AP United States History: Chapter 21

How did the battle of Gettysburg support the Union victory?

- 3-day bloody battle keeps Lee from invading the N. through PA - Lee wanted to wage an offensive war or capture major cities but failed - Lincoln refuses to meet wit hcS negotiators (who thought they'd win, but actually lost) - Gettysburg Address - response and justifying war

How did the battle of Antietam support the Union victory?

- Basically a draw, but it kept the British and French from helping the South - Lincoln got confidence to launch the Emancipation Proclamation

What was the North's six-fold military plan?

- Blockade coasts and cut off South's imports/exports - Free slaves (ending South's current economy) - Seize control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy - Splinter Confederacy further through military campaigns in GA, NC, and SC - Capture Richmond - Try to exhaust the enemy everywhere and "grind it into submission"

How did the Union's "twin victories" at Gettysburg and Vicksburg help the Union?

- By ensuring access to the Mississippi River, much needed goods like cattle made it to the North, quieting those arguing for peace in the Butternut Region (because they needed access to these trade routes) - The victories increased the diplomatic strength of the North and destroyed any tiny possibility for foreign intervention to aid the South. (Britain no longer delivered Laird rams to the CSA, France refused to sell naval vessels to the CSA)

What political groups sought power in the election of 1864?

- Copperheads - extreme democrats - brazenly obstructed the war effort (opposed the draft, the Emancipation, and Lincoln) demanded immediate end to war - Northern Democrats - divided in "War" and "Peace" Democrats; Peace democrats did not support Lincoln - Radical Republicans disliked Lincoln's expansion of Presidential power during the war, didn't like weakness of the Emancipation Proclamation - Union Party - War Democrats + Republicans

What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

- Freed slaves in the rebellious CSA territories

What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation? List and describe at least three specific consequences.

- Many slaves freed themselves, leaving plantations without workers, and fled to the Union army, which helped increase Lincoln's moral plight. - It led to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, which officially and effectively freed the slaves. The Proclamation's passage also meant that no negotiations would ever be possible and the war would be a fight to the death. - Opposition in the North to the "abolition war" occurred as many Union army volunteers from the Border States did not want to fight against slavery. This led to an increase in desertions. - Democrats took many positions (though not control) of congress in the 1862 midterm elections. - The South accused Lincoln of trying to instigate a slave insurrection, which encouraged much of the European aristocracy to support the South. - Much of Europe, particularly the working classes in GB, saw the Proclamation as the sign that slavery was ending, and they more fervently opposed intervention. This improved the North's diplomatic position. - The North had a stronger moral cause - it was now saving the Union and freeing the slaves, whereas the South had no moral component to rest on.

How did the battle of Vicksburg support the Union victory?

- N. keeps control of the Mississippi River: cattle and supplies continue to go to the N.; butternut region is quieted because they need access to this route - Cut off CSA's supply vain; split CSA in two - Diplomatic advantage - no chance anyone in Europe with help the S.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Union cause?

- No compromise, no way - Slaves left plantations, fled to the Union army (increased Lincoln's moral plight) - Union moral cause raised - now both saving Union and freeing slaves - Europe more fervently opposed intervention in the South - Border state army volunteers begin to desert - 1862 midterm election - Democrats took more power - Disunity in the North - S. economy hurt more without labor of slaves - Thirteenth Amendment - 1865 - officialy freed slaves everywhere

What were the larger consequences of the Civil War?

- Slavery Abolished - 600,000+ men died during combat or of disease, 1 million total killed or seriously wounded, 2% of the nation's population = affects future leadership and the strong young men are gone - War cost $15 billion directly (w/o pensions, national debt interest) - U.S. survived another test democracy; impact seen with worldwide increase in democracy - Led to increase in Constitutional rights for African Americans; social welfare support - Expanded federal power - States' rights are finally done for good; federal government reigns supreme = no more seccession or nullification

How did African Americans participate in the Civil War? What were some consequences of this?

- Starting out as cooks, stewards, and firemen in the Navy because they weren't allowed in the Army when the war began, black enlistees were accepted as Northern manpower diminished. Approximately 180,000 served in the Union army, and made up 10% of total enlistments. Positive: - Serving enabled them to prove their manhood and claims to full citizenship - Received 22 Congressional Medals of Honor Negative: - Extremely heavy casualties (+38k died in battle, from illness or by their former masters) - Because the South did not consider them POWs until 1864, many were executed when captured for being "slaves in revolt"

Battle of Bull Run

1861 - Lincoln decided to use this attack on a small Confederate force as a test to determine if the Union was militarily superior. He hoped that it would lead to capturing Richmond (CSA capital), which would discredit secession and restore the Union without damaging the South's economy or social system. The Union however could not penetrate Stonewall Jackson's warriors nor the CSA reinforcements. The Southern victory inflated the South's existing overconfidence (leading to Southern desertion and a false sense that war was over), and helped the Union realize that the war would be long and require a serious commitment.

Emancipation Proclamation

1862/3 - Preliminarily issued after Antietam in 9/1862, it was officially released on 1/1/1863. It declared all slaves freed in CSA areas in rebellion. It did not include those in Border States or in conquered parts of the CSA. Lincoln justified these actions via religion and justice. (Oddly, where he could effectively have freed slaves - Border States - he did not because it could have led them to rebel. And where he did free them - in rebellious areas of the CSA - it was largely ineffective. Thus the document was most effective as symbolic.)

Thirteenth Amendnment

1865 - passed eight months after the war end, this amendment freed all slaves

How did McClellan's failure to take Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign impact slavery?

Had McClellan taken Richmond, the war would have ended in mid-1862 and most likely, slavery would not have been abolished. However, Lee's success meant that the war would continue at least until slavery was abolished and the South destroyed. This also encouraged Lincoln to abolish slavery as a consequence for those who were attempting to "destroy the government."