to QRS complexes

Which of the following types of medications might be useful in treating high blood pressure?

A medication that reduces blood volume by increasing urination

Which do you expect to have the lowest blood pressure?

A vein leading directly to the right atrium

PR interval greater than 0.2 second

AV node block

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?

Airway pressure reaching zero; expiration

The refractory period prevents tetanic contractions from occurring. contributes to the rhythmicity of contractions. ensures that muscle contraction and most of relaxation has been completed before another cycle begins. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following determine mean arterial pressure? Heart rate Stroke Volume Peripheral Resistance All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is an effect of the inflammatory response in damaged or infected tissue? Vasodilation of blood vessels Chemotaxis of phagocytes into the area Increased vascular permeability All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?

Alveolar air

Identify each of the cell types listed that are associated with the alveoli of the lungs.

Alveolar type I Alveolar macrophage Alveolar type 2

Identify the structures listed that are associated with the respiratory membrane. (top left, down - top right, down)

Alveolar wall Fused basement membrane Surfactant Capillary endothelium

In which of these blood vessels will the blood encounter the highest resistance?

An arteriole with a diameter of 0.25 millimeters

Caffeine is a positive chronotropic agent. What effect on cardiac output can we expect in an individual who just drank a large cup of caffeinated coffee?

An increase in cardiac output

Digoxin is a positive inotropic agent that can be administered intravenously. What effect can be predicted in a patient who is treated with digoxin?

An increase in stroke volume

As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to resistance and blood flow in the athlete?

Blood flow will decrease as peripheral resistance increases, so the athlete's heart will have to work harder to compensate.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false.

Blood pressure is necessary to move the blood as blood flows from areas of lower to higher pressure. False Mean arterial pressure is more than the average of the systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta. False The difference between cardiac output when a person is at rest and maximum cardiac output is called the cardiac reserve. True

Exercise triggers an increase in sympathetic activity to the heart. What effect, if any, will this have on cardiac output?

Both "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in heart rate, which will increase cardiac output" and "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in ventricular contraction strength, which will increase cardiac output" are true.

As blood vessel length increases, what happens to peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

Both peripheral resistance and blood pressure increase

Match these terms with their correct definitions. Note that "EDV-ESV" refers to end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume.

CO X PR HR X SV Total force against which the blood must be pumped Heart beats per minute EDV - ESV

Which if the following statements regarding major histocompatibility proteins (MHCs) is true?

Class I MHC is found on all nucleated cells in the body.

If four new drugs were discovered and each of them resulted in the unique physiologic responses indicated below, which drug do you think would hold the most promise as a cure for tetrodotoxin poisoning? Drug 1: Stimulated an increase in the amount of neurotransmitters released from motor neurons Drug 2: Inhibited action potentials of motor neurons Drug 3: Caused hyperexitability of nervous and muscle tissue Drug 4: Dilated the alveoli within the lungs

Drug 3

Chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood carbon dioxide and pH.

False

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.

False

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

False

Which of the following is a feature of systemic inflammation?

Fever

Indicate which of these are age-related changes occurring to blood vessels.

Formation of calcium deposits in arteries Increase in systolic BP atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis

Which of the following is involved in the activation of antibody-mediated immunity?

Helper T cell

Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?

Increased blood pressure

Which of the following is false regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells?

It has enlarged terminal cisternae similar to skeletal muscle cells.

When taking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, which of the following is true of the diastolic BP?

It is recorded after the last pulse sound is heard

Select all that are examples of how immunotherapy can help treat diseases.

Kill tumor cells directly Altering immune system function Inhibiting the immune system Promote inflammation and activate immune cells

__________ law, which helps explain the critical closing pressure, states that the force that stretches the vascular wall is proportional to the diameter of the vessel times the blood pressure.

Laplace's

Label the photomicrograph based on the hints provided.

Lymph node Lymphatic nodule Subscapular sinus Medullary sinus Medulla

Check all statements that are correct about functions of the circulatory system.

Maintenance of blood pressure Exchange of nutrients such as glucose with tissues Removal of waste products like CO2 from tissue Transport of hormones, immune system cells enzymes

Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?

Major histocompatibility complex molecule

Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory system? Select all that apply.

Nasal cavity Trachea Pharynx Larynx

Nitric oxide is released by exercising muscle cells and causes vasodilation in nearby blood vessels. What effect (if any) will nitric oxide have on blood flow?

Nitric oxide causes an increase in local blood flow.

Foreign antigen presented by MHC class II on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction?

Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen.

Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system?

Pancreas

Which of the following types of immunity is gained by a patient that receives an antiserum injection for a snake bite?

Passive artificial immunity

As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to peripheral resistance in the athlete?

Peripheral resistance will increase.

Which component of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system in that it is a passageway for air as well as food?

Pharynx

Drag the activities to the phases corresponding to the numbers at different points on the graph.

Phase 1: Na+ channels open, Ca++ channels open or opening, K+ channels closed or closing Phase 2: Ca++ channels open or opening, K+ channels closed or closing Phase 3: K+ channels open

Antibody-mediated immunity involves the production of antibodies by which of the following cells?

Plasma cells

Which of the following is not a major effect of cytotoxic T cells?

Production of antibodies

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Protein absorption from the digestive tract

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for the processing of protein antigens originating outside of a cell?

Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system? Check all that apply.

Recover fluid from the interstitium to the blood plasma Remove foreign matter from fluid before returning it to the bloodstream Absorb dietary lipids

What are the two types of lymphatic tissues found in the spleen?

Red pulp and white pulp

As the muscles of the legs repeatedly contract and relax, what effect, if any, will this have on blood flow?

Repeated contraction of the leg muscles will increase venous return.

Label the structures of the lymphatic system

Right lymphatic duct Axillary node Mammary plexus Cervical lymph node Thoracic duct Inguinal lymph nod

CHAPTER 22

START

Identify the correct sequence of an action potential travelling through the heart.

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Which is not a layer of the respiratory membrane?

The visceral pleura, composed of a single layer of squamous cells

Which of the following is not a type of capillary?

Thoroughfare channel

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and stroke volume.

True

Self proteins of infected cells are not targeted by cytotoxic T cells.

True

The effectiveness of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity decrease with age.

True

The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.

True

There is only one immune system, but its responses often involve components of more than one type of immunity.

True

True of False: When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.

True

True or False: Gasses diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

True

Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?

Ventricles to great vessels

No QRS complexes; no rhythmic contraction of the myocardium; many patches of asynchronously contracting ventricular muscle

Ventricular fibrillation

Which of the following pressure values will enable the greatest blood flow from Vessel A to Vessel B?

Vessel A = 120 mm Hg; Vessel B = 60 mm Hg

Describe the relationship between pulse pressure, aging, and compliance.

With increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure increases.

Insufficient surfactant production would result in

a tendency for the lungs to collapse

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is caused by a long-term obstruction of airflow, which decreases pulmonary ventilation. Two major COPDs are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Indicate in which COPD each variable below would be increased or decreased. 1. Emphysema a) increased b) decreased 2. Chronic bronchitis c) increased d) decreased

a) Thoracic volume Size of alveoli Length of respiratory muscles b) Lung elasticity Number of alveoli Force generation of respiratory muscles c) Number of bronchial mucosa cells Mucus production d) Number of respiratory cilia Mobility of cilia

A strong athlete just finished a one-mile run and sat down to have a drink with her friends. During the run, her blood pressure was not dramatically elevated, but her cardiac output increased greatly. After the run, her cardiac output decreased dramatically, but her blood pressure decreased only to its resting level. a. Sympathetic stimulation of skeletal muscle and digestive system arteries, as well as of large veins _______. b. Vasoconstriction among the arteries within skeletal muscles _______. c. Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the digestive system and large veins _______. d. Blood flow in skeletal muscles _______. e. Blood flow to digestive system blood vessels _______. f. Blood volume in large veins _______. g. Venous return _______. h. Cardiac output______.

a. decreases b. increases c. increases d. decreases e. increases f. increases g. decreases h. decreases

An individual develops a cold from a co-worker. This is an example of __________ immunity.

active natural

In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in __________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

active; passive

The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class molecules

allow T cells to become activated.

The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the __________.

alveolar ventilation

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect all of the following except

blood pressure

Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the __________.

bronchial arteries

The ranking from highest to lowest PO2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is

capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.

The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called

cardiac reserve.

During inspiration, the diaphragm _______ and the volume of the thoracic cavity _________, whereas during expiration, the diaphragm _________ and the volume of the thoracic cavity ___________.

contracts increases relaxes decreases

A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will cause the diffusion rate to

decrease

If there is a rapid loss of blood volume: venous return to the heart would __________, preload would __________, and cardiac output would __________.

decrease; decrease; decrease

During expiration,

decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of __________.

diffusion

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure, thus resulting in ______________

drop below; inspiration.

The greater the compliance, the _______ it is to cause expansion of the lungs and thorax. An example of something that can decrease compliance is ________.

easier; pulmonary edema

Since the diaphragm is not contracting when you exhale, where does the force come from that makes the thoracic cavity smaller and increases pressure during normal exhalation?

elastic recoil

All of the following cardiac measurements will increase during exercise except ____________________.

end-systolic volume

The __________ the resistance in a blood vessel, the more rapidly the pressure __________ as blood flows through it.

higher; decreases

The heart has been estimated to consume 20-30 times its own weight in ATP each day, and mitochondria comprise about 30% of the volume of a cardiomyocyte... Obstruction of the coronary arteries is therefore expected to

increase in glucose consumption

During inspiration,

increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.

In __________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in __________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

innate; adaptive

The ___________ equals the HR X SV X PR.

mean arterial pressure

Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies, as wall as in the

medulla oblongata.

Two opposing mechanisms determine alveolar expansion: _______ leads to alveolar expansion, while ______ opposes alveolar expansion.

negative pleural pressure; lung recoil

Expiration during quiet breathing

occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.

a. Just after the QRS complex, the ________occurs. b. Upon the left ventricular pressure reaching 80 mm Hg, the aortic semilunar valve opens. This is the ________. c. Atrial systole completes ventricular filling during _________. d. The T wave is completed and the ventricles are repolarizing during the ________.

period of isovolumetric contraction period of ejection active ventricular filling period of isovolumetric relaxation

Small changes in _____________ will have a large impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness, while large changes in ___________ have a relatively minor effect on cardiac output.

preload; afterload

A blood vessel carries oxygenated blood toward the heart. This vessel must be a part of the __________ circulation.

pulmonary

As air moves down through the tracheobronchial tree, the first structure(s) that contain alveoli will be the

respiratory bronchioles

Increased production of surfactant would

result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases.

The largest fenestrae are seen in __________ capillaries, while the smallest fenestrae are seen in __________ capillaries.

sinusoidal; fenestrated

Which of the following is the term for the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules, which help you to exhale by making alveoli smaller?

surface tension

Resistance in the cardiovascular system

tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.

Which of the following could be involved to assist the diaphragm when you inhale normally?

the external intercostals

2. The rate of ventricular conduction is best determined by the _______________________ on an ECG.

the number of QRS complexes present within a specific unit of time

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Defense 2. Fluid equilibrium 3. Fat absorption

1,2,3

Indicate whether the given condition would increase or decrease blood flow with all other factors being equal. 1. Increase Flow 2. Decrease Flow

1. Increasing Vessel Radius Increasing blood velocity Increasing blood pressure gradient 2. Increasing blood viscosity Dehydration Vasoconstriction Increased resistance Increasing RBC count Increasing vessel length Erythropoietin hyposecretion

1. Increase Stroke Volume 2. Decrease Stroke Volume

1. Increasing preload Increasing Contractility Stress Increased renal water retention exercise 2. Significant Hemorrhage Increased mitral valve leakage

Match the component of the lymphatic system with its description. 1. Tonsils 2. Lymphatic nodules 3. Spleen 4. Thymus 5. Lymph nodes

1. MALT 2. MALT 3. Lymphatic organ 4. Lymphatic organ 5. Lymphatic organ

1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Cardiac Muscle

1. Multinucleate cells Very long cells Each cell is innervated All calcium comes from sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Action potential includes plateau phase Gap junctions between cells Branching cells May depolarize without nervous simulation

Categorize the following changes with regard to how they will impact cardiac output. 1. Decrease 2. Increase

1. Taking a beta-adrenergic 1. Taking nitroglycerin 1. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ 1. Increasing extracellular K+ 1. Decreasing blood pH 2. Taking an antihypertensive drug 2. Increased venous return 2. Taking a calcium channel blocker 2. Decreasing blood oxygen levels 2. Dropping body temperature

True or False: Each change described below is an age-related change of the heart. 1. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle 2. Decreased pressure in the aorta 3. Increased cardiac muscle stiffness 4. Pulmonary edema 5. Decreased rate of calcium transport 6. Decreased rate of ATP breakdown 7. Bicuspid valve stenosis 8. Increased number of SA node cells

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding primary and secondary responses to an antigen. 1. A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen. (Click to select) True False 2. In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells. (Click to select) True False 3. A secondary response is slower than a primary response. (Click to select) True False 4. In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells. (Click to select) True False

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True

True or False: Each of the following is a unique function of the cardiovascular system. 1. Carries blood 2. Exchanges nutrients 3. Transports substances 4. Helps regulate blood pressure 5. Directs blood flow to tissues 6. Absorbs lipids 7. Filters blood 8. Regulates the immune system 9. Regulates metabolic rate

1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. False

If the total pressure of a mixture of gases was 760 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, then the partial pressure of oxygen would be

152 mm Hg

If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?

756 mm Hg

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end renters the capillaries at the venous end?

90%

Check all statements that are correct about the nervous system control of blood flow.

A decrease in vasomotor tone causes blood vessels to dilate and BP to decrease Nervous control of blood vessels... In some tissues, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system cause the blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow

Which of the following is initiated by a disease-causing bacterium that causes disease symptoms in a patient?

Active natural immunity

Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ?

Adrenal gland

Blood vessel walls contain elastin, a protein that allows the vessel to stretch under high pressure. Which type of blood vessel do you expect will have the highest concentration of elastin in its walls?

Arteries

What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

Artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Identify the proper region for each pressure label.

Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure

Which of the following is caused by an adaptive response to self-antigens?

Autoimmune disease

One of the functions of the respiratory system is to alter the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, thus regulating __________.

Blood pH

___________ equals the HR X SV.

Cardiac output

Why is a cell-mediated immune response more effective against intracellular microorganisms (such as viruses) than an antibody-mediated response?

Cell-mediated response results in destruction of cells containing the intracellular microorganism; antibodies can't enter cells.

Place each label to indicate the muscular activation required to produce the designated volume. (from upper left, down)

Contraction of scalene, pectorals minor, and sternocleidomastoid Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals only Passive lung recoil Contraction of rectus abdominis, external obliques, and internal obliques

What are the two types of lymphatic tissues found in the lobules of the thymus?

Cortex and medulla

Which of the following statements concerning the lungs and the pleura is true?

Each lung is suspended in a separate pleural cavity.

What factors are responsible for the decrease in alveolar volume during a normal expiration?

Elastic recoil and surface tension of water

Lymph nodes filter blood, removing bacteria and other foreign substances.

False

The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air.

False

Which of the following is TRUE regarding hypertension and the loss of elastin?

If the arteries become less stretchy, the heart will have to work harder to eject blood.

Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense? Check all that apply.

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed.The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When re-exposed to a pathogen, there is usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen

Which of the following is not a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Innate

Identify the image that best represents each type of ventilation

Inspiration (blue) Expiration (red)

Identify the skeletal muscles of breathing listed by correctly placing the labels

Internal intercostal External intercostal Diaphragm

During exchange at the capillaries, what can cross the endothelial cells, diffusing through the plasma membranes?

Lipid-soluble substances

Which of the following organs does not contain lymphatic tissue?

Liver

Label the photomicrograph based on the hints provided.

Lymph node Cortex Capsule Germinal Center Medullary Cord

Which of the following is not related to innate immunity?

Memory

What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary cell-mediated immune response to an antigen?

Memory T cell

Select all that are functions of the respiratory system.

Respiration Voice production Regulation of blood pH Olfaction Protection from microorganisms Production of chemical mediators

Cessation of P wave; new low heart rate due to AV node acting as pacemaker; normal QRS complex and T wave

SA node block

CHAPTER 20

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CHAPTER 21

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What are defined as the mechanical mechanisms of the innate immunity?

Skin and mucous membranes

Label the photomicrograph based on the hints provided.

Spleen Trabecula Red pulp White pulp

During exercise, the amount of blood that returns to the heart increases dramatically. What change (if any) can be predicted about stroke volume?

Stroke volume will increase.

Which of the following would be most likely if the heart skeleton was absent, but SA node activity was normal?

The atria and ventricles would contract nearly simultaneously.

Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true?

The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.

Check all that occur to the lymphatic system and immunity with age.

The thymus is replaced with adipose tissue The ability to create new helper T cells decreases Primary and secondary antibody responses decrease

Which of the following does not occur during ventricular systole?

The ventricles fill with blood.

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

True

What type of cells make up about 90% of the alveolar surface?

Type I pneumocytes

Surfactant is produced by __________.

Type II pneumocytes

Which of the following is false when comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter?

Veins have more elastic tissue.

Explain the drop in blood pressure that occurs when one goes from lying down to standing up.

Venous compliance allows blood to pool in the legs, decreasing venous return. This causes a drop in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

You are born with it.

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

In the conduction system of the heart, ___________.

action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.

an increase; a decrease

Baroreceptors are located in the

aorta and carotid arteries.

The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the ______.

arterioles

Hardening of the arteries results in _______ and deposition of plaques in the walls of the arteries results in ______.

arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis

When blood pressure increases,

baroreceptors detect the change in the carotid arteries.

When blood carbon dioxide levels increase,

blood pH decreases.

The part of the respiratory tract where gas exchange does not take place is called _________.

dead space

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli.

1. A first-degree block is caused by ________________.

delay of the action potential between the SA and AV nodes

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is __________.

emphysema

In a patient experiencing an allergic reaction, __________ will greatly increase in number.

eosinophils

Systemic blood vessels transport blood

from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.

During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be

greater than atmospheric pressure.

The intrapulmonary pressure is _______________ than the atmospheric pressure during exhalation.

higher

As veins become larger in diameter, their total cross-sectional area __________ and the velocity of blood flow __________.

increases; decreases

As exercise progresses, muscular activity __________ venous return. This increases the _________ on the right ventricle.

increases; preload

With advancing age, the lymphatic system

is less responsive to antigens.

1. The semilunar valves remain open throughout the ____________________ phase of the cardiac cycle.

late ventricular systole

During the inflammatory response, __________ degranulate and release __________.

mast cells; histamine

During __________, the AV valves are open, and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.

passive ventricular filling

What is the name for the membranes which surround the lungs?

pleural

The extent to which ventricular walls is stretched at the end of diastole is called ________. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiomyocytes are not stretched to the point at which they contract with maximal force. This gives the heart the ability to respond to changes in ______ return by adjusting cardiac output in terms of ______ and contractile force. The pressure a heart must exert to open the ________ is called ________. This is generally a value of about ______ mm Hg. Afterload is therefore determined by diastolic ________.

preload venous stroke volume aortic valve afterload 80 blood pressure

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________, and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________

recoil; increases.

The inspiratory muscles ____________ during normal exhalation resulting in a/an __________________ in the thoracic volume.

relax; decrease

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by __________.

simple diffusion

In the heart, an action potential originates in the

sinoatrial node.

The peripheral chemoreceptors that respond to oxygen levels in the blood are located in _______________.

structures within the carotid arteries and aorta

At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries,

the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries,

the PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

The reason tetrodotoxin causes death so quickly is directly related to

the loss of respiratory muscle function, which disables a person's ability to appropriately adjust thoracic volumes and associated intrapulmonary pressures

Fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because

the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

Fluids reenter the capillaries at the venous end because

the net filtration pressure of the interstitial fluid is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along

the vagus nerve.

Physiological dead air space is anatomic dead space plus

the volume of any alveoli where gas exchange is diminished.

Arteriosclerosis is characterized by

thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.

When baroreceptors sense a drop in blood pressure, the vasomotor center responds by __________.

triggering peripheral vasoconstriction

The atrioventricular valves open during

ventricular diastole.

2. The atria remain in diastole throughout both the _______________________ phases of the cardiac cycle.

ventricular systole and ventricular diastole