AP US Master Set

United States v Butler

(1936) This was a Supreme Court case during the New Deal. The case ruled the AAA unconstitutional because of its intrastate tax on the processing of foods

Wagner-Steagall National Housing Act

(1937) This act created low income housing by subsidizing rents for poor people and extended long-term loans to local agencies willing to assume part of the cost of slum clearance and public housing. It also established the National Housing Authority (NHA)

Grapes of Wrath

(1939) The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California, this book is based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

Administrative Reorganization Act

(1939)This act gave the president the ability to "reduce, coordinate, consolidate and reorganize" government agencies, which was the last thing FDR could get through congress before smarter people had had enough

The Affluent Society

(1958) by John Kenneth Galbraith; said that the nation's postwar prosperity was a new phenomenon...before, there used to be an "economy of scarcity" because of lack of resources and overpopulation, but due to the US's and other industrialized countries' technology, it was an "economy of abundance" (new business techniques and improved tech. enabled nations to produce an abundance of goods and services)

Six-Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights, The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

Brinkmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

Beats

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s, this group rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop)

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists by Rachel Carson (1962). Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Witness Trees

A tree carved with lot numbers indicating that property was claimed.

General Bernard Montgomery

British general who led a successful counter-campaign against General Rommel in North Africa

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. This action occurred when the British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British

Santa Anna

Convincing Polk that if he was granted access back into Mexico from his exile in Cuba he would cede California and New Mexico to America and end the war, he was granted access through the blockade back into Mexico and quickly prepared Mexico to defeat America in war, ceding nothing

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group called this were importing whiskey and using bribes of officials to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. Grant's personal secretary was part of the scam

John Brown

In 1859, the militant abolitionist this man and 21 others seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured by Lee in the arsenal after a siege and later executed. Two of his sons died in the fighting along side 8 others. Only 5 escaped

Pacific Railroad Act

In 1862, this act gave aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean, following the northern route through Nebraska as proposed by Douglass, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific would be the two companies to profit from the venture and would finish in 1869.

Border Ruffians

Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas's election for the first territorial legislature during 1855

Lamanites

Mormon term for native americans, who are sinners because of their dark skin. At common of the Messiah, their skin will turn as white as holy Europeans

Great Migration

Movement of over 400,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920, spurred by the lack of a labor force in the war caused by WWI. This radically changed the culture of northern cities forever

Ethiopia

Mussolini invaded, conquering it in 1935. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini as well as the United States

Sioux and Pawnee

Native American tribes that were nomadic and followed the buffalo herds

New Jersey Plan

New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress, keeping the Articles of Confederation, but established a minimal plural executive but did have a full supreme court system, a King Pin Clause, and allowed Congress to tax

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

New York City fire in whch 146 workerswere killed because of flagrant violatios of the fire code. This spurred a great progressive movement in America's most populous and influential city

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965

New housing subsidy programs and made federal loans and public housing grants easier to obtain

Barbed Wire

New invention of the Second Industrial Revolution used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.

Model T

Nicknamed the Tin Lizzie, this was the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine which was mass-produced by Henry Ford from 1908 to 1927

June 14th, 1940

Not even a month removed from the chaos at the beaches of Dunkirk, on this day Paris was conquered by the Germans. France would fall in exile eight days later when a puppet government surrendered

630,000

Number of men killed from the War

Supreme Court

On March 27th of 1868, congress removed this being's ability to review cases under the Military Reconstruction Ax, legal under congress's constitution power to determine appellate jurisdiction of Federal Courts

Lee Harvey Oswald

On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

May 13

On this day in 1846, 4 days after word came of the attacks on Taylor's men, the Senate declared war on Mexico

Stephen Austin

Originally of Missouri, his man brought 300 families into Texas and began a steady migration of American settlers into the frontier territory. By 1835, Americans outnumbered native Texans (Mexicans) 10 to 1. He brought a culture very similar to the old south

Margaret Corbin

Pennsylvanian who accompanied her husband when he joined the Continental Army. After he died in battle, she took his place

Overseer

Person in charge of slaves in the field, rarely a position of a black man

Woodrow Wilson

Pleading to keep America out of the escalating war in Europe, this man won his party's nomination again in 1916 so to run for his second term, which he succeeded in doing if only by a close margin. Originally he stayed with his campaign promise, immediately going to Europe and attempting to broker peace after his inauguration. He however failed, and slowly drifted into the camp of the people demanding war, alienating the bedrock of his party

Cash and Carry

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Massive Resistance

Policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954

Distribution Act

Pressured by Henry Clay, this act allowed the federal government to distribute the surplus from selling western lands among the states as loans. Surplus was proportionately divided according to each state's representation in the two houses of Congress and the payments from the loans were never asked for by the Federal government

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages, but help increase food prices over the country

Matthew Lyon

Republican representative of Vermont jailed for criticizing Adams

Specie

Silver and/or gold coins

Environment

Suffering alongside the Confederacy, the south, which depended so much upon this, actually destroyed (with the aid of the Union) through the war as entrenchments caused rapid erosion and the war took many the lives of livestock

Great Compromise

The compromise, prosed by Roger Sherman, made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Asiento

The control of the slave trade (by taxation)

Preston Brooks

This congressman from South Carolina beat past the point of unconsciousness congressman from the Free-Soil Party Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, creating a martyr for the free-soil cause but also creating a southern hero, who was reelected after resigning at the near demand of the Washington

Alexander Berkman

This man ruined the Homestead Strike by attempted to assassinate Henry Frisk, causing sympathy for the strikers to evaporate. Nearly 5 months after the strike began, the strike failed and only 1/5 of the original strikers were hired back at lower wages

Thomas Jefferson

This man was elected partially in the election of 1794, even though he firmly refused to run for office in that year

Rutherford B Hayes

This man was the republican candidate along side William Wheeler who was nominated over Blaine of Maine due to his record having less (not none) scandals. The republicans ran under the banner of Hayes, who supported civil rights but a return to conservative rule in the south, as the Democrats felt as well. To distance themselves from the Democrats, who agreed with them on most issues, they waved the blood shirt

John C Breckinridge

This man, who was vice-president under Buchanan, of Kentucky was the nominee for president from the Southern Democrats

Water Cure

This method of torture was commonly in practice during the Philippine-American War

Americans

This militia based army preferred ambushes then European style open-field battles

Desert

This moron state was never created, but it was proposed and would included all Mexican concessions not part of California and New Mexico but would contain a coastal strip from Los Angeles to San Diego

Greenback Party (Independent National Party)

This party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war. The party pooled a million votes in the 1878 election, and elected 15 representatives. However, the party stumbled in 1880 and failed by 1884

Gadsden Purchase

This purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 completed the continental United States, It provided the land needed to build the southern transcontinental railroad, but actually contained only a few bits of the main route that went through Phoenix in 1886. It was supported by many northerns as any other route went through Indian territory

Worker Compensation Laws

This series of laws was an early victory for the progressive movement state-by-state, beginning in Maryland in 1902

White Collar

This type of worker for the first time in history was more numerous then the hourly-waged worker

Eugene Connor

police commissioner of Birmingham AL, arrested 2200 demonstrating for civil rights during the summer of 1963 in 5 weeks

Reclamation Act

Also known as the Newlands Act, this 1902 act funded irrigation projects for arid western lands and established what would become the Bureau of Reclamation

George S McGovern

Symbolizing the liberal element that had taken the democratic party after LBJ, the democrats nearly ensured their defeat in 1972 by electing this South Dakotan whose liberal ideals alienating many, even the AFL-CIO and Richard Daley of Chicago

Bolsheviks

When this communist group, led Vladimir Lenin inspired by Marx, took over Russian during the food shortages in November of 1917, Americans incorrectly determined that the true fight in Europe was for constitutional democracy, which was a force that could get America into war

Indians

Whether these people fought for the British or the Americans, no treaty was recognized after the war for their efforts as their lands were taken

Zachary Taylor

Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (mexican-american war). Won the 1848 election. He surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform and was against the Compromise of 1850. He died naturally during his term

Proprietary Colonies

This type of colony were under the authority of individuals who were granted a charter and ownership by the king (Maryland and Pennsylvania)

Royal Colonies

This type of colony were under the direct rule of the king and the Royal government (Ex Virginia)

Nation State

This type of independent country began to arise in the late 15th Century, and was based on a common culture and political loyalty, and to keep that loyalty the royalty would use colonization to promote trade and the country's religion to keep in good faith with the people

The University of Virginia

This school was the first to introduce a fully modern non-thelogy based curriculum which other secular schools would follow

Technology

This was employed most effectively by Americans over the 19th century, leading the US to become a world power in the 20th century. It is exemplified by roads or canals making agriculture possible in nearly all parts of the nations, as well as factories replacing skilled laborers of craftsmen

Mother Jones

United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Pet Banks

23 state banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank. State banks were not well managed and therefore with extra capital a credit bonanza occurred, creating a bubble which would pop harshly as Jackson left office

William Henry Harrison

9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840 instead of Clay. Proven vote getter with experience as Governor of the Indian Territory. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend. Died a month after taking the office after defeating Van Buren

Clay's Compromise

A "Second" Missouri Compromise stipulated that the section of the Missouri Constitution which prohibited free blacks or mulattoes in the state (which directly was unconstitution-article IV, section 2) would never be enforced or the state would not be admitted. The boneless compromise was successful and Missouri was added to the union on August 10th, 1821

July 11th

After being briefed two days earlier at McClellan's headquarters by McClellan on how insufficient his military knowledge is, Lincoln dismissed McClellan as General in Chief and replaced him with the always incompetent Henry Halleck from the west

Tenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that states that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Reuben James

This was the frist US warship sunk, in October of 1941, by German forces. It prompted congress to make changes to the Neutrality ACt of 1939 so that merchant vessels could be armed and could take goods to ports that the president approved

Lewis and Clark

"Corps of Discovery" Sent on an expedition by Jefferson, approved by Congress, to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase, and also allowed the US to lay a claim to the Oregon territory

Munn v Illinois

(1877) Involved right of state of Illinois to regulate the charges and services of Chicago warehouse. Supreme Court upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.

Swift and Company v Untied States

(1905) This Supreme Court decision overturned its decision from United States v E. C. Knight and Company only ten years previous that manufacturing was a strictly intrastate practice as the meat of this company was brought in from many areas. Anti-trust suits could be brought against almost every company now. From this case the Supreme Court put forth the "stream-of-commerce" doctrine

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more. In 1910 Japan would annex Korea, and both gave up all claims (for the time being) for Manchuria.

Pure Food and Drug Act

(1906) Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Appalachian Forest Reserve Act

(1911) This act by Taft did what Roosevelt would not dare and purchased large tracks of land in the east, instead of just the west, for the protection of forest, a more expensive but more progressively practical approach to conservationism

Principles of Scientific Management

(1911) This book, championing its name sake philosophy, also referred to as Taylorism, sought to reduce waste and inefficiency in production by measuring every movement and regulating every step of the work process. It was written by Frederick Taylor.

Warehouse Act

(1916) Allowed merchants to store goods until a buyer was found, permitted loans on the security of staple crops.

Federal Highway Act

(1916) Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point and finally overturned the Jacksonian idea that the Federal government should not interfere with road construction

Abrams v United States

(1919) , The court upheld the Sedition Act of four Russian immigrants who had printed pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution. The nation's highest court thus endorsed the severe wartime restriction on free speech. Unlike in Schenck's case, there were dissenters for two of the Justices felt that the men prose absolutely no threat to America

Eighteenth Amendment

(1919) Constitutional amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Schenck v United States

(1919) Court case that limited freedom of speech and therefore upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts. The court ruled that such material is like shouting fire in a theater, just doing harm to the country instead of theater-goers

American Individualism

(1922) Hoover's book that set out ideology that should drive American policy, values of public service, neighborliness, self help, volunteerism, cooperation, stressed individualism as part of American character, these values translated into American free market system. Key to success was unbridled initiative. Government should be small, self regulated, and should promote business.

Feminine Mystique

(1963) Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

Gay Liberation Front

(1969): revolutionary group, rejected hetero normative societal restrictions, roles of straight and gay—homosexuality was a potential that could be unleashed in anyone; claimed that sexual liberation for all people cannot come about until existing sexual institutions are abolished

Muller v Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon's state restrictions for a 10 hour work week for women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health (mental)

Mann-Elkin Act

1910, gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companie; included communications

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday and established a commission to study the working conditions of the railroads.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

1936 act in response to United States v Butler that allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil", prevent erosion, and accomplish other minor goals. It payed farms to reduce the planting of soil-depleting crops, which is nearly all major crops

Smith Act

1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists, but the Warren Court severely limited its power to nearly nothing. The Court ruled that teaching revolutionary doctrine could not be against the law, only doing teachings such could be

Destroyer-Base Deal

1940; This deal gave GB 50 refurbished US WWI boats for old coal ports in the Pacific as well as Caribbean bases

The Great War

9 million combatants died during this conflict, which started after a Serbian assassinated archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to Russia's mobilization to protect Serbia and then a series of alliances led to all of Europe entering this war

Presbyterianism

A branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Because of the New York began to replace New Orleans as the port for western products

Fair Deal

A deal that created projects to create jobs, build public housing, and end racial discrimination. South Democrats and Republicans worked together to stop this idea

Battle of the Philippine Sea

A decisive 1944 naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte. It ensured the capture of the Marianas which, after the entire change was conquered, General Tojo resigned along with his cabinet on July 18, 1944, as he felt as if the war was lost

James Davenport

A deranged revivalist who traveled along the Connecticut Coast in 1742 playing upon popular emotion. He urged people to burn books written by authors who had not experienced the New Light.

Watts

A district in Los Angeles where a six day race riot in August of 1965 occurred. The riot showed that many blacks were becoming disillusioned with peaceful means. This was the first clear example of an idea that had perpetuating the nation: the southern riots that had started the civil rights movement were caused by white racists, but the later ones in the north were all caused by blacks destroying their own property in order to gain

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Woodrow Wilson

A near darkhorse candidate of New Jersey, this governor was became the Democratic candidate in 1912 on the 46th ballet, beating out favoured Champ Clark of Missouri, the Speaker of the House. After the Illinois democratic representative chose Wilson over Clark on the 40th ballet, it was nearly assured he would win, only lasting so long because of the aid (blocking techniques) of Oscar Underwood and William Jennings Bryan. He clinched an easy plurality in the election due to the Republican rift, but lost if the votes for the two candidate were combined. His victory brought into power the South for the first time since the Civil War

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to a preemptive attack any nation or militant group that has weapons of mass destruction (or simply a dangerous enemy of America) that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.

Driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation

New Look

A term used to describe the shift in foreign policy from containment to massive retaliation undertaken by Dulles and the Join Chiefs of Staff under Eisenhower. This meant that nuclear power would be used in places like Korea, if they were to arise, instead of much more expensive conventional weapons and infantry in order to save money and help balance the budget

70

After producing 30% of the national output in 1940, the 100 largest companies in America produced this percentage in 1943, a trend that would only increase after the war

Office of Price Administration

After some attempts to keep this administration, it passed during 1946 as the nation desired a return to more unregulated capitalism after the war

Robert J Walker

After this man resigned at Buchanan's support of the pro-slavery constitution he felt invalid, his replacement forced a revote on the constitution for Kansas which pro-slavery forces boycotted on the basis that the vote had already been taken and so the new election was invalid.

California and New Mexico

Against the wishes of Congress, these two territories were organized as free-territories, aligning with the wishes of President Taylor

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders, agreed upon by France, that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country without Florida or Canada but with lands extending to the Mississippi River

Guam, Wake Island, The Gilbert Islands, Hong Kong, Rangoon, and Manila

All of these places were captures easily by Japanese troops before the end of 1941

Henry Clay

Although unsuspectedly, this man was an economic nationalist supporting protective tariffs, higher prices for federal land, and a strong bank even though all of these provisions were detrimental to his constituents.

The Convention of 1800

America and France finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. This convention between the two kept then from going to war and dividing the nation.

Eighteenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920 after the successful attempts by the Anti-Saloon League and the Wonmen's Christian Temperance Union. It prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1932

Eighth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that states that states that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP)

An organization formed to run Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the Watergate scandal.

William Faulkner

Arguably the greatest United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about the southern United States (1897-1962). His works include The Sound and The Fury

Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney

As a child, her father left for the military, leaving her to take care of her family and plantations on Carolina coast. She decided to grow indigo, being raised in Antigua where it was a common crop, which ended up being very profitable. Both of her sons, Charles and Thomas, would later run together on the Presidential Ballot

Robert Lansing

Became Secretary of State during the First World War after the pacifist Bryan resigned in protest of America's non-neutrality neutrality. He helped negotiate the Lansing-Ishii treaty with Japan.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. The Navigation Acts would now be enforced

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, Italy, the United States, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of an Army, Navy, or an Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons. France also could use the Saar coal mines, and in 15 years would require a vote for which country Saar would belong to. France also acquired Alsace and much of Lorraine (All France's demand). South Tyrol also went into Italian hands as well as Schleswig and Holstein returning to Denmark. Wilson's Fourteen Points only shine through with the establishment of the new countries of Eastern Europe and with the League of Nations, which was created. Domestically, it caused many people's support for Wilson to wane as he was the first president to ever leave the country while in office, and did so for 6 months in the beginning of 1919

Fort Mims

Creeks allied with the England attacked this Alabama fort in 1813 in a mercilious attack that included scalping. The Americans would get this fort back by the efforts of Andrew Jackson, who decimated the hated Creeks

Corn, Beans, and Tabacco

Crops grown by average Native Americans

Buford

Dubbed the Soviet Ark, this ship signified the highest point of the Red Scare following WWI as 249 communists were deported to Helsinki on December 22 of 1919 by Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer following many bombings, especially mail bombings, by people who identified themselves as communists

Jefferson

Due to a divided Federalist party, Adams could not secure New York or South Carolina to his cause and allowed this man to become president, once he convinced the House that he would support Hamiltonian economics and not replace Adam's political staff

1837

Due to the economic collapse of this year, all national unions failed as well as most of the local unions

Catholicism

Due to the great influx of Irish before the Civil War, this denomination became the largest in America

Mobility

Due to this new ability of teenagers, crime rates among teens sky-rocketted after WWII, leading to over then 1 million arrests in 1956, mainly car-jacking

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers in order to maximize the war effort

Thomas Jefferson

During his first term in office, this man learned to accept Hamiltonian economics, except in two instances. He refused to keep the Whisky Act, repealing it, and also he saw it fit that the national government quit supplying northern investors with profits and balanced the budget, cutting nearly everything, including defense, and only allowing a few tariffs and the sale of land to supply the treasury with funds

Teaching and Nursing

During the 19th century, these were the only two skilled professions that women practiced. All other women remained in the home or at factories which had only women as a work force for they were cheaper and usually single, such as the Lowell Girls

Stagflation

During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth. This was mainly due to Japan and western European (West Germany) reemerging as industrial powers, and was also aided by LBJ paying for the Vietnam War through deficit spending

Cotton

During the Jacksonian years, this crop became the main staple of southern agriculture

Nicholas Trist

During the Mexican-American War, was sent by Polk with the Mexicans . He was ordered to arrange an Armistice with Santa Anna for $10,000. Santa Anna used the bribe money to bolster his defenses. President Polk was disgusted by his envoy's incompetence and prompted him to order Trist to return to the United States which he refused. He was scorned for this decision falling out of government even though he secured the favourable Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Only late in his life was he horned and rightly paid by the government for his acts

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

City-Manager Plan

Elected officials hired an outside expert who was usually a highly trained businessman or engineer to take charge of the government. People believed that this would result in decrease of corruption in politics. This system for community governments took hold during the progressive era, and began in Staunton Virginia. By 1914 the National Association of City Managers was formed

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe invented this machine in 1846, which would very quickly be replaced by Isaac Merrit Signer

The American Scholar

Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own techniques instead of using European ideas and cultural characteristics

Sir Francis Drake

English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships; 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada. The second person to circumnavigate the globe. He did his acts under the orders of Queen Elizabeth I

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. He was a unionist senator from New Hampshire eventually moving to Massachusetts

West Virginia

Formed with the support of McClellan's Ohio forces, this state was accepted into the Union in 1863 with a constitution that would slowly emancipate slavery in this state

Elijah J. Lovejoy

Former Presbyterian minister, this man established a reform paper: St. Louis Observer. Once his press was destroyed once he moved to Alton, IL. (Alton Observer). He was against slavery and injustices inflicted against blacks. The third time his press attempted to be destroyed in 1837 he had taken up arms but was killed and so became a martyr for the anti-slavery movement

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

French engineer who advocated an American canal through panama and helped instigate a 1903 Panamanian rebellion against Colombia, which was successful due to the failure of the Colombians to go through the dense jungles of Panama with the US guarding any sea assault. The revolt, very much supported by President Roosevelt, was a colossal failure for the United States, as the Harding administration paid Colombia for the damages from the loss of Panama in 1921 ($25 Million)

Green Mountain Boys

Group who was led by Ethan Allen and captured at Fort Ticonderoga in 1775

Wendell Willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, after voting for him as a democrat in 1932, led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign supporting aid to the allies, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, larger then the last two republican candidates.

Alfred Smith

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics

Louis McLane

He was secretary of the Treasury. He questioned Jackson's "Pet Bank" method, and was fired for it.

Vittorio Orlando

He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for Italy to acquire Dalmatia accounting to the secret Treaty of London

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them. Even though he championed conservationism, he, like his contemporaries, did not understand the ecology of the lands they were protect. For example, this man believed that wildfires were harmful

John Hay

His contributions included the adoption of an Open Door Policy in China (announced on January 2, 1900) which may have been a contributing factor in the Boxer Rebellion, and the preparations for the Panama Canal. He negotiated the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), the Hay-Herran Treaty (1903), and the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903), all of which were instrumental in clearing the way for the construction and use of the Canal. In all, he brought about more than 50 treaties, including the settlement of the Samoan dispute, as a result of which the United States secured Tutuila, with a harbor in the Pacific; a definitive Alaskan boundary treaty in 1903; the negotiation of reciprocity treaties with Argentina, France, Germany, Cuba, and the British West Indies; the negotiation of new treaties with Spain; and the negotiation of a treaty with Denmark for the cession of the Danish West India Islands.

Moratorium

Hoover instituted this on all debt payments to the US in 1931 in order to save all western nations from defaulting. While it relieved the strain on Europe, that relief proved to be too attractive and European nations would not pay in 1932

1928

Ibn this year Mexico threatened to expropriate American oil properties in the nation, to which negotiations occurred so that did not occur. It did finally happen in 1938, but at a reimbursement to Americans

Federal Farm Board

In 1930 this section of the Department of Agriculture increased the loans to farmers and its purchases of the surpluses to keep prices artificially high. Once these extra measures could not be continued one year later, the farming communities collapsed

Manchukuo

In 1932 Japan established this puppet state in their conquered territories of Manchuria. In 1933 the League of Nations reprimanded Japan, and so the nation withdrew from the organization, which was at the same time as Germany withdrawing as well

Lend-Lease program

In 1941, the US lent money and resources to the European states to help fight the Nazi's, but for free to avoid the debt issues of WWI (and the Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934 prohibited it anyways).

Israel

In 1947 the UN General Assembly had approved the creation of a Jewish homeland by ending the British mandate in Palestine and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish and one Arab because of the influence of the Zionists after the Holocaust. On May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed this state, and all of the surrounding Arab nations declared war and invaded. After a short war, the Israelis gained control of the country. The US was the first country to diplomatically recognize this country, alienating many Arab nations close to it

Social Security Act

In 1954 and 1956, this new deal act was amended to include white-colllar professionals, domestic workers, farm workers, and servicemen which took the program from one that covered most of depression American to one that would cover all of American after the war

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure even though Eisenhower had presided over its idea and preparation and JFK simply gave the ok, since the invasion occurred after Eisenhower left office

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. Originally Italy was a member, but refused to join the war in its beginnings and eventually joined with the Allies to receive Austrian lands, and Italy did eventually receive South Tyrol

Reports on Public Credit

In these two reports by Hamilton to Congress, Hamilton lays out a plan for the national government to absorb all state debt, which was very popular in the North East where the debt was large and unpaid, but extremely unpopular in the South where the debt was smaller, but being paid off respectively. It also meant that Americans holding state debt could seamlessly obtain National debt in exchange. This also benefitted speculators at the cost of farmers, which in Hamilton's mind only confirmed the growth of capitalism in American. Finally in the second report Hamilton continued to support his decisions as well as adding a necessary liquor tax to aid revenue from another source then just tariffs, as well as adding a mint to make national currency as well as a national bank to store revenue from taxes in order to tie the rich bankers and investors to the National Government. All of these measures were to curve the too expansive national debt (Hamilton Copied Robert Morris)

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v Illinois

In this Supreme Court case, the court ruled that individual states do not have authority to regulate the railroads. Therefore, in Cleveland's mind, the Federal government must act

Yazoo

In this black dominated Mississippi County that voted more then 3:1 Republican to Democrat in the 1873 elections the effectiveness of the KKK can be seen as in 1875 4,049 voted Democratically, compared to 7 Republican votes

Casablanca

In this city in 1943 GB and the US met to discuss any changing to the war strategy after they had successfully conquered Africa. FDR set out the American desire to invade France, but Churchill would not allow it. Churchill finally bargained with FDR to increasing bombings on Germany's heartland as long as Italy, and not Greece, would be invaded and aid to China would be increased. It was also during these eight days of negotiations that it would be decided that only terms of "unconditional surrender" would be accepted. While very close to unconditional surrender, Japan and Italy were able to surrender under certain conditions

Tehran

In this city in the fall of 1943, FDR and Churchill finally met with Stalin and agreed upon a plan for war with the USSR, which included a June 1944 invasion of France, and the USSR would aid the US in Japan once Germany was defeated. It also set up a tentative plan for the UN, as well as allowing the USSR to control Eastern Europe.

1918

In this election year, Democrats lost both houses of Congress because of the entry into the war, and the fact that peace came a week after the election. Wilson further alienated once supporting republicans by not putting a republican on the staff of peace commissioners

1890

In this election, the democrats took the house, out numbing republicans 3:1. This was a reaction to the growing Teetotaling movement, which was made up of Republicans and the McKinley tariff that rose prices on the consumer. In response, drinking immigrants and the planters and miners of the South and west organized to take back the government from the Republicans

Iraq

In this previously pro-western monarchial country of the middle east, rebels in July of 1958 overthrew the king and his heirs and established a government which supported the ideas of the USSR and Nasser

Treaty of London

In this secret treaty, the plan was to split up the Central Powers and weaken the eastern and western fronts. Britain offered Italy large lands near the Adriatic (Dalmatia), and both France and Britain wanted Italy to join so that a new front could open up the south of the western.

Headright System

In this system, Virginia offered 50 acres of land for anyone who paid for a passage to Virginia (so if a indentured servant contract was established, then the landowner got the land)

Twenty-one Demands

In this ultimatum, Japan threatened to conquer all of China and close the nation to the rest of the world

1936

In this year Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in direct violation of the Treat of Versailles

1802

In this year Jefferson's congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 that hoped to seal the judiciary system in the ideals of the federalist party as they lost the presidency and legislative powers to the Democratic-Republicans

1821

In this year Mexico finally gained its independence with the willing removal of the remaining Spanish authorities

1873

In this year a depression occurred that lasted six years because of the contraction of money supplies from the Public Credit Act and the enormous investment into railroads, causing northerns to focus from that point on at economic issues facing business rather then civil rights. Civil rights would not be an issue again until LBJ

1819

In this year a financial panic occurred due to British manufactures finally choosing East Indian cotton over American, pushing the price down over 50%

1770

In this year all of the measures of the Revenue Act of 1767 were repelled, saving the tax on tea

1943

In this year the new Republican resurgence in Congress abolished the WPA, the NYA, the CCC, and the NRAB

1839

In this year, as Jackson left office, an extraordinary influx of specie over the last decade combined with the acceptance of British credits around the world led to rapid inflation. The British credits began to default by 36, and by 1838 American bans were failing. Paused by a bad harvest in England, America was eventually brought down to depression by a cotton surplus

1893

In this year, ten days before Cleveland took office, a six year depression began with the collapse of the reading railroad. In six months 15,000 companies failed, and unemployment went to 20% nationwide, 35% in cities.

1888

In this year, the Republicans changed their official party name to the GOP

1811

In this year, with diplomatic distractions, the first national bank charter expired, resulting in financial chaos near the closing of the war and through 1816 because of the exponential influx of state bank notes, causing hyperinflation

Specie Resumption Act

Issued by Congress as a consolatory response to Grant's veto's, this limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, and caused deflation which angered farmers and workers

Specie Circular

Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836. It stopped land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper capitol requirements backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in gold or silver. It increased the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed as banks began to flounder under the capitol requirements

Stimson Doctrine

It declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force (1932)

Military Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law under the control of Congress.

Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Battle of Verdun

It was fought between the German and French armies, from 21 February to 18 December 1916, on hilly terrain north of this city that it is named after in north-eastern France. As pointed out in 1996 by French historian Alain Denizot in his doctoral thesis "This battle ended as a French tactical victory." However, it can also be considered a costly strategic stalemate. The German High Command failed to achieve its two objectives: 1) to capture this city and 2) to inflict a much higher casualty count on its French adversary. By the end of the battle the French Second Army had rolled back the German forces around Verdun, but not quite to their initial lines of February 1916. This battle resulted in 306,000 battlefield deaths (163,000 French and 143,000 German combatants) plus at least half a million wounded, an average of 30,000 deaths for each of the ten months of the battle. It was the longest and one of the most devastating battles in the First World War and the history of warfare. Verdun was primarily an artillery battle: a total of about 40 million artillery shells were exchanged (over 15,000 shells for every square meter of the battlefield), leaving behind millions of overlapping shell craters that are still partly visible. In both France and Germany, this battle has come to represent the horrors of war

Commodore Thomas Macdonough

Lake Champlain naval commander who forced a British retreat, saving New York from conquest

Appomattox

Lee surrenders here on April 9th, 1865 (Palm Sunday), but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country. Once Johnston hears of the surrender 9 days later he follows suit outside of Durham

The Corrupt Bargain

Name for the deal struck between Adams and Clay that if Adams makes Clay Secretary of State, Adams would be guaranteed victory even though Jackson got a plurality.

Dingley Tariff

Passed in 1897 as a special session of congress for the new President McKinley, it the highest protective tariff in U.S. history

Old Republicans

Political movement that felt people should have the power, favored state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpertation of the government, liked the French, disliked the national bank and tariffs. Originally this met the Democratic-Republican description, but as Jefferson became more moderate over his second term and the Federalists collapsed, this group began to disassociate from Jefferson

American Party

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846. Originated out of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, which made its members say "I know nothing" when asked about the order. In 1854 the party owned Massachusetts and controlled most of the North East, including New York. It died out as slavery took center stage at the end of the decade

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program this. In 1965, Congress passed many of its ideas measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. It proved to be too poorly run as the country headed to war in Vietnam, and resulted in a failure of the greatest social project the government has ever initiated since the Great Depression. He passed 435 acts for this idea. Medicare and Medicade, while still in place, have proven to be the two most short-sighted ideas, as they are too difficult to pay for

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology not already under communist rule

Jimmy Carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. He was able to win the 1976 election by capitalizing on the Republican debacle over Watergate and Ford's failures during his only full year in office. He was the last democrat to revive the New Deal Coalition and get the southern vote as well as the extreme liberal vote with the help of his Vice-President Walter Mondale (probably more because he was a peanut farmer from Georgia then a great statesman)

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Eugene Debs

Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate under the Social Democratic Party which was a remnant of the American Railway Union) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike. He led the union in 1921 when it had one congressman, 6% of the popular vote for president, and 33 mayors. The Socialist movement fell out after his death, and the anti-German sentiment after WWI coupled with the emergence of the Communist faction

William Wirt

Publisher who published biography of Revolutionary War leader Patrick Henry. Anti-Masonic Party candidate for President whose movement grew powerful after a New York State killing susceptibly done by Masons; he was from Maryland and only carried Vermont, however winning several electoral votes.

William Jennings Bryan

Put out into the 1908 election as a sacrifice, this man ran for his third presidency in 1908 on the democratic ticket. Only differentiating from Taft in regards to workman rights, he was easily defeated as the democrats expected, but the party was in a better position now for the 1912 election

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818, this treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Replacing the Land Ordinance of 1784, this measure by Congress defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory. First congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. Second as soon as 5 thousand male adults lived in a territory, the people could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature that would pass the territories laws. Third, when the total population reached 60,000 citizens the settlers could write a constituion which Congress would have to approve before considering statehood

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Temperance

Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol. This movement was lead by intellectuals like Benjamin Rush who scientifically studied the negative effects of alcohol

Neo-Orthodoxy

Return to orthodox Christianity without having to be historically grounded. Somewhat of a theological rediscovery of biblical doctrines, but with the modem naturalistic presuppositions. A theological movement including Karl Earth, Emil Brunner, and others. It opposed liberal theology and stressed the reinterpretation of Reformation themes such as God's transcendence, human sinfulness, and the centrality of Christ, giving importance to the fact that faith is not without struggles- much like life. It was dominant in Europe and America after World War II until the 1960's. Focus was Jesus not the Bible.

Norman Peale

Reverend and founder of the Guideposts (mag) that burnt down. He believed positive thoughts would overcome obstacles.Wrote the book, "The Power of Positive Thinking" in 1952. Guideposts had a formula for real-life stories about people who "walked up to adversity and kicked it."

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Royal directive issued after the French and Indian war prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains. Although this was soon overridden by treaties, colonists continued to harbor resentment that the British government would make such a proclamation when the colonists had just finished fighting for that land.

Virginia Declaration of Rights

Served as a model for the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the United States of America that included a section on total religious freedom; written by George Mason.

Graduation Act of 1854

Set exact amounts for unsold land's prices to be lowered over 30 years

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts. Began with the African tales told by Tituba in the home of Reverend Samuel Parris. The girls who heard her stories went insane and then claimed that she, and two other girls, were the servants of the devil. The girls kept accusing more people, and were not stopped until they accused the wife of the governor. In the end over 100 people were jailed and 19 were hung

Phyllis Schafly

She promoted the Stop ERA campaign because she thought that the Equal rights Amendment would ruin the traditional family. Conservative activist

Lynn and Natick

Shoemakers in these two cities started the largest union protest in America before the Civil War in february of 1860. By the time it was concluded the strike expanded to all of New England and was q in raising wages, and in some instances was able to convince management to recognize the union as a bargaining agent

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Signed August 9, 1842, this was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. It also established the details of the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783); reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains, originally defined in the Treaty of 1818; called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories; and agreed on terms for shared use of the Great Lakes.

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by an aggressor of any of the three (the US)

Lansing-Ishii Agreement

Signed on Nov 2, 1917, this was a series of notes between U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and the Japanese military informer Kikujiro Ishii. Pertaining to this treaty was the reconciliation of the two countries on the issue of foreign policy in the Far East. It also helped to reinstate the Open Door Policy in China, and keep the countries on friendly grounds.

Lyndon B Johnson

Signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. He had a war on poverty in his agenda. In an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. He was Kennedy's Vice presidential candidate, and won his own outright presidency easily in 1964 with Hubert Humphrey.

Calvin Coolidge ("Silent Cal")

Silently taking over the party after the death of Harding, this man easily won the republican nomination for the 1924 election with Charles Dawes as Vice President in which he destroyed John Davis as well as Robert La Follette, doubling Davis and tripling La Follette in the general vote. For mysterious reasons, he only ran for election once.

Anthony Burns

Slave that was arrested and jailed in Boston, abolitionists tried to set him free in defiance to the Fugitive Slave Act as the Missouri Compromise had been repealed, and the Deputy Marshall was killed in the attempt, The Bostonian courts set him free, but the slave was then returend to slavery by Pierce upholding the Fugitive Slave Act; The whole fiasco united the North against Pierce and the South

Audubon Society

Society created in 1886 by George Bird Grinnell designed to protect wild birds from over-hunting (he was not against hunting). This was the first society of conservationism led by Roosevelt

John Quincy Adams

Son of the late Federalist president, this man was the natural choice being Secretary of State under Monroe as well as the backing of New England who in all honesty was skeptical of all Democratic-Republican candidates. He was nominated by the Massachusetts State Legislature

Ohio

Starting with this state, when statehood was granted all the federal government would set aside two townships for state universities

Liberal Republicans

Sub-Party formed in 1872 when they had a separate convention which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside to focus on economics issues, on which they had liberal ideas such as free trade and redemption of all depreciating greenbacks with gold. They nominated Horace Greenley for President, whom the Democrats also endorsed, as they produced no president that year.

Lochner v New York

Supreme Court ruling which overturned the New York law which set an 10 hour maximum working hours for workers as it violated the "liberty of contract" clause in the Constitution- 1905

Skyscrapers

Tall steel frame buildings, which were a vital part of the USA's new urban environment replacing brick construction

Mongrel Tariff

Tariff of 1883, a compromise measure that satisfied nobody. Duties were lowered on a few commodity type items only

Freedmen's Bureau

Temporary organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks and poor whites after the Civil War. It was America's first try at welfare, and succeeded overall, especially with the number of schools it created

Half-Breeds

Term applied to the moderate faction of the Republican Party. They backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and supported moderate civil service reform. James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880. James A. Garfield was also affiliated with the this group

Muckrakers

Term from John Dunyan's Pligrim's Progess, this term transitioned during the progressive movement to mean journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries, especially in the Caribbean under the Taft administration. To keep this in affect, Wilson had to send troops in 1915 to Haiti, he had to keep 1912 Taft troops in Nicaragua, and in 1916 he sent troops to the Dominican Republic. In order, these troops left in 1934, 1933, and 1924 and only when suitable governments according to American goals were in place

Jim Crow Laws

The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States beginning 1880 but in earnest in 1892 with the Populist revolution. They included a complete re-writing of radical constitutions of the 1860's by 8 states, literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited poor and black voting rights

1808

The Constitution established that, while restrictions could be placed, the Federal Government could not halt the trans-atlantic slaves trade until this year

William J Simmons

The Ku Klux Klan of Reconstruction actually died out by the Gilded Age, but was brought back by this man as isolationism died in America during the Progressive Era. It was much more focus on discriminating against immigrants then blacks, and was pro-white protestants. In 1924 its membership peaked with 4 million nationwide, but it began to fall because of the numerous immigration restrictions, and schisms within the Klan

North Star

The Rochester, New York abolitionist newspaper of Frederick Douglass

Loray Mill Strike

The This strike started on Monday, April 1,1929, after mill supervisors began firing workers who had participated in the Saturday meeting. Mayor Rankin then asked for help from the National Guard, which arrived on April 3. The strike continued to escalate throughout the month. Nearly 100 masked men destroyed the NTWU's headquarters on April 18, resulting in the NTWU starting a tent city on the outskirts of town that was protected by armed strikers at all times. In the aftermath, 71 strikers were arrested and 16 were indicted for murder (8 were strikers, and 8 were members of the NTWU including Beal). These actions came to a head when, on September 14, a truck containing 22 strikers was chased down and fired upon. One female striker, Ella Mae Wiggins, was killed and seven men were charged with her murder (6 of them were employed by the the company). All were found not guilty. Fred Beal was released on bail, but fled to the Soviet Union. Disillusioned, he returned to the United States, surrendered to North Carolina authorities. He was later pardoned.

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men on December 13th of 1862. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the slaugter.

Federal-Aid Highway Act

The act passed by the US Congress in 1956 that planned and funded 90% the construction of the nation's interstate highway system

Housing Act

The act passed in 1968 and provided new low-income housing opportunities for eligible families, and it also increased the minimum wage

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

The Mexican War

The deadliest war in American history by percentage, some 11% dying- almost 17 thousand

Winfield Scott Hancock

The democratic candidate for president in 1880 and civil war hero. He nearly took the national election, as Garfield failed to get a majority, but lost overwhelmingly in the Electoral College

Santa Anna

The dictator/despot/general who attacked Texas in 1836 to reconquer the rebellious territory

Mother Ann Lee

The founder of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or The Shakers. During the 1770s she emigrated from England to the town of Watervliet, New York to avoid persecution. The method of worship she and others followed was one of ecstatic dancing or "shaking", which dubbed them as the Shaking Quakers. She founded the Utopian community of new Lebanon in NY, which continued to grow and prosper and send her message throughout the country

Populism

The political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite. It was a farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892, and a party separate from the Bourbons in the South that blacks were attracted too and gaining power in. As a result around 1892 the Bourbons enacted racist laws.

97

The population growth in urban and suburban environments accounted for this percentage of the total population growth in America between 1940 and 1970

Cornelius Vanderbilt

The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron"

John Astor

The riches man in America in 1848, this man came from destitute origins as the son of a German official, yet quickly made a fortune on the western furs trade from which he gained the capitol to enter the New York real-estate and banking business, from which he collected his huge fortune

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Fourth Amendment

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. All of this is protected under this amendment

1949

The year that the Soviets finally developed an Atomic bomb, ending the US dominance military around the world

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. This idea was used as the economy went into another deep depression in 1937.

Corn, Potatoes, Wheat, Hogs, and Cattle

These crops, while overlooked, were the backbone of the south, as crop cycles prevented continuous growth of cash crops

The Virginia Resolves

These declarations by the Virginia House of Burgesses declared that all colonists had the rights of Englishmen, and Englishmen could only by taxed under their own representation.

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

These due men adorned the Democratic-Republican ticket in a geographic balance. Although loosing the election, the main candidate on this ticket would become vice-president due to a Hamiltonian plot to get Adams out of power

The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (Massachusetts Acts)

These five Acts passed by Parliament in 1774 closed Boston Harbor, pohibited town meetings, and revoked the Massachusetts charter, making the Colony completely government by England. They also included a stronger Quartering Act. An unrelated act that is tied to these acts is the Quebec Act, which gave Canadians more rights, more French rights including provisions on Catholicism, as well as giving Quebec more land. These acts enraged Massachusetts, by design, but also enraged the other colonies which surprised the British

Germany, England, France, and Holland

These four northern European Countries all had issues with the Reformation, converting completely or partly to Protestantism, which delayed their expansion into building colonies

Dueling, Hunting, Riding, and Gambling

These four violent or dangerous activities balanced the very honorable southern white-male life style with violence, getting away from such combative sensitivity to slight, loyalty to family, locality, state, and religion, and famous hospitality that honorable southern men were known for

State and Local

These governments accounted for about 60% of money spent by governments in America during the Gilded Age, indicating how they would play host to most of the debates and reform in the nation during this time

Citizens' Councils

These groups sprang up all over the south after desegregation was ordered by the Supreme Court in 1954, becoming a non-violent version of the KKK for middle class whites, and nearly all southern whites did join. It used economic forces to hem in blacks into certain communities. These groups became so powerful that any politician, whether they were supporters of segregation or not, had to join

Ranchos

These huge tracks of land, similar to Southern plantations at the same time, were given out beginning in 1824 to anyone who wanted one, and those who did colonize California wanted the land of the missionaries. Therefore in 1833 the friars were exiled and the Indians became under the much more oppressive secular rule of Mexican settlers

Labore Shortages, Unhealthy Climate, Gender Percentage

These issues plagued Virginia in the 17th century.

Paxton Boys

These men were a group of Scots-Irish living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Paiutes and Gosiutes

These native american tribes lived in the great basin, barely surviving

Africans

These people attempt to keep their religions as they were forced to America, but eventually accepted Christianity and adopted many of their traditions to their new faith

Mennonites and Baptists

These people from the Rhineland of Germany came and lived in Pennsylvania as their beliefs were similar to those of the quakers

Whigs (Patriots)

These people tended to be Aristocrats, indebted businessmen, and other revolutionaries

Torries

These people tended to be judges, port citizens, British officials, clergy, backcountry-men, or merchants that benefitted from trade with Britain or planters without British debt. People from all walks of life

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts. However no single state took action, looking for support of a majority

Costa Rica, Jamaca, Bahamas

These three countries were the only ones south of Honduras not touched by American imperialism in the Western Hemisphere in the first twenty years of the 20th century

Veto power, Commander in Chief, and Appointment of Officials

These three powers were given to the new office of the presidency by the Constitution that were not even available to the monarch that the continental congress was trying to avoid

Bills of Attainder, Ex Post Facto Laws, and Powers Reserved

These three powers were specifically refused to the Federal Congress of the Constitution

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina

These three regions (In order) preferred slaves from the Bight of Biafra and the Congo for they already grew yams, which are similar to tobacco. The second region preferred Fulani for their cattle skills. The final region preferred Gambians for their rice cultivation abilities

Lake Champlain, Niagara River, and Upper Canada

These three routes under Dearborn Van Rensselaer and Hull respectively were the three pronged attack of American troops into Canada by Madison

RFC, Wage and Price Controls, and large Farm Subsidies

These three things that limited the capitalist system in America were dissolved by Eisenhower

The Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act

These two acts set federal safety standards for the auto and tire industries and supported highway safety by improving federal, state, and local coordination & by creating training standards for EMTs and is seen as one of the great accomplishments of LBJ (1966)

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

These two acts, reacting in fear of revolting France, greatly limited the freedoms of aliens in America, including a provision of imprisonment at will of aliens during war, and became the defining failure of Adam's presidency

Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton

These two men became President and Vice-President respectively after the first landslide victory in American history as Burr's duel with Hamilton earlier in 1804 killed Hamilton, the face of the Federalists who now were led by Charles Pinckney and Rufus King, and ruined Burr's political career

Captain John Smith and John Rolfe

These two men established the very lucrative tobacco crop of Jamestown, developing a new variety in the process

Major General William Howe and Admiral Richard Lord Howe

These two men initiated the true british effort to retake America, beginning in NYC with 32,000 men

Sir Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson

These two men were decimated by "Over-mountain Men" at the Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina. Due to these men's tendency to slaughter people who surrendered to them, the Over-mountain men slaughtered this Tory force as well

Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret

These two men were given New Jersey by the Duke of York (King James II)

Patrick Henry and Alexander Hamilton

These two men, one very influential before the Constitutional Convention and the other after, both did not attend for they felt the rights of their states (Virginia and New York) respectively, were not respected

James Madison and Albert Gallatin

These two men, the only two to last the majority of Jefferson's presidency, were the main men of Jefferson's cabinet. The cabinet would be adorned in all other positions (not secretary of state and secretary of the treasury) by men of New England to appease the outgoing federalist party

New England and the Mid-Atlantic

These two regions, unlike NY and the South, did not receive large tracks of land, instead the township received a gargantuan tract of land to be split amongst the town's people

Loans

These were given by the American government to the Allied powers immediately at the beginning of the war, even through Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan arguing that it was unfit for a neutral nation to do so. In 1915 all restrictions came off and long-term forms of these went straight to France and Great Britain

Tariffs

These were placed on British commerce in America by many states in the 1780's to promote American commerce, artisans, and maechanics, but failed due to a lack of regularity between the states and an attempt by many states to tax interstate commerce, which exemplified the necessary need for the national government to have the power to govern interstate commerce

Alaska and Hawaii

These were the 49th and 50th states added to the union, both under Eisenhower in 1959

Constitution, United Staes, and Constellation

These were the first three ships built in the US Navy in response to the Naval Wars with Algeria and France of the 1790s

Nisqually, Spokane, Yakama, Chinook, Klamath, and Nez Perce

These were the native americans of the northwest which was filled with abundant resources

Treaty of Wanghsia

This 1844 treaty opened a total of five ports in China to US trade, four other than Canton including Shanghai

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This 1845 bill created by Stephen Douglas would create Kansas and Nebraska out of the formally Indian territory so to allow for a transcontinental railway with a terminus in Chicago. To get it passed, Douglass agreed to a repeal of the Missouri Compromise and to allow popular sovereignty to decide those whether those territories would include slaves

Treaty of Tientsin

This 1858 treaty opened 16 ports in China to US trade, including the 5 of the Treaty of Wanghsia, and granted Americans the right to travel and trade throughout China. This gave the fifty protestant missionaries throughout China legal clearance and created a country which would be the center of American missionaries for a century to come

Thirteenth Amendment

This 1861 propose amendment to the constitution would guarantee slavery, and passed both houses of congress. However it was too late and the states never voted on it due to the cession crisis

McKinley Tariff Act

This 1890 act raised tariff rates to their highest levels in US history under the Republican controlled government

The Tripartite Convention

This 1899 convention resulted in the act that formally partitioned the Samoan archipelago into a German colony and a United States territory and was the culmination of years of civil war among Samoan factions and of rivalry between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom at the brink of war.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the authority to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods. Its also enlarged the justification of the ICC by giving it control of oil, bridges, rail-car companies, and ferries. It also prescribed a uniform system of bookkeeping for all companies

The Jungle

This 1906 work by muckraker Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry, even though it meant to spur on socialism. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Kelly Act

This 1925 act was the first act that established airmail contracts, giving a reason for the airplane industry in America to grow (WWI had not even truly energized the domestic industry). It was followed on year later the Air Commerce Act which allowed federal funds to be used for the building of navigation (VOR) station and airports

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This 1930 tariff a tariff of destruction for farmers. It increased the effect of the great depression by limiting the amount of foreign capital into the US. Herbert Hoover personally opposed it, but he felt that on such an important issue he should simply take the position of the party instead

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

This 1938 act required manufacturers to list ingredients in foods, drugs and cosmetic products as an addendum to the 1906 act. It was to be government by the FTC

Smith v Allwright

This 1944 Supreme Court decision that struck down Texas's whites-only primary on the grounds that political primaries were part of the election process and thus subject to the Fifteenth Amendment

Navigation Act of 1817

This Act by England allowed imports to be taken from the Caribbean by American ships, but importing still remained illegal. Therefore, Monroe by 1820 established that the Caribbean and its products would be closed to American ports, as well as all English ships. England did not budge as Monroe desired, but war was not even close to ensuing

The Naturalization Act

This Act lengthened to fourteen years instead of five the residency requirement for citizenship

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized

Panay

This American ship was bombed and sank in the Yangtze River by Japanese bombers in 1937, along with three oil tankers. While Japan apologized and pay reparations, the American public began boycotting Japanese goods

Baseball

This American version of Cricket, invented by Alexander Cartwright when he formed the Knickerbocker Club of New York in 1845. In 1869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first professional team, and the American League was founded in 1900. Through this time, this game became America's past time

Essex

This British court case established that French and Spanish goods were contraband, even on American Ships, and so as Jay's Treaty expired in 1807 England went to de-facto naval war with America, not only to weaken Napoleon but also to strengthen British shipping

Freedmen's Bureau

This Bureau was not renewed in 1866 as Johnson struck his first battle with congress. He felt that this bureau made the government responsible for the care of indigents, which was not in the constitution, as well as it was passed by a congress that denied representation to all people of the union. The Veto was upheld

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

This Catholic nobleman was allowed to establish the proprietary colony of Maryland by King Charles I in 1632 to break up the vast Virginia Colony

Virginia

This Colony was the first to write down into law that all children of slaves were immediately considered slaves and property of the owner of the mother slave

John Breckinridge

This Confederate Secretary of War urged for peace during the winter going into 1865, but Davis refused

Trent

This English ship was stopped by Union ships to take James Mason and John Slidell as confederate captives. This nearly brought England into the war, which would've brought in France as well as promised

Russia

This European power continued to expand her authority in North America in the 1820's, prompting Adams to sign a treaty with this nation in 1824 marking the south boundary at 54.4N

Giovanni da Verrazano

This Florentine navigator in 1524 under the direction of the French Monarchy found New York Harbor and searched much of the North East Coast of North America

Pierre de Coubertin

This Frenchman called in 1982 for the revival of the Olympic Games, and it occurred four years later

Samuel de Champlain

This Frenchman is regarded as the "Father of New France" due to his leadership of Quebec after he founded it in 1608 on the St. Lawrence River

Admiral Francois-Joseph-Paul de Grease

This Frenchmen led his armada and his 3,000 into the Chesapeake Bay, defeating the British forces attempted to re-enforce Cornwallis, leaving him helpless on his own

Grover Cleveland

This Governor of New York, built on reform policies, was the victorious Presidential Candidate of the Democratic Party in 1884. He was scorned by an illegitimate child, but was able to take a close election, his plurality less then 30,000 votes

Creeks

This Indian tribe, refusing to give up their lands, went to war with Georgia in 1786 with the aid of Spain, however by 1791 Spanish aid was failing and the Chief travel to New York to get favourable trade agreements with the US, at the lost of their land

Banking Act

This June 16th act in 1933 established FSA and FTC along with giving the Fed regulation powers to accommodate these two new agencies

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

This June 16th act of 1933 established the extremely expensive PWA (Public Works Administration) by granting $3.3 billion for government buildings, highway programs, flood controls, and other infrastructural improvements. Under Harold L Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, the PWA used private contractors to keep people off the the government's balance sheet

Henry Cabot Lodge

This Massachusetts politician pushed in 1891 for a law that would require immigrants to be literate in some language. It was vetoed four times, and finally enacted into law by Congress overriding the 1917 Veto of Wilson. This helped increase the speed by which the immigration rate was already falling

Agricultural Adjustment Act

This May 12th act of 1933 established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) that would pay farmers to produce less or kill livestock via a tax levied on the processes of the same commodities. This led to a controversial play-under program, where good food was left to dust.

League of the Iroquois

This New York political confederation of Native American tribes proved to be formidable withstanding attack into the 18th century from Europeans

Richard Hoe

This New Yorker improved upon the steam Napier press, which transformed normal printing machines into monsters printing 20,000 sheets an hour in 1847. However common they were in the North East for their entertainment or in the west for their information for a penny each, newspapers did not make it south. North Carolina only had four while the Northwest Territory had 13

Oneida

This Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York by John Noyes. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages which were called "complex marriages"

Vasco da Gama

This Portuguese man sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator was the first European to reach India by the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498

Bartholomew Diaz

This Portuguese man sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator was the first European to sail around to Cape of Good Hope in 1488 opening up the possibilities for a sea route to India

James Blaine

This Senator of Maine easily got the Republican presidential nomination over incumbent Arthur and led the Half-Breeds against Cleveland in 1884. Blaine lost the election as the Mugwumps opposed him, dividing the party, as well as Belshazzar's feast making him appear allied with big business along the fact that he allowed an anti-Catholic comment to go passed him without retribution, therefore loosing Irish backing that he had gained

Ellison Smith

This Senator of South Carolina in the 1930's emerged as an opponent to the New Deal, leading President Franklin Roosevelt to try unsuccessfully to have Smith defeated in the 1938 primary. He won re-election in a close election in that year.He lost renomination for the Senate in 1944 to Olin D. Johnston and he died soon afterward, even before his Senate term had expired. He received the nickname "Cotton Ed" after he declared "Cotton is king and white is supreme."

Bourbons

This Southern group opposed the Redeemers and attempted to ignore the Civil War and continue the traditions of the old South, and although they never united did own the South over the redeemers. They were able to keep power by an alliance with northern capitalists, cutting the budget on everything and repudiating the debt. They cut thing including the Freedmen's Bureau school and they also gave tax cuts to big business. They also used convict leasing which was opposed by many as their were many Southern convicts under federally imposed state laws and no prisons to house them in

Vermont

This State finally arose out of the disputed area between New York and New Hampshire as the locals refused to be ruled by bickering states that brought violence into their region

New York

This State militia who were present to aid Van Rensselaer's 600 men crossing the Niagara River in a daring attempt to surprised the British refused to attack because their state constitution stated that the militia was only for defense, and could not go into foreign territory. Therefore, they watched as Rensselaer's men were devastated

Ohio

This State was admitted into the Union in 1803 as the 17th state

Roe v Wade

This Supreme Court decision (1973) established national abortion guidelines: trimester guidelines: no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. Inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. Connecticut. Through this decision, 46 anti-abortion laws were deemed unconstitutional

John Sutter

This Swiss established New Helvetia at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers (later renamed Sacramento and referred to as the Fort of this man's surname by the Americans) which lay at the end of the California Trail over the Sierra Nevada's and therefore a magnet for Americans (mainly Midwesterners or Upper-Southwerners) in California

John Randolph

This Virginian of Roanoke led the Old Republican movement against Jefferson

William Byrd

This Virginian was one of the rare colonists to have a passion for education and literature and therefore had one of the largest libraries in the new world

Immigration and Nationality Services Act

This act abolished the quotas from the 1920s that only a certain amount of immigrants could come from certain countries, which discriminated against southern and eastern Europe, people that America in the 1920's did not want entering the countries in the huge numbers that they were coming it. It instead placed hemispherical ceilings, and every country would be capped at 20,000. This greatly increased the hispanic population in America

Preemption Act of 1830

This act allowed squatters to go again of land surveys and stake out their claims at the price of $1.25 per acre

Naval Construction Act of 1916

This act authorized $500 million in a three year expansion of the American navy

Fugitive Slave Act

This act caused outrage in the north as it felt that Blacks were not being treated fairly and slave catchers would soon rise as an occupation. Slave catchers only returned 3 slaves under this law in the first 6 years however, and only 200 were returned in total. The act was more effective for the abolitionists than the slave holders

Liberty Loan Act

This act contributed nearly immediately $5 billion to the war effort. 3/5 of this measure could be given tot the Allies

Third Reconstruction Act

This act covered all the bases for the radical republicans for the new elections in the south. Essentially it meant that if a democrat was elected the military commander of the district had the authority to remove him and replace him with anyone of his choosing, disregarding new elections. This was the final act of reconstruction, passed July 19th of 1867, and it allowed for all Confederate States except Texas to have held republican approved elections by the end of 1867

Second Reconstruction Act

This act covered the ambiguity about elections under the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 and stated that all men would be registered to vote via the efforts of the military commanders in the 5 southern districts. This produced the most blacks by percentage to vote ever

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Land Act of 1796

This act doubled the price of an acre of federal land to $2 and reduced the time to pay, making land less accessible to ordinary settlers. It also reversed half the township to eight 5,120, so only half were in 640 acres sections making half the townships completely inaccessible to most Americans

Macon's Bill Number 2

This act hope to make the European powers fight against themselves for American trade, oping trade in 1810 up with both England and France, repealing the Non-Intercourse Act after Madison mistakeningly picked England, but stated that if either dropped their foreign embargo measures against the United States then the US would embargo the other

Emergency Relief Act

This act in July of 1932 directed $300 million to the RFC for loans to the states and established up to $1.5 billion to the RFC for public works as directed by the states (another $322 million for federal public works)

Internal Revenue Act

This act introduced in 1862 so that the Union could pay for the Civil war instituted an Internal Revenue Service to implement a income tax that would not be properly obtained until Woodrow Wilson

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act, allowing trade in 1809

Neutrality Act of 1935

This act made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war in preparation to a militaristic world

Sedition Act

This act of 1918 extended the scope of the Espionage Act to all those who did are said anything that could harm production (unions) or those who could harm the sale of war bonds

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

This act was central to Johnson's Great Society campaign and its War on Poverty. Implemented by the since disbanded Office of Economic Opportunity, the Act included several social programs to promote the health, education, and general welfare of the poor. Although most of the initiatives in the Act have since been modified, weakened, or altogether rolled back, its remaining programs include Head Start, and Job Corps. Remaining War on Poverty programs are managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services's Office of Community Services and the U.S. Department of Labor.

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

This act was in response to the anti-foreign sentiment following WWI, especially since nearly all the immigrants weren't from Northern Europe. It restricted European arrivals each year to three percent of the foreign boron of any nationality as shown in the 1910 census

Currency Act of 1764

This act, supported by Grenville prevented colonies from printing money, making colonially printed money (about the only money available in America) worthless

Twenty-fifth Amendment

This amendment to the United States Constitution deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. It supersedes the ambiguous wording of Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution, which does not expressly state whether the Vice President becomes the President, as opposed to an Acting President, if the President dies, resigns, is removed from office or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the presidency. This Amendment was adopted on February 23, 1967.

Dorchester Heights

This area was controlled by the Americans in Spring of 1776 that forced General Howe to flee Boston for Halifax

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

This association came from England in the 1850's and grew rapidly, to respond to human needs, devoting themselves to community service and care of the unfortunate, they had facilities for social programs, gyms, libraries, etc. It developed due to the social problems of the crowded cities

Anti-Debris Association

This association was formed in 1878 by farmers in California's central valley to form a militia to protect farmers from belligerent mining companies. In 1884 this association turned to the courts, where it won the case Woodruff v North Bloodmfield Gravel Mining Company that stated that the dumping of mining debris where it could reach farmlands or navigable rivers was illegal. Hydraulic mining ended after the ruling

Battle of the Wilderness

This battle fought May 5-7, 1864, was the first battle of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Both armies suffered heavy casualties, a harbinger of a bloody war of attrition by Grant against Lee's army and, eventually, the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. The battle was tactically inconclusive, as Grant disengaged and continued his offensive.

Chancellorsville

This battle of Virginia where Lee daringly divided his numerically inferior army and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank. This was successful strategy as it was one of the Confederates most successful victories of the war. However, during the battle Jackson was shot and killed by friendly fire which depleted the moral of the confederate force.

Battle of the Somme

This battle took place during the First World War between 1 July and 18 November 1916 in the Somme department of France, on both banks of the river of the same name. In the first 24-hours of the battle 40,000 British soldiers were wounded, with half of that a death count. The battle consisted of an offensive by the British and French armies against the German Army, which since invading France in August 1914 had occupied large areas of that country. This battle was one of the largest battles of the First World War: by the time fighting had petered out in late autumn 1916 the forces involved had suffered more than 1.5 million casualties. At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated a total of 6 miles (9.7 km) into German occupied territory. The British Army was three miles from Bapaume and also did not capture Le Transloy or any other French town, failing to capture many objectives. The Germans were still occupying partially entrenched positions and were not as demoralised as the British High Command had anticipated.

Battle of New Orleans

This battle took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army under the command of Sir Edward Pakenham intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. Jackson was able to win due to superior position acquired during Pakenham's slow approach on the city, and forced England to retreat from Louisiana. The battle actually occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed

Battle of Bentonville

This battle was fought March 19-21, 1865, near the current town of Four Oaks, as part of the Carolinas Campaign of the American Civil War. It was the last major battle to occur between the armies of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, aided by Charleston's defender's fleeing from Sherman. Outnumbered almost 3:1, Johnston lost convincingly, and warned Lee of Sherman's unstoppable approach on Petersburg

Second Battle of Manassas

This battle, fought on August 30th 1862, was Lee's attempt to destroy Pope's force defending Washinton befroe McClellan could help defend. Only believing he was fighting Jackson's contingement, Pope left his defenses open to Lee's main force. The result was a tremendous Confederate Victory, ridding almost all of Virginia of Union forces. Pope and Halleck were demoted as a result, putting McClellan once again as commander of the Army of the Potomic

Batte of Shiloh (Pittsburgh Landing)

This battle, occurring on April 7th and 8th, 1862, was a surprise attack by the Confederates on Grant's forces as he set up for battle. Johnson died at the hight of the fighting and his second in command felt as if he should pull back, giving the battered union forces the advantage. In terms of numbers, it was a stalemate

Battle of Chickamauga

This battle, which occurred on September 19th and 20th of 1863, was Braxton Bragg's best attempt to reclaim Chattanooga from the Union, which had been lost only a month earlier. The outnumbered Union troops under George Thomas did not route, but were forced back to Chattanooga where Bragg watched from the mountains to the south and east

National Land Law of 1820

This bill of congress in response to the panic of 1819 reduced the price of federal land, which one could now get as little as $100. This bill also introduced the idea of graduation, which lowered the prices of lands that would not sell

Greek-Turkish Aid Bill

This bill was the first act of congress supporting the Truman Doctrine, giving $400 million dollars of aid to Greece and Turkey to support democratic forces in order to prevent the revolutions occurring in Greece from becoming communist, which would allow the USSR to have a war-sea port

Security Counsel

This body created by the Charter of the United Nations in 1945 was able to control nearly all military action in the world. It now has 15 members (used to be 11), five of which are permanent and have a veto power over any action voted on by this body (US, USSR, Britain, France, China)

Electoral Commission

This body established by congress of 5 Congressmen, 5 Senators, and 5 Supreme Court Justices voted down party lines to give all contested votes to Hayes in the most controversial election of all time. Democrats agreed not to filibuster because Republicans agreed to end Military reconstruction and Hayes agreed to build the Mississippi infrastructure of the Deep South as well as give subsidies for the southern railway to Los Angeles. He also gave a Tennessean the post of Postmaster General, as promised as part of what became known as the Compromise of 1877

Second Continental Congress

This body organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

The Promise of American Life

This book by Herbert Croly contained many of the ideas that Roosevelt preached in his Bull Moose campaign, under his New Nationalism creed. "Hamltonian means to achieve Jefersonians ends"

On the Equality of the Sexes

This book written by Judith Sargent Murry in 1790 attempted to prove that women were capable of tasks outside of the household

Navy

This branch of the United States government was the only one prepared for war, but still was utterly decimated by Britain for they were rulers of the world in this regard

California Gold Rush

This can all be summed up by the 1848 discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. San Francisco grew from a small settlement to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850. California was a lawless place with 92% of the population being men. Indians were often worked to death, perfectly legal, and, contrary to The Treaty of Guadilupe-Hildalgo, a race tax was placed on Mexicans and Chinese

Many (Including Webster, Harrison, and White)

This candidate opposed Martin Van Buren in the election of 1836 and was easily defeated, albeit without southern or all the support of New England

Anglican

This church became the official religion of Virginia after a bill in 1642 sponsored by Governor William Berkeley and soon the entire south followed the movement, eliminating other religions in the area

Cincinnati

This city because of its river location became the center for meat packing for America before the railroad system deemed Chicago the meat packing center for America

Tuskegee

This city in Alabama housed the Africa American segregated Air Force, which was the only portion of the army that was segregated

Veracruz

This city was occupied by American forces in 1914 in response to American soldier's being arrested near Tampico and then the Mexicans who arrested them refusing to salute the American flag as retribution.

San Diago

This city was the base for the reconquest of Southern California which had broken out into rebellion after the US captured it in the second half of 1846. Stockton and Stephen Kearney led the reconquest which was completed entering Los Angeles after two battles on the 10th of January, 1847

Pittsburgh

This city was the center of iron production due to its river location allowing both iron and coal to easily enter the city

New Orleans

This city was the fifth largest in America from its incorporation into the union. However, it began to lag behind Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and super-city New York because it focussed solely on exports (especially cotton) and not on imports

Chicago

This city which hosted the 1968 democratic nomination saw incredible violence as riots erupted, severely hurting Humphrey's already dying case for presidency

Plattsburg

This city would become the base for general Dearborn in his attempt to invade Montreal, stopped, like Rensselaer as he tried to force the New York State Militia to enter Canadian territory

Kingpin Clause

This clause present in the US Constitution but not in the Articles of Confederation states that all Federal Laws will take president over State laws

John Hopkins

This college, founded only four years after Harvard awarded its first doctorate degree in 1876, was the first college to make the graduate school to be tis focus

Montgomery-Ward Company

This company, along with the railroads and the coal mines, was nationalized during the war, and example of FDR policies of socialism during the war

Seven Years War

This conflict gave many colonists more reason to rebel from Britain as no longer were the French a threat to Colonial territory. Also it showed the true character of punishment given by Red Coat Officers

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes that were too high implemented by a Massachusetts congress which refused to produce a currency that could maintain its value to pay such debts. The Rebellion failed by immediately the congress did pass a resolution on foreclosure and removed many taxes on farmers

Americans for Democratic Action

This conservative group split off from the Democrats 1947 and supported Truman's hard line against communism.

Lecompton

This constitution for statehood, approved by Kansas in the first constitutional election and the one Buchanan felt valid, was approved by the senate but the forced another revote, which fairly condemned this constitution ending the controversy with Kansas in the hands of the free-soilers

China (PRC)

This country, which had never had diplomatic relations with the US, was quickly recognized by Nixon in 1972 and he soon visited the nation, opening trade. The nation was finally officially recognized in 1979 This is arguably the most important action in respect to the modern world's economy of any president since FDR

Cotton

This crop, supposedly the king of the south, was the latest in a line of many cash crops including Tobacco, Indigo, Sugar Cane, and Rice and it could only be produced in the unused soils of the Black Belt

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781, during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. The unicameral congress was given powers that the States didn't want, such as control of western lands, indians, and foreign diplomacy, as well as a nation army. The document failed

Urbanization

This effect of nineteenth century American society caused regular economic downturns which began to erode any strong southern famers who had become addicted to cotton and credit from northern banks

Election of 1800

This election was a landmark due to the fact that it began a 24 year run of conservative southern presidents, only to be overthrown by Jackson

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.

Duke

This family founded the American Tobacco Company near Durham, NC after cornering the market by advertising and underselling competitors, which gave in and came together to make the company. In 1911 the company was broken up by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. A prominent US university bears this family's name.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

This federal body established on March 31st of 1933 was designed to provide jobs to the unemployed and to unmarried young men

Initiative and Referendum

This first measure allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in general direct election. The second was the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. Both were adopted by Oregon and South Dakota (in the opposite order) in the late 1890's and early 1900's

Paper Money

This form of currency was liked by the debtors for it was more plentiful and famers could use it for inflationary purposes, however a lack of a credible national form of it (and state forms of it) made it unwanted by creditors and instead they favoured rare hard currency

Fort Lyons

This fort was notable as the staging post used by Colonel John Chivington in 1864 as he led an attack by the Third Colorado Cavalry and other forces on friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho camps that became known as the Sand Creek Massacre. As witnesses and survivors emerged, the US Congress investigated, with a resulting national wave of public outrage about the slaughter and mutilation of up to 163 people, primarily women, children, and the elderly.

Detroit

This fort was surrendered without a fight by General Hull after the british lied that they had amassed an Indian army to attack the fort mercilessly

Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette

This french Aristocrat demanded to be part of the Revolution and became a high ranking general by accepting his post under no pay. This man would later become GW's most trusted aid

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944. Tojo's refusal to give up China to please the US led to Konoe's resignation, and allowed this man and the war party to rule Japan

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

The Ohio Company of Associates

This group from Boston lobbied for western lands to be sold at a cheap price to pay for Revolutionary soldiers, and Reverend Manasseh Cutler was able to succeed in doing this, getting Congress to grant 1.5 million acres to soldiers for just about a million dollars

The Marx Brothers

This group of five (only three became famous) Jewish brothers from New York City who became famous through their comedic stage shows from the 1900s and into the 1950, starting through Vaudeville performances to some of the first big movies. Their performances led a population in which 60% of people watched at least one movie a week

ABC (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile)

This group organized peace talks between the US and Mexico in 1914 where they agree that Huerta would be removed, but that the US would withdraw their forces from Veracruz. Huerta refused, but was forced out by Carranza and a more democratic government later that year

Blacks

This group was arguably the hardest hit by the depression because FDR's plans not only didn't help them, but hurt them. The FHA refused to guarantee their mortgages in white neighborhoods, and all of FDR's programs promoted segregation. The worst blow came form the AAA, which encouraged farm owners to push sharecroppers off the lands they now did not want to cultivate. Despite this, in the 1932 the blacks went for FDR and never turned back

American Woman Suffrage Association

This group was formed in November 1869 in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, who supported the Fifteenth Amendment, included Lucy Stone, and Henry Blackwell. The this group was composed of staunch abolitionists, and strongly supported securing the right to vote for the Negro. They believed that the Fifteenth Amendment would be in danger of failing to pass in Congress if it included the vote for women. In 1890 the two groups did merge

Protestants

This group, arguably more then any other, led the movement in America for imperialism for they sought to extend globally the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race and the Christian religion, but were anti-catholic

CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization then Congress of Industrial Organizations)

This group, formed out of the Union movement after the 1935 Wagner Act, divided the AFL into a craft section and a industrial worker sections, causing this half under Walter Reuther to split off in 1938. This group was able to form giant unions under its jurisdiction in big industries like automotive and steel. This group made a great alliance with FDR and the democrats, but ruined the democratic base that had been the South, for southerns absolutely rejected the idea of unions.

Farmers' Alliance

This group, the only real organization attempt by farmers, outside of the populist party, sought to united all farmers under one house to improve the economic conditions for the average farmer. It split into this group and the Coloured form of this group, totally about 2.5 million people by 1890. Its complex economic ideas were too untried by inexperienced leadership and so its agencies failed in large numbers over the early 1890's. Once this failed, this group, especially in Texas, turned to cooperatives and credit unions. These also failed

Court-Packing

This idea proposed by FDR was so that the Second New Deal would not die in congress like most of the First New Deal. It involved six new justices, and weakening of any justice over 70 or on the court for more then 10 years. It absolutely failed, but proved to be very unnecessary as the court turned liberal for the Second New Deal, allowing the Wagner Act and the Social Security Act to stay in place

William Franklin

This illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin was disinherited for he choose the Loyalist cause

Compromise of 1790

This included passage of the Residence Act in July and the Funding Act in August. Central to this was an agreement that several Southerners would change their votes and support the federal assumption of state debts in return for a bill locating the US capital on the Potomac River after a ten year temporary residence at Philadelphia

General Johnny Burgoyne

This incompetent British general led the northern British army down the Hudson River Valley, expecting to meet up with Howe who had moved his troops to attack Philadelphia instead, and took Fort Ticonderoga, but was slow in movement allowing Benedict Arnold to reenforce General Gates at Oriskany and later Ticonderoga, where this man surrendered his entire army of over 7000 men

Lumber

This industry by 1900 had surpassed textiles in value in Southern production

Textiles

This industry, inspired from the Civil War defeat, became the South's largest industry and surpassed New England by 1900 by having 400 mills

King James I

This king revoked in 1624 the charter of Virginia do to its status of being bankrupt so to better control the colony as the first Royal Colony

Conscription

This law passed by the Confederate Government on April 16th of 1862 prevented the first round of one year volunteers from leaving the army and forced all able white when from 18 to 35 to fight. By 1864 it was extended to 17 to 50, with seventeen year olds and everyone over 44 set aside to defend the states. This law could be avoid by a $500 payment or if one practiced key civilian work, including those who had 20 or more slaves

Conscription

This law passed by the Union government in 1863 forced all from 20 to 45 to fight, with a $300 buy-out. This law caused rioting all over the north, killing 100s

Wilmot Proviso

This law proposed in 1846 by freshman Pennsylvanian democrat David Wilmot would endorse the annexation of Texas if all acquired lands in the Mexican-America war be free of slavery. Southerners viewed it as the norths first open attack on slavery in Congress. It was passed by the house but not the Senate

Jones Act

This law provided that both houses of the Philippine Legislature would be elected. This law, enacted by the 64th Congress of the United States on August 29, 1916, contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States commitment to grant independence to the Philippines. This law also gave the people of Puerto Rico US citizenship

Fifth Amendment

This law was used by Calhoun to counter Wilmot and promote slavery in any acquired territories, even supporting the termination of slaves being freed when brought into free states. They were property that could be not be forced away

Thomas Larkin

This leading shipper at Monterey was the best known in the "hide and tallow" trade, in which trappers illegally collected their pelts in California, which this man, and others, would store in Ocean cities such as Monterey and wait for the next collection ship to arrive

King George III

This man ascended the throne in 1760 after England had acquired a large debt during the French and Indian war, and England was unsure in how to collect money for the debt. This war spurred the American economy to become vastly important to Britain. He removed the coalition of Whigs that had governed the British empire for over a century and replaced it with an unstable coalition of his own. He also suffered from intellectual and psychological limitations.

Henry Day

This man at the Western Reserve School of Medicine delivered a lecture titled "The Professions" which outlined the vital importance in America of professionals with specialized skills. He argued that America was dependent on such people

John L O'Sullivan

This man created this phrase in his New York newspaper: "Manifest Destiny"

Father Charles E Coughlin

This man was the first national pastor, reaching to millions over CBS radio.His plan to stop the depression was to increase the coinage of silver coins and made anti-semetic comments about the American Banking system. His idea culminated in his National Union for Social Justice

James Monroe

This man was the last of the Virginia Dynasty, studying at The College of William and Mary and fighting with Washington in the Revolutionary War. Afterwards, he studied law with Jefferson and served in the Virginia Assembly, as US Senator, US minister in Paris, Virginia Governor, and was Madison's Secretary of War and State. He was the last president to dress in the old style

Venustiano Carranza

This man was the leader of the Constitutionalist Party of Mexico which was attempting in 1914 to overthrow Huerta. Wilson lifted the arms embargo against Mexico in order to help this man. Wilson also prevented arm shipments to Huerta by blockading Veracruz. He would gain power in 1914 and in 1917 he would put into affect a constitution much like the United States's, finally giving order to Mexico

Dwight D Eisenhower

This man was the republican candidate for president in 1952. Courted by both sides, this general promised to clean up Washington and bring a quick end to the democrats war in Korea. Along with his Vice-President Richard Nixon, he took everything, including two states of the formerly democratic south. He was much more popular then his party, however, for in 1952 only the house went to the republicans, and would go straight back to the democrats in 1954. Eisenhower would have to work with a democratic congress throughout his presidency

Millard Fillmore

This man was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the American Party, which chose not support the restoration of the Missouri Compromise and became a feeble party trying to walk the thin line which destroyed the whig party

John Keats

This man was the writer of The Crack in the Picture Window (1965) which challenged "perfect" middle class society

James Callender

This man was used by Jefferson to produce scurrilous papers and pamphlets about the Federalists, especially Adams

Hannibal Hamlin

This man was vice-president under Lincoln during his first term in office

William Howard Taft

This man withdrew more public land in four years and had more Anti-Trust lawsuits (80 to 25) then his predecessor, yet he is known for being anti-progressive, which simply isn't true. He also accepted Arizona and New Mexico into the union as states, as well as established a territorial government for Alaska

Stephen Decatur

This man would lead the American assault on Algeria after the conclusion of the War of 1812, capturing two Algerian ships and sailing into Algiers demanding the captive Americans. Due to this show of force, piracy in the Mediterranean effectively ended without bribes

James Madison

This man would replace Thomas Jefferson after the 1808 election where Federalist Charles Pinckney did get a few votes, unlike in 1804 due to the Embargo Act. This man's running mate was once again George Clinton

Henry Wallace

This man would run as FDR's Vice-President in the 1940 election

James E Byrnes

This man, coming from FDR's Economic Stabilization Office, became Secretary of State under Truman during his first administration. He administered the post-war treaties between the US and the minor powers of the defunct Axis nations during the years after the war and attempted to force Eastern Europe into democratic states, an attempt in which he failed

James Buchanan

This man, due to the carnage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act for Douglas and Pierce for his presidency, became the Democratic candidate for president in 1856, winning it under the support of the Kansas-Nebraska and the Compromise of 1850 while extending its hand to immigrants with measures against nativism and against the condemnation of new religions (Catholicism)

General Henry Halleck

This man, envious of Grant, told the bass of the Union military of Grant's drinking habits and they decided to put this man in charge of the successful Army of Tennessee, Sadly, Grant's campaign grinded to a halt under this man

Eugene V Debs

This man, finally breaking through in the 1908 election to get a considerable amount of votes (nearly 500,000) of the Socialist Party proved the contempt the working class had for the two major parties. In 1912 he peaked, securing 6% of the vote (nearly 1 million votes)

Horatio Seymour

This man, labeled the great decliner because he never enforced his own nomination for the presidency on the Democratic ticket, was the wartime governor of NY and the 1868 democratic candidate that lost to Grant. He ran under the democratic idea that radical reconstruction had placed Military occupation in 10 states in peacetime, and they also endorsed using greenbacks to pay off the debt as the greenbacks bought the debt

John Fremont

This man, originally disobeying Mexican orders, left the Californian Salinas River for Oregon, but by June 14th had returned to capture the Sacramento River Valley and established the Republic of California

Warren G Harding

This man, rising up during the 1920 Republican Convension because Lodge could not get the majority nessessary, was the suprising republican nomination for president in 1920, with Calvin Coolidge running along to get the extremely conservative rural vote. However conservative he was, he agreed with the new worker time hours of the Progressive era. He would defeat by over 7 million votes James Cox on his platform, which only promissed a return to normalcy. Isolationism would rule once more. He would die of food poisoning in San Francisco in 1923 while on a political trip to the west coast

McKinely

This man, running on the platform of imperialism, was able to win his second term in the presidential election of 1900 by comfortable margin over Bryan. His running mate was the larger then life Theodore Roosevelt. Sadly, on September 6th, 1901, he was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. He would die 8 days later

Andrew Jackson

This man, the 7th president of the United States, was the first to be a self-made man coming from humble upbringings instead of established powerful colonial aristocracy

George Kennan

This man, the author of the containment policy which drew LBJ and the US into war in Vietnam, restated his idaes to congress in 1967 that the containment policy was only proposed in regards to Europe and would not be effective in third world countries that did not have any industrial will power to speak of. Communism is simply too attractive in such a setting for the containment police to be effective. He opposed the war

Alfred Jodl

This man, the chief of staff of the German armed forces, signed the treaty of unconditional surrender of the German people on May 7, 1945 (V-E day is the 8th), five days after Berlin had fallen, the same day that the German forces of Italy surrendered

Alton Parker

This man, the easily defeated Democratic candidate for president in the 1904, was originally an extremely liberal son of the upcoming Progressive Era, ruling as Chief Justice of New York State for closed shops and the right of states to limit the hours a worker can work. Even as liberal as he was, he was marketed as a conservative, only supported by his gold view stance only because it had been "firmly and irrevocably established". He lost, big time, taking only the Confederacy, Kentucky, and Maryland.

Benjamin Harrison

This man, the grandson of former president William Henry Harrison, was the Republican nomination for president in the 1888 election along with Levi Morton as Vice-President. From Ohio, this man served as the perfect candidate for he had not record whatsoever, save one full stint in the Senate, as well as a good war record. He accepted the challenge from President Cleveland to make tariff reform the most important issue. Because Cleveland got tagged as a pro-British, Harrison carried the day, while even losing the general election it was so close. He picked the flamboyant Blaine as Secretary of State.

William Howard Taft

This man, the handpicked successor of Roosevelt's, was the clear candidate for the Republicans in 1908, and under Roosevelt's platform he easily conquered Bryan. Not a man for the presidency, he only ran for Roosevelt, his wife Helen, and the pride of his country. He would much rather be chief justice (to which he would be appointed in 1921 by Harding) His running mate was George S Sherman of New York. Being a strong willed man, he often fought with congress, even on issues such as tariffs where he disagreed with his party (he wanted lower), which alienated him from the progressive parts of the party (even though he was more progressive then Roosevelt)

Roosevelt

This man, vice president under McKinley during his second term, rose to power after McKinley's assassination in 1901. Formerly Secretary of the Navy, as demanded by Roosevelt after the 1896 election, and leader of the rough riders, during his time he was arguably the most liked man in America.

Theodore Roosevelt

This man, while Charles Fairbanks running along side, easily won the Republican nomination for president for the 1904 election, and easily took the election over Alton Parker. He was supported by all groups, including big business.

General George McCellan

This man, who replaced McDowell as commander of the Army of the Potomic, also replaced Scott as General in Chief. Able to command all union forces, his idea to invade Richmond by the James River was put into force in March of 1862

Salmon P Chase

This man, who was Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln, added the motto "In God We Trust" to Union coinage that exists to this day. This reflects the overall extremely pious attitude practiced during the war from both sides, which included days of fasting to honor the fallen martyrs. 1,300 clergymen severed in the military as clergymen

Two

This many bullets remained in Jacksons for his entire livelihood. One of many reasons Jefferson considered him unfit for the presidency

3,832

This many new shopping centers were built between 1945 and 1960 (there were 8 in 1945)

Slash-and-Burn

This method of agriculture was practiced by the Indians to support a thriving mammalian (and Turkey) population in NA

Samuel J Tilden

This millionaire lawyer of NYC was very popular among the Democrats, getting the nomination on the second ballot, for his destruction of the corrupt Tweed ring of NYC. He ran under a platform of political reform to end corruption and one to end reconstruction slowly by returning rule in the South to the conservatives. Very much like the republicans, this man had difficulty separating himself from the opposition.

Father Junipero Serra

This missionary of the Franciscan Order established San Francisco, San Diego, and many other Californian cities in response to exploration by Russia in Alaska

April and July

This month through this month in 1862 saw the US government ban slavery in the capital as well as in all territories and from anyone supporting rebellion without owner compensation was well as another law which forbade the return of runaway slaves, even in border states

Progressive Citizens of America

This more liberal group split off from the democrats and supported Henry A Wallace in 1946, who Truman had fired because he was too soft on Communism. Wallace believed that the tougher America was on communism, the tougher the USSR would become

United States

This nation during an 1846 conflict was out-maned by over 4x, but by then end of the conflict would equal the opponent in number of regulars and double the opponent if volunteers are included

Republican

This political party only had a president in the White House whiling controlling congress between 1881 and 1883 and 1889 and 1891 during the Gilded Age.

Democratic

This political party only had a president in the White House whiling controlling congress between 1893 and 1895 during the Gilded Age.

National Republicans

This political party, headed by Quincy Adams and Clay, separated from the Jacksonian run Democratic-Republicans (soon to be called Democrats) and created a new two party system-the first since the demise of the Federalist Party

Cherokee

This powerful native american tribe weaken itself by giving into the demands of weaker northern Indian tribes and attack the American forces, which repelled them easily and burned their tribal settlements

Richard Nixon

This president attached inflation to social security and food stamp benefits in order so that the amount they pay out has the same benefit each year, and not decreasing and inflation increases

Andrew Jackson

This president was the first to try to purchase California to balance the country with the upcoming annexation of Texas, but failed due to a bribe attempt

Physicians

This previously respectable profession lost its social stature as quackery untrained people ruined the identity of this profession

Proclamation of 1793

This proclamation by George Washington established the everlasting neutrality of the United States in Europe, especially pertaining to the French Revolutions wars. This unofficially voided the Treaty of Alliances

Proclamation of Amnesty

This proclamation issued by Johnson in 1865 was a nod to Lincoln, restating everything the passed president believed but also adding that 10% was not required, but native Union governors were also well as ratification of the thirteenth amendment, which had not been fully endorsed by Lincoln. He also added the clause that all landowners with taxable property over $20,000 were also exempt. This was Jonhson's crowning achievement in his view in his life

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. and had not been competition since the start of the Embargo in 1807. It passed so easily because at this time the South matched New England in manufacturing numbers

Hesse-Cassel

This region accounted for over half of the German missionaries that fought for the British during the war, and so German missionaries began to be known by this half term

New England

This region in the American colonies had very poor soil and a short growing season resulting in main products such as fish, oil, timber, ambergris wheat, sheep, swine, cattle, oats, and barley. Such a strong fishing industry allowed for trans-atlantic trade to develop and for New England to reflect Europe more then any other colonial region

South

This region suffered from only investing in slaves and agriculture while more profitable ventures in commerce were always controlled by others

Puritains

This religious group allowed women to inherit her deceased husband's property as well as having laws against abuse and allowing divorce, signifying the importance and paucity of women in America

Puritains

This religious group established the first two colonies in New England (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay) under the teachings of John Calvin (Predestination), yet even though they sought religious freedom they would not practice it

Separatists

This religious group wanted to be completely separate from the Anglican church of England, and originally migrated to Holland before going to America aboard the Mayflower, yet most people who went were not Separatists

Puritans

This religious group who settle New England simply wanted to reform the Anglican Church and did not want to separate from the church, yet did retain the characteristic of being dependance of the local minister for interpretation the bible. They also believed in Calvinism, so since he believed that an assembly of true Christian should enter into a common union of God, it made an easy transition into a type of representative government

Reports on Manufactures

This report by Hamilton outlined the necessity of federal governmental support for the fledgling manufacturing industry in America

Vassar

This school in Poughkeepsie, NY was the first women's college to give prioity to academic standards

NSC-68

This secret document produced by the National Security Counsel called for a new build-up in conventional weaponry so that atomic war was not a guarantee if the USSR and the US went to war with each other

Stephen A Douglas

This senator of Illinois opened pandora's box for railways spurred by federal incentives. He pushed and got a few thousand acres for a rail line from Mobile to Chicago, which reflected the support of turnpikes and canals by the government, just now for railways. However, it would unleash the monster that would culminate with the transcontinental railways of the 1860's which totaled 20 million acres of land

Gabriel

This slave in 1800 attempted to lead a salve rebellion in Richmond but himself and 34 others were discovered, lead to the execution of 25 of them and the deportation of the other 10

American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society

This society formed by the Tappan brothers of New York State broke off of the American Anti-Slave Society of William Garrison due to his requirement in their 1840 conference that woman should participate equally in the organization

Savannah

This southern American City would serve as the first base for Clinton's march north across the south to gain support not found in the northern colonies in 1778

First Inaugural Adress

This speech given by Thomas Jefferson after taking the oath of the office of the presidency in the presence of Chief Justice John Marshall was given in the realm of the unfinished capitol building in the new, and not completed, capitol of Washington, District of Columbia. Jefferson was able to walk to the ceremony, the only president to do so, and talked about uniting the nation after such a partisan election in a simplistic tone, which he hoped to use to define his presidency in the beliefs of the Democratic-Republicans who favoured less federal government intervention

The Railroad Strike of 1877

This started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O). Striking workers would not allow any of the stock to roll until this second wage cut was revoked. The governor sent in state militia units to restore train service, but the soldiers refused to use force against the strikers and the governor called for federal troops. This began to lose momentum when President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 45 days after it had started, this ended in failure.

Nevada

This state became a territory in 1861, two years after the greatest gold and silver find, the Comstock load, in American history was found. This states was the only states to become a territory and a state during the Civil War, entering the union in 1864.

Georgia

This state in 1868 joned Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas as the last Confederate States not readmitted to the union due to its removal of 28 black representatives in its state congress. These states were then forced to ratify the fifteenth amendment of 1869, and this state became the last to reenter the union in 1870

South Carolina

This state in 1896 was the first to hold primaries for national state-wide elections. This method would be copy to nearly every state by the election of 1912

Colorado

This state, after the discovering of gold Pikes Peak, Central City, and Leadville, established a healthy economy of mining and agriculture, with fertile river valleys coming out of the rockies and entered the union in 1876, fifteen years before Cripple Creek gold was discovered

Emancipation Proclamation

This statement giving by Lincoln on New Year's Day, 1863 freed all the slaves in the Confederacy (except where the Union already controlled) (which could not be enforced), but more importantly allowed Blacks to join the Union forces and changed the focus of the war to ending slavery, giving more energy to the north and alienating the south from the rest of the world, including France

Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution

This statement made clear that Parliament could only tax and regulate trade and would give each colony all of the duties collected in state, only if the colonies paid for defense of the empire

Elector College

This system which had electors pick the president was originally government by the will of the state legislatures, but by 1832 it was governed by the popular vote in all states but SC

The Tariff of 1824

This tariff was suppose to be protective but specifically for certain finished products and others such as hemp, woolens, cotton, iron, and raw wool. Revenue tariffs were also heightened for sugar, molasses, coffee and salt. However, Jackson used it to his political advantage with Calhoun and accidentally passed, causing outrage from the south, Calhoun included who support the bill while it was in Congress

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act

This tariff, weakened by Senate member which it is partly named for, was the tariff bill created for Taft by the special session of congress he called. Feeling that it was too weak, but not skillful enough to simply not sign it, he made it into law as he knew he could not get more, and so appeared to the public to support the weak measure

Second Industrial Revolution

This term refers to the late 18th century industrial movement which was generally focused in the United States and Germany. This, with the movement from domestic systems of production to factory systmes, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production. It also revolutionized communication with the Trans-Atlantic wires and the telephone. Unlike the first, this had access in its later years to electrical power

Liberty of Contract

This term was used by the Supreme court describing the freedom of individuals to bargain among themselves the terms of their own contracts stemming from the case NRLB v. Jones

Oregon

This territory was allowed to organize as free-soil in 1848 on the basis that it was devoid of slaves as well as it being far above the Missouri Compromise line, so Polk signed the bill

Non-Revolutionary Theory

This theory for the American Revolution states that the America colonies revolted to keep the status-quo from a Britain whom had discovered her reliance on the colonies during the Seven Years War and desired to properly govern her colonies for the first time, causing radical change and therefore unrest. Every Act from parliament from 1763 to the war can support this theory (I believe the essay will be this one)

Internal Politics Theory

This theory for the American Revolution states that the lack of a constant American policy from Parliament and George III as the King attempted to shift English politics in the favoure of the monarchy led to the deterioration of the Atlantic relationship resulting in the revolutions. The issuance and the repeal of many Acts, such as the Townshend Acts and the Stamp are examples

Whig Theory

This theory for the American Revolution was the original and states that the tyrannical nature of George III demanded the oppressed colonies to rebel and cites such events as the Intolerable Acts and the Boston Massacre

Economic Theory (Empire Theory)

This theory for the American Revolution, quite Marxian, blames mercantilism on the American Revolution. The struggle between the two concerning the colonial role of America in the mercantile exchange drove the two entities to war, backed by trade data and Acts which prevented possible trade, such as the Navigation Acts, enforced by Greenville for the first time in the mid-1760's

William Lemke

This third party candidate, running on the Union Party's ticket, did not even attract a million voters in the 1936 presidential election after Huey Long was assassinated. He was supported by Coughlin and Townsend, however

Jeffersonian

This traditional American economy finally truly gave way to urbanization and Hamiltonian ideas by the Jacksonian era

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the American General Anthony Wayne, who had been attacking the Indians of the Northwest Territory during 1794, and the Native Americans was established in 1795. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio, and the area around major forts from the Shawnee Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi Indians

Treaty of Cession (Louisiana Purchase)

This treaty by Livingston, along with Monroe, with the French sold to the United States Louisiana for about $15 million. Napoleon would do this because Haiti had just revolted, killing many troops, and so at the time he saw the Western Hemisphere as a burden instead of an asset

Treaty of Paris

This treaty on December 10th of 1898 (ratified in February of 1899) ended the Spanish American War. The treaty added all conquered territories as well as Guam. Cuba was quickly granted independence. It took to be defeated by Populists, Democrats, and the occasional Republican before it was supported by William Jennings Bryan

1954 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

This treaty set the time-table for British withdrawal from the Suez canal, which was greatly encouraged by both the US and Egypt

Naval-Disarmament Treaty

This treaty set tonnage limits on capital ships for the UK, Japan, and the US, but did not include smaller ships like cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, so the small craft arms race continued. In 1934 Japan withdrew from the treaty, and the dreams of disarmament died.

Treaty of Ghent

This treaty, delayed extremely due to Madison's hasty declaration of War and Tzar Alexander I's request to mediate the Peace meetings to solidify his alliance with Engalnd, was finally signed on December 24th, 1814 and only set down a president to end the war, since all embargoes had been dropped at the conclusions of the Napoleonic Wars earlier in 1814 and no repercussions could be gained. All other issues (boundaries and fisheries) were to be delayed to after the war

Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty of 1846

This treaty, of which terms were the same as two prior proposed treaties, extended the boundary between Canada and the Us along the 19th parallel to the puget sound while giving England Vancouver Island and shipping rights to the Columbia River. "54 40' or Fight" was not headed

Grant and Blaine

This two men, representing the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds respectively, were the deadlocked candidates during the Republican Convention of 1880 in Chicago. When Wisconsin changed their voting over to James A Garfield, a Half-Breed from Ohio, the whole convention gave up on the conventional candidates and put their faith in him. His vice-president was Chester Arthur, Stalwart from New York

Trade-Association

This type of group was Hoover's priority as secretary of commerce, and established many in almost all major industries in the United States. Although it was challenged by opposites, the Supreme Court said in 1925 that they were not trusts. They were means by which companies could exchange information about pricing in order to better predict costs, stabilizing prices and the economy

Indentured Servants

This type of person received free passage to America by signing a contract that tied this person to a landowner in America for a certain amount of time (usually 7 years) for that passage

Clipper

This type of ship was designed for passenger speed and were used to go to far off places such as transatlantic voyages, China, and San Francisco. They were not designed for cargo, and so fell out of favoure after the Civil War to ocean going steam boats

Gradualism

This view of Anti-Slavery before 1830 and eventually adopted by Anti-Slaverhy politicians including the future Republican part and Abraham Lincoln believed in simply preventing the expansion of slavery into newly gained territories. Hard-core abolitionism replaced this view in New England led by Douglass and Garrison

All Male Taxpayers

This voting group was given voting rights in most colonies after the revolution, as well as the backcountry was given a fair representation in State legislatures. Without such measures Americans would be denying rights for which they just fought Britain for

Treaty of Kanagawa

This was a 1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships as well as a US Consulate

Iran-Contra Affair

This was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo. Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the Reagan administration had been prohibited by Congress. Once the contra-affair came into the public knowledge, the Nicaraguan government sued the United States before the International Court of Justice, which in the case The Republic of Nicaragua v. The United States of America ruled in favour of Nicaragua mandating the payment of compensation, which the United States refused to do. Compliance proved futile as the United States, a permanent member of the Security Council, blocked any enforcement mechanism attempted by Nicaragua. Reagan expressed regret regarding the situation during a nationally televised address from the White House Oval Office on March 4, 1987 and two other speeches; Reagan had not spoken to the American people directly for three months amidst the scandal but took full responsibility for it

Saloon

This was a popular place for gathering, especially for immigrants to get news from back home, to cash a paycheck, or to get political news and the neighborhood. They were more of these then grocery stores in 1900 America, and always women were forbidden at the main bar. This place was the main target for teetotalers

Point Four Program

This was a program for economic and technological aid to poor countries announced by United States President Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech.

Massachusetts Bay

This was the first colony to recognize slaves as legally being captives

Boston English High School

This was the first free public high school, which came right before the 1827 law requires all towns to have a free public high school and all towns over 4,0000 to have college preparatory courses ind Latin, Greek, Rhetoric, and others

Virginia Company

This was the first joint-stock company chartered by James I to establish a permanent English settlement in North American, which become known as Jamestown

John C Fremont

This was the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party in 1856 following the Whig tradition of picking presidential candidate. He ran under the first major party to run with a banner prevent the expansion of slavery, picking up the free-party banner

St. Augustine

This was the first settlement established in North America and done so in Florida by the Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon

246 Billion

This was the increase in GNP between 1940 (101 billion-same as 1929) and 1952, increasing every year except 1946 due to a quick post-war recession

David Riesman

This was the man who wrote The Lonely Crowd (1950) in which he analyzed the new corporate character of the American. This was a culmination of research on the shift from inner directed people to other directed people

322,000

This was the money spent on very killed communist in Vietnam, which was considerably more then each participant in the poverty programs of the Great Society at home: $53

60

This was the percentage of church-goers in 1960, up from less then half in 1940. This was largely in response to the calls by president Eisenhower, but perhaps more important was the fact that the USSR, the enemy, was an official atheist state and prohibited any form of religion behind the Iron Curtain. Congress exhibited this fundamental change by adding "under God" to the pledge of allegiance in 1956 and in the same year they added "In God We Trust" to all coinage as well as made it the official national motto. This acts were much more anti-communist and anti-atheist then pro-christianity and anti-religion as a whole, although a few took these actions as such

67

This was the percentage of goods in the entire world consumed and produced by the United States, a nation consisting of 6% of the population

7

This was the pre-war percentage of America's industrial output from the states who would later secede

4:1

This was the ratio in practical man power between the union and the confederacy, showing how the confederacy was practically doomed in a long war

Amelia Earhart

This women was the first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1928) while attempting to fly around the world she disappeared over the Pacific (1898-1937)

Southern Manifesto

This, signed by 101 members of congress in 1956, condemned the Supreme Court decision of Brown v Board of Education in 1954 as an abuse of power, and in those states desegregation did not occur

United States v E. C. Knight and Company

Through this Supreme Court decision, manufacturing was declared an intrastate activity, and outside the jurisdiction of the Sherman Act, unlike Railroads

Transcontinental Treaty

Treaty signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean at the 42nd parallel in a stair-step fashion.

Interest Rates

Trying at all costs to curb inflation, Nixon encourage the Federal Reserve to raise this, which did not help inflation at all but just drove the country into another recession. At one point the federal reserve rate hit 19% in 1980 (its 0.25% now). He also controlled prices and wages for 90 days in 1971 as well as took the US off the gold standard for foreign banks, plummeting the currency

Open Door

U.S. policy towards China, product of U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, proposal to ensure equal economic access to Chinese market for all states, ensuring the protection of a treaty port, and give no favours for who trades there. While only England adopted the proposal (Russia, Germany, Japan, France, and Italy did not) none of the world powers rejected and denounced the idea and eventually accepted it through their actions instead of their words.

Tyding-McDuffie Act

US promised Philippine independence ten years after the act was enacted, which was 1934. The Philippines did receive independence after WWII on July 4th of 1946, got it after WWII

Mayaguez

US ship captured in Cambodia that Ford sent US troops in to take back, unaware that the Cambodians had already agreed to give it back. 41 troops lost their lives for nothing

Battle of Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890 dancing the Ghost Dance of Wovoka. This ended the Indian Wars.

Gerald Ford

Unable to separate himself from Watergate, this man pardoned Nixon simply to stop the trials which were detracting from his presidency. His approval ratings dropped 22% in one day

Cigars

Unbenounced to McClellan, Lee had entered Mayrland and had split his army into two. This was discovered, however, through secret orders found in a pack of this, and McClellan headed for would become the battle of Sharpsburg

Dominican Republic

Under Coolidge, the US left this country in 1924 it had occupied since 1916, but remained there economically for 25 more years to college custom duties

Jesse Jackson

United States civil rights leader who led a national anti-discrimination campaign and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (1913-2005)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Horace Mann

United States educator of Massachusetts who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

McCarran Internal Security Act

United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities. This passed over a veto provided by President Truman, and prohibited any aliens who supported such ideas (communism) from entering the country. History proves that such actions were not even enough, for the Soviets ran extensive spy rings in America, opening essentially the whole government to the Soviets in Moscow

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) with James Fisk and the bother-in-law of Grant

Jay Cooke

United States financier who marketed $2 Billion of Union bonds to finance the Civil War

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged soon after the Missouri Compromise in 1820 (1767-1822)

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951). He was the head of the New York Journal

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control, contraceptives, and planned parenthood

Walter Reed

United States physician who proved in Cuba that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)

Allen Ginsberg

United States poet of the beat generation (1926-1997)

DeWitt Clinton

United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

Joseph McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957). While he was correct in the scale of the Soviet spy ring in America, his methods were unorthodox and reckless. Starting in 1950 McCarthy tried suspected communists in the Senate for four years before being censured. He eventually died in 1957 of alcoholism in the mental disability wing of a naval hospital. He was the face fo the Red Scare after WWII

Elvis Presley

United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music and the teen culture of the 50s (1935-1977)

Stephen Foster

United States songwriter for minstrel songs whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864) His most popular song was Oh! Susanna, but he also wrote Way Down upon the Swanee River, My Old Kentucky Home, and Old Black Joe

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists. The first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896). She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans inlcuded A Century of Dishonor (1830-1885)

Richard Wright

United States writer whose work considers the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960). The was an idiot communists and the author of Native Son

Apache, Comanches, and Navajo

Warlike southwestern indians who preyed on the pueblo dwelling natives

St. Lawrence Seaway

Waterway to connect Great Lakes on the U.S./Canadian border to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River, it allowed better shipping and transportation, and improved international relations and trade under the Eisenhower Administration.

Wright Mills

Writer of White Collar Society (1949), which revolutionized the ways people were hired, for in this book, this man laid out perfectly how people would from then on by chosen for their occupation by personality, and not ability level

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

Written by Charles Beard, this was the first book to attack the constitution as a conspiracy of the founding fathers to profit economically from a larger national government

Twentieth Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition, it intensified the sectional conflict.

Main Street

Written by Sinclair Lewis in 1920, this novel portrayed town, prairie life as awful, and the rural areas responded by giving examples of the sins of cities

Voltaire

Wrote Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote the Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, and Twice-Told Tales. Especially in the latter, this man emphasizes power moral allegories and sin with its consequences. Yet he does admit it is impossible to root out sin in the human soul

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal

Nixon Tapes

a collection of recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and various White House staffice in February 1971. Nixon withheld them from the trials, citing executive privilege, as long as he could until the Supreme Court in July of 1974 in United States v Richard M Nixon made him give up the tapes unanimously, which were then destroy in part by his private secretary. What remained on the tapes still shocked the nation, and crippled Nixon who would resign in two weeks

Khmer Rouge

a communist organization formed in Cambodia in 1970. It became a terrorist organization in 1975 when it captured Phnom Penh and created a government that killed an estimated three million people in a genocide attempt to kill of the opposition in Cambodia

Scopes Trial

a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas (his last name is the name of the trial) of Dayton violated a Tennessee State law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the penalty was a $100 fine that the Supreme Court of Tennessee declared void. Bryan actually died 5 days before the final decision

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes to ignore outrageous prices construction projects for the Union Pacific Railway, which were subsidized nearly in full by the federal government.

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy as well as requiring 50% of citizens in 1860 to take an iron oath to the union, which attested to their past loyalty and therefore would be impossible...Lincoln refused the bill

Timothy Dwight

an American Congregationalist minister, theologian, educator, and author. He was the eighth president of Yale College, from 1795 to 1817. He helped spread the second great awakening across New England as he felt that his intellectual campus was a hotbed of infidelity

George F Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. He anonymously published Foreign Affairs in 1947 which outlined his ideas of containment

Stonewall Inn

an American bar in NYC and the site for the Stonewall riots of 1969 which are widely considered the start of the modern gay liberation movement

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers while promising American neutrality from any European conflict inserted in two small parts during Monroe's 1823 annual message to Congress

Charles Guiteau

an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging. Garfield would die more then two months later on the 19th of September from inept medical care

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, which were in order to protect Cuba and bully JFK (who Khrushchev felt to be very weak), President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev accepted the U.S. demands a week later. In an odd move, JFK kept in place US missiles in Britain, Italy, and Turkey, all which were outdated and were in the process of being dismantled when the crisis began. However, the crisis did cool off fairly quickly, and by 1963 the missiles had been removed, wheat was headed to the USSR from the US, and a "hot-line" had been installed from Moscow to Washington. Finally, in September of 1963, the US and USSR agreed to halt all nuclear testing that was not underground (that was the only place not banned by the treaty)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement

Twenty-Seventh Amendment

banned congress from raising its members salaries until after the next election (1992)

George Whitefield

came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

W. E. B. Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP. He opposed the ideas of Negro Nationalism, especially Marcus Garvey himself

Carrie Chapman Catt

fought for women's rights/suffrage, began her suffrage work as an organizer of clubs in 1887, she became one of the suffrage movement's most effective lecturers and organiers. Her work extended to Canada and Europe. She founded the National league of women's voters which helped pass the XIX Amendment

Battle of the Coral Sea

fought from 4-8 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. It was also the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other. It saved Port Moresby and stopped the Japanese advance on New Guinea

American Equal Rights Association

organized by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Lucretia Mott in 1866; supported suffrage for both white women and blacks, but would not give in to accepting black men before white women

Twelfth Amendment

requires that the electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president, as well as providing that if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House chooses from the three candidates who have the largest number of electoral votes; the Senate chooses from the top two candidates for vice pres. (1804)

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30. This system was not practical for the cattle farming of the plains, and so large companies or very large ranchers ruled the Midwest as smaller ranchers literally couldn't survive

Export Control Act of July 2, 1940

to limit the exportation of materiel to pre-World War II Imperial Japan. The act originated as a presidential proclamation by Roosevelt forbidding the exporting of aircraft parts, chemicals, and minerals without a license, and was intended to induce Japan to curtail its occupation of the Indo-Chinese coast. The text of the Act stated that whenever the President deemed it "necessary in the interest of national defense," he could prohibit or curtail the exportation of military equipment, munitions, tools and materials. Via this act, resource poor Japan would begin to be starved, and the US would force her to take Indonesia or quit her militaristic tendencies

Suez War

was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956 over suez canal which Egypt had forcibly took after the US withdrew its offer to pay for the proposed High Aswan Dam when Egypt increased its trade with the USSR and the PRC. The US agreed with the UN and the USSR and opposed the war, which came to a quick end of the war in November of 1956, but the USSR offered Egypt missiles against the western imperialist, making the US appear to the Arab world as the aggressors. In an odd about face, the US, the only supporter of Nasser outside of the Middle East, was viewed after the war as the supreme enemy

Counterculture

white middle-class youths, called hippies. New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America becasue they believed in a society based on peace and love. rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs, lived in large groups. They lived in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbuy district becasue of the avalibility of drugs. They were the direct descendants of the Beats a decade earlier

Armistice of WWI

11:11 11/11/18

Prohibitory Act

Act passed by Parliament in 1775, forbade trade with colonies

Cyrus Hall McCormick

This Virginian invented the reaping machine for wheat, which allowed a 600% increase in production

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing a few students and merchants to immigrate.

Concord

This town's barracks were the goal of General Gage's raid, but had been depleted by patriots once they arrived

Smith-Hughes Act

(1917) Legislation sponsored by GA Senator Hoke Smith that helped establish vocational programs in public schools across the nation and that helped states plan and carry out vocational training

Buchanan v Worley

(1917) the Supreme Court struck down a Louisville, Kentucky ordinance that required whites and blacks to live in seperate communities. It was a major victor for the NAACP

Ruhollah Khomeini

"Ayatollah" was an Iranian religious leader and scholar, politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, until his death.

Bear Flag Republic

Another name for the short-lived Republic of California

Agriculture

By 1870, this US industry led the whole American economy and was top in the world

Sarah Osborn

English immigrant who opened a school in Newport, Rhode Island, that admitted women and blacks and was a place for worship for all kinds

Conscription

For the first time ever in 1940, FDR got a bill through congress that required this of all men from 18 to 35

Sacagawea

Native American woman that helped Lewis and Clark with translation, guide, and negotiation

Rainbow

The first clipper ship

Mayas

This early Mexican/Belize civilization built many cities in the Yucatan between 300 and 800AD

James Monroe (1816)

This man defeated Rufus King of New York easily to win the presidency

30

This was the approximate percent of blacks in America by 1860

John Deer

Inventor of the first steel plow, setting off his revolutionary company that still is at the forefront of agricultural innovation today

Martin Van Buren

"The Little Magician" of New York led the supporters of the deceased William Crawford into the Jacksonian camp, decimating the potential for Adams to get a majority backing at least initially in The White House

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for he honor. Their capital of Tenochtitlan sat at modern day Mexico City

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses with this act. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

The Boston Tea Party

(1773) 16 Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre.

The First Continental Congress

(1774) Delegates form 12 Colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to decide on action, if any, against Britain should be taken. They decided on boycotting all British goods as a reasonable response to the Massachusetts Acts

Commonwealth v Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. This overturned the president, exemplified by the 1806 decision by Pennsylvania that the shoemakers guild was guilt of a "combination to raise their wages"

The Homestead Strike

(1892) When Henry Frick of US Steel, determined to weaken the union by forcing through wage reductions in bargaining, failed to agree to terms with The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, he built a fence and hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect his newly hired strike breakers. The lock out culminated with a firefight between Unionists and Pinkertons, with 10 dead. Six days afterwards, the Pennsylvanian Governor ended the strike by sending a force of 8,500 to break the unionists

Wealth against Commonwealth

(1894) Muckraker Henry Demarest Lloyd's book that attacked Standard Oil

Five-Power Treaty (Washington Naval Treaty)

(1922) Treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Glass-Steagall Act

(1932) Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included some banking reforms. The FDIC allowed for banks loans to be backed, and so bank failures slowed greatly

Grovey v. Townsend

(1935) a Supreme Court case that upheld the white only democratic primary in Texas

The Four Main Colonial Migration

(In Chronological Order) Puritans to Massachusetts, Royal English Cavaliers (Aristocrats) to Virginia, Quakers from Middle England to Pennsylvania, and Scott-Irish to the Appalachians

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military. It established the Peace Corps

Viet Minh

(League for the Independence of Vietnam) communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh, and the group at the end of 1945 control the entire northern half of Vietnam, with their capital at Hanoi. There success was largely, if not only, because of US aid, which ended immediately after the war

Realism

(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived. This American ideology grew out of the Civil War

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip (Metacomet). The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief that gives this rebellion its name. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Quebec Act

1774 extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory. Was seen in America to be part of the Massachusetts Acts as a way to favoure this colony over America

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784 US commissioners use military threats to force pro-British Iroquois peoples to relinquish much of their land in NY and Pennsylvania.

Annapolis Convention

1786-Called after a successful meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss the commercial value of the Potomac Rover at Mount Vernon, this convention failed to discuss general commercial issues in America, because only five states participated, but did allow James Madison to suggest and establish a meeting in Philadelphia in the subsequent year to discuss the overall union in the Federal Government

Clay, Crawford, Quincy Adams, and Jackson

1824 Democratic-Republican candidates for the presidency (last one-party election for the "Virginia Dynasty")

Gag-rule

1835-1844 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Fort Laramie Treaty

1851 treaty with indian nations located near fort Laramie in Wyoming, even though many of the Indian nations who attended were at war with each other. The treaty asked each indian nation to keep to a limited area in return for money, domestic animals, agricultural tools, and other goods. This treaty introduced ideals that our current reservation system mimic

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by this Senator - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Trade Agreements Act

1934 act that authorized the president to lower tariff rates as much as 50 percent for countries that made similar concessions on American products; agreements were made with fourteen countries by the end of 1935, reaching a total of twenty-nine by 1945.

Boxer Rebellion (Fists of Righteous Harmony)

1900 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British, German, Japanese, and US troops. Secretary of State Hay used the opportunity once again to ensure that China was not colonized and the Open Door policy in tact

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states. It founded the Bureau of Reclamation.

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war. They promised to abide the principals of self-determination and a international security system after the conclusion of the war. by the end of 1941, 13 nations had signed it

Rutherford B Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the 1876 election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Hayes struggled to gain any faith with Congress or the people after that deal gave him the presidency in exchange for the ending of military reconstruction in the South. He announced early in his presidency that he would only serve one term, which he gladly did

Coxey's Army

400 unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief. He was arrested and therefore was not any violence, but it proved the support of the populist movement

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War. This papers, published 1971 through a Supreme Court decision against the Nixon administration, severely damaged the reputation of LBJ

Gaspee

A British schooner that was set afire and sank in Rhode Island as an act of rebellion of the colonists. Similar acts of rebellion took place on the Delaware River where a British revenue ship was seized by colonists.

Contras

A Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. This group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company, US Steel of Pittsburgh, dominated the American steel industry. For all of his wealth, he was bought of in 1901, only 9 years after the founded his company on the Bessemer converter, which was a process that quickly created steel out of pig iron

Three-Fifths Compromise

A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson of Pennsylvania (future Justice) and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.

William Quantrill

A confederate guerrilla, who had 400 men ride with him to Lawrence, Kansas to raid and destroy the town and kill unionists

Sub-Treasury System

A goal of the Farmer's Alliance. The idea behind this was that the government would own all warehouses and silos used by farmers- with the promise that storage rates would be low. The democrats, who the Farmer's Alliance sided with, felt that it was too radical, and was also rejected by industrial workers

Federalist Essay Number 10

A contradiction to the emerging European belief that republics were only possible in small land masses, this essay by James Madison prosed that an extremely large diverse republic would prevent any majority from taking over

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol, and were successful against Saloons. The group also championed other progressive ideas like the eight-hour work day, the regulation of child labour, food safety, and equal marriage and divorce laws.

Settlement House

A house where immigrants or other impoverished Americans came to live. Here instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first one of these homes was the Hull-House, which was opened by Jane Addams (winner of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize for her work) in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.

Pendelton Act

A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to about 14% of the most important government jobs by means of the merit system. It was sponsored by McClellan's Vice-Presidential candidate from 1864

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law passed that forbids any state to deny a citizen the right to vote on the basis of race color or sex.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved. This included the Massachusetts legislature

John Sloat

A month after Fremont conquered California for himself, this commodore sailed into California and declared it under the control of the United States

William Crawford

A native Virginian, this man was the logical legacy to the "Virginian Dynasty" He was the last man to be nominated by the "King Caucus" of Congress and represented Old Republicanism of States' rights

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains. It would be viewed as constraining America's possible wealth, or to take it away entirely giving the land to Quebec

John Charles Fremont

A second Lieutenant in the US Topographical Corps, he mapped the Oregon Trial with the aid of Kit Carson, and reported on other expeditions through the West- "The Pathfinder"- his excited reports gained wide circulation and helped arouse the interests of easterners.

Zoot-Suit Riots

A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos.

National Trades' Union

A society established in 1834 to federate city societies

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. It only failed after the main building burned turn in an accidental fire

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

Patroonship

A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in a aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. SThese women wrote the Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.

Smith Connally War Labor Disputes Act

Act of 1943 that authorized the government to seize plants useful to the war. It was created after coal miners went on strike in 1943 led by John l. Lewis

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

African American man who promoted the migration of other African Americans from the South, which he had escaped as a slave, to his community in Dunlop, Kansas.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to the Midwest, mainly Kansas, after the fall of Republican governments in the early 1870's. About 25,000 came to Kansas in 1879-80 combined. So many came that in 1879 whites closed river boating to blacks, which Hayes prevented by military action. This threat, however, slowed these people, and they would eventually quit coming by 1885 as they heard of different hardships of the barren midwest

Commercial Agriculture

After 1790, farms began to take this method of production, as it resulted long term in better profits, although severe cyclical periods existed

Social

After the civil war, the southern Elite lost their unbalanced power in Congress, to be replaced by the Captains of Industry of the north. Including the revolutionary war-time congress of the Republicans, the Civil War can be seen as this time of Revolution

Republican

After the party swept the 1888 elections, it finally broke the divide in congress over territories, who were overwhelmingly filled with this party, becoming states. 1889 was the first year since 1864 to admit a new state, and admitted four: The Dakota's, Montana, and Washington. They followed this states with Idaho and Wyoming in 1889. Utah entered the Union in 1896 after abandoning polygamy, and Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico rounded out the lower 48 by 1912

Battle of the Bismarck Sea

Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy during this battle in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943. This battle, destroying many troop transport ships, had major consequences, for Japan refused to support sieged ports, leaving island hoping an easy and effective method to take the Pacific

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony"

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

Telegraph

An instrument invented in 1832 by Samuel Morse that used electricity passing through wires to send messages over distances. It absolutely revolutionized communication, replacing turnpikes for communicational purposes to and fro large cities, which didn't occur until 12 years later

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand and end the unofficial naval war with France over Jay's Treaty with England. They refused to pay bribe. Due do this action, the US finally officially revoked the 1778 Treaty of Alliances

North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

An international trade agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico coordinated by Clinton in 1993

John Wesley

Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community

Peculiar Institution

Another term for Slavery

Tramp

Another word for the Hobos of the great depression

Liberator

Anti-slavery (abolitionist) newspaper founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator was outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.

Lebanon

Appears to succumb to a similar fate as Iraq in 1958, Eisenhower installed 15,000 marines in this country in order to stop a revolution against the pro-western leadership there

Cerro Gordo

April 16th of 1847 battle in which Santa Anna at this mount pass and the last of his men tried to defeat the Americans by intimidation of larger forces. From here Scott easily took Puebla and with some fighting took the Capital

Nullification

At the Jefferson Day Dinner of 1830, Van Buren convinced Jackson to give a toast denouncing this principle

Harris Convention

At this convention, Townsend Harris negotiated 5 ports to be opened in Japan to American trade

Mexicans

Because most of these people could not prove their citizenship, over half of million were sent back to their homeland. Texas alone sent half.

Maryland

Breaking from its strong Catholic roots, this colony made it clear that the baptism of slaves does not effect the slaves status under the law

Herbert Spencer

British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically, and felt that pure capitalism was the best economic model for such a society, even capitalism that allowed monopolies.

Fort Pickens and Fort Sumter

Buchanan chose these two forts as the ones he would hold through secession, not giving into Confederate demands

Robert J Walker

Buchanan's choice to be governor of the Kansas Territory. This man was extreme pro-union

Fair Employment Practices Committee

By an executive order this aimed at insuring morale and maximum use of labor force by preventing employer discrimination against workers because of race or religion. The efforts of this committee laid the foundation for the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's.

William Howard Taft

By far the most practical candidate in 1912, this man won the Republican nomination and attempt to secure victory by exposing how progressivism could not give good times to America perpetually. Never the campaigner, he lost humiliatingly after completing one of the most successful presidencies in history.

Fort Mandan

Fort erected by Corps of Discovery before the winter of 1804-05 in what would become North Dakota

Interposition

Calhoun's term for his concept of nullification, whereby a state in effect could repeal a federal law as the federal government was only created for the defense and wellbeing of the States

Slave Rebellions

Contrary to popular belief, these were actually opposed by slaves, as a prosperous plantation was better then death to most

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921

Championed by Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, this act created the Bureau of the Budget and General Accounting Office to prepare a unified federal budget. Realized a long held progressive desire to bring greater efficiency and nonpartisanship to the budget preparation process, passed under President Harding. This act also reversed the graduated tax sector, giving 60% tax breaks torwards the rich by the end of the decade.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes. His record during his 16 years as Chief Justice flies directly in the face of his record before being appointed, during which he was very conservative, which was what Eisenhower expected. Eisenhower said that the choice of Warren was the worst decision of his presidency. He made the same mistake with William J Brennan, whom he also appointed

Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century against Cleveland's attempts to to reject bills giving pensions to dependents of Union veterans

Battle of Sharpsburg

Civil war battle in in maryland in 1862. Lee was trying to invade the north bloodest day of the civil war 6,000 casulties. Sept. 17th 1862. However, probably good for the Confederacy, McClellan was demoted as a result to recruiting duties for good in New Jersey and promoted Ambrose Burnside

General Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, however President Harry Truman removed him from his command after MacArthur expressed a desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria.

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin and did not include new immigrants. Included Clay and Webster

Credit Mobiler

Construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific RR, used it to dishonestly skim railroad profits for themselves. The owners then gave 13 representatives stock in the company. Only two were censured

8

Consumer credit between 1945-1957 went up this many times, exemplifying an American where people saved only 5% of their income, compared to 20% in most of the world

Ngo Dihn Diem

Corrupt leader of South Vietnam, supported by US until his unpopularity (Monks burned themselves to voice their hate of him) led US to approve a coup on November 1 of 1963 by rebels supported by the US military, but those leaders proved to be unstable, and perhaps worse then this man. South Vietnam could not find a Ho Chi Minh

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Creole priest of Mexico who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

William Tweed

Democratic political boss of New York who used the corruption of the Tammany Hall ring to cheat the city out of over 100 million; he was later arrested and died in jail

Methodism

Denomination of Protestant Christianity. Origin in evangelistic teachings of John Wesley. Originated as a split from the Episcopal Church. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves. Emphasizes that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to be saved and low church in liturgy. It favoured a more structured chuch

William James

Developed the philosophy of pragmatism and author of Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (1907). This man was one of the founders of modern psychology, and the first to attempt to apply psychology as a science rather than a philosophy. His successor, since this man died soon after he published his book, John Dewey, would prefer the term "instrumentalism" to pragmatism

Baptists

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people

Tariffs

Do to this ever increasing tax, European nations did not have the ability to raise money by selling goods to pay off debts to the Americans. The European nations decided to rely on reparations from Germany, so no one was paid

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts as they taxed for revenue and put other injustices on the colonies like the Stamp and Sugar Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, he opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

D

Drunks were forced to wear this letter in public

Yalta

During a conference held here in February of 1945, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met and they agreed to wage war on Japan (as long as the USSR gets its pre-1905 lands), to divide Germany into 4 equal parts (as well as Austria), on the big 5's veto in the UN, and to hold free elections for the liberated countries, which the USSR did not do in the end. It also established a reparations committee in Moscow, but no reparations were ever collected for the USSR ran East Germany and the west would not pay

Millard Fillmore

Elected Vice President and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874). Assumed to be anti-slavery, he actually he supported the Compromise of 1850 unlike the slave holding Taylor, which he signed into law

Harry Truman

Elected Vice President in Roosevelt's 4th term. became 33rd President of the United States on Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan (1884-1972) He grew up in Independence, Missouri and before becoming a politician was pretty much a failure. In 1948 he beat out Dewy for the presidency in the one of the biggest upsets in American history

Henry Hudson

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River in 1609

Maksim Litvinov

FDR invited this man to Washington in 1933 to acknowledge the USSR as a political entity, and as a peaceful measure the USSR allowed US citizens to practice religion in the USSR, the nation would not distribute communist propaganda in the US, and finally, which they never did, the USSR would allow discussions concerning unpaid Czarist debts

1894`

Feeling the effects of the depression of 1893, in this year the democrats were ousted for the Populists and the Republicans

John Floyd

Florida Governor who received all 11 votes from South Carolina in the 1832 election even though he didn't run, for South Carolina had begun serious nullification talks and had no interest in either Clay or Jackson. Jackson won handily

1766 Stamp Act Congress

Formal colonial protest of Stamp At. A distinction is made between internal and external taxation and external taxation without representation for the good of the empire is conceded by the colonial body

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, this man's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr in the Nauvoo Jail, which he had been placed in for treason.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison, the Tappan brothers, and other abolitionists out of his earlier New England Anti-Slavery Society off of popularity gained from England's proposed abolishment of slavery with compensation to all British slave holders. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves. This was the first society to allow equal participation of free blacks

John Hale

Free Soil Party member who ran for office in 1852, getting little of the vote and not even half of what Van Buren mustered. He was a vocal abolitionist.

Mario Savio

Free speech activist in Berkeley and other places during 1960's. Berkeley Free Speech Movement activist and raised awareness for free speech, the just simply the right to protest simply everything in society

Edmond-Charles-Edouard Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834). However, while in America he become an embarrassment to Jefferson and the supporters of the French Revolution. While embarrassing, this became a mood point when another transition in the French Government occurred and Genet was ordered to be arrested, to which he sought refuge in the United States

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV around 1682

Nueces River

General Zachary Taylor was ordered by Polk to move his men into the disputed area between this river and the Rio Grande at Corpus Christie to seemingly promote an attack by the Mexicans upon US soldiers which would launch Polk's war without Polk giving effort

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945. It was won mainly through cryptanalysts knowing exactly where the U-Boats would be, allowing destroyers to easily find them

James Cox

Getting the nomination on the 44th ballot, this Man of Ohio led a weak democratic party into the carnage that would become the election of 1920. The only upside to the election that a young FDR would gain great experience as the Vice-Presidential candidate

Alfred M Landon

Governor from Kansas who ran for president against Roosevelt in 1936 election; didn't except Social Security Act. He was very liberal and alienated much of the party, as well as the core of the anti-government republican platform in 1936

Burke Act of 1906

Granted full citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes in another effort to "Americanize" Indians.

Booker T Washington

Half-African American progressive who supported segregation, he attended the Hampton Institute and founded an all black college at Tuskegee, Alabama. He demanded that African American better themselves economically before moving on to achieve social equality.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism. He is also one of the many people credited for coining the phrase: "Cold War"

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 built in Pawtucket, RI the first American machine for spinning cotton. His ideas actually didn't catch on until the 1807 Jefferson embargo. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System"

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in California, leaving Nixon to take the presidency over Hubert Humphrey but instilling hope in many Americans. He gained fame by running JFK's campaign manager and becoming Attorney General at age 41

Strom Thurmond

He was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner. This group of "Dixiecrats" broke off from the democrats after Truman's acceptance speech at the 1948 democratic convention in which he asked for an end to segregation

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering Wilson's 14 points.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. She was the head of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Levi Strauss

Immigrant from Germany who produced the first denim pants in San Francisco during the California Gold Rush.

National Socialist German Workers' Party

Nazi Party real title, and the name of the party when it gained power in 1933

National Liberation Front

Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule and aided what group of communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in the south. Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

No Child Left Behind

Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America. It has been criticized harshly since it was initiated in 2001 even though it was passed with bipartisan support

Imre Nagy

Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR (withdraw from the Warsaw Pact) which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt. He was killed by a firing squad once the USSR took control of Hungary via military force

Janos Kadar

Hungarian leader who gained power after the Soviets regained power '56; he was able to save some of the economic reforms of Nagy, but essentially communism ruled

Rosenbergs

Husband and wife tried/excuted for treason for trading atomic bomb secrets with the Soviet Union.

Moors of Granada

In 1492, after the successful Christian merger of the Kingdoms of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, this group was successfully defeated after the centuries long Reconquista and allowed for the newly united Spain under Catholicism to focus on colonization in the 16th Century

Warriors' Path

In 1769, Daniel Boone led a party of men on an expedition into the mountains and into Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap. They used this trail.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

In 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders

Immigrants

In 1854 14.5% of the population were these from 1845 to 1854. This was the greatest period of increase in these in American history

Abilene

In 1867 Joseph McCoy of Illinois established this town as the first sucessful cowtown where livestock would be herded and then sold and shipped east. The Cowtowns progressively moved westword and north as the railroads moved west.

Adirondack Park

In 1892, "forever reserved", preservation, defended as protecting water supply of New York's rivers and cities; This is the largest state park in the nation

1924

In 1901 all members of the Five Civilized Tribes were offered citizenship. However, all Indians were only offered citizenship in this year

Pullman Strike

In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, but by connecting Pullman cars to mail cars via scabs, the Railroad owners were able to put the strike and the American Railway Union in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, as they blocked the service of the mail. Cleveland sent in federal troops and threw Debs into jail. The strike froze the Railroads for May and June of 1894

United Steel Workers

In January of 1946 this union went on strike, at the same time as many other unions, demanding better wages after the war. Truman brokered a deal for 18.5 cents more an hour, but the management would not take the deal without an increase in prices. Truman accepted the increase, and set a president that would lead to rapid inflation during his presidency

Sack of Lawrence

In May 1856, a posse of more than 700 pro-slavery men rode into the abolitionist town of Lawrence and destroyed buildings and printing presses, killing one

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release, and also tried failed helicopter rescues during April of 1980. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity in return for a ransom of several billion dollars

360,000

In five years, from the beginning of WWII to its conclusion, this was the increase of college graduates in the US, due mainly to the GI bill. This unprecedented demand for college degrees would not subside as the Gi graduated

Conscription

In order to expand the army, FDR used this, the first ever during a peacetime atmosphere, in 1941. Via this, the army grew to more then 1.4 million people, about double the amount of servicemen there would be in 1947

Pottawatomie Massacre

In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers in Franklin County, Kansas.

Black Hawk War

In the early 1830's, white settlers in western Illinois and eastern Iowa placed great pressure on the Native American people there to move west of the Mississippi River. Native American tribes visited Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe. Black Hawk lead a rebellion against the United States. The war started in Illinois and spread to the Wisconsin Territory. It ended in August 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered more than 200 Sauk and Fox people. It was the first war to included Civil War notables such as Lincoln and Jefferson Davis

Charleston

In this city in 1860 Democrats gathered, clearly to support Douglas, but Southern delegates left when the 1856 stance on a non-interference policy in slavery from Congress was upheld for 1860

Irish and German

In the mid-19th century immigration bonanza, these two groups were the most populous, numbering around 9% of America's total population in 1854

1973

In this year Nixon established an all volunteer army after four years of withdrawal of Vietnam. At this point only 50,000 troops remained, about 1/10 of the amount that was in Vietnam in 1969. Nixon could pull this off because he increased greatly the bombing efforts in North Vietnam

Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

In this 1971 Supreme Court Decision, the court ruled that, even though the schools in the district worked out to be only minimally integrated because of the full black or white neighborhood, the schools had to be intergraded based on the percentage of blacks in the whole district, meaning that blacks had to be bussed over great distances to integrate schools that naturally sat in all white neighborhoods. This cause a great push-back from middle America, who saw the end of the neighborhood school

George Westinghouse

Inventor of the air-brake (1868)

Slavery

In this group lay the most valuable one asset group in America

1843

In this year Texas again failed to enter the union due to a released letter by Secretary of State Calhoun to the British minister in Washington which listed the reasons for annexing Texas to the US, foiling the British idea of a sphere of influence. This made Texas appear to be an attempt to promote slavery, and so was rejected in the Senate

1832

In this year Virginia voted against a plan of gradual emancipation and African colonization 73 to 58. This turned out to be the last attempt at emancipation for a state-legislature

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

Initially, this 1935 act earmarked 4.8 billion dollars for the creation of government assistance programs. It replaced FERA and created the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was also run by Harry L Hopkins. While being an extremely wasteful program in its decade of existence, it built many of America's roads

Gerald Nye

Instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated World War I munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death" as they pushed the US to war

Maine

It was sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans, self-destructed in Havana Harbor on the 25th of January 1898

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

President

Jackson was a decorated general, senator, and representative to the legislature of Tennessee before holding his office

Active at the Constitutional Convention

James Madison (most) of Virginia, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, George Mason of Virginia, Gouverneur Morris of New York, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut

Second New Deal

Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy. This new deal was much more idealistic and much less pragmatic

Fumimaro Konoe

Japanese statesman who set Japan's expansionist policies and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy (1891-1945) He, however, wanted to avoid war with the US at higher costs then many of the other political forces in Japan, leading to his resignation in 1941 as Prime Minister

Slave Trade

Jefferson ended this practice as early as the constitution would allow in 1808, although every state save South Carolina had banned it at that point

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

4

Just over this percentage of whites in the south owned a slave

Samuel Clemens

Known as Mark Twain, the best of the local colorists, and the first great American writer born and raised west of the Appalachians; books included Innocents Abroad (1869), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Life on the Mississippi (1883), The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865), and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884).

Padrones

Labor agents who greeted immigrants and often exploited them, mainly to get them to move west

John Adams and Thomas Pinckney

Lacking Hamilton due to his alienation of many people, including within his own party, the Federalist Ballot for the election of 1796 consisted of these two, more conservative, geographically coordinated men. Even through Hamilton's plan to reorganize the ballot, this tickets presidential candidate would take office

Nicholas Biddle

Last brilliant president of the Second National Bank. Under his tutelage the bank grew to house 1/3 of the nation's deposits with 29 branches. He forced state banks to keep a large specie supply to avoid another 1819 financial crisis. He was eventually brought down illegally by Jackson

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781, and by letter only, not in person.

John L Lewis

Leading the United Mine Workers, this man led America's coal miners on strike, which led to the nationalization of the mines by Truman, after which he accepted all the demands of the union that the corporations would not accept. When the unions then got greedy, Truman threatened to enlist them all in the army if they did not comply, showing the totalitarian power of the presidency after the war

Osceola

Led a band of Seminoles that hid in the Everglades and used guerrilla tactics to defeat the U.S Army. He resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837) under a flag of truce at fort Moultrie.

South Carolina

Like no other state, this state suffered from emigration after 1820 (to around 1850) due to a great agricultural depression in the region

The Writ of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln's suspension of this (allowed by the constitution in times of rebellion or invasion) gave him the ability to throw all confederate sympathizers in jail in Maryland (for being confederate) allowing the elections for 1862 to be firmly unionist, keeping the state in the union

Realpolitik

Machievellianism. realistic politics, or politics based on practical rather than idealogical notions. "a term to imply politics imposed by means of physical violence, political extortion or economic suppression, or to imply completely amoral politics aimed solely to achieve the goals by any means." Its origins were with Bismarck, but it was also highly supported by Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State to Nixon during the greatest era of American Diplomacy

Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - This act, supported by Grenville, required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Tejanos

Mexican residents of Texas

Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux

Migrator plains indians

Malcolm Little

Militant black leader associated with the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims); he questioned Martin Luther King's strategy of nonviolence and called on blacks to make an aggressive defense of their rights. He was assassinated by fellow Muslims in 1965. While this man was very public, his following of black separatists was only about 15% of the population. Blacks flocked in much greater numbers to MLK, and whites loved him over this belligerent man

Hyphenated Americans

Mixed nationality americans, usually first or second generation, who htought the treaty of Versailles was not suffieceitnly favorable to their native lands and favoured Germany in the First World War. These 13 million Americans did not even waver the United States Government's support for the Allies in the war

The Great American Desert

Myth created by Zebulon Pike, who explored western parts of US, about the Great Plains as nothing more than desert of possibilities (nothing's going to grow). He was proven wrong as cattle migrated from Texas into the Great Basin while Californians followed the mines to the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada's. Finally the transcontinental railroad propelled upper midwestern farmers in the present grain-belt to move west into more hostile but more plentiful lands.

Lusitania

Name for the ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula, this ship was sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. With 139 American killed it forced Germany to stop submarine warfare or risk the United States entering the war, which they secretly did. America also decided to build up its armed forces because of this ship's sinking

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford, who would take the presidency when Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974

Delaware

Not actually recognized as a colony by Britain, this Colony was the 3 southern counties of Pennsylvania granted their own assembly in 1702 which essentially made Delaware completely separate, except in the minds of the crown

Baltimore

Not wanting the destruction of the party, democrats agreed to meet later in 1860 in this city to vote again on the position of the party for the 1860 elections. The same results were produced, but southerns had already agreed in Richmond to break away, and run a candidate that fully supported slavery

Battle of Nashville

Not wanting to retreat after the Battle of Franklin, General Hood held his ground on December 15th-16th of 1864 only to be absolutely destroyed. The Confederacy lost their last organized army west of the Appalachian Mountains

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students who were attacking them with stones in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles (1970)

Naval Blockade

On April 19th, 1861 Lincoln instituted this policy of War, which isolated the south and which the supreme court later ruled signaled the existence of war

Joseph Bonaparte

Once this man, Napoleon's older brother, was made King of Spain after the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Napoleon, which led to Louisiana once again becoming French, to the great fear of Americans, including sympathizer Jefferson, as Napoleon was feared by all for his hunger for land and blood. It also left Spanish Colonies in disarray, allowing the US government to support a revolt in Western Florida, which was quickly annexed in 1810 in Louisiana, with the rest following suit in 1813

Nauvoo

Originally Commerce, the Mormons founded this Illinois town, which became an imposing and economically successful community.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Originally a Unitarian parson, this man became an American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, this Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, most of them of the 5 "civilized" tribes of the south, at least those were the tribes able to resist.

Teetotaler

Person who totally abstains from intoxicating beverages who were populous due to the temperance movement

Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)

Pro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led Inidian resistance against white settlement. Was decimated by General John Sullivan as he burned many of the Iroquois Confederacy's settlements as he searched from this man

Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

Raised tariff from 27% to 35% because Mellon didn't want Europe to flood American markets with cheap goods after war. Became a problem since Europe needed to sell goods to U.S. to get money back to pay debts.

First Indochina War

Recognizing Minh's government in Hanoi, France after the war sought to reestablish Indochina in Cambodia, Laos, and the southern half of Vietnam, which it did successfully. The French put Bao Dai in power in South Vietnam

Edith Bolling Galt Wilson

Second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She has been labeled "the Secret President" and "the first woman to run the government" for the role she played when her husband suffered prolonged and disabling illness after a stroke in October 1919.

The Cabinet of James Monroe

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford. War Department head John Calhoun.

Alaska

Secretary of State William H Seward's "Folly" which bought this piece of land in 1866 for $7.2 million

Jefferson Davis

Secretary of War to Pierce, this man supported the Gadsden route for the transcontinental railway and enabled its purchase from Santa Anna in 1853

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations. This small group of 16 eventually won out because Wilsonians and the reservationists could not agree on a plan

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1639

Sandra Day O'Connor

She was a laywer and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first woman to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation. This transition was caused mostly by the Alaskan and Canadian gold rushes

Joint Annexation

Since treaties annexing Texas had failed twice during his administration, in his last month Tyler employed this method by which congress approved the annexation of Texas on March 1st of 1845

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Sponsored by Senator Henry L Dawes, this act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams who firmly believed the national government should be strong. They also supported Hamiltonian economics and the National Bank he established. They were characterized as monarchs by their advisories for they feared tyranny and mainly were supported by the upper class

Dien Bien Phu

The French military base fell after a 56-day siege by Vietnam troops. Its defeated signaled the end of the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954

Henry Clay

The Nationalist of the 1824 presidential candidates, this man was nominated by the Kentucky State Legislature, but did not fare well

Charles Watson-Wentworth

The Second Marquess of Rockingham was installed was the new first minister by George in 1766. This man, agreeing will William Pitt, believed that for the good of British Merchants the Stamp Act should be repealed

Women

The british brought more of these then any other colonial power, increasing birth rates in the new world compared to Europe, although in the beginning with decease only immigration kept the population growing. This was crucial as most men who came to America were bachelors

Election of 1828

The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In this election, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans. Jackson was elected by a comfortable margin, taking the whole country except for the North East

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers

Brigham Young

The first Governor of the territory of Utah, assuring virtual independence from Washington for the mormons

Sputnik 1

The first artificial satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans on March 5th of 1770

War Powers Acts of 1941

The first gave the president the authority to reshuffle government agencies, and the second empowered the government to a allot materials and facilities as needed for defense, with penalties for those companies that failed to comply, creating a socialist America that would not relent until the Republican congress between 1946-7 saved American

Camp David Accords

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. It led to Sadat's assassination in 1981 because the arab world viewed him as a trader, but its heralded as Carter's greatest achievement while in office, but did not solve the issue of the West Bank, which Begin began to settle one year later (1978)

Clermont

The first successful commercial steamboat, which appeared on the Hudson River under the direction of Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston

Sic Semper Tyrannis

The first words spoken on April 14th, 1865, by the patriotic but foolish John Wilkes Booth after he had shot President Lincoln at Ford's Theater. It is the motto of Virginia

Cult of Domesticity

The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house. This view resulted in this phrase

Tredegar Iron Works

The most important single manufacturing enterprise in the old south. Located in Richmond, it used mostly slave labor to produce cannon, shot, and shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, and steam engines, including locomotives

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American py plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States, who was now not invited to discuss the USSR's plan to give the West Berlin Corridor to the East Germans, whom the west had not yet recognized

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Gettysburg

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's climax, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

Anaconda Strategy

The plan to destroy the Confederacy by General Winfield Scott

Mulberry Grove

The plantation home of the widow of Nathanael Green, it was here that Eli Whitney developed his cotton gin

Robber Barrons

The process of running other businesses out of business so that one's own business can prosper; includes Rockefeller and Morgan. The term originated from the greedy money-men who ran the railroads

Coffin Ships

The ships that carried Irish people to The US after the potato famine

Robert Morris

The superintendent of Finance for the Confederacy in her final years, he had himself given the Government funds to fight the Revolution and wanted to give the ability to congress to tax to be able to issue more national debt to be able to jump-start an economy. He began his plan by establishing a congressional charter for the Bank of North America, the sole financier for the Federal Government. His plan was unable to operate effectively and succeed due to the inability for congress to tax

Scott Fitzgerald

The symbol of "the lost generation" of american writers in the 1920s. He wrote 'the great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise

Prizefighting

The term for boxing in the 18th century, which was very popular and done with bare knuckles

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Taverns

These American institutions were the backbone of colonial travel and grew into centers of colonial resistance

Baptists and Methodists

These two southern religions began after the Revolutionary war accepting slaveholders into their congregations and rejecting the black which the once invited into their churches. By 1830 many sermons were pointing out the divine causes for slavery, reversing their stance over 60 years

Missouri and Tennessee

These two states abolished slavery in 1865

Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Syphilis, and Tabacco

These were exchanged to the Europeans in the process known as the Columbian Exchange

Sugar Cane, Horses, Pigs, Bluegrass, Guns, Smallpox, Measles, and Iron Instruments

These were exchanged to the Native Americans in the process known as the Columbian Exchange

Tariffs

These were used by the Federal Government, as directed by Hamilton, to raise revenue for the young indebted nation

Theodore Roosevelt

This "Bull Moose" was the leader of the rift party of the Republican Party, the Progressive Party (created for this man to run in 1912). Running against Taft instead of for himself, his ideas about New Nationalism brought many voters but lost because of the Republican Party. His loss alienated the progression wing of republicans to defect, shaping the conservative party of today

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben

This Prussian's tight and ridged commanding structure worked to produce a European worth (weak but worth) continental army under GW, and became GW chief of staff by the conclusion of the war. His drill instruction would be used by the US army until the initiation of The War of 1812

Lewis Cass

This Senator of Michigan was the first to propose an alternative to President Polk's proposal to extent the Missouri compromise to the pacific. His idea was what would become popular sovereignty

Lyman Beecher

This anti-catholic stressed that the Great Revival should be expanded to all aspects of civilization, including slavery, drinking, prostitution, and war

Indentured Servants

This form of labor account for at least half of all immigrants to America

The Second National Bank

This institution was founded in 1816 by the Madison administration proving the evolution of the Democratic-Republcans in 25 years and their acceptance of Hamiltonian economics. This one would be established and operate exactly like the first. Calhoun introduced the bill and Clay supported it. Webster opposed it as it moved the banking center from Boston to Philadelphia

African Colonization Society

This organization, supported by men such as James Madison, Monroe, John Randolph, Clay, Marshall, and Webster was the first group to promote emancipation, giving free blacks the opportunity to return to Africa in a land they bought that would become the country of Liberia. However, only 12,000 used the service, proving it a colossal failure.

Progressive Party

This party died in 1916 after Roosevelt was not chosen as the republican nomination for president in that year. Since he refused to again split the party, he chose not to run for a third term, and the party backed Hughes of the Republican party

Workingmen's

This party gained the majority in the Philadelphia City Council in 1828 as Jackson inspired more people to come out and vote, and became a quick local phenomenon around the country, but due to political inexperience the party could not last

Bleeding Kansas

This phrase is used to describe the 1856 civil war in Kansas that was set off by the Pottawatomie Massacre, and only was put to stop by 1,500 federal troops

Arthur Miller

This playwright was the writer of Death of a Salesman (1949) in which the modern idea of personality as the greatest aspect of a man's person is put into question

Whig

This political characteristic was true of nearly all people in the 18th century as it indicated the opposition to King James the II (The movement whom deposed him was the Glorious Revolution). King George III took this complacent political group out of government

Polish Committee of National Liberation

This was established in 1944 after the USSR had retaken Poland in Lublin, which was a puppet government under the communists. During its rule, the USSR eliminated the large proportion of Poles who wanted the exiled government in London back in power

Standing Arm

This was present in America after the Seven Years War and, instead of aiding the king as it characteristically did in the past, it made this authority seem more like a tyrant

Slavery

This was the best profiting property to own in the early 18th century America

Franklin Pierce

This was the democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the fourteenth president of the US defeating Winfield Scott and John Hale supporting the Compromise of 1850. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Kearny

This was the first US warship to loose men in WWII, loosing eleven to a U-boat attack

Quakers

This was the only religion in the new world that actively allowed women to hold church office

Pregnancy

This was the only way a slave could receive less work, and even pay, as it was highly desired by their white slave masters

Waltham

This was the original name for Lowell, Massachusetts along the Merrimack River. Renamed Lowell in honor of the leading member of the Boston Associates who built the first factory system village at this town. Here every process in spinning and weaving cotton was mechanized.

Ultras

This was the term given to the supporters of secession if the Compromise of 1850 was passed, especially on the issue of California entering free

Battle of Cold Harbor

Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified troops of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. However, Grant was once again able to pull off to the left and continue south to Petersburg

Planter

To be distinguished as this time of agricultural distinction, one needed to own at least 20 slaves and not work in the fields with them, somethings about 3% of southerns could say, although they did own over 50% of hte slaves. If a man owned less, he was considered a small slave holder and probably worked the fields along side his slaves

Legal Tender Act of 1862

To finance the Civil war, the federal government authorized the creation of paper money not redeemable in silver or gold through this bill. About $430 million worth of "greenbacks" were put out in circulation, and this money by law had to be accepted for all taxes, debts and other obligations- even those contracted prior to the passage of this act

Monmouth Courthouse

Town in central New Jersey. Site of 1778 Revolutionary War battle initiated by GW but proved to be indecisive. After this battle Clinton retreated into NYC and a stalemate occurred as neither side could advance

Circuit Riders

Traveling ministers who rode horseback over regular routes and preached messages of religious revival during the Second Great Awakening

Okies

Unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s in the West, especially California

Farming

Unlike new Southern industries, this one floundered as the prices of its products dropped significantly over thew final 33 years of the nineteenth century

The Independent Treasury Act of 1840

Van Buren established this independent branch of government by this bill to abolish the pet bank system and once again deposit Federal funds into a federal institution. It would be repealed in 1841, only to be reestablished until the great depression in 46

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in bicameral Congress based on their population, totally discarding the Articles of Confederation. It also established a supreme court and executive branches as well as an inclusion of the Federal King Pin Clause

Roger Taney

Was Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson after McLane was fired and was ordered by Jackson to stop putting government money in the Bank. Instead he deposited federal money in state banks. He eventually was appointed by Jackson as Chief Justice, and ruled over the Dread Scott case

Thomas Larkin

Was a Yankee merchant as of 1832 then established relations with Californios. He becomes US Consul at Monterey, CA in 1843. He was ordered by Polk to stir up talk of secession

William Henry Harrison

Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. He successfully campaigned against Van Buren with his war record at the battle of Tippacanoe and his lack of any stance on the issues. His death a month after his inauguration in 1841 put John Tyler into office.

Philadelphia Lancaster Turnpike

Was the first major tolled highway of excellent quality in paving and grading. This innovated road finished at the end of the 18th century spurred a turnpike bomb in the nineteenth century in the North East

Tony McAuliffe

When demanded to surrender by the German general attacking Bastogne this man responded "nuts". The Germans did not understand the colloquial English usage, so this man responded again to explain the meaning of "nuts": "It's the same as 'Go to Hell'. and I will tell you something else- if you continue to attack, we will kill every goddamn German that tries to break into this city." The Germans did not penetrate the city

Atlanta

While Grant was leading the fight in Virginia, General Sherman captured this city against General John Hood (who had replaced the successfully defensive Joseph Johnston) who fled towards Union Tennessee and hoped Sherman would follow. Sherman did not and proceeded to march his troops to the sea, burning and destroying a huge swathe of Georgia.

English

While this colonial power in North America did not believe in destroying the Native Americans, they did want to establish many colonies to relieve this European country of over population and a lack of goods. These people generally found the Natives to be savages however

Rachel Jackson

Wife of Andrew Jackson who was accussed of living with Jackson before they married and was still "married" when she married Jackson as her divorce was not final. Clay and Adams used this to their advantage in the 1828 elections, soon after which this woman died. Andrew blamed her death on their attacks

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Yippies

Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down

Mukden Incident

a "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (the real perpetrators are unknown); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria

Abstract Expressionism

a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions. Jackson pollock ran the movement, which occurred in the 15 years following the war

Bunting v Oregon

a Supreme Court Ruling in 1917 where the court accepted a 10 hour day for both men and women

William C Westmoreland

a United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964-68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

American Liberty League

a anti-New Deal organization; founders included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis (both former democrats), and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Battle of Little Bighorn

a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans where Custer and his 210 troops were annihilated (1876)

Okinawa

a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945) In savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign. The island was the only one large enough in the Ryukyu chain to support an invasion force

Plessy vs Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal" and done by individuals and not the state

Declarations of the Rights and Grievances

a document created during the Committees of Correspondence of 1765 that petitioned for the repeal of the Stamp Act, for it went beyond controlling colonial trade which was the accepted role of commerce taxation in the colonies

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

a document prepared by the Second Continental Congress to explain to the world why the British colonies had taken up arms against Great Britain. It is a combination of the work of Thomas Jefferson and Colonel John Dickinson

Greenback Party

a former political party in the United States that was organized in 1874; opposed any reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation and elected 14 congressmen in 1878

Charlie Chaplin

a funny Englishman working in Hollywood that was unquestionably the king of the "silver screen" in the 1920's. He symbolized the "gay spirit of laughter in a cruel and crazy world." He also demonstrated that in the hands of a genius, the new medium could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment. He was the first nationally known movie actor

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Pearl Harbor

a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu. It was the location of a United States naval base that was attacked by the Japanese on 7 Dec 1941

Cotton Gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, increasing production of cotton from 3 million pounds in 1790 to 93 million pounds by 1815

Beatnik

a member of the beat generation who were nonconformists in dress and behavior

Black Panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1966, mainly in California, to end political dominance by Whites

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land. The rebellious army dissipated after he died of Dysentery

Anarchism

a political theory favoring the abolition of governments

Hiroshima

a port city on the southwestern coast of Honshu in Japan. on August 6, 1945 this city was almost completely destroyed by the first atomic bomb dropped on a populated area. It was dropped, by the Enola Gay, as the Japanese refused to surrender as ordered on August 3

Union League

a pro Union organization based in the North and was assisted by northern blacks; this political network educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates in the south; they built black churches and schools so to organize the blacks to vote and keep the republicans in power in the South

Confederate States of America

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed originally of the seven deep south states that seceded from the United States. They nominated Jefferson Davis as president and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President

Sears, Roebuck, and Company

a retailer who dominated the mail-order industry and by 1907 had become one of the largest business enterprises in the nation. By this method, anyone anywhere could get nearly anything, opening new domestic markets for industrialists. Its magazine was the second most printed thing after the bible

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

a spanish explorer who led an expedition across Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

a speech by Washington which proclaimed official neutrality in the war between England and France, essentially voiding the 1778 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance with France

Television

a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, chiefly used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education. It changed the way America viewed itself, and expedited the progress of progressives in the lasts 60 years

Underground Railroad

a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North or Canada

Chicano

a term meaning "Mexican American", it's positive and it demonstrates a love for one's indigenous roots

New Left

a youth-dominated political movement of the 1960s, embodied in such organization as Students for a Democratic Society and the Ree Speech Movement. It was founded by Thomas Hayden

Ordinance of Secession

after the 1860 election, south carolina held a special election to shoose delegates to a convention. in charleston on december 20, 1860, the convention unanimously endorsed an ordinance of secession, declaring the state's ratification of the constitution repealed and the union with other states dissolved, listing Lincoln as the main reason for secession

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and Spain that changed floridas border to the 31st parallel, which was a success for America, and made it easier for american ships to use the port of New Orleans

Contract Labor Act

allowed employers to get laborers from foreign countries who were willing to pay for less, by paying for their expenses to America. (1864)

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and reach the train hub of Sedan, which would crush the German lines. Ultimately this would be the force that caused Germany to surrender

Philippine Government Act

also known as the Organic Act; established a governor and a two house legislature to rule the Philippines; US would appoint the governor and the legislature's upper house, but Filipino voters would elect the lower house, but would not have US citizenship in the unorganized territory

Twenty-Third Amendment

amendment that gives the right of voting to citizens in Washington D.C. and that they get votes in the electoral college (1964)

Cecil Calvert

an English coloniser who was the first proprietor of the Maryland colony. He received the proprietorship that was intended for his father, George Calvert, the 1st Lord Baltimore, who died shortly before it was granted.

Richard Allen

an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church

Twenty-sixth Amendment

an amendment to the US constitution, adopted in 1971 and lowering the voting age to 18 in all elections across the nation (1971)

Santa Fe Trail

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa fe, New Mexico used from about 1821 to 1880, One of the busiest and most well-known avenues of trade, and therefore frequented by Indian attacks

National Association of Coloured Women

an independent affiliation modeled after white counterparts, but this organization took positions on issues of particular concern to blacks (crusading against lynching, and called for congressional legislation to make lynching a federal crime). Its first president was Mary Church Terrell

Federal Trade Commission

an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition, enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft in its current model

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

an influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy. It was sent to every single American vessel and signified the already growing navy that Roosevelt was going to grow exponentially

Elizabeth Stanton

as an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. She is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States. She was the writer of the Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls, which was a parody of the Declaration of Independence and alienate most of the people at the Convention

Sigmund Freud

austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Cowpens

battle in the American Revolution where General Daniel Morgan attempted and succeeded to uproot General Cornwallis from Winnsboro SC

Unitarianism

belief that God existed in only one person, and not in the orthodox Trinity; denied the divinity of Jesus; stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; believed in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; God as a loving father rather than stern Creator; followed by Ralph Waldo Emerson; appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism naturally made them not support the hellfire doctrines of Calvinism (especially predestination and human depravity). Its religious figurehead was William Ellery Channing of Boston's Federal Street Congregational Church. The movement remained relatively small

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

better known as the GI Bill, it paid for returning soldiers to go back to school, and guaranteed loans for veterans to buy homes or property

Two Treatises on Government

book publish by John Locke, set forth idea that people have certain rights and the government is formed to protect those rights, life liberty property, he believed people were justified in rebelling if this was violated

Opechancanough

chief of native confederacy after brother Powhatan died, led efforts to defend Indian lands from European, 1644 led unsuccessful uprising -last time Powhatans challenged eastern regions of colony

Mao Tse-tung (Zedong)

chinese communist leader. He led the communist party of china to victory against the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in the chinese civil war and was leader of the People's Republic of China. Known as a great leader in China

Indentured Servants

colonists, usually young, landless men, who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years, usually 4-7

Selective Service Act of 1917

conscription for WWI (under President Wilson) all men between 21 and 30 (later 18-45) had to register to be drafted for military service. Lottery system- ex: all men with a certain birthday would be drafted. There was no buyout, unlike the Civil War. Largely because of this law, 2 million Americans went to Europe to support the war effort

Land Ordinance of 1784

created a method for organizing territorial governments and for attaining full statehood in the Ohio River valley which stated that once a territory reached the population of the smallest state, that it would become a state

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by 16 citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor. Such barbaric action caused great fever in England

Porfirio Diaz

dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Had power 1876-1911

J Robert Oppenheimer

director of the Manhattan Project and later of the Atomic Energy Commission

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox who was taking Nixon to court over the Nixon Tapes by Solicitor General Robert Bork instead of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus who had resigned together in protest during the Watergate scandal 1973

Francisco Madero

early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered by his chief of staff

Indian Peace Commission

established in 1867 by Congress, it composed of both soldiers and civilians, to recommend a new and presumably permanent Indian policy. The commission recommended that the government move all the Plains tribes into two large reservations, one in Oklahoma for the remnants of the Five Civilized Tribes, and the other in the Dakotas. This was cheaper then fighting them

John J Sirica

federal judge in the Watergate scandal who prosecuted it so beyond what was necessary which allowed Nixon's connection to be uncovered

The Committees of Correspondence

formed to share news and ideas quickly and efficiently within the colonies in 1772

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War and all deep south resistance from the British.

Philippine-American War

fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally gave up when their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured in 1901.

James Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat, yet his special regulations against drinking and slavery were too unpopular to maintain and by 1752 Georgia became a Royal Colony

Charles Townshend

government official (Chancellor of the Exchequer), close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

Weathermen

group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village. It was founded in part by Mark Rudd, the man who led the 1968 riots at Columbia that cancelled the spring semester of that year over minimal issues such as construction of gyms. His efforts were copied at colleges everywhere

Daniel Boone

he led a small band of settlers in the Kentucky territory who risked constant attack by Indians and their British and Tory allies. He survived frequent ambushes, 7 skirmishes, and 3 battles. In 1778 he held off an assault by more than 400 Indians at Boonesborough with 30 men and families. He was captured twice and was shot He refused to leave Kentucky. The frontier skirmishes had no real effect on the outcome of the war.

Richard Nixon

he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam. He was supported and won due to the efforts of the silent majority. His Vice-President in 1968 would be Spiro Agnew

American Anti-Imperialist League

in 1899 the anti-imperialist groups combined to creat this group, attracting members who mainly belonged to an older generation, such as Andrew Carnegie and Samuel Gompers. It represented a point of view in opposition to the expansionist acquisition tendencies inspired by the war with Spain, the group argued that acquisition of other territories would undermine democracy and the traditional American principles of isolationism and self government

Non-Intercourse Act

it allowed Americans to carry or trade with all nations except for Britian and France. One of these nations would have American trade opened to them at the choice of the president for the good of the country

Newt Gringrich

key leader of the "Republican Revolution" during the 1990s; helped to turn Congress Republican; Served as Speaker of the House; Left congress in 1998. His Contract with American was a ten-point program against big government, but overall failed due to the popularity of Clinton

Dred Scott v. Standford

landmark supreme court decision which confirmed that status of slaves as property rather than citizens, and therefore the case was thrown out by Chief Justice Roger B Taney

Augusto César Sandino

latin american hero who lead guerrilla war against US when the US once against invaded in 1926 at the sight of civil war after the US had left in 1925

Abbie Hoffman

lead protesters at Chicago Democratic nominating convention (nominate pig for president); co-founder of the yippies- Youth International Party

Richard Henry Lee

leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies to create an American Confederation

Hubert Humphrey

liberal senator from Minnesota and Lyndon Johnson's vice president who tried to united the party after the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago; he narrowly lost the presidency to Richard Nixon that year.

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt

married to President Franklin Roosevelt, traveled for him during WWII, Chairman of the United Nations Human Rights Commission

Mark Rudd

member of the radical Weathermen group that wanted to overthrow the government; member of Students for a Democratic Society

Locofocos

members of a radical group of New York Democrats organized in 1835 in opposition to the regular party organization. These were mostly laborers looking for their own party, which they did not in the Democratic party which they felt they should have

Molly Maguires

members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe the this group was present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878. Evidence that the this group was responsible for coalfield crimes in the U.S. rests largely upon allegations of one powerful industrialist, and the testimony of Pinkerton detectives. Fellow prisoners also testified against the alleged this group, but some believe these witnesses may have been coerced or bribed. These trials that came as a result of Pinkerton detectives put an end to the Miners' National Association which this group led

Minstrelsy

most popular form of entertainment in the early 19th century; seemed to enforce the stigmas of racism as it contained white performers made up as blacks for blackface minstrel shows

Marco Polo Bridge

near Bering; in 1937 japan starts all out invasion of china after this incident. FDR does not invoke the Neutrality Acts because that would be severely detrimental to Chinese forces, who were already badly being beaten

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south in order to gain power in the occupied territories and served as republican leaders forced upon the population during reconstruction

54th Massachusetts Regiment

one of the first and the most famous African-American regiments organzied to fight for the union in the Civil War. Outside of Massachusetts, the city that gave the most men to the unit was Mercersburg

Bureau of Corporations

part of the Department of Labor created in 1903. The Bureau was given authority to investigate corporations and issue reports of their activities. By withholding information from the Bureau, Standard Oil became a target of Roosevelt and was eventually killed in 1911

Jonathan Edwards

pastor who helped start the great awakening, famous sermon was "sinner in the hands of an angry God"

Gerald Ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

Menachem Begin

prime minister evolved in signing of a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, Camp David Accords, the Israel Defense Forces withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which was captured from Egypt in the Six-Day War. This man's government promoted the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This man also authorized the bombing of the Osirak nuclear plant in Iraq and the invasion of Lebanon in 1982 to fight PLO strongholds there, igniting the 1982 Lebanon War.

John Davenport

puritan cleergyman and one of the founders of new haven; caused the spread of puritan belief and religious freedom

George Wallace

racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for president in 1968 on American Independent Party ticket. He gained legitament support out side of the south as being the only true conservative candidate that year. He was unable to throw the election int othe house of representatives mainly to due his running mate Curtis LeMay, who wanted to take all of Vietnam via nuclear weapons. He would only take the deep south, not even including South Carolina

Revenue Act of 1942

raised the corporate and individual tax rates while requiring nearly all Americans to pay income taxes. This truly was not enough with FDR's spending, for taxes only covered 45% of the 1942 budget

General Thomas Gage

replaced Hutchinson as royal governor of Massachusetts, a military governor

Tom Hayden

set up Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1960. This was a very liberal group. They set up the new left a political movement to chang poverty & racism by radical means. He led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. He preached a message that government, corporations, unions, and universities were conspiring to kill the individual. He adopted the term "New Left" to distinguish his individualism from the "Old Left" which included socialism and marxism

Treaty of Hopewell

signed in 1785 to confirm Cherokee boundaries, which were not to include South Carolina, and only very small portions of mountainous North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia

Catharine Beecher

sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, encouraged women to enter the teaching profession b/c their "natural" role suited them to the care and nurturing of children. She combined the "cult of domesticity" with educational reform.

Yeomen

small landowning farmers, occasionally had one or two slaves to help around the south

Vaudeville

stage entertainment made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows that was popular after the Civil War

Keating-Owen Act

supported by Wilson in 1916, prohibited shipment across state lines of goods produced by underage children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause assigning Congress the task of regulating Interstate Commerce. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court struck down the act, and child labour laws could have to wait for FDR

Tonnage Act of 1789

taxes paid for the amount of tons a ship is carrying as a park of Hamilton's tariffs. American Importing goods paid 6 cents per ton. American built, foreign owned ships paid 30 cents per ton. Foreign ships - 50 cents per ton

Thomas E Dewey

the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. In 1948 the republicans supported the New Deal and the strong stance against communism, but promised to run the government more effectively then Truman could. In a giant upset, he lost the 1948 election to Truman by 2 million votes

Thomas E Dewey

the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944. He only really ran on a plan to rejuvenate America, for FDR was not only weak from WWII but near death. It was of no use, for he only secured 99 electoral votes, but it was the closest a republican had ever been to winning against FDR

Battle of Gravelines

the battle between english led by Sir Francis Drake and spanish ships in the english channel in 1588 which resulted in a tremendous English victory and the resulting storm damage to the Spanish was unbearable, allowing England to become ruler of the seas

Electoral College

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president, dictated by state law which universally began to be dictated by a popular vote instead of legislature cogitation

Elastic Clause

the clause in the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

Fourteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no STATE shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It also made all confederate debts void

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. The committee which wrote it consisted of Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Robert Livingston, and roger Sherman. The final version was mainly written by Jefferson and entirely inspired by the Virginian Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts

Yellowstone National Park

the first national park in the United States, created in 1872. Located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears. Once more parks were created, the National Park Service was created by Wilson in 1916

Social Security Act of 1935

the greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers. It was never designed as the primary income for anyone it supported. As for helping end the great depression, this act help rev the engines of unemployment once more as it removed copious amounts of money from circulation and did not included farm labourers or the self employed who needed the aid the most

Lemhi Pass

the highest point in Lewis and Clarkes journey across the continental divide

Middle Passage

the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route; up to 20% of the slaves on a shipment could die in rout

Fort Clatsop

the last fort built by Lewis and Clark, in Oregon at the mouth of the Columbia River near modern Astoria

Ethnic Cleansing

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area. It was used by the Serbians of Bosnia against the large Muslim populations in the former Yugoslavia

Battle of Britain

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it. It failed for the Germans focused on London and not manufacturing or military targets

Freedom of the Seas

the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters, and very important to international commerce for the isolated United States

Manumission Laws

the right of the states to allow slave owners to release their slaves if they want to. These were relaxed in the post-revolutionary south, as no further measures could be taken without controversy

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia (1641-52; 1660-1677); Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Interment Camps

these were set up by President Roosevelt during WWII when most of the country were fearful of Japanese. It included almost 110,000 Japanese Americans who lost their property.

Burning of Washington

took place on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States of America. British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg. The occurrence became an American success after the unhoused British troops fell ill during a tremendous rain storm

Lexington

town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought in April of 1775. The patriots lost to superior red coats

Winfield Scott

was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy. He led the America troops at Veracruz in March of 1847 and took the City of Mexico on September 13th, 1847 and

William Levitt

was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing (initiated in Levittown, NY on Long Island) popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia. Levittown only accepted white occupants and had very strict living codes, but this was not the case of most suburban locations

Operation Rolling Thunder

was the title of a gradual and sustained U.S. 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.

Emily Dickinson

wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary and never married

Canada

One very tangible cause for the war of 1812 was obtaining this land for the United States, which would greatly increase the amount of land available to Americans heading west. This motive was mainly supported by the Old Republican "War Hawks"

Nevada

Only gaining territorial status in 1861, also during the Civil War, this was one of two states to be admitted into the Union during the Civil War. This state was admitted in 1864 due to abundant silver minds

Maine, the Treasury, Economic Depression, and the DC Slave Trade

The Four major issues that destroyed the presidency of Van Buren

United Farm Workers (UFWO)

Originally the National Farm Workers Association, this labor union created from the merging of two groups, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Filipino organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez was designed to represent Mexican American migrant workers who were very difficult to organize and not protected under federal union laws. This union changed from a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance to that of a union of farmworkers almost overnight, when the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) went out on strike in support of the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Larry Itliong in Delano, California who had previously initiated a grape strike on September 8, 1965.

Baptists and Methodists

Over the issue of slavery, these two religions split on geographic lines in 1845. They were followed by the Presbyterians once the Civil War began

Battle of Put-in-Bay

Over this course of this battle nine vessels of the United States Navy built at Presque Isle and under the command of Oliver Perry defeated and captured six vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, and in turn all of Lower Canada was abandoned for the Americans (including Detroit) as well as the death of Tecumseh during battle

66

Over this percent of Confederate debt was paid for by treasury notes, leading to hyperinflation. Only 5% of Confederate debts were successfully paid by taxes, even though official confederate taxes could've paid for both Union and Confederate expenses. This failed as tax collect for the Confederacy was done by the states, and so not done at all

Lon Nol

Overthrew Norodom Sihanouk in 1970, clearing the way for US bombing raids to be delivered in Cambodia, dropping four times the tonnage of bombs then were ever dropped on Japan. Later that year, through fierce criticism, Nixon invaded Cambodia to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Indians

Owning slaves and feeling closer to southern whites then northerns, this group was divided occasionally due to the civil war (cherokee divisions exist to this day) but the majority easily found the Confederates to be more akin

Spanish Flu

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 22 million people, including 675,00 in the United States (easily more then double the death total for the US because of WWI)

Twenty-First Amendment

Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.

War Powers Act

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period. Also congress must be notified 48 hours after troop movement into zones of combat

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest from the Government. This was part of Wilson's movement to get reelected by finally implementing the more conservative ideas of the populism movement that had passed

The Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton had supposedly had an affair with senator John Eaton, causing her husband to commit suicide. Her later marriage to Eaton was viewed as unvirtuous. Jackson sympathized with her because her situation reminded him of the gossip about his wife Rachel. Jackson linked the conspiracy against P. Eaton to Vice President Calhoun, drawing him ever closer to Secretary of State Van Buren.

18

Plagued by a recession during most of his presidency, Carter failed mainly to control inflation, which during one month hit this unprecedented number indicating the amount of stagflation impeding American growth and progress that had been truth throughout the 1970s

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Poland; 1st secretary of state who agreed that poland would stay loyal to Warsaw Pact but made sure that the Soviets would allow Poland to have its own socialist government independent of Moscow, or as independent as Moscow could ever allow

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident (the Maddox and Turner Joy had been attacked). It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia, escalating the war in Vietnam from 16,000 when JFK was assassinated to 542,00 in 1969

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected and would just ruin Detente of Nixon

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed, meaning that the power of business should be curtailed.

Lyman Beecher

President of the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, this man would create a mob to attack and burn the Catholic Ursuline Covent in Charlestown, MA in an attack to Catholicism. His work can be considered that of nativism, or a hatred of natives. This was common by many Protestants, especially evangelicals, in America as the irish brought previously discriminated Catholicism to America

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, this act was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower. It only was accepted by the Senate after being heavily watered down by southern democrats. After two years, the bill had been absolutely ineffective, and so another bill by the sane name was passed in 1960 to give the courts the ability to crack down on counties where there was a pattern against blacks registering to vote. This act also had no bite, failing miserably

Albert B Fall

The Harding Cabinet (Secretary of the Interior Department) member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal

Democrats

The Irish were drawn to this political party and became a stable base of the party for years to come

Ludlow Amendment

Proposed constitutional amendment that would have required a public referendum for a declaration of war except in the case of an attack on American territory. The measure was tabled in 1938 under severe pressure from the White House (never passed)

Twenty-second Amendment

Proposed in 1947 and ratified in 1951. It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two, although Truman was grandfathered out of the amendment. Was brought on by FDR's 4-term presidency.

Joseph G Cannon

Prosed by Democrat George W Norris, Democrats and Republicans who turned against this man, their speaker, in 1910 to reform the house. It made it so all committees were voted on by the whole congress, not just the Speaker, and the Rules Committee, the most powerful, would be extended from 5 members to 15, with the Speaker being banned from membership in the committee

Alexander v Holmes County Board of Education

Refused to allow a three-month delay in desegregation of schools in Mississippi - all deliberate speed is no longer constitutionally permissible. This decision actually desegregated more schools in practice then Brown v Board of Education (1969)

Battle of Germantown

Revolutionary war battle during which the Continental Army unsuccessfully attempted to drive the British out of Pennsylvania, October 4, 1777. Washington's attempt failed

Quebec

Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold both invaded and laid siege to this city, yet failed to do smallpox and an hopeless attack spurred by the enormous amount of death do to the small pox

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in response to the growth of big business over the Gilded Age in order to assure social justice. This catchy new phrase would attempt to lead him to the presidency in 1912

Lord Dunmore

Royal Governor of Virginia in 1775, he promised freedom to any enslaved Black in Virginia for joining the British army. His force was defeated later that year and forced into a ship where most of the people died of smallpox

John Bell

Running as a fourth party candidate, the remaining whigs reorganized in Baltimore and run this man as president under the Constitutional Union Party

Franklin Roosevelt

Running for his second term, this man easily won he 1936 election, even attracting new political bases for the Democrats, like the black vote. He only lost Maine and Vermont to the republicans

Gerald Ford

Running for reelection in 1976, this candidate barely beat a strong running Ronald Reagan to win the Republican nomination. Still suffering from Watergate, Republicans were not loved in 1976 and he lost handily to Cater, only really taking the trans-Mississippian west

Southern Strategy

The Southern Strategy was a term that described the Republican; move to campaign in the south after it had broken with the Democrats over civil rights. This was the beginning of the Republican domination of the south American sees today in national politics which began with Nixon

Moroni

The angel that visited Joseph Smith who was the son of the prophet Mormon. This angel showed Smith the golden tablets of the Book of Mormon which had been left by Mormon when he came to America after the death of Christ.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for America's imperialist expansion.

Flatboats

The archaic means of river transportation, especially on the Mississippi River Routes, which was not able to return up river from New Orleans. Logically these were replaced in the 1820's by steamboats for passenger traffic that could make it back up river

Oregon Country

The area of land including present day Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of British Columbia. In 1790 simultaneous claims were made on the territory by Robert Grey(U.S)and George Vancouver. A treaty in 1818 allowed joint occupation by the U.S and Britain, through the 1820s and 30s missionaries traveled through the territory and by the 1840s the U.S. was the main occupant in the territory.

Equal Rights Amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process, expiring in 1982 after congress had passed it in 1972, after getting, easily, through congress.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty, and so the law by which Georgia was attempting to remove the Indians was unconstitutional - Jackson absolutely ignored it

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

Crop-Lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit as the South after the Civil War had a currency deficiency. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans, which meant every year they needed to grow a cash crop, even multiple times a year with phosphorus fertilizers, destroying the soil

Panama Canal

Taken by Roosevelt in 1903, this was given back to its rightful owners in 1977 by Carter. Receiving great criticism, he took it back and only established a plan to give it back, which was completed in 1999 through stiff conservative opposition

Henry George

San Fransisco journalist published a provocative book in 1879 that was an instant best seller. It jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. The book is called "Progress and Poverty" (1879) and proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty.

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire with James Wilkinson. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason. Twice he tried to escape to Florida and succeeded. After spending sometime in France he returned to NY, where he was never tried for Murder. He was finally divorced shortly before his death for Adulatory

SALT II

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. This refusal by the Senate weakened the appearance of Ford

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. He gave up the rule of the party only when he died in 1982

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Arabic Pledge

September 1, 1915, Germany promised not to sink unarmed liners. Named after two Americans died on this ship for which it is named

Battle of Brandywine Creek

September 11, 1777; Howe vs. Washington; Patriots lost because of miscommunication; Howe allowed colonists to retreat but Howe was able to take Philadelphia

Nuremberg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

Mary Ludwig Hays

She was also known as Mary Pitcher because she carried water to her husband and other soldiers during the war. She also took her husbands place loading and firing cannons when he got injured

Manila Bay

Site of famous naval battle where Commodore Dewey decimates the Spanish navy on April 30th, 1898. However, lacking an occupying force, he was unable to take Manila until August 13th

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 from Southhampton believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

Reconcentrado

Small concentration camp used by the Spanish governor of Cuba in 1896 to contain potential rebels and farmers during the fight for Cuba. They could not leave at not and be revolutionists

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day

Blitzkreig

"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against all of Europe in 1940-41

French Indian War

(1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, known in Canada as the War of the Conquest. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of Canada.

Workingmen's Party of California

(1878) This party was created by Denis Kearney who was an Irish immigrant who opposed Chinese immigration. This party would fail due to Kearney's inability to lead a true revolution, but it did convince Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

How the Other Half Live

(1890) Muckraker Jacob Riis's book about the slums of New York

Elkins Act

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

The Shame of Cities

(1904) Book of articles ran in McClure's magazine by muckraker Lincoln Steffens which documented political corruption

History of the Standard Oil Company

(1904) Book written by muckraker Ida Tarbell as an expose of the Standard Oil Company. This book led to Stand Oil between dismantled by the Supreme Court in 1911

Guinn v United States

(1915) an early victory for the NAACP in which the Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma's grandfather clause used to deprive African Americans of the vote

Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act

(1937) This Act made available rehabilitation loans to shore up marginally profitable farmers and prevent their sinking into tenancy. Made loans to tenants so they could buy their own farms. This act was supported by the FSA (Farm Security Administration) and was in place to try to fix the issues caused by the AAA

Battle of Guadalcanal

(1942-1943) World War II battle in the Pacific; it represented the first Allied counter-attack against Japanese forces; Allied victory forced Japanese forces to abandon the island on which they had almost completed building an airbase

Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)

(1955) Also known as the Baghdad Pact Organization, this symbolic organization was an attempt to connect NATO and SEATO via Pakistan and Turkey, but failed when Iraq dropped out of the pact in 1957 because of renewed hostilities between itself and Iran, the only other member.

Gideon v Wainwright

(1963) A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Social Theory

(3,000 Mile Ocean Theory) This theory for the American Revolution states that no matter what Parliament did, without representation in Parliament by Colonial officials there could never be sustained peace between the entities, and that would require equality, which Britain would not give. Such representation was required because the Colonies had not been equivalent to England socially since the first few colonial settlements, that those were made up mostly of outcasts. There are no raw major facts to defend this theory

Transcontinental Railroad and higher Tariffs

(5 Words) Both opposed by southern congressmen because they promoted the north only, at the expensive of the south, these two measures were passed easily in early 1862 as the south no longer sat in the Union congress

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP); Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1909 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks

Environmental Protection Agency

(Richard Nixon), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the people which this war is named for. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Halfway Convenant

1662-Troubled ministers allowed a modified convenient to admit baptism but not full communion (unconverted children of existing members); Kept peopling going to Puritan Churches

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

1863 Lincoln issued this proclamation which provided a means of repatriating "those who resume their allegiance" even though the war was still in progress. To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions. Those exceptions he specifically listed in the proclamation so there would be no misunderstanding. He also provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state governments, which would be able to occur when 10% of the voters of 1860 took the oath of allegiance. 1864 produced Union governments in Arkansas, Louisiana, and the perpetually union Tennessee.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet, and succeeded in getting Johnson to be in violation of a law and therefore impeachable

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted an eight hour work days, banking reform, greenbackism, equal rights to all people, and an end to conviction labor. This group attempted to unite all labourers, but collapsed when Sylvis died, and was disbanded in 1872. It was the templet for later unions. In its short time however, it forced to repeal the 1864 Contract Labor Act and the government to adopt an eight hour work day for its own employees

Public Credit Act

1869; This Act, the first signed by Grant, required payment of Union war bonds in gold instead of greenbacks

Bland Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." It was vetoed by Hayes but Congress overruled his veto. IT was repealed in 1900.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, Wilson's lowered tariff that came out of his appeal directly to congress which substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

La Follette Seamen's Act

1915 act that relieved sailors of harsh treatment by requiring decent conditions and a living wage on american merchant ships. Also, Seamen who jumped ship before their contracts expired were not to be charged with desertion

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

1920- Two Italian immigrants believed to be anarchists were accused of murder in Massachusetts and were wound guilty after appeals in 1927 and executed. Although the evidence against them was strong, the racist comments by the judge made it appear they were killed for their political beliefs, at the zenith of the terror in America (The same year as their murder a bombing on Wall Street killed 38 people)

Four-Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Nine-Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China and respect the territorial rights of China. Signed by the US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Indian New Deal

1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals, but was very watered down compared to John Collier's, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, original scheme. It did replace the Dawes Act, which had ruined the Indian tribes of America

Clark Memorandum

1931- state department issues a new policy repudiating the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America under the Roosevelt Corollary, but this was never endorsed by Hoover even though he agreed with its principals

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. The United States would not recognize Manchukuo as a country

Atlantic Charter

1942 (January 1)-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill (as well as four other powers against the axis) not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war, but they would not make separate treaties. The US and GB also named one supreme allied commander, allotted combined ration schemes, and combined Chiefs of Staff

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle betweeen the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japaneze navy was utterly destroyed. This was the first battle with kamikaze attacks, which were very affective

National Security Act

1947; enacted to back up the Truman Doctrine; established the National Security Council to advise the president, established the Central Intelligence Agency to gather information abroad and engage in covert activities in support of the nation's security, began the processes of transforming the old War and Navy Depts into the Department of Defense, and combined the leadership of the army,navy, and air force under the Joint Chiefs of Staff; showed Truman's and Americans' fears of communist invasion after WWII

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson in this case (named for the first of five combined cases) which declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Woolworth Lunch Counter

1960, Greensboro, N.C. Four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College begin a sit-in at this segregated place. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South. Six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same counter. Student sit-ins would be effective throughout the Deep South in integrating parks, swimming pools, theaters, libraries, and other public facilities.

Escobedo v Illinois

1964- Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police (Sixth Amendment).

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964. His Vice-Presidential candidate, William Miller, also made him appear very trigger happy, for he supported not just bombing North Vietnam, but nuking it to death. He was horrible with befriending voters, and lost by largest margin in history (39%)

Freedom of Information Act

1966 Act allowing citizens to inspect all government records with the exception of classified military or intelligence documents, trade secrets or private personnel files. It was expanded after Nixon to make classification of files more difficult

Miranda v Arizona

1966- Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. (Fifth Amendment)

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform. He failed after loosing California to Robert Kennedy, after which Hubert Humphrey confidently took the nomination of the party

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops led by Lieutenant William Calley had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. Nixon would grant Calley parole

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment. While militarily it failed, it won the war for the US was not going to stay the course after such an offensive

Clean Air Act

1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standardds for private industry

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was almost impeached and instead stepped down

Milliken v Bradley

1974 Supreme Court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice

Regents of the University of California v Bakke

1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas. This struck down much of the power of Title IX

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured. The Americans were decimated and by sheer luck made it to Manhattan

Milan Decree

A 1807 law by Napoleon which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France. Britain had established by that same year that any ship entering the continent had to regulated by England

Leopard

A British warship that attacked and boarded the American "Chesapeake" and searched for Royal Naval deserters, and hung one. The affair was part of the build-up to the War of 1812, but at this point Jefferson refused to declare any kind of war against an opponent that America could not be victorious against

Battle of Trenton

A Christmas battle in 1776 during which the Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding this city by crossing the Delaware River at night and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won utterly.

Battle of Buena Vista

A February of 1847 battle in which Taylor's outnumbered army held out in a desperate defensive battle that brought the Americans as close as they came to defeat during the entire war, but Jefferson Davis's Calvary charge create a neutral battle that prevented Mexico from retaking Texas, gave Scott time in Veracruz, and made Taylor an hero

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee who had risen to power through opposing the southern elite, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Inner Light

A divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul. Very close to the ideas of Transcendentalism

Francis E Townsend

A doctor and critic of FDR's who proposed that everyone 60 years of age or older should get $200 a month as long as they spent it within 30 days as he watched the elderly looking through garbage cans for scraps of food. Critics noted that it would take half of the income of the federal government to pay for a program that only effected 50% of the population, but, like Long, he did not care about the cost

Ostend Manifesto

A document written between US, French, and English foreign ministers in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain and implied the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused.

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s. They supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who opposed civil service reform. They were lead by Senator Conkling of New York

United Arab Republic

A failed union of Egypt and Syria under Nasser that lasted from 1958-1961

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of giving documents to Whittaker Chambers, a former Soviet spy, but was only proven guilty for lying about espionage, a crime that was not punishable. Because of his aggressive pursuit of the case, Nixon gained fame in California and a senate seat in 1950

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery. It produced in Albany James Birney to run for president in 1840, and beginning in 1844 the party and its subsequent parties began to attract many voters. It merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Taliban

A fundamentalist Islamic militia. in 1995 the this militant group took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; "the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior"

Basketball

A game played on a court by two opposing teams of 5 players that was developed by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 to create a sport between the football and baseball seasons. Points are scored by throwing the basketball through an elevated horizontal hoop

The Hartford Convention

A gathering of New England Federalists from December 1814 through January 1815 to channel opposition to Thomas Jefferson and the war of 1812. Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to offer their militias and New England merchants supplied Canadian troops. Some participants may have regarded the meeting as preparatory to a secession movement by the New England colonies in a later Boston meeting. The convention proposed seven clearly biased useless amendments solely to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans. However, since their demands were still outstanding in 1815 after the war had been concluded, the Federalists appeared simply to be revolutionaries and the party died after the convention.

Teapot Dome

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 for a bribe of $400,000. It became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration

Granger Movement (National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry)

A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, regulate the railroads, lower tariffs so that the input cost would equal the selling point in foreign markets, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

Marbury V. Madison

The 1803 case in which Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall over whether Marbury should be appointed district justice even though the letter from Adams was never sent first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution thereby they could also declare any law or any part of a law unconstitutional and therefore illegal (the Judiciary Act of 1789-gave Supreme Court original jurisdiction over the case, which was against the constitution)

Fort McHenry

The British bombardment of this fort near Baltimore, Maryland during the War of 1812 was unsuccessful and a further invasion of American cities was haulted

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine as Blaine became batted by controversy. THis group opposed tariffs and championed free trade, as well as favouring railroad regulation and silver specie. This group was centered by intellectuals in large northern cities

National Environmental Policy Act

A law passed in 1970 requiring agencies to issue an environmental impact statement before undertaking any major action affecting the environment. It, along with all other environmental legislation, was signed very reluctantly by Nixon who was giving into to a large public demand that he was not so greatly morally opposed to

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships that were 36 square miles to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. These 36 square miles were divided in 36 parts to be sold at a minimum of $640 dollars, saving a 16th of a division of schools

Phoebe Palmer

A lay methodist woman who becomes the leader of holiness meetings intended to call Wesleyans back to original vision of holiness

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It went beyond the scope of reason It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. Practicers of this belief studied all the religions of the world

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music, and literature flourished, and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Glasnost

A policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Northern Securities Company

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated, according to Roosevelt, The Sherman Antitrust Act, and therefore needed to be dissolved. The Supreme Court upheld his ruling (1904)

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. It contained Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand (as well as France, New Zealand, Britain, Australia, and the US- not exactly in the region) . It was greatly opposed by Indonesia and India, and ruined America's already poor reputation in the region, strengthening communist efforts in old Indochina. It was the cornerstone of "pactomania" as after Dulles's efforts as Secretary of State, and US had the obligation to militarily defend 43 foreign nations.

Quaker

A religious group (actually the term for a member of the Religious Society of Friends) that believe all people are equal and are basically good. They feel that violence is always wrong, and refused to carry guns or fight. They also believe in solving all problems peacefully. They mainly came to America in the Pennsylvanian region

Bonus Expeditionary Force

A self-proclaimed group of more than 20,000 WWI veterans that formed when Congress approved paying $1000 bonus to those who had fought in WWI with payments beginning in 1945; This army marched into DC and camped there, vowing to stay until Congress approved legislation to pay the bonus immediately; proposal voted down by Congress, causing only a small portion of the group to leave; those who remained were driven out of the city under order of Hoover, by the police at first and then the Army. As the remaining people were moved out of the Anacostia Flats, one baby was killed from Tear Gas exposure.

Panama Canal

A ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914). The site, sold by the French company under Ferdinand de Lesseps who had failed to construct the canal for $40 Million, was chosen over the proposed Nicaragua Canal (which led to the occupation of that country by the US) Eventually, after Panama revolted from Colombia, the new Panama government gave the 10 mile width canal zone for $25 million down and 250,000 annually

Bill of Rights

A statement of fundamental rights and privileges (the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Battle of Franklin

A suicide mission by General Hood, sending his men across two miles of open ground into Union entrenchments as well as established artilery under the command of General George Thomas. Hood was unable to break the line at this battle and take Nashville (November 30, 1864)

Excise Tax

A tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

Townshend Acts (Including the Revenue Act of 1767)

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea. These Acts also suspended New York's assemblies for there the Quartering Acts had not been enforced. They also established a Board of Customs Commissioners at Boston, but did give in and reorganized the Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West. It was actually built in 1961 in response to JFK who called up the arm reserve after being absolutely bullied in Vienna by Khrushchev over the Bay of Pigs incident

Cairo Conference

A war time conference held at Cairo, Egypt that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek. It addressed the Allied position against Japan during WWII and made decisions about postwar Asia. The USSR would not attend for Chaig Kai-shek was there and the USSR had a non-agression pact with Japan. It happened immediately before Tehran in late fall of 1943

A

Adulterers were forced to wear this letter in public

General Matthew Ridgway

After Truman removed MacArthur, this man, concurring with Truman about a conventional battle plan, led 900,000 UN against the Chinese in Korea

Germany, Austria, and Hungary

After a joint resolution from congress on July, WWI officially ended for the Unite States and a state of peace returned between the US under Harding and these three countries on October 18, 1921

United States Steel

After announcing that this company would be prosecuted under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1911, Roosevelt essentially officially split the Republican Party by his very vocal public opposition to the act.

Cuba

After failing at an attempt to start a revolution. Pierce attempted to buy this land from Spain in 1854 for $130 Million Dollars. It was rebuffed

Rome

After hard fighting in the Apennines, US soldiers entered this city on June 4, 1944

John Foster Dulles

After making this man, his secretary of state, increase the bombing efforts in North Korea and threaten nuclear war, Eisenhower secured a quick end to the war in Korean on July 26th, 1953. The agreement included and exchange of prisoners of war, and a demilitarized zone just above the 38th parallel, in line with the Truman Doctrine

Immigrants

After the Revolutionary war, these were essentially non-existant because they did not want to compete with slave labor and shipping routes headed north, not south

Alabama and Louisiana

After the slave trade was outlawed in 1808, the old southwest had to rely on importing slaves from the south east, often separating black families. Therefore, these two states outlawed the separation of a mother and her child, if under 10

Militant Nonviolence

After the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, people were inspired by Martin Luther King Jr.'s use of this nonviolent form of pretest. throughout the civil rights movement, demonstrators used this method of protest to challenge racial segregation in the South.

Episcopalian

After they were forced to separate from the Church of England, Anglicans adopted this name in America, yet still lost their place as the power church of the south

Henry A Wallace

Alienating both the southern democrats and the northern city bosses, FDR removed this man from the winning ticket in 1944, replacing him with soon-to-be president Harry S Truman

Transcendental Club

All these men had this membership in common: Theodore Parker, George Ripley, James Freeman, Henry Thoreau, Bronson Alctot, Nathaniel Hawthorn, Brownson, Elizabeth Peabody, Sophia Hawthorne, Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson

Holocaust

Also known as the "final solution" by the Germans, this was the methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

King William's War

Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg, it lasted from 1689-1697. It was the third time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France.

Central Federated Union of New York

Although 1 million women helped the dilapidated workforce during the war, they did not stay in the work force and the 8.5 million working women made up a smaller percentage of the workforce in 1920 than 1910, mainly due to the work of this Union demanding that the position of labour return to the war veterans. Women's contribution during the war did get them suffrage on a national level, however

George Washington

Although participating very little in the debates at the Constitutional Convention, this man did preside unanimously over the assembled as presiding officer

McNary-Haugen Bill

Although this bill passed congress numerous times between 1924 and 1928, it could not overcome the vetoes of Coolidge, who believed that the benefits of a higher tariff would be only to farmers, which he considered to be the government selecting a group of favoritism which he could not support. It was supported, however, by his Secretary of Agriculture Henry A Wallace

General Benjamin Lincoln

American Commander at the Battle of Charleston; Gave up the advantage of mobility and heeded the pleadings of Charlestonians to hold the city at all cost. Greatest American loss of the war: 5,500 men

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). He was the writer of Common Sense

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. This man was also the father of his namesake Electric Illuminating Company, which would later become a part of General Electric when George Westinghouse's (Westinghouse Electric Company) company championed better alternating current

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

T.S. Elliot

American poet in exile in London, wrote "The Waste Land", one of most influential poems of the century. he became the arbitrato of modernistic taste in Anglo-american liturature

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs at Walden Pond, where he lived in isolation out of a shack. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839). Suburb user of gothic horror and invented the detective story method of writing

Alexander Stephens

Among 18 others with high Confederate rank, this ex-vice president of the confederacy went to be accepted into congress after being elected to the Senate in December of 1865. All of them were rejected

American Indian Movement (AIM)

An Indian activist organization in the United States founded in 1963 by Dennis Banks and George Mitchell, this group burst onto the international scene with its seizure of Alcatraz in 1969 (via "right by discover") and also their seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (the worst run federal agency to this day) headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. In the decades since its founding, the group has led protests advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States.

Alexander T. Steward

An Irish immigrant, this man became the largest property owner in New York City due to his department store empire, the largest in the United States

Stamp Act

An act passed by the British parliment in 1765 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Taft-Katsura Agreement

An agreement where the U.S. recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognized the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines. This agreement was an initial step that paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905.

First Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression (includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech)`

Fifth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes. Mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation

Seventh Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that states in suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations. In response to the large amount of aid the western world, including the US, gave to Israel after the 1973 Yom Kippur War, this organization cut all sale to countries supporting Israel, leading to an energy shortage in the US

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union. Intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy from which nothing could spawn off of because the Russians had lost the ability to run their own institutions or businesses

Mercantilism

An economic theory that holds that a nation's prosperity is based on the nation's supply of capital and is increased by selling more then you buy and being completely self sufficient. This is generally associated with nations whose major mode of accumulating wealth is through merchant trading with other nations

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles to promote cooperation and peace among nations. although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined because of the efforts of Henry Cabot Lodge and the republicans, actually never ratifying the entire treaty of Versailles, and therefore it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed

Progressive

An odd facet of this era was that, opposite to the Gilded Age run by corrupt political bosses, voter participation declined rapidly to modern levels near 50% instead of near 80%. Democratizing government actually de-democratized it

American Protective Association (APA)

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration and promote Americanism, including the language

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Haymarket Affair

An organized Chicago strike by the Knights of Labor (at the square bearing this affair's name) that turned deadly when someone thew a bomb, many protesters were arrested and some were excuted for inciting the riot

Tenancy

An ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lesser or landlord. Many Americans lived with this system in place (agriculturally). Many farmers became bankrupt under Tenancy due to its in-efficiency and prevent wide land ownership in the South.

Berlin Blockade

April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany. Stalin finally gave in in may of 1949

Teller Amendment

April 20th, 1898 amendment to the ultimatum legislation against Spain that promised the US would not annex Cuba after the assumed victory during the Spanish-American war. Spain responded to the threat with a foolish declaration of war.

Osama bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957). Planned attack of 9-11 as a part of his jihad against the West (US in particular), Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Reportedly in Afghanistan

Harry Byrd

Arch segregationist, this man received no votes for president in 1960, but 15 electoral votes were given by southern democrats fearing his anti-segregation record. This was the turning point in the south, moving away from the democratic party, which was the party of the blacks

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Louisiana preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income of 2.5K, and 5K to the unemployed. Even though his plan could not pay for itself, and he knew it, he attracted 7.5 million supporters before he was assassinated by Dr. Carl Weiss

Van Buren

As the first president to break the Secretary of State rule, Jackson had contempt in his office between his influential Vice-President Calhoun and his trusted, and much better liked, Secretary who is this man

Deism

As the hellfire and brimstone Puritan god died in America to a benevolent god, this theology emerged. It is the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation.

Jubilee Convention

At this 1913 convention, the Anti-Saloon League finally endorsed a prohibition amendment to the Constitution, which was supported by two/thirds of both houses of congress in 1916

Battle of Seven Pines

At this battle along the Chickahominy River in Eastern Virginia, Confederate General Joseph Johnston beat back McClellen's force who saved a stalemate with the aid of reinforcements. Johnston was critically injured during this battle, finally giving general Robert E Lee command of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia

John Schrank

Attempted to assassinate Teddy Roosevelt on October 14, 1912 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin because he believe all men seeking a third term in office should be killed

Seven Years War

Austria vs Prussia; Austria abandoned old ally Britain for France and Russia; Prussia joined with British (WINNERS); significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs

Michael Harrington

Author who wrote The Other American (1962). He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

Camden

Battle which the British won in SC; Cornwallis marched forth from Charleston, later joined by Tarleton; encountered Gate's army and were outnumbered but Amer. troops were too inexperienced and lost and retreated all the way to Hillborough

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Becoming the youngest president ever, as well as the only catholic still to this day, this man was elected in 1960 by 74 electoral votes, but only 118,000 votes outright. Loosing early on, he gained a lot of momentum when MLK was freed after being imprisoned by on a traffic charge, due to in small part by the efforts of his brother and campaign manager. This man hyped this result, and through it gained a lot of the black vote that made a difference in the election

Bank Recharter Bill of 1832

Believing it to be the best opportunity to get a bank rechartering passed, before any more Jacksonians entered Congress, Clay and Webster easily passed this bill that Jackson vetoed, claiming it to be unconstitutional even though the courts had already ruled that it was. As Biddle did not recognize its importance at that moment in time, this bill was used more effectively by Jackson to alienate the bank in the eyes of the people

Captain John Paul Jones

Best known American Navy hero in revolution. -Known for the statement "I have not yet begun to fight!" Also known as the Father of the U.S. Navy.

A Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Bolshevik led treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war. Once this was concluded, the Americans attempted to protect the White Army by putting ships into Archangel and placing troops in eastern Siberia, which would remain into 1920

USSR

Bored with England, and since he had conquered literally all of the Mediterranean save the thin stretch of land between Egypt and Turkey, Hitler attacked this country near the under of June in 1941

James K Polk

Born in Charlotte and a student at The University of North Carolina, this Volunteer dark horse, running against Van Buren for the democratic nomination in 1844, was different from the major candidates in regards to expansionism: he fully embraced it while Van Buren and Clay refused to annex for fear of a civil war, which gave him the nomination and eventually the presidency

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them on March 5th of 1770. Five colonists were killed, the first being Crispus Attucks. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Pennsylvania

By 1817, slavery had been outlawed in all states north and including this one, and the importation of slaves had become illegal by 1790 in all states sparing Georgia and later South Carolina

18,000

By 1821, the year of Mexican independence, this was the population of the once great Indians of California, which only in 1769 had numbered 72,000

Habeas Corpus Act of 1863

By this act, the congress extent its constitutional power of suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus to the president during rebellion or invasion

1840

By this year 40% of Americans lived west of the Appalachian Mountains. 20 years earlier this population reach appox. 2 million people. Settlers from the South usually came by George to Miss and Alabama. Settlers from the Mid-Atlantic States came across the mountains into Kentucky and Tenn, while New Englanders came through New York into Ohio and Michigan

Revenue Act of 1935

Sometimes called the Wealth Tax Act, this tax raised the tax rates on all incomes over 50k as well as estate and gift tax to hurt the rich, the only people spending money during the great depression

Admission of California Free, Organizing New Mexico and Utah as Popular Sovereignty Territories, Deny Texas its New Mexican Claim, Absorb Texas's Pre-Annexation Debt, Retain Slavery in DC, Abolish the Slave Trade in DC, Adopt a New Federal Fugitive Slave Ac, and Deny Congress the Authority over Interstate Slave Trade

Clay's Compromise of 1850 (Its long)

Thomas Hooker

Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates

October 29th, 1929

Coming after stocks started to fall precipitately on the 22nd of October (the fall began on the 4th of September) this day has become known to history as Black Tuesday, as on this day it was discovered that the trust that had been proposed to save the market could not. By September of 1932, the market had fallen 400 from 452

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists.

Robert Stockton

Commodore that planned a naval invasion of southern California; he captured Los Angeles and Santa Barbara and then declared California belonged to the U.S. and proclaimed himself on August 18th of 1846 as the governor

First Sino-Japanese War

Conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea, from which Japan receive Formosa and the Pescadores Islands.

Korean War

Conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South across the 48th parallel. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans (and only could since the USSR was boycotting the UN and could not use their overriding Veto), and the People's Republic of China came to North Korea's aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. It was the first war that the US participated in in which congress never declared war on the opponent

Sidney Johnston

Considered by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the emergence of Robert E. Lee, this was was the leader of the Confederate Army of the Mississippi and was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh and was the highest ranking officer, Union or Confederate, killed during the entire war.[1] Davis believed the loss of Johnston "was the turning point of our fate".

Anti-Saloon League

Created in 1893, this group became the most powerful political force for prohibition and by 1916 had persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

Joseph Pulitzer

Creator of the Pulitzer Prize, this man was the head of the New York Word newspaper, which during the Spanish-American War caused journalism to peek with what came to be called "yellow journalism" as he competed mainly against the New York Journal

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator Fulgencio Batitsta (US supporter) in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927). This man greatly accepted all Soviet aid, giving the USSR a piece of land 90 miles from Florida. It was Eisenhowever in 1961 that finally cut off diplomatic relationships with the island country after this man had taken all US oil-refineries by force

Econmienda System

Definition to be determined in class, the book's is terrible

Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965

Designed to help the poor of this region indirectly by stimulating the economy by providing funding for roads, public works, and health facilities.

Sudetenland

Desiring the unification of the German people, and wishing to appeal to Hitler, France and England allowed in 1938 Germany to annex the largely German Sudetenland that was absolutely necessary in the defense of Czechoslovakia. Hitler would take the entire country in March of 1937, the same month in which Albania was conquered and Spain fell to Franco

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism as well as colonialism. He refused to john the 1956 referendum to reunify Vietnam. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slave. Mississippi's were the harshest, prevent slaves from owning farmland and requiring a license to become a tradesman

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction, including General Longstreet. This group mainly consisted of ex-whigs who liked Republican fiscal philosophy

Acoma, Hopi, laguna, Taos, Zia, and uni

Southwestern indians known for their pueblos and sophisticated farming techniques

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin once he gained power in 1956 after the Soviet's death in 1953 (1894-1971)

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 after a three year civil war, supported by the Axis powers, and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)

Charles Hughes

Started government regulation of public utilities and completed major arms-limmit treaties with Harding. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.

First Industrial Revolution

Started in Great Britain in the late 18th century; this centered around three new developments | coal-powered steam engine, textile machines (spinning thread and weaving cloth), and blast furnaces to produce iron; helped increase the growth of the early American economy.

1876

Starting in 1869 with the fall of republican governments in Virginia (not admitted yet) and Tennessee, the republican dominance of the South fell to the old white power of the old south. In this year the last republican governments of Louisiana, SC, and Florida, all of the deep south, fell

Willamette

Starting in only 1841, the movement towards this Oregon river valley by 1845 had reached 5,000 people

New Jersey

Due to a loophole, this was the only state in the early union to allow women to vote until it was mediated in the 19th century

Baptists

Due to its lack of a central structure, 1.3 southern blacks joined this denomination by 1890, signaling that the church would be the focal point of the black community

Skilled

Due to segregation, the black communities of the South had to become self sufficient, meaning that some blacks started to become this type of worker and became economically well off. In this manner, the blacks gained a foothold economically that they had not had before due to the fact that they were landless before the Civil War

Cecilia

Due to the case of this girl, it was decided in the State of Missouri that slaves do not have the might to defend themselves against sexual assult, which was the view of most whites in 1855 southern America

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars against communism without support of American troops.

Renaissance

During this European period Europeans began to use and develop sophisticated gunpowder, sailing compasses, printing presses, and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking techniques which made the journeys to America and the Far East possible

Boston Police Strike

During this strike which rose American fears of communism, President Coolidge (then governor at the time) fired them and called in the militia to be the police force

Pasha of Tripoli

Emperor of the barbary area; had american sailors captured and demanded bribe money for them. Believed that a war would make him even more prosperous by Blackmail payments so he was the cause for the first foreign war America was involved in initiated in 1801

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Roger Williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism and founded Providence which was bought from the Indians instead of taken and religious freedom was praticed

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Social Justice

Equitable access to resources and the benefits derived from them; a system that recognizes inalienable rights and adheres to what is fair, honest, and moral

Range Wars

Era where the open range is closed down and cattlemen have to fight w/ farmers & sheepherders for grazing lands

The Federalist

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

American Committee for the Outlawry of War

Established by Salmon Oliver in 1918, this group led the US into an attack against future war by promoting pacifism

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers as it was enact as the great depression hit

Jay Gardoqui Treaty

Established trading rights for northern merchants on Spain's Mississippi River, but is not ratified by Congress due to it's lacking a section clarifying the owner of certain western lands, claimed by both the US and Spain

Free

Even though any black could run for office, this type of black before the civil war, only from the few huge southern cities of New Orleans or Richmond or the North, were the ones to become representatives in government, usually about 95%.

Funding the Debt

Exchanges state dets and IOUs for National Government Act bonds. Bonds have "maturity date". Interest on bonds will only be paid by government after maturity date. Gives national governemtn time and binds people to government, especially the rich. This idea is successfully deployed by Hamilton

1934

FDR culminated his Good Neighbor Policy when in this year he negotiated the end or the Platt Amendment, the last official document giving the US the right t4o intervene in Latin American affairs. A year yearly, troops left Nicaragua and Haiti

Powell v. Alabama

Famous Supreme Court case where nine blacks were accused of the alleged rape of 2 women on a freight train, but since they had no counsel the Supreme Court held that the due process clause of the 14th amendment meant that there must be effective counsel in capital cases which quickly spread to include all cases

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. He was known as "Il Duce" (The Leader)

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis. FDR only established the meager organization because of political pressures

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort on April 12th marked the unofficial start of the Civil War

Maysville Road Bill

Federal funding for a Kentucky road was vetoed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830. The bill would have authorized the government to buy stock in a road from Maysville to Lexington, which would make it completely in Kentucky. Jackson was completely against the federal government participating in internal improvements but he also called it unconstitutional because it could be viewed as a purely local undertaking. It was a great victory for Van Buren over Calhoun, and it also set a precedence that the future non-auto roads and railroads may be locally subsidized, but they would not be federally

General Erwin Rommel

Field Marshall Erwin Rommel was one of the most celebrated Nazi commanders during World War II, a sly tactician whose exploits in North Africa earned him the nickname "The Desert Fox." He eventually committed suicide at the request of Hitler when Hitler learned that Rommel had attempt to assassinate him through a bombing after the invasion of Normandy, which Rommel believed would seal the fate in the hands of the allies. Rommel was the commander of the English Canal when the allies invaded

Herbert Hoover

Firmly stuck in his belief that his laissez-faire, this man proudly ran for reelection in 1932, only to be pounded by surging FDR

Moses Austin

First America to receive Spanish land grant in Mexico, later Texas. He died and passed land to his son

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. He wrote A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies, which opened the world to the cruel treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

First independent regulatory agency (1887) to bring order concerning railroads; can take public testimony on possible violation; can examine company records; can oversee enforcement of law

350,000

Following D-Day, which invaded western Europe with about 350,000 troops, the Soviets launched an attack for three months which capture and caused this many causalities total, indicating the insignificance of D-Day in the German perspective

Missionary Ridge

Following the Union victory in the Battle of Lookout Mountain on November 24, Union forces under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted at this location and defeated the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen. Braxton Bragg. Such a defeat was particularly decimating to the Confederacy, because it convinced Lincoln that Grant would be most fit as General in Chief

Republicans

For all of their sins in the South, this group did rebuild the railroad network and all of the infrastructure of the South as well as enrolling 600,000 blacks into schools by 1877

Arab League

Formally called the League of Arab States, includes Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan, Kuwait, Yemen, and Iraq. The Arab League was formed with British encouragement, as a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Middle East. It original membership (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen) evolved out of the British idea of the league to a league opposed to Israel. The League exists to this day, but its mission now focuses more on issues that affect the collective Arab states.

Stabilization Act of 1942

Formally entitled "An Act to Amend the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, to Aid in Preventing Inflation, and for Other Purposes," and sometimes referred to as the "Inflation Control Act", was an act of Congress that amended the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942. The Act authorized and directed the President to issue an order stabilizing prices, wages and salaries to the levels they had had as of September 15, 1942, and to issue additional regulations related to the Act. The Act excluded from stabilization "insurance and pension benefits in a reasonable amount to be determined by the President" Its main contribution was giving the president the sole authority to dictate the prices of all foods in America

National Consumers' League

Formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Free-Soil Party

Formed on the basis of supporting the Wilmot Proviso, this party, formed of Conscience Whigs, the Liberty Party, and Van Burenites, nominated Van Buren in 1848 for president. It caused a split vote in NY allowing the Whigs to take the state and the presidency

General Benedict Arnold

Fought in the Battle of Quebec, later turned traitor; plotted with Britian to sell out the key strong hold of West Point. Was an aid to Cornwallis in the Southern Campaign

The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, this was the first important national union, and it reached its peek in 1886. It tried to bring together the entire working class, both skilled and unskilled, and form cooperatives in many industries, especially coal. It was unsuccessful, however, due to the many disagreements between skilled and unskilled workers. They succeeded with the establishment of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1884 as well as the Foran Act of 1885 which penalized employers who imported contract labor, and also a 188 that required arbitration in labour disputes

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, this group sought to organize craft unions into a federation. The loose structure of the organization differed from its rival, the Knights of Labor, in that the AFL allowed individual unions to remain autonomous. This group survived by avoiding politics or utopian ideas and just focusing on the economics of Labour

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution to run the nation like one giant union, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity and was focused geographically in the West (founded in Butte, Montana). Its most successful strike occurred in Lawrence, Massachusettes, but failed miserable later in 1912 at Paterson, New Jersey, which, along with WWI, ended the party's significance

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, this organization called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. This organization also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Horace Greenley

Founder and editor of the New York Tribune who ran for president in 1872 and lost to Grant easily as he won no northern states as a Liberal Republican/Democrat.

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. He ran every institution he owned into bankruptcy and was only saved by his outstanding political career

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Thomas Jeremiah

Free Black, who was hung, then burned, because he told other slaves that the British "were come to help the poor Negroes."

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Georges Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929) during which his France demanded retributions from Germany for the Way, especially including the clause that caused WWII that blamed Germany for the entire war

Detente

French word meaning an easing of tensions between the world's superpowers during the Cold War. It began in earnest during Nixon's terms in office

Louis Jolliet

Frenchman who sailed down Mississippi River in 1673 with Father Jacques Marquette but did not find a Northwest Passage; sailed as far south as the Quapaw Village

Arthur Zimmermann

State secretary of foreign affairs of the German Empire at the time of WWI. This man was responsible for a telegraph was to the German ambassador in Mexico; instructed ambassador to make offer to Mexican government that if Mexico allied itself with Germany in the event of war between the US and Germany, then Mexico would regain its lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona; Germany hoped fighting between the US and Mexico would prevent American forces in Europe. British intelligence intercepted information and it was leaked in the American news - Americans now determined that war with Germany was necessary

Adlai E Stevenson

Gaining the support of Truman who did not want to run again, this man of Illinois was the clear choice to be the democratic candidate in 1952. Unable to produce a war record like Eisenhower, he was solidly defeated everywhere but the deep south, gaining only 89 electoral votes

Richard Nixon

Gaining very quick power after becoming the face of anti-new dealism, this californian, taking the seat of Vice-President at only 39, was the republican candidate for president in 1960. Allowing himself to go on television debates with the more attractive Kennedy, this man rode his early large lead to his demise, loosing by only 118,00 votes.

Foraker Act

Gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico as well as gave the people of Puerto Rico citizenship of Puerto Rico. In 1952 Puerto Rico became a commonwealth, a unique designation in the US

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. The US government supported him even though they were aware of widespread corruption in his government, and he eventually was stranded on Taiwan as Mao took over the country

Logan Act

George Logan went as private citizen to negotiate with France after XYZ Affair; resulting in the release of a few prisoners and a promise to send a dignitary to american. However he also caused this act that declared that no private citizen would be allowed to negotiate with foreign countries in the name of the US, so someone could not act as Logan did

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher, created critical philosophy from the ideas of Hume and Leibniz, ideas don't conform to world, world can only be known as it conforms to mind's structure, said morality requires belief in God, freedom, and immortality, although these can't be proved, wrote "Critique of Pure Reason" which summarized transcendentalism

Max Planck

German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)

Ross Barnett

Governor of Mississippi who strogly opposed school integration, this man blocked out James Meredith, an African American man who was accepted into the University of Mississippi, personally. He was defeated by Robert Kennedy when he dispatched federal marshals to ensure that Meredith was allowed into school. This act would be copied in 1963 by Alabama governor George Wallace one year later

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. Before hand Grant went south of this city and took Jackson, isolated this city even before fighting began. The confederacy had a mere 30,000 at the time Grant initiated the besiegement

Fort Donelson

Grant moved his naval and ground forces after Fort Henry defeat to this fort, where he put up a stronger fight but eventually was victorious. Grant thus gained control of river communications and forced Confederate troops out of Kentucky and half of Tennessee

Secretary of War

Grant's choice for this position accepted brides from a merchants who traded with Indians from the West. He resigned before he could be impeached and convicted

Secretary of the Treasury

Grants choice for this position award a political friend a commission of 50% for the collection of some overdue taxes

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

JP Morgan

Had made a legendary reputation for himself and his Wall Street banking house by financing the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks, He did not believe that "money power" was dangerous. He also bought out Carnegie's Steel, and became the top Robber Barron of all time, and arguably the most powerful money-man ever

Colombia

Harding paid this country $25 million dollars, apologizing for the actions of Teddy Roosevelt when he sponsored the Panama rebellion

Four

Harding was able to appoint this many Justices to the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice Taft, which gave the court a very conservative outlook that would do what it could to restive the damage of Progressivism

George Canning

Having a navy to justify his end of the statement, this man of England wished to proclaim along side the United States, a western power that could claim to be affected, that no country would expand their claims in the new world.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

Declaration of London

Statement drafted by an international conference in 1909 to clarify international law and specify the rights of neutral nations, especially in regard to contraband items. It was never ratified by naval super-power England.

Victoriano Huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

Francis Asbury

He was an influential speaker who went around America and preached Methodism as a circuit rider. He was anti-Deist and was part of the Second Great Awakening.

Sunbelt

States in the South and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative. They were the major population draw during the baby boom era, in large part due to widespread air conditioning

Admiral Chester Nimitz

He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WWII, and he was the man who directed the U.S. victories at Makin, Tarawa, Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa

Charles A Lindbergh

He was the first person to fly to paris france a trans atlantic flight. He flew around the eifel tower and arrived in Paris. He was the first celebrity of the industry.

John Fiske

Historian and expansionist who wrote American Political Ideas Viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History which argued that, with the superiority if its democracy, the United States was destined to spread over "every land in the earth's surface."

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates for the 1858 Senate seat that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations

In 1696, King William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the American plantations and elsewhere according to the Navigations Act. This group, appointed in 1696 and commonly known as the Board of Trade, did not constitute a committee of the Privy Council, but were, in fact, members of a separate body. The board carried on this work but also had long periods of inactivity, devolving into chaos after 1761 and abolished in 1782 by an act of Parliament by the Rockingham Whigs

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, which was their only form of lucrative profiting instrument, and occasionally currency, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington and commanded by General Henry Lee, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. However only two were convicted of treason and were both pardoned, for Washington appeared too harsh on the backcountry folk

John Pickering

In 1804 Jefferson used the impeachment power against this man, a partisan Federalist judge, the only successful attempt to forcibly rid the Justice system of Federalists since Marshall made it clear that the law would not allow their appointments to become void. This man was clearly insane and was given to profane and drunken harangues from the bench. Although insanity is not a high crime or misdemeanor, the Senate decided that the drinking on the bench was an impeachable offense and Pickering was impeached.

Civil Rights Act

In 1866 the this Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. Johnson vetoed as it greatly exceeded the power of Congress, but congress overrode his veto. They fallowed quickly also overriding his veto of the Freedmen's Bureau later. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment.

San Francisco

In 1873, this city installed the first cable car system that clamped onto underground cables connected to a central power source. This type of system was favoured by the populous, and evolved into the electric trolley systems of most major cities in the 1890's. Subways would soon follow at the end of the decade, all replaces the incredibly waist producing horse

Great Sioux War

In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel Custard led an exploratory expedition into the Black Hills, which the US government had promised to the Sioux Indians. Miners soon followed and the army did nothing to keep them out. Eventually, the army attacked the Sioux Indians and the fight against them lasted fifteen months before the Sioux Indians were forced to give up their land and move onto a reservation.

Hawaii

In 1875 this Kingdom received a trade agreement with the US that its sugar could enter the United States duty free, as long as the islands refrained from making treaties with any other power. Due to this treaty, American monopolized the sugar on the islands and the diseases they brought quickly made the cheap labour from China and Japan the most populous race on the islands. The McKinley tariff, removing all sugar duties for all countries, destroy the precarious economy of these Islands.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered this with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale.

Lowell Girls

In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls who were termed this. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions, but this was a very unique system. Most factory towns hired the whole many with paternalism running the system

Richard Nixon

In an absolutely dominating performance with his running mate Spiro Agnew, this man took the presidency for the Republicans in 1972 only loosing Massachusetts to the democrats. He won mainly because of the long and well known apathy about politics that had formed in the election four years earlier

39

In his first fifteen months in office, Gerald Ford vetoed this many bills, surpassing the previous record by Herbert Hoover in not even half the time

Federal Government

In his first message to Congress, during which he foolishly praised European monarchs, Quincy Adams laid down a plan to greatly expand this

Old South West

In its beginning, this area looked much like California would in 1849 with rampant violence, prostitution, alcoholism, and overall lawlessness

Neutrality Act of 1937

In order to keep Americans out of the issues in Spain, congress passed this act, extending the Neutrality Acts of years prior to countries in civil, it also forbade Americans to travel on the ships of nations at war, and prohibited the arming of US merchant ships trading with those nations. All goods would also have to be traded on a cash and carry basis, if they were allowed to be traded at all

The Glorious Revolution

In order to prevent a Catholic Dynasty the English Parliament drove out James II following the birth of his son and replaced him with the protestant Stahoulder of the Nederlands William, and his wife and daughter of James II, Mary II. This was a relativly bloodless revolution. This was important in America because the new Royal occupants had no interest in the Dominion of New England and once again split it into its original parts

Jeremiah Lanphier

In response to the "Panic of 1857", and as part of the Prayer Revival of 1857-1859, This man held lunch-hour prayer meetings that spread revival in New York City.

Gag

In response to the flood of petitions in the early 1830's to end the DC slave trade, congress created this rule in 1836 where all petitions concerning slavery on the table, ignoring them. This was not overturned by congress until 1844 on that backing that is was in confliction with the 1st amendment

Wade-Davis Manifesto

In retaliation to Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill, furious Republicans penned the Wade-Davis Manifesto, which accused the president, among other sins, of usurping power and attempting to use readmitted states to ensure his reelection.

76

In the 18 years after the war, ending in 1964, this many children were born during the "baby boom" into an time of unprecedented prosperity that truly had no consequences, other then a spoiled generation, which is even debatable. This generation would dictate US history from the 60s to the modern day

Detroit

In this cit fighting raged on June 20th and 21st until federal troops could end the race riots

Topeka

In this city abolitionists created by 1856 a fully functioning an anti-slavery government for Kansas in hope of becoming a free state, skipping the territorial phase

1811

In this year congress allowed the National Bank's Charter to expire, meaning that, along with poor tariff revenue, loans would have to pay for the War of 1812, much of which would come from New Englanders who did not support the war.

1919

In this year labour lost all the faith that the US had for it because of the constant strikes, including 4 million people by the end of the year, beginning with the Seattle strike because the mayor blamed Bolshevik influence over the 60,000 workers

1775

In this year parliament declared Massachusetts in rebellion and made it illegal for Massachusetts to trade outside of the Empire

1773

In this year the British government bailed out the British East India Company, giving it financial backing and special exclusion from duties

1776

In this year the Second Continental Congress was assembled to write and adopt a declaration of independence

1766

In this year the Stamp Act was repealed by Parliment

1858

In this year the largest brawl ever on the floor of Congress occurred, resulting mainly in the scalping (removal of a whig) of a Mississippian congressman by John Potter of Wisconsin

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. This administration froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation. The only thing that was not controlled through this agency were food prices

Shuttle Diplomacy

International negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties. This was widely used by Kissinger in the Middle East, especially between Israel and Egypt. His efforts in 1972 directly led to the accord in 1977 with Carter

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe (even communist Europe) to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. Congress only agreed to the plan after the fall of the democratic democracy in Czechoslovakia. West Germany benefitted the most from the plan

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire, which allowed for the production of ranches, especially cattle ranches. For the first time in history, the midwest could have property boundaries of fences like in the east

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney

James Oliver

Invented the chilled iron plow that was able to break the midwestern sod

Christopher Shole

Inventer of the typewriter (1867)

James Oliver

Inventor of the first chilled-iron steel plow

Jethro Wood

Inventor of the first iron plow with separate replaceable parts

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters (1964).

The Convention of 1818

It set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel. It created a secure and demilitarized border. It also had Americans and Britain jointly occupy Oregon.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

June 1933. Innovative attempt at regional planning. Series of dams in seven states on the Tennessee river to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity. Endures to this day

Fair Labor Standards Act

June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. This act established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. This act is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

D-Day

June 6,1944; Coined Operation Overlord under Dwight D. Eisenhower allied forces landed on the beach and was greatest naval invasion. It surprised the Germans who expected the invasion to occur at Pas-de-Calais, where the white cliffs of Dover can be seen from the French coast. At first Hitler was happy for the attack, for off of it he could counter attack and take England

Susan B Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. Her works helped most states by 1860 to give women the right to property, beginning with Mississippi in 1839

George II

King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1727 to 1760 (1683-1760). His successor was George III, the active British King of the American Revolutionary War

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the South by taking back southern state governments and developing Southern industry to free the South of northern dependancy.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England and only on English ships on any trade with the colonies. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries, especially pertaining to very lucrative products like Tobacco and perishables. This had a great effect for colonial shipbuilding and tobacco farming, but limited manufacturing in the colonies (as devised) and all crops other then Tobacco received low prices on European Markets

St. Louis

Leader in the fur trade and an important rail stop for western settlers, this city challenged Baltimore and Boston for 3rd or 4th place in population by 1860

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley a swell as Cahokia in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Henry Cabot Lodge, Albert J Beveridge, Theodore Roosevelt, and Alfred Thayer Mahan

Leaders of the expansionist movement for American imperialism

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong State governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. Supported freedom and structurally would become the Democratic Party

The National Child Labor Committee

Led by the photographer Lewis W Hine, this group formed in 1904 championed the end of child labour, and were very successful, the rate of which changing state to state

John Quincy Adams

Led by this man, Abolitionists in 1830 began attacking congress to end slavery, beginning with the DC slave trade

Francisco Pizzaro

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty by forbidding the nation from signing treaties with a third party as well as keeping its debts in check, while promising to uphold the American bill of rights as well as seceding lands for the naval station that led to Guantanamo Bay. Finally, it gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba entered a revolt or war. Cuba was relieved of its protectorate status in 1934

Cadore Letter

Letter sent by Napolean opens trade with America for France as long as England follow suit. When England repeatedly refuses, Madison asks for a declaration of war. Named for the French diplomat to America

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Mountain Men

Lived rugged lives, 11 months in the wild hunting and trapping for Rocky Mountain Fur Company, established US presence in the region, afterwards they became trailblazers and guides

General Nathanael Greene

Major general of the continental army in the American Rev; was George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer; fought in the South based in Charlotte

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) grocery stores and other business. This man supported Negro Nationalism. He was eventually deported for mail fraud and died in London in obscurity

Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - This Act required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies, which meant in-house quarters for soldiers residing in a city lacking of funds or barracks (occurred especially in New York). The colonists began to feel occupied as a hostile entity during this time after the Seven Years War

Battle of Hampton Roads

March 9th-10th naval battle where the Confederate Virginia was able to slightly damage the Union Merrimack, but the battle concluded as a stalemate. wooden ships became obsolete after these two ironclads met

Trade Expansion Act of 1962

Market treaty made with Western Europe (common market) that authorized tariff cuts of up to 50 percent in order to promote trade with Common Market countries.

Desert

Meaning "The Land of the Honeybee" this is the proposed state of the Mormons, which would be replaced by the Utah territory after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Act of Algeciras

Meeting between the US, France, Britain, and Germany which made Morocco free and also opened up trading in that country. Spain and France would influence the country's police however. Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for this agreement.

Red Summer

Name for the summer of 1919 which brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities

Battle of Midway

Naval battle of World War II (June 1942). Land and carrier-based American planes decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I)

Negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons. It failed in that regard, but essentially led to an existence were the Soviets had more ICBMs but the Us had a greater number of warheads. It an odd deal, the US also allot more wheat to the USSR during these discussion for a cheap price

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization

Essex Junto

New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. This was a group of extreme Federalists led by Thomas Pickering who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

Higher Education Act

No institution of higher learning that receives federal funding may discriminate on the basis of gender. Schools forced to increase funding of women's programs, especially sports programs. (For this reason, it made scholarships possible for students entering college.) It is seen as one of the great successes of LBJ (1965)

Title IX

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. This part of the Education Amendments of 1972 greatly limited the ability of whites to get int elite institutions when they were deserving and because of this has drawn great legal battles since its inception

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers. By finally organizing Mexican workers, this man was able, for the first time, to give hispanics political power, which they still yield a good amount of to this day

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge this administration that created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, it cost the government over $1 Billion and was cancelled. So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages.

The Foot Resolution

Offered in 1829 by Samuel Augustus Foot in the U.S. Senate. This resolution instructed the committee on public lands to inquire into the limiting of public land sale. The Jacksonian Democrats, who wished to encourage migration to the West, opposed the resolution; the New England manufacturing interests, who demanded a ready labor supply, backed it. When it was introduced, the advocates of states' rights saw an opportunity to coalesce with the interests of the West. This touched off (1830) the dramatic debates between Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster about the rights of the states, centering upon nullification.

Brown Berets

Officially the Young Chicanos for Community Action, this group was affectionately known as this and were a Chicano nationalist activist group of young Mexican Americans that emerged during the Chicano Movement in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s to the present day which came out of the larger group Young Citizens for Community Actions. They were headed by David Sanchez and came into existence in L.A. in 1967. Their ideals stemmed from the idea that a people may act in defiance only through group collectivity. They also forged a bond between Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans, something that has not been done before, to be one group of people. The immigration issue was the main sticking point of the Chicanos not being as successful as the black movements happening around the same time

Santiago

On July 17th, 1898, this city was surrendered to American forces in Cuba after El Caney, San Juan Hill, and Kettle Hill were captured and the Spanish navy decimated.

William Jennings Bryan

On May 13rd of 1915, in response to the sinking of the Lusitania, this man very reluctantly sent a letter to the Germans demanding reparations for the sinking of Lusitania and the abandoning of unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans responded with strict no's, as they postulated, correctly, that the ship was carrying ammunitions storages. Wilson wrote another note of June the 9th, stronger worded, that this man refused to sign, and so he resigned

Sullivans Island

On this Island Patriots attempted to resist Cornwallis and Clinton invasion of Charleston as they gave up on as an expeditionary force to aid the North Carolinian Regulators by building a fort made of Palmetto trees. The fort proved successful and devastated the British Navy

January 27, 1973

On this day a cease fire was declared in Vietnam after Kissinger had gotten the South Vietnamese to accepted North Vietnamese troops (totally 150,000) in their territory, even though these groups were stationed there to ensure a unified Vietnam. This cease fire would last long enough that all US combat troops could leave by march, but the war ensued again soon after. On April 30, 1975, after a new full scale invasion, North Vietnam took Saigon, and demolished any opposition in the occupied territory. Vietnam was unified, but half a country was missing

April 2

On this day in 1865 Lee abandoned Petersburg and Richmond and tried to dash for Danville or Greensboro so to meet with Johnston for one last stand of a real force (combined they would number about 90k)

April 6

On this day of 1917, Wilson signed the declaration of war against Germany following a month where 5 US ships had been sunk by German U-Boats

August 25

On this day, only 10 days after French and American troops landed near the Rhone in southern France, Paris was liberated. 10 days afterwards, Antwerp was also liberated

John L Lewis

Once the NIRA was established, this man was able to expand the UMW (United Mine Workers) from 150,000 to half a million in just one year. Sidney Hillman and David Dubinsky had the same success with the textiles industry

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey over 1835-1838. The main reason for such a feverish push by Georgians to get them to the Western lands was the discovery of gold in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia in 1829

First Battle of Manassas

The Confederate troops were led by General Beauregard on July 21st, 1861. General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson also helped out the Confederates by bringing in his army and having them stand like a stonewall. This is where he earned his nickname. The Union, led by General McDowell, was defeated.

Leon Czolgosz

The assassin of McKinley that called himself an anarchist. He unintentionally put the US government under a strong and inspiring leader.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

The autobiography of the abolitionist Frederick Douglas. Published in 1945 when Douglas was only 27, the book tells the story from childhood until his escape to freedom at the age of 20.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

The campaign slogan of Harrison in 1840

Bandung Conference

The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism (USSR) or capitalism (US)

Universalism

The ethical system stating that all people should uphold certain values, such as honesty and other values that society needs to function, and that god shall save all people. It was a very anti-calvinstic movement lead by John Murray, but it remained very small

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company

The failure of this company on August 24th of 1857 opened the economic derailment which became the panic of 1857 from which the country did not emerge until 1859. Mainly based on over-industrialization, the north suffered much more than the south and blamed it on the Democratic Tariff of 1857 which pushed Tariffs to Madisonian levels

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The first major battle of the revolution. It showed that the Americans could fight yet the British would be hard to defeat. The saying " don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" comes from this battle. It was fought on Breed's Hill, and was reenforced by William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne. Americans lost 400 men, British 1,045

1836

The first year Texas offered herself for annexation into the US (Also the year of independence)

Jane Addams

The founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes. She sought to end the settlement house movement.

American Temperance Union

The founding of this organization in 1826 signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s, and it was less successful then it could have been as the extremists controlled the organization

Parody Payment

The government would pay for crops that don't actually exist under this idea so that over-production would not occur

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English and James the Duke of York on Sept. 8, 1664

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri (36.6) saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Cahokia

The largest North American Native American settlement near modern East St. Louis which is believed to have been home to 30,000 inhabitants

Junipero Serra

The leader of a group of Spanish missionaries who founded a chain of twenty-one missions beginning in 1769 at San Diego and stretching north of the San Francisco Bay. These missions, spaced a days journey apart, gathered nomadic Indians into missions and taught them the values of Christianity in an almost slave-like atmosphere as all manual labor was completed by the Indians in exchange for Christianity, housing, food, and basic necessities.

William Seward

The leader of the pre-Lincoln Republican Party

Ida B Wells

The lynching of blacks outraged her after three of her friends were killed by a lynching. She was an african american journalist. In her newspaper, Free Speech, Wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores, which she had fought to the Supreme Court, winning at every level but the highest

Newburgh Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan gaining the knowledge of such a coupe from Hamilton.

National Banking Act of 1863

The original Act (ch. 58, 12 Stat. 665, February 25, 1863) passed in the Senate by a narrow 23-21 vote. The Act, along with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks", was used to raise money for the federal government during the American Civil War in order to finance the war against the Confederacy. The original Act aimed to entice banks to buy federal bonds and taxing state bank-issued currency out of existence, but it proved defective and was replaced by the National Bank Act of 1864 just one year later.

The Era of Good Feelings

The political bitterness declined because the Federalists had largely dissolved and were no longer attacking the president because there was only one political party. The nation was politically united behind the Democratic-Republican Party. This Era started after the War of 1812 and continued through Monroe's administration

John Tyler

The president "without a party" Vice-president under Harrison brought in to gain support of the South. His presidency was responsible for the veto against another Bank of the U.S and settled the Texas and Maine disputes in the country but was terribly unpopular during his presidency as his position was quite democratic (truly old-republican) but he was officially a whig

SAVAK

The secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi by recommendation of the UK government and with the help of the US' Central Intelligence Agency and Israel's Mossad. It was one of the main reasons that the government after the fall of the Shah so greatly opposed the US and held the embassy hostage for over a year

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers especially to curb any Indian freedoms.

De Lome

The spanish ambassador to the United States who harshly criticized McKinley and brought the two powers to war

Great Revival

The spiritual revival that swept across the nation in the 19th century. It is also called the Second Great Awakening

Naturalism

The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism which focuses on literary technique naturalism implies a philosophical position. Stephen Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreisner led the movement.

Yellow Peril

The threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power of Asiatic peoples (coined by Wilhelm II). In America, this threat also played out in California. In 1906 San Francisco attempted to segregate its public schools, which was not well received in Japan. Roosevelt forced San Francisco to stop the segregation, under the Gentlemen's Agreement, but also limited greatly the number of Asian visas to America

Wilderness Road

The trail into Kentucy that Daniel Boone helped build; although it was originally too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. It was only proclaimed because the Bolsheviks had released secret documents outlining territory gains by the Allies if they were to be victorious in war. Compared to the concessions demanded by England and France, it was very generous for Germany and therefore Germany endorsed it

Dutch, Swedes, Chinese, Prussians, and Moroccans

These European peoples between 1782 and 1787 opened their ports to American shipping for the first time as the British closed the West Indies to American ships, although smuggling did occur as before

Pueblos, Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian

These North American Native American tribes lived in a settlement structure instead of being nomadic

Promissory Notes

These bills of debt often passed for currency in America that had a shortage of hard currency

Amendments to the Constitution

These may be proposed by either two-thirds of both houses of the United States Congress or by a national convention. This convention can be assembled at the request of the legislatures of at least two-thirds of the several states. To become part of the Constitution, amendments must then be ratified either by approval of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states or ratifying conventions held in three-fourths of the states. Congress has discretion as to which method of ratification should be used

George Mason, Patrick Henry, Richard Lee of Virginia, George Clinton of New York, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, and Luther Martin of Maryland

These men were the major Anti-Federalists

Hampshire New and the Massachusetts Bay Colonies

These two colonies were split in 1679 by king Charles II to better management the growing population in New England

Dysentery and Malaria

These two diseases ravaged Jamestown and would stalk much of the future North American settlements established by Europeans

Slavs and Jews

These two groups by 1890 made up half of the immigrants coming to American. By 1900, that had increased to 70%

Diplomacy and Impeachment

These two measures were constrains on the power of the president of the Constitution to prevent a British Monarch

Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford

These two men controlled the Plymouth colony and slowly grew and established the settlement

Poor Whites

These white settlers, who were forced to hunt, fish, and distill instead of farm, were slower, less entrepreneur and lazy. It was speculation that their ancestors were convicts or indentured servants, but the true causes was hookworm, malaria, and pellagra

Newport

This City in RI was home to 6,000 French troops in 1780, as the force was able to slip into America through the British blockade, but could not leave the port due to the blockade

Ferdinand Schumacher

This German immigrant was the quintessential german immigrant as he, unlike the Irish, was drawn away from the cities to the country where he made a very successful oatmeal company which would later become part of Quaker Oats

Robert La Follette

This Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary was the nominee for President in the 1924 election by a new farm-labor coalition that receive the support of the Socialists and the AFL. He received the most votes for a third party candidate ever, poling almost 5 million, but only taking Wisconsin in the electoral college

St. Marks

This Spanish-Floridean settlement was destroyed by Jackson so to prevent Seminoles from rebuilding a village that he had just destroyed-an utter disregard of Calhoun's orders not to attack Spanish property. He also killed two englishmen. He was not reprimanded for this action, while utterly illegal, aided Adams in gaining Florida by treaty

Norris v. Alabama

This Supreme Court decision ruled that Alabama's exclusion of African Americans from juries violated their right to equal protection under the law.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

This act finally allowed the government to regulate large interstate corporations that were ruling the economy and break up anything that restrained domestic free trade. Because of it wording, it was not effective until Roosevelt took its wording out of context and began to eliminate large business, Originally, it was very effective at breaking unions

Taft-Hartley Labor Act of 1947

This act forbid the closed shop, and allowed states to forbid the union shop. It also gave the president the power to "cool off" a strike by postponing it 80 days, and forbid federal strikes. It also limited the unions' ability to support employees during strikes. It also rid all the unions of any communists running the unions and made sure that any communist could not run a union. Truman vetoed it, only to see a republican congress pass it over his veto

Smith Act of 1940

This act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or to belong to an organization with this objective. Communism was seen to teach such a cause, as well as Fascism and Naziism

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial and religious discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. IT was originally proposed by JFK, but only LBJ could get it through the southern democratic senate

Tydings-McDuffy Act

This act made the Philippines independent in 1934, but kept the naval base at Manila bay

Espionage Act

This act of 1917 imposed penalties of up to $10,000 and twenty years in prison for anyone who aided the Central Powers, or anyone who simply expressed any sort of disloyalty towards the United States. This included people who would not go to war after being drafted. Because of this act, Eugene Debts, a frequent candidate for president, and Victor Berger, a socialist congressman from Milwaukee, both were arrested for 20 years simply for being socialists. Debts gathered his most votes ever, just over 1 million, in 1920 while jailed

Railroad Labor Act

This act of 1926 abolished the Railway Labor Board but allowed for railroad unions to be established, and set up a new Board of Mediation. This was the first time the US government had endorsed the formatioin of Unions before the new deal

Home Owners' Loan Act

This act of June 13th of 1933 established the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, which refinanced mortgage loans at lower monthly payments

Economy Act

This act passed March 20th of 1933 gave FDR the power to cut government workers' salaries and reduce payments to military veterans for non-service-connected disabilities as well as having the ability to reorganize federal agencies in the interest of reducing expenses. This expanded the role of the presidency more then any other act prior to it

Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934

This act presented any American loans, public or private, to go to any government that had defaulted on debt payments to the US. This was retaliation to the 1932 collapse of the debt system

Neutrality Act of 1939

This act states that Britain and France would trade with the United States, even though they were in war, but they would have to do it on a cash and carry basis. This allowed American ships to be free of Germany U-boats, a bad thing for Britain's navy

Townshend Duties (Revenue Act of 1767)

This act taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire, even though it was exactly the type of law accepted by the Stamp Act Congress of 1766

Revenue Act of 1964

This act was able to revive an economy that had stagnated under Kennedy by reducing taxes to increase discretionary spending

Neutrality Act of 1936

This act was an addendum to the 1935, adding that loans also could not be given to any nation at war

Immigration Act of 1924

This act was an addendum tot the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, changing the census used to 1890 and limiting it to 2%, which was made permanent in 1929. This capped the immigration rate at 150,000 a year, it also gave 85% of this to Northern Europeans, and blocked access to the US from all Asians. The lack of immigration from abroad let to Mexicans becoming the fastest growing minority in American, peaking at 89,00 in 1924

Land Act of 1800

This act was established to sell more western lands and to replace the failed Land Act of 1796. It allowed a minimum unit to be bought of 320 acres and allowed a spread payment over four years. The price per acre was also dropped to $1.64, which became the price of the homestead for the entirety of the western movement

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 (AAA)

This act was legislation in the United States that was enacted as an alternative and replacement for the farm subsidy policies, in previous New Deal farm legislation that had been found unconstitutional. The act revived the provisions in the previous act, with the exception that the financing of the law's programs would be provided by the Federal Government and not a processor's tax

National Energy Act

This act, enacted November 9, 1978, is a law passed by the U.S. Congress. The objective of this law was shift from oil and gas supply toward energy conservation; thus, to promote fuel efficiency and renewable energy through taxes and tax credits. It failed mainly because Cater could not get it through congress in its full form, an issue that plagued Carter

National Defense Act of 1916

This act, in response to the Lusitania, increased the standing Federal army to 175,000 and permitted that it be enlarged to 223,00. It also increased the National Guard to 440,000 and introduced ROTC in schools

Banking Relief Act

This act, passed March 9th of 1933, was the first passed by FDR's administration, and passed in only seven hours after congress sat in their first session. It declared a for day bank holiday to overview the fiscal situations of all banks, and the ones who were healthy would reopen

Stamp Act

This act, supported by Grenville, attempted to raise revenue by requiring any printed documents or legal papers to have a seal indicating the tax had been paid

Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764)

This act, supported by Grenville, cut in half the duties on molasses, to encourage the ending of smuggling, but also levied new duties on textiles, wine coffee, indigo, and sugar. This act began the trend for Americans to boycott the British whenever they received a bill that was not in their favoure

Sherman Silver Purchase ACt

This act, which allowed the trade at 16:1 of silver notes for gold, was repealed at the call of Cleveland in 1893 as the US treasury was running out of gold due to English creditors selling all US assets for gold during the Depression of 1893. This split the democratic party between the Silverites and the Goldbugs

National Youth Administration (NYA)

This administration that was a part of the WPA provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. Part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school as well as part time jobs for drop outs. Future presidents Nixon and Johnson were members of it

Farm Credit Administration

This administration was created by FDR to combine all federal farm credit agencies into one to be empowered by the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act and the Farm Credit Act which allowed this agency to refinance farm mortgages at low interest rates

Kentucky

This agricultural state proved how America kept to the land in her beginning and kept her cities small, having 80% of the population having some impact on agriculture. This State from 1776 to 1792 added nearly 75,000 from eventually none

Battle of Belleau Woods

This battle (1 June 1918 - 26 June 1918) occurred during the German 1918 Spring Offensive in World War I, near the Marne River in France. It was the first time that the US army had any effect on the war, holding back the German offensive

Battle of Pea Ridge

This battle being March 6th and 8th 1861 forced the confederate forces of Missouri under the command of the Governor into Arkansas. From then on Missouri was firmly Unionist but skirmishes occurred throughout the rest of the century

San Jacinto River

This battle was the deciding battle of the war for texan independence led by Sam Houston in April of 1836 and secured the victory for Texas. During this battle Santa Anna was captured and forced to agree to a treaty of Texan independence

Second Battle of the Marne

This battle, beginning on the 15th of July in 1918, was a german offense that failed after three days, and slowly the Allies, many of whom were American, pushed the Germans across Reims and back into Germany. The battle was finally firmly won by the Americans during a September 12th offensive. It was the turning point of the war

The Battle of Guilford Courthouse

This battle, which was a British Pyrrhus Victory, forced Cornwallis to regroup in Wilmington NC, and eventually he gave up the Carolinas and NC seemed to be Un-winable and Greene had retaken SC in his absence

Dependent Pension Act

This bill was passed in Congress and signed by President Harrison in 1890. It was the same bill that Cleveland had vetoed, allowing veterans dependent on manual labor and unable to work, whether or not the reason was connected to military service, to collect pensions. Pension rolls doubled between 18890 and 1893 causing the treasury to start draining

The Gilded: A Tale of Today

This book is an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner that satirizes greed and political corruption in post-Civil War America. The term gilded age, commonly given to the era, comes from the title of this book. Twain and Warner got the name from Shakespeare's King John (1595): "To gild refined gold, to paint the lily... is wasteful and ridiculous excess."

Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind

This book written by Benjamin Franklin noted how pressures of land shortages and too much labor naturally moved people to the new world where the opposite was true. He also noted that the population of the colonies doubled every 25 years (2.5 Million in 1775)

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States

This case took place in May 1935 when a New York company was charged with a violation of an NRA poultry code which dealt with wage-fixing and pricess. It resulted in the Supreme Court declaring the NRA unconstitutional by stating that the NRA was regulating intrastate commerce- a violation of federal regulation. It also stated that the executive branch did not have the authority to run such a program

Cotton

This cash crop united the new southwest with the south, creating a bond that would go into the civil war defending the slavery which this crop depended on

Marshall

This chain of islands were invaded on the last day of January in 1944 by the Americans, which allowed the Americans to finally be able to bomb Japan itself.

Oberlin

This college was one of the first college to integrate blacks and women, however it exemplified the most western schools as being co-ed but very negative towards their own women. This including giving the girls maid duties or forbidding them from participating in graduation ceremonies

French

This colonial power in North America was the most docile of the three, not wanting to establish any huge settlements but simply promote economic growth by trade and spread Catholicism

Spanish

This colonial power was the most aggressive of the three, believing in the utter destruction of all the native civilizations they came in contact with and then establishing large cultural centers while intermarrying with the local population

Massachusetts Bay Colony

This colony had its charter revoked in 1684 or repeatedly breaking the Navigation Act's laws, which was simple due to England's corruption in America and their lax enforcement

South Carolina

This colony traded mainly with the West Indies with her tremendous ports and so adopted the Caribbean culture that had large plantations and many slaves

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)

This committee established by FDR in 1941 aimed at insuring morale and maximum use of labor force by preventing employer discrimination against workers because of race or religion. The efforts of this committee laid the foundation for the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's.

Committee on Public Information

This committee established by Wilson once the war began and headed by George Creel, a Denver newsman, sought propaganda as the best way to promote the war

Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company

This company based in Hampton Roads became the largest ship building company in the country, increasing the South's industrial capability

Otis Elevator Company

This company built the first electric elevator in 1889

Southern Pacific Railway

This company, who had absorbed the Central Pacific, in 1882 completed the southern transcontinental railway to St. Louis and New Orleans.

Lecompton

This constitution written in the pro-slavery capital of Kansas wrote a slavery constitution for Kansas. Free-soil members boycotted the voting and therefore the constitution was supported easily, with only 200 slaves in the entire territory

Thirteenth Amendment

This constitutional Amendment, adopted on December 18th 1865, banned slavery in America, which only remained by this time in extremely rural parts of the south that hadn't been emancipated with Union occupation, Kentucky, and Maryland

Cumberland Road

This controversial road, every president since Jefferson had attempted to amend the Constitution giving the Federal government authority over roads but it never passed, built by 5% of the funds created from the sale of Ohio territory was to connect the East (Cumberland, Maryland) to the new state of Ohio in 1803. It was started in 1811 and completed by 1818 to Wheeling, Virginia. By 1838 it stretched through Indianapolis to Vandalia, Illinois

Indonesia

This country became fully independent of Dutch rule in 1954 after a five year stint in an autonomous alliance. Such an agreement was only possible after the Japanese had ousted the Dutch from the country, giving revolutionaries and opportunity for independence after the war

Spain

This country lost nearly its entire empire, only keeping the Caribbean after the Napoleonic Wars. Therefore, recolonization that America wished to prevent could have occurred

Laos

This country, officially neutral after the Geneva Accords in 1954, was once again declared officially neutral in 1961 after more discussions in Geneva by the US and the USSR. Pathet Lao, a communist organization, would be allowed to gain power, which they were very close to in 1961, but neither side would mettle in the interests of Laos. While both countries did slightly, Pathet Lao would have risen to power none-the-less. This prove to be important because the Ho Chi Minh Trail was, while not officially, endorsed by Pathet Lao and would be key to North Vietnamese victory in the years to come

The Ordinance of Nullification

This declared the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, the Nullification Proclamation of 1832, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending government ground troops to enforce the tariffs. In the face of the military threat, and following a Congressional revision of the tariff (as well as a force bill that wallowed the president to use military force to enforce laws such as the tariffs and these two measures were known as Clay's compromise), South Carolina repealed the measure.

Free Blacks

This group which existed before the Civil War sided with Southern Whites that newly freed slaves should not be given land in order to try to create a socially equality society. Politically equal and socially equal were very different.

Free persons of Colour

This group, forming about 6% of the black population in the south, formed a rare third class between Whites and Blacks in slavery, only found in cities in the South. Only two percent of this grouped owned slaves

Federal Election Campaign Act

This is a United States federal law which increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns. It was amended in 1974 to place legal limits on the campaign contributions. The amendment also created the Federal Election Commission (FEC). (1971)

Ku Klux Klan

This is secret society of white Southerners in the United States. It was formed in the 19th century in Pulaski, Tennessee as a fraternity type club, but ended up using terrorist tactics to suppress Republicans and the Union league

Samoa

This island chain, with the magnificent harbor of Pago Pago, became a protectorate in 1889 under the United states, Germany, and Great Britain. In 1878 Pago Pago was allowed to become a US navel base and Americans in the chain were under the authority of extraterritoriality, and the US did give favourable trade conditions to the Islands.

Corregidor

This island fell on May 6th, 1942, which limited essentially all ailed bases to Hawaii and Australia, as Indonesia had fallen

Victor Emmanuel III

This king would remove Mussolini on July 25, 1943 as prime minister and offered that his country aid the allies. However, Hitler immediately used the troops that had been forced off of Sicily, as wells as more troops from Germany, to occupy Italy and a northern Italian puppet government was established with Mussolini ruling

Saar

This land according to the Treaty of Versailles, held its referendum in 1936, return the land to Germany, its rightful owner.

Land Act of 1800

This land provision bill allowed settlers to buy land while paying for it over four years. With the economic collapse, settlers found it hard to pay the government, or the speculator which they owed

Langdon Cheves

This man became the president of the Second National Bank in 1819 in response to the bank's unresponsible easy money policy which it was supposed to avoid that aided the Financial Panic of 1819. This man reduced cost, postponed the dividend, and presented for the redemption the state bank notes that came in, thereby forcing the state-charted banks to keep specie reserves. Such hard measures on the state banks kept money limited, which people in the south and the west came to blame on the National Bank (correctly) as well as the whole panic of 1819 (incorrectly) This man retired in 1822, feeling his task complete, allowing the most famous Bank president to take office, Nicholas Biddle

John Dickinson

This man drafted the Articles of Confederation in 1776, which were agreed upon by all states in 1778 (Maryland in 1781)

Dwight D Eisenhower

This man easily won reelection in 1956, again with his vice-president Richard Nixon. He was able to do this because of violence in the Suez and Budapest just one week before the election, and no one doubted the diplomatic abilities of the hero of WWII. He won exactly what he won in 1952, but he was also able to Louisiana, the first republican ever to win a deep south state

W. E. B. Du Bois

This man fought for African American rights, and while believing strongly in education, fought mainly for social education rather than vocational schools. He helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP ion 1909.

Gustavus Swift

This man founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car which allowed his company to ship dressed meats to all parts of the country and even abroad, instead of shipping the cattle which often died, which ushered in the "era of cheap beef."

Reinhold Neibuhr

This man from New York was the largest voice promoting Neo-Orthodoxy. He was a professor at New York's Union Theological Seminary

FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

This man from the beginning of 1932 was the clear and obvious candidate to be the Democratic, and was on only the fourth ballot. He had been the assistant secretary of the navy under Wilson, and had already been the vice-presedential candidate with Cox in 1920. His final role before president was replacing Smith when he ran for president in 1928 as the Governor of New York. He was easily able to destroy Hoover and the republicans, leading huge democratic majorities into Washington

Lieutenant Stephen Decatur

This man in 1805 ended the war with Tripoli by setting fire to a captured american frigate, the Philadelphia. Such action convinced Tripoli that a bribe of $60,000 was sufficient if he that capability, instead of the original $300,000 the country demanded

Massachusetts Governor John Winthrop

This man insisted the common colonial philosophy that a "true wife" only finds contentment in "in subjection to her husband's authority" and demanded that women "not mettle in such things as are proper for men" to manage

John C Calhoun

This man introduced a sweeping internal improvement bill that made it through congress in 1817 only to be vetoed by president Madison in his last day in office, stating the 10th amendment. Therefore, the next 100 years nearly all internal projects would be state run or privately funded

John Winthrop

This man led a prominent group of people on the Great Migration during which thousands of people settled in new towns in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Francisco Pancho Villa

This man led many uprisings starting in 1915 against the foreign imposed role of Carranza. In an attempted to bring America in to depose Carranza, this man seized a train and burned the village of Columbus in New Mexico, both acts killing many Americans. Wilson responded by sending military forces to find and kill this man, but they failed. Villa would never be caught and killed

Harry L Hopkins

This man led the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) which replaced Hoover's RFC by giving grants to the states to promote civil work projects, but the states preferred just to give the money to the men instead of creating jobs. He would also run the CWA and the WPA

Herbert Hoover

This man of , by far the strongest candidate for the Republican party in 1928 after the retirement of Coolidge, led the republicans into the third straight annihilation of the democratic candidate Alfred Smith with Republican Charles Curtis as his running mate. He won by only 6 million votes due to his support of some sort of protective tariff, as well as being a symbol of Americanism compared to Smith, who was the son of an Irish immigrant and catholic

John M Palmer

This man of Illinois was the presidential candidate for the Goldbug democrats who supported Cleveland and refused to support Bryan. He did not take a state, and nearly encouraged democrats to vote McKinley

Richard A Ballinger

This man of Seattle, Taft's Secretary of the Interior, convinced Taft that too much land had been protected by Roosevelt, and so Taft agreed to give the lands, about 1/72nd of Roosevelt's protected lands, of Alaska to the people. This completely alienating the progressive section of the Republican Party

FDR

This man proposed in June of 1942 that in the same year the allies would invade France, but Churchill rejected the idea, later to accept the idea of invading North Africa along as air raids continued on the continent

James F Byrnes

This man ran FDR's Office of Economic Stabilization. Under his rule from 1942 to 1946, the US was an absolute socialist model run off of this department. He was arguably the most powerful man in America during the war

Norman Thomas

This man ran as the Socialist in the 1932, but was unable to gain wide support even with the great depression upon him. Unlike Debs years earlier, he was unable to get over 1 million votes as a communist party took a few of his votes

Hugh S Johnson

This man ran the NRA (National Recovery Administration) as a part of the NIRA. It drew up fair practice codes in each particular industry, s well as establishing labor standards such as a forty-hour work week and a $13 minimal weekly wage as well as forbidding all labor under 16. A clause to gain the support of Unions, the NRA also supported union organizing efforts, shooting unions up to thee heights they would reach in the 50's. In the end, the NRA had become fare too powerful in discouraging investment and too exclusive to industry workers, and so died quietly in 1935 when the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional

General Sir Henry Clinton

This man replaced General Howe in 1778 and believed that a reposition southward could push the war back into the Tories' favoure

Hugo Black

This man was FDR's first appointed Supreme Court Justice in 1937, and began a liberal wave on the Supreme Court that did not overturn the Second New Deal

Terence B Powderly

This man was a highly visible national spokesman for the working man as head of the Knights of Labor from 1879 until 1893. Although the Knights claimed over 600,000 members at its peak in 1886, it was so poorly organized that this man had little power.

Daniel De Leon

This man was a leader of the socialist labor party during the 1890s. He believed in military labor activities and created a union. He was also the editor of the Marxist newspaper, People

Lester Frank Ward

This man was a sociologist who wrote Dynamic Sociology in 1883 and other books, in which he argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society as it wished, and he believed that an active government engaged in positive planning, which was societies best hope. He championed this as a reformed form of Darwinism

Ethel Rosenberg

This man was an American communist who was executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. His was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history

John Bartram

This man was born into a Quaker farm family in colonial Pennsylvania. He considered himself a plain farmer, with no formal education beyond the local school, although he had a lifelong interest in medicine and medicinal plants, and read widely. His botanical career started with a small area of his farm devoted to growing plants he found interesting; later he made contact with Europeans interested in North American plants, and developed his hobby into a thriving business. He came to travel extensively in the eastern American colonies collecting plants, from Lake Ontario in the north, to Florida in the south and the Ohio River in the west. Many of his acquisitions were transported to collectors in Europe.

Ulysses S Grant

This man was elected president in 1868 under a republican banner with Henry Wilson that endorsed radical reconstruction, as well as endorsing SOUTHERN suffrage of blacks, not national suffrage. The Republicans also supported the quick repayments of Civil War debt in gold.

Charles Evans Hughes

This man was the 1916 republican candidate for the presidency. Running on his very progressive resume as his time as Supreme Court Justice of New York, this man was very much Wilson's double, also being the son of a preacher and being an attorney before taking the judge's chair. He only lost by 23 in the Electoral College and 500,000 in the total voting.

Alexander Stephen's

This man was the Confederate champion of "military despotism" that never emerged from the Confederacy

William Jennings Bryan

This man was the Democratic candidate for president for the first time in the 1896 election. Running under a silver platform, the man of Nebraska was easily defeated, but took many states as the Populists also gave him their nomination. This cross of gold speak electrified the nation

Adlai E Stevenson

This man was the democratic candidate in 1956, trying once again to beat out Eisenhower. After conflict in Egypt and Budapest erupted late in October, he declared Eisenhower's foreign policy bankrupt, but voters chose not to change leadership as the world plunged down into violence. He lost by almost 10 million votes

John W Davis

This man was the democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge on the 103rd ballot. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated this man, who arguable was more conservative then Coolidge.

Thorstein Veblen

This man was the economist who wrote Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), condemned conspicuous consumerism, where status is displayed and conveyed through consumption.

Benjamin Davis

This man was the first African American General in the US army, promoted during WWII

William McKinley

This man, a Goldbug, was the Republican presidential candidate in 1896. He was easily able to capture the presidency over Bryan with his Vice-President Garret Augustus Hobart (later Roosevelt), as the democrats were still suffering from the 1893 Depression

Uriah S Stephens

This man, a Philadelphian tail and mason, founded the Knights of Labor Union.

James Madison

This man, a long companion of Hamilton, was Hamilton's biggest critic that his measures were too capitalistic, benefitting speculators and other rich investing units

William Penn

This man, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance

Robert C Weaver

This man, head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, was the first black cabinet member, and was such under LBJ

Regulators

This name applies to several groups of insurgents who, in 1764, wanted to protect the rights of their community. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. This movement climaxed at the battle of Almanac in 1771, where William Tyron defeated them and forced them to sign allegiance to the king

Dominion of New England

This occurred in 1686 as The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Commitee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

This organization was established in 1940 by American internationalists, and drew its support for the South and the costs, but made no headway in the middle. It was headed by men like Hoover, and began a push outside of FDR to end isolationism

Democratic

This party ran their 1864 electoral campaign on a platform of peace, however their presidential candidate, McClellan, backed away from such a position demanding union before a necessary peace

Democratic

This political party during the Gilded Age was the party of the immigrant, as well as the southern planter, the jew, the catholic, just not the British man. It was, and continues to be, very heterogeneous and the party of liberal thinkers

Democratic Republicans

This political party during the war of 1812 shifted far left from their former position of right, completely twisting their viewpoints during the course of the war

Polish Committee of National Liberation

This puppet government moved from Lublin to Warsaw in February of 1945, indicating the movement of the USSR from secret control to blatant control of Eastern Europe

Native Americans

This racial group of Americans served the nation in a greater percentage then any other group (33%). They specialized as code breakers or "code talkers" during the war, especially against the Japanese

Chesapeake

This region developed without a large commercial center as the numerous rivers allowed large manors access to the sea and international trade, giving no need for a large city for the region

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (Massachusetts Acts)

This series of laws in 1774 were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance demonstrated in the Boston Tea Party. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians, but aimed at New Yorkers, to shelter soilders in their own homes and not avoid the previous Quartering Act as the king added more troops, especially in Boston

Creole

This slave-trade ship was captured by slaves in-route and sailed in British Nassau where they were set free. England refused to pay the $110,000 until 1853 to the men who had owned the slaves

National Broadcasting Company

This subsidiary of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was the first to established a linking system between station to become a network in 1926, creating national broadcasts possible

Matrilineal

This system of inheriting power or land was used by both Africans and Indians, but not by the Europeans so not understood and abused by the more influential Europeans

Walker Tariff of 1846

This tariff by Polk was one of his accomplished goals, which including reestablishing the independent treasury, vetoing all internal-improvement bills, and fulfilling the ideals of Manifest Destiny

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce

This treaty established America as an independent State from Britain by France and allowed for trade, including extra trade provisions

The Treaty of Alliance

This treaty established that if France was to enter the war, both countries would fight until America was independent and neither country would conclude a truce without the other and France promised to allow America to gain all lands in America

Child Labour

This type of Labour, while ever present in America at the turn of the century, was controversial, especially in the mining and milling industries. This labourer had his lifespan shorted in half by working in the textile mills

Corporate Colonies

This type of colony were early in origin and were operated by joint-stock companies. These usually became Royal Colonies as the King attempted to assert more authority (Ex. Jamestown)

New Harmony

This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism. It was started by Robert Owens but failed because the intellectual community could not agree on one plan of action. Robert Owen eventually dissolved the project

75

This was about the average voter turnout for the elections of the Gilded Age (2008 was 57%)

Modernism

This was an artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century that championed experimentation, technicality, primitivism, impersonalism, aestheticism, and intellectualism. It accepted that western civilization in the 20th century would be one of constant change

Sandinista

This was the Cuban sponsored Communist government of Nicaragua that fought the Contra. They were opposed by the U.S. government in the 1980s.

Plan of Union

This was the agreement between the Presbyterians and Congregationalists to form a united church, as their doctrine was essentially the same. Therefore, New England became Presbyerianized and a hotbed for the Second Great Awakening

600,000

This was the average troop count by the 1950's. down from 12 million during the war and 1.5 million in 1947

Andrew Jackson

This was the first westerner to truly compete for the presidency and had the backing of newly all the common men, who at this time still rarely voted. He was nominated by Tennessee and Pennsylvania, the latter of which also nominated Calhoun as his running mate

Castle Garden

This was the state run immigration center for New York Harbor, existing until 1890. Its main purpose was to screen out undesirable immigrants, but it was plagued with corruption as people would rip off the new immigrants, and eventually shut down and brought forth Ellis Island

Congressional Government

This was what Wilson named his doctoral dissertation at Princeton, in which he argued that the president should have powers more akin to the British Prime Minister, which meant he should be the leader of party government, as active in directing legislation as in the administration and enforcement of the laws. This would be a great, and different, extension of the powers of the presidency then every before

Olive Branch Petition

This was written by the Second Continental Congress which pledged loyalty to King George III but to continued to ask Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

Mary Elizabeth Lease

This woman became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. She was a member of the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of Labor

Mary Burton

This woman started hysteria in NY in march of 1742 admitting to a slave rebellion to burn all of the city along with the Catholics and Spanish, and all were led by John Hughson. 21 people were hanged from the incident

Nam Britton

This women symbolized the truth that Harding was not free of the scandal that wrapped the White House in a cloak of mistrust. Im 1927 she published a book about his affair with her and that her child was his child. His love letters to her, and others, sealed his sinful reputation into history

Washington's Cabinate

Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph of Virginia

Enforcement Acts

Three acts passed by Congress allowing the government to use military force to stop violence against southern African Americans by suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus (against the constitution), like the KKK (Third). They also placed penalties upon anyone who restricted another's right to vote (First) as well as making all elections monitored by Federal officials and marshals (Second). To show its power South Carolina's northern counties were put to siege by their own country as an example, but it failed everywhere else afterwards because of a lack of effective use

Tariff of 1832

To appease the southern opposites who promoted nullification, Jackson and Adams got a tariff through congress which, along with the puny reductions of 1830, reduced tariffs to revenue levels, sparing iron and cloth

Universal Male Suffrage

To those who payed taxes, by the Jacksonian election of 1828 this had become law in nearly every state, expanding the electorate

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women for the first time, which makes it historic even though the Convention failed in its intensions of creating a nation wide movement

Quemoy and Matsu

Two Islands off the coast of China. U.S. pledged to defend Republic of China (Taiwan) which held these islands, led by Chiang Kai-Shek, from the Peoples Republic of China (mainland China), led by Mao Zedong. Dulles was able to negotiate an end to the shelling of the islands in 1955, but in 1958 PRC again bombed the islands, That attempt only lasted half a month as Eisenhower sent naval vessels to the escort Nationalist navy in PRC waters. The PRC wanted to avoid a conflict with the US at all costs and stopped the bombings once again

Red River War

U.S military campaign created to rid the Southern plains of Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho in 1874-75

Martin Luther King Jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations starting with the Montgomery bus boycott inspired by Rosa Parks. He was assassinated in Memphis in 1968 by James Earl Ray, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964). He is most famous for his 1963 "I have a dream" speech on the Lincoln Memorial

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. Membership in this group is stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world." While Truman opposed the obnoxious efforts of this group, Attorney General Robert Kennedy protected them with federal marshals during the summer of 1961 when their influence was coming under violent attack by racist

Women's Army Corps

US Army group established during WWII so that women could serve in non combat roles. Almost 200,000 enrolled, along with 6 million entering the work force

Greer

US Destroyer that was attacked by a U-Boat in September of 1941, which provoked a shoot-on-site policy

John J Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico in 1916 but failed to capture him

Iwo Jima

US marines invaded Japanese controlled this island in February 1945, a speck of volcanic rock 760 miles from Tokyo that was needed to provide a fighter escort for bombers over Japan and a landing strip for B-29 bombers

The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

Under the terms of this treaty negotiated by Trist, Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico. This was known as the Mexican Cession and included present-day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado (see Article V of the treaty). Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States (see Article V). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession of 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for 15 million dollars (equivalent to $380 million today). From the viewpoint of some in Mexico, this Treaty also ceded an additional 1,007,935 km² (389,166 square miles), since Mexico had never officially recognized either the independence of the Republic of Texas (1836) or its annexation by the United States (1845), and under this calculation, Mexico lost about 55% of its prewar territory.

Queen Liliuokalani

Under this queen, Hawaii resisted the forced constitutional government that had been created by Cleveland in 1885. Her government was overthrown by a white coup in 1893. Refused by Cleveland and Harrison, the expansionist McKinley took the islands using a joint resolution in 1898 as Japan sent warships to the islands Hawaii was American.

James B Weaver

Union general and a presidential canidate for the Greenback Party in 1880, this man was the first president for the populist part in 1892. He ran under the popular platform of nationalizing the railroads, as well as all forms of communication. He also supported the sub-treasury system, and unlimited silver coinage. Industrial workers attempted to be attracted to the ticket with reforms such as an eight-hour work day and the restrictions on immigration. The party also held ideas of a graduated income tax, as well as postal savings bank to protect depositors to used small, farm based banks. He himself was not an appealing candidate, and lost easily, although attracting 22 electoral votes

Admiral David Farragut

Union ships commander attacked the two forts guarding the approach to New Orleans and The Gulf of Mexico. This man also took Mobile in August of 1864

1902 Coal Strike

United Mine Workers demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union; mines shut down in an effort to starve out the miners; Roosevelt's conference ended in an impasse, he threatened to take over the mines and and run them with the army; ended in October with an agreement to submit the issues to an arbitration commission named by the president; enhanced the prestige of Roosevelt and the nation's leaders, but only partial victories for the miners; won 9 hour work day and only 10% increase wages

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery by New York law in 1827, this woman became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women because she stated that this was her task given to her after a conversation with god (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

David Rittenhouse

United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion in 1929 and thrown in jail in 1931 (1899-1947)

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922), and owner his namesake telephone company which challenge Western Union and Thomas Edison for dominance in long-distance communication

Charles Goodyear

United States inventor of vulcanized rubber (1800-1860)

William Green

United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and former president of the United Mine Workers. He led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952). He watched over the AFL as its membership was cut in half over the 1920's

George Meany

United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO in 1955 when the two competing organizations merged (1894-1980)

Frederick Law Olmsted

United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903)

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812

Ralph Ellison

United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994). He was the author of the Invisible Man (1952)

George Fitzhugh

Was a social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning a "war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another" - rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized. Basically he said that slaves in the South were better off than "freed servants" in the North. His views were very much similar to Jeffersons in his Notes on the State of Virginia

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793, but not lost slaves. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley. It also stated that Britain would be favoured in American trade and Britain would allowed, to a minor extent, trade with the British West Indies, while military products were illegal to trade with hostile enemies to England

Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris)

Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence. While the US amended the agreement, the Senate inserted a clause that allowed them to defend the Monroe Doctrine

Chief Powhatan Wahunsonacock

Was the paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Virginia Indians in Tidewater Virginia at the time English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607. Powhatan, who represented the main political and military power facing the early colonists, was the father of Pocahontas and probably the older brother of Opechancanough, who led attacks against the English in 1622 and 1644.

Little Rock Central High School

Was the site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Arkansas wouldn't allow the nine blacks to access the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students. Government Faubus decided to close all high schools in Little Rock the next year in order to prevent another year of desegregated schools. The schools were permanently opened and desegregated in 1959.

Farewell Adress

Washington advised Americans against becoming involved in European affairs. This very famous address was put into practice for over a century afterwards, creating American isolationism

Flatboat

Wheat, Flour, Bacon, Pork, Whiskey, Candles, Corn, meal, Ham, Lead, Copper, Timber, Ironworks, and Soap were all transported by this type of ship in the Mississippi region

Third Nation Bank

While agreeing with Clay on many points including the abolishment of the Independent Treasury and a higher tariff, Tyler refused this measure introduced by Clay due to his refusal to even recognize the ideas of nationalism promoted by Clay

Missouri Compromise

While not officially declaring this law void, Roger Taney's opinion on the Dred Scott case clearly declared that it was unconstitutional and fit for removal as it deprived Americans of their right to their property

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Allied Powers

World War I alliance of Britian, France, Japan, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.

Geneva Accords

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into communist-controlled north Vietnam and non-communist south Vietnam at the 17th parallel until unification elections could be held in 1956. It also established independent Laos and Cambodia, officially ending French colonial power in the region. The US and South Vietnam refused to attend.

Bush v Gore

a United States Supreme Court case heard on December 11, 2000. In a per curiam opinion, by a vote of 7-2, the Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, and by a vote of 5-4, the Court held that no alternative scheme could be established within the time limits established by Florida Legislature. The per curiam opinion was argued on the basis of Equal Protection, and Bush was declared the winner of Florida

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"Black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Nagasaki

a city in southern Japan on Kyushu. a leading port and shipbuilding center; on August 9, 1945 Nagasaki became the second populated area to receive an atomic bomb after the original target, Kokura, was passed for a previous bombing raid had made it too cloudy to drop the bomb. The Emperor then forced his nation to surrender, as he announced for the first time over radio, on August 14, 1945. On the Missouri General McArthur received the conditional (the Emperor was not to be removed) surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement in a confederation (1768-1813). He was stopped a The Battle of Tippecanoe where Harrison was attacked by the Indians of Prophetstown, against this man's wishes, and were decimated. The survivors, including this man, fled to Canada

Football

a game in which two opposing teams of 11 players each defend goals at opposite ends of a field having goal posts at each end, with points being scored chiefly by carrying the ball across the opponent's goal line and by place-kicking or drop-kicking the ball over the crossbar between the opponent's goal posts. It grew out of Rugby and was first place in college between the two main New Jersey Institutions in 1869

Bill Haywood

a labor leader of the (IWW), refused to accept the wages granted by the War Labor Board and War Industrial Board and urged his workers to strike for better wages. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison, and eventually moved to Soviet Russia where he was honored on his death by being buried in the Kremlin wall

Conestoga

a large wagon with broad wheels and an arched canvas top used by settlers to move west

Occupational Safety and Health Act

a law passed by the United States Congress that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to prevent employees from being injured or contracting diseases in the course of their employment (1970)

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, attorneys, and clerks, and marshals, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists, retiring the federalists forever into the Judiciary system of America

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) "Give me liberty or give me death"

John D Rockefeller

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, this man founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history. This man perfected the practice of artificially lowering prices to drive his competitors out of business

Louis D Brandeis

an American litigator, Supreme Court Justice, advocate of privacy, and developer of the Brandeis Brief. In addition, he helped lead the American Zionist movement. He helped get Wilson reelected as he appeared progressive by putting this Jew on the Supreme Court

Donner Party

in 1846 a group of 87 overlanders, known as this party after the two brothers who lead them, were trapped by winter snows high up in the sierra nevada. after 41 died of starvation, those alive faced the choice of death or cannibalism, many resorted to cannibalism

Alamo

led by the Alabamian William Travis, this mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred 189 American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico. The American defenses were breached after 12 previous days of fighting. Davie Crocket and James Bowie died here

Sharecropping

system, which black favoured soon after the Civil War, in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops