AP USH Notes from Class

Rock-n-Roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture.

Babe Ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America Biggest star of the 1920s in the sports Cow of Clout, The Great Bambino, Sultan of Swat

Sodbusters" & Challenges

"In God we trusted, in Kansas we busted" Plants out there had deep roots, needed to have a plow with a strong point to cut through roots of plants Winters were cold, summers were hot Soil was tough so needed a special wheat and difficulty with water

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. - depending on size of state more votes in Congress - three branches of govt. - national court system - legislature based on population

The Gibson Girls

"New woman" was idealized through illustrations of attractive, stylish, and athletic women active outside of the home. The personification of a feminine ideal as portrayed in image illustrated stories created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson. The first national standard of beauty.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless. Dumb, 60 + nations signed, war would not be instrument of foreign policy

New Jersey Plan (1787)

"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. - meant to favor states with smaller populations - one vote per state except for court system

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Carrie Chapman-Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Big Sister Policy

(1880s) a foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders; the policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States

Harlem Hellfighters

(Harlem is a section of NY city) African American soldier in the 39th Infantry Regiment. They were eager to fight, were loaned to the French Army and distinguished themselves greatly. Most African Americans were used for labor or menial tasks only

Reconstruction Act of 1867

(Military Reconstruction Act): divided the South into five military districts. Each commanded by a Union general and about twenty thousand soldiers; temporarily disenfranchised 10,000s of former Confederates; Congress had conditions for readmission of seceded states; states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment; did not provide land or education to freedmen

Panic of 1873

(USG) , Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

- A series of violent conflicts in the Kansas territory between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions over the status of slavery. - caused by the controversy of voting within Kansas when on day of 1855 legislature, proslaveryites poured in from other states to trump election - pro-slaveryites set up their own government in Shawnee Mission - free-soilers, in disgust, established a counter government in Topeka

Commercial Compromise

- Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree. - trade between states now regulated by Congress - also agreed to not talk of slavery for twenty more years

Buchanan (1856-60)

- Dredd Scott Decision - Lecompton Constitution - pro-slavery constitution supported by Buchanan but hated by Douglas, South no longer trusts Douglas, Democrat Party split

Satellite States

- Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War - Soviet Union, had a bunch of countries also communists, but other communist regimes propped up by Soviet Union armies; so however Russia voted, those countries voted to

What was the opposition in the 1850s to having free homesteads, where instead of buying acres people wanted the federal government to relinquish land to pioneers?

- Eastern industrialists afraid underpaid workers would jump at the chance of free land - Southerners disliked how gang-labor slavery couldn't work on 160 acres, afraid land would fill up with free-soilers and tip political balance against the South

Panic of 1857

- Economic downturn caused by over speculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads - happened during President Buchanana

Bleeding Sumner (1856)

- Event in 1856 in which Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner with his cane after argument over slavery

Different Perspectives on California Gold Rush

- Gold was found by Mexicans in 1830s but wasn't a lot so didn't pursue it - classic American story were few made money off gold, but mindset differed from New England where the point wasn't failure was a sin but luck was needed to make it - lust of money attracted multiple people, rape of the countryside, extermination of local tribes - great breakthrough of Gold Rush was making California a state and San Francisco a great city

Forts Henry and Donelson, Feb. 1862

- Grant's first major success - Grant received the nickname "Unconditional Surrender Grant" - the success was part of the plan to divide the Confederacy

Russia-Japanese War

- In 1903, Japan and Russia begin struggle over Manchuria - Japan attacks Russia in 1904 - In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured territories after secretly seeking help from the US and Roosevelt, but both Russia and Japan feel cheated by the US and relations sour

Coxey's March on Washington

- Intention of marching to Washington, DC, to demand that the United States government assist the American worker - All men were arrested for trespassing on public property 1894, Jacob Coxey (populist from Missouri) walks from Kansas City to D.C. to protest the non-response of the government to the Panic of 1893, helped the populists a lot politically

What helped oil to become so big?

- Invention of the automobile with a gasoline engine - this was done in the face of Edison's electric lightbulbs which eliminated keresone lamps

What was the epitome of Manifest Destiny?

- John Winthrop and the City on the Hill - taking America and land to form nation of their own based on morals of God

What were some key laws passed under the Articles of Confederation?

- Treaty of 1783: ended revolutionary war so independence from Britain - Northwest Ordinance: how to build a state, plan of gradually bringing in territories, freedom of religion and no slaves - Land Ordinance: how to build a town; needed local govt., rectangles across map, six miles by six miles, divided land into 36 plots with one for bank, one for school, several for govt., rest for farmers

How did the War of 1812 change America politically?

- Treaty of Genet, returned status quo to antebellum - Rush-Bagot Agreement: made Canadian border the longest unfortified border - made Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison an important political border - from this point on America would only deal with Great Britain with peaceful means - Era of Good Feelings began after War of 1812 as only one political party in America

Events that kicked off the Gold Rush and why?

- Treaty of Guadalope-Hidalge: Treaty which ended Mexican-American War, America gained large chunk of southwest including California - Sutter, Marshall, Brannam ~ Sutter was a Swedish entrepenuer/hustler in 1841 who owned sawmill ~ employee Marshall found gold, Sutter told him to keep it secret so Sutter could have an agricultural empire, word got out and prospectors flocked ~ Sam Brannam made killing not by mining but by buying up all equipment for mining and selling it back to the people

• Sinking of the Sussex 1916

- U boats sink the Sussex a French ship no Americans are killed but some are injured. - March 1916 This pushed the US towards war because it infuriated the neutral Wilson to the extent he threatened to break diplomatic relations if the sinking merchant ships without warning were continued. Though this tension was somewhat resolved through Germany agreeing not to sink ships without warning, it was another push to toppel Wilson's stance of peace and neutrality.

Role of the Revolution in the Surge of Evangelical Reform

- churches which tended to survive in new nation were republican churches - Baptist, Congregationalist, Quakers - churches wee members had a say

What were some Southern arguments to justify slavery?

- claimed factory system in the North was like slavery, so therefore Northerners were hypocrites - twisted Bible to justify slavery

Planters "Cottonocracy" v. Reality

- cotton plantation owners believed they were upper class, privileged, medieval code of chivalry, about 2,000 families - planter as lord of castle - men of house would rape slaves, when children were born the wife of the house would take anger out on child and person who was raped - immigrants didn't tend to come to South, so very Anglo-Saxon place with little diversity - slavery gradually spread west-ward as cotton sucks up a lot of nutrients - land no longer profitable for slaves in Virginia or Maryland so gradually selling slaves into deep south

What was the power of the federal government to draft under the Articles of Confederation?

- could not draft

What was taxing the states from the federal government like under the Articles of Confederation?

- could only tax the states voluntarily

Fundamental reasons tribes could not stand against white European settlers?

- decentralization of tribes - Over and over again tribes are in set land, someone finds gold, and then the land is taken through war - technology - disease and alcohol - mass population growth of white settlers - destruction of buffalo

What was George Washington's stance on political parties?

- didn't believe in political parties as he felt they would divided nation - acted in the manner of a Federalist

Treaty of 1783

- diplomats for America were Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and John Adams - U.S. of America was recognized as an independent nation - Gained the right to continue fishing off the coast of Canada - Debts owed to British merchants before the war would still be paid - Loyalists could either return to their property or be paid for it

What was voting in Congress like under the Articles of Confederation?

- each state only had one person to vote and needed a super majority to pass anything

What led to middle class individuals having an interest in reforms?

- education:Made enough money to send children to school Education took off Mixture of men and women On east coast single ed On west co-ed Start to have first kindergartens courtesy of Germans Professional graduate schools, John Hopkins Andre Carnegie and other industrialists there were free libraries, could read and improve your brain Chautauqua movement was like a lecture movement, Puritanical impulse was still there and people felt uncomfortable going on vacation, would go on vacation but would also go to a lecture Helen Keller, Mark Twain would give lectures - Leisure: Made enough money to have leisure time Had enough money to send children to school Tennis becomes a thing, bicycles, croquet, With electricity have amusement parks, take trolley to end of the line for amusement park Movies Cities became incredible magnets as they have all this stuff, rise in urbanization - Concerns: Immigrants also coming to the city, by millions Concern of immense population growth, were progressives step in

Catherine Beecher

- educational reformer who began the first all-female school in Connecticut - stance was women with an education will be better mothers and then raise better sons

Treaty of Gent (1814)

- ended War of 1812 and returned status quo to antebellum

What part did television play with McCarthy?

- every day he would be on TV, making allegations and terrifying people - showed him constantly - Hollywood blacklist, meant to prevent anyone suspected of communist affiliation from speaking out

Examples of Manifest Destiny Between 1800-1848?

- expansion into western territory - border to border vision of America - Louisiana Purchase in expansion - Battle of Tippecanoe - Texas

Lowell

- factory system in America - combined all processes of manufacturing under one roof - bought a canal to make water wheel turn in factory

Yankee Clipper Ships

- fast little ships - heyday in 1850s, but couldn't take as much cargo so eventually faded away

Why did women have greater rights in the west than along the coast?

- found independence running boardinghouses or working as prostitutes - got vote in 1860s & 1890s

Emma Willard (1787-1870)

- grew up in small town and was homeschooled by a Revered - pushed for women's education - published essay on improving debate for education and presented to Board for Education

How was the West tied to the Civil War?

- helped pay for leftover debts

What really had a huge impact on the Western than the trappers, miners, cavalrymen, and cowboys?

- hydraulics and irrigation

Immediate Cause of War of 1812

- impressing of US soldiers in British navy - British and French sanctions on the US - tensions on the Great Lakes - election year and James Madison wanted to show he was tough

Why did Hayes get presidency?

- in exchange for pulling troops out of South, giving South money, - Compromise of 1877

Eli Whitney

- invented the cotton gin in 1793 - made the system of interchangeable parts - in 1798 was asked to make muskets from Adam's administration for the Quasi War, instead after a year gave the interchangeable parts system

What impact did the war of 1812 have on the American economy?

- lack of British goods during war meant American industries had chance to flourish

Colonies

- lands that are controlled by another nation

Why was John Adams to be the second president of the United States?

- lawyer who represented soldiers in Boston Massacre - served on First and Second Continental Congress - served on most of committees - served as Vice President to George Washington - Minister to England - part of negotiation for Treaty of 1783

Impact of Cleveland advocating for a low tariff?

- meant a real issue divided Republicans and Democrats as the election of 1888 loomed on the horizon

Emergency Quote Act of 1921

- measured the amount of immigrants who could enter a country by restricting it to about 3% of the immigrant population already in America - favorable to Southern and Easter Europeans who had already immigrated in large numbers

Pikes Peakers/ Fifty Niners

- miners in the 1850s in California

What was passing a law like under the Articles of Confederation?

- needed a super majority, or 9/13 of the votes

Tariff of 1857

- new tariff which responded to Southern pressure. - reduced rates to their lowest since 1812. (James Buchanan) - Congress was embarrassed by a large Treasury surplus - lowest point on rates since the War of 1812

Crackers

- non slaving owning whites

Cotton Club

- one of the most famous Harlem nightspots

What were similarities between the Republicans and Democrats during the Gilded Age politics?

- party registration was neck in neck and because of this they couldn't differ too much from the norm at the fear of losing votes - voter turnout was high, 80% - political party was based on ethnicity, religion, race, social class, NOT Ideology - only political issue was the tariff, both parties supported business and capitalism - only far out ideas came from third parties like Populists, Greenbacks, Reform

Why were political bosses so powerful?

- political power vacuum - Political bosses successful because city govt was weak, so party bosses filled in gap

What did Garfield's death lead to?

- politicians were horrified at his murder so set about reforming the spoil system as political factions seeking better jobs was attributed to why Guiteau shot Garfield

Free Blacks in the South

- posed threat to white people as wanted skin tone to equal enslavement - numerous rules to dictate life of freed blacks

What power was first used by the federal govt for Civil War?

- power to draft utilized by Union army - led to Draft Riots in 1863, which was unusual because it was in June after the Union victory battle of Gettysburg and Fredricksburg

What two economic issues did the Panic of 1857 give the Republicans for the election of 1860?

- protection for the unprotected, meaning the northern industries which disliked the lower tariffs - farms for the farm-less, relating to the attempts at free homestead

Thoreau

- protegee of Emerson - transcendentalist - connect with God in nature - lived in aunt's house for a year to think - Civil Disobedience

Immigration Act of 1924

- reduced the quote of the amount of immigrants to the US from 3% to 2% in order to freeze the population at predominantly Northern European - marked the end of unrestricted immigration

Power of federal government to amend under the Articles of Confederation?

- required a unanimous vote to amend so it was easier to pass a new law than to amend

Transitions from patriarchal society to a democracy?

- rise in literacy so average citizens take more of an active role in govt. - population increases so land is less and less so less control over children which leads to shotgun weddings and higher alcohol consumption

Blount Commission

- signed by Cleveland to investigate overthrow of Hawaii by American business

Wounded Knee Creek

- site of an Indian massacre that ended the Native American resistance in the West. - In 1973, members of Native American staged protest on what had happened in 1890

Plutocracy

- society ruled by the wealthy - clause which gave Congress sole jurisdiction over interstate commerce meant monopoly lawyers could thwart controls by state legislatures - thwarted fourteenth amendment to mean a corporation was protected to

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

- started as a measure to help the farmers - had a thousand amendments tacked on to it which resulted with it being the highest protective tariff in the nation's peacetime history

What view of social Darwinsim did Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge take which ties into Imperalism?

- that if the land belonged to the strong, then the land belongs to America due to superior views of nationalism

Protective Tariff of 1816

- the first protective tariff in US history, it was passed to slow the flood of cheap British manufactured goods into the country - meant to protect US industry from foreign competition, made European goods more expensive

Census

- the official count of a population - happens every ten years

Confederate States of America (CSA)

- the union, formed in April 1861, of seven (eventually eleven) slave states that had seceded from the United States beginning shortly after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 - states which left union include Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, four other states

What was the main focus of the progressives as they sough to reform monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice?

- to prompt the government to take a bigger role within the welfare of the people

Revolution of Railroads

- unlike water don't freeze and can lay down tracks anywhere

Where did the progressives focus?

- urban

Issues with allowing Americans into Mexico?

- very spread out area so Americans set up own government and ignore Mexican rule - didn't obey Mexican rule of speak Spanish, cannot own slaves, and must be Catholic

What impact did an influx of immigration have on wages?

- wages remained the same with slight increase, but with so many people immigrating to US wages should've gone down

What did Thomas Jefferson want American farmers to be?

- wanted yeoman farmers who would be self reliant and grow everything they needed - ideal versus reality as most farmers wanted money - encouraged pioneers to settle - Native people lost 100 million acres between 1800-1810

Appatomax Court House

- where Lee and Grant met to discuss terms of surrender; on April 9, 1865

What social class emerged in the late 1800s?

- white collar clerical worker - fastest growing part of urban labor force

Objections of the Anti-Federalists to the Constitution

- worried federal govt would become too powerful - worried President would turn into king - power to draft prompted fear of a standing army - no explicit Bill of Rights for protection

Qualifications of Thomas Jefferson for Presidency

- wrote Declaration of Independence - Secretary of State under George Washington - briefly Vice President under John Adams before he resigned - lawyer - briefly ambassador to France after Revolution

Noah Webster

- wrote first American dictionary and spelling book

Hamilton's Report on Public Credit

-1789 -On how to Fund national government and pay down the debt -taxation, excises (- ex whisky tax) -Small tariffs -Securities - government investments to raise credit -also on the federal assumption of state debts - Hamilton believed paying back debt would build credibility of nation - assuming state debts meant citizens more loyal to federal govt. - resolved through moving capitol to Virginia - money owed to those who fought in the war were paid with bonds which could be redeemed later, but most bonds bought up and cashed in for profit

Al Capone (Scarface)

-Chicago gangster in charge of: Prostitution Bootlegging Rumrunning -Public Enemy #1 Gangster king of Chicago during the 1920s. Heavily involved with bootlegging. Eventually, he was convicted on charges of income tax evasion.

Charity Organization Movement

-Kept detailed files on people who received their help -Decided who was worthy of help -Wanted immigrants to adopt American, middle-class standards. Immigrant mom at house, lady knocks on door of tenement and talks to you about cleanliness, food preparation Good intentions but also patronizing

Lillian Wald (1867-1940)

-Major visiting nurse -Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893 (along with Mary Brewster) -Played an important role in establishing public health nursing in U.S.—later called "Visiting Nurses Association of NYC" -Henry Street Settlement was "one of helping people to help themselves" (Wald, 1971) Influential in -The Children's Bureau -Social Security Act Legislation

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)

A US inventor who designed the first electric light bulb. He also invented many other devices, including the phonograph, ancestor of the gramophone. The inventor of, among other things, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the moving picture, and a machine capable of taking X-rays. Ultimately he held more than 1,000 patents for his inventions. - Invented the motion pictures in 1888 (critical for detailed biomechanical analysis)

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

A United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads Established that states may regulate privately owned businesses in the public's interest

Battle of Petersburg

A battle in the Civil War at which Grant captured a town near Richmond by surrounding it in order to cut off Richmond from supplies

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A black historian and sociologist and author a several books, he was a leader in the movement to win social justice for African Americans. In The Souls of Black Folks, he expressed his sadness, rage, and frustration with the hardships that black people encountered. Harvard educated, DuBois was considered a radical in that he demanded racial equality should be immediate. He was devoted to teaching, training, and mentoring college-educated black people to become leaders of their race. He formed the Niagara Movement in 1906. This group later became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), possibly the most influential civil rights group in American history.

The Jungle 1906

A book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrendous and downright gross conditions of the food-packaging industry of the time - led Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life. - led to nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspected as false

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1901

Andrew Johnson Presidency

1865-1868. Democrat Party DOMESTIC ISSUES: - 13th Amendment: abolished slavery within the US except as a punishment for a crime - 14th Amendment: meant citizenship was decided by birth - 15th Amendment: made it illegal for states to put up barriers for voting based on race or previous position of servitude - Black Codes: laws passed by Southern states to return Af. Americans to conditions of slavery as close as possible; Vagrancy Laws made it difficult to get different jobs, restrictions on education - Radical Republicans - Redeemers: KKK, wanted to redeem South from Northern influence and return to pre-Civil War as close as possible - Carpetbaggers: suitcases made out of carpet, men from the North who wanted to get involved in Southern government; regarded by Southerners as Yankee invasion - Scaliwags: Southerners who worked with Republican party and considered by Southerners as traitors to the South - Tenure of Office Act: technically unconstitutional act was passed by Congress which said Johnson could not fire the Secretary of War which Lincoln had appointed, it was known he would fire the man so when he did the trial of impeachment went forth - first president impeached but not removed from office as Senate didn't find him guilty FOREIGN - Overthrow Maximilian (Napoleon III, Mexico) : in Europe, Napoleon III took over France and thought the French should take over Mexico; Maximilian sent over to Mexico to take control of govt. even though it violates the Monroe Doctrine; during the Civil War but once war ends the grievances are brought by the US and Maximilian is shot - Burlingame Treaty w/China: treaty with China, had several terms; US agrees to allow pre-immigration from China, changes over years but the beginning is the US is okay with immigration from China - Seward's Folly: Alaska had been under Russia's control, purchased for 7.2 million: Seward was mocked but then gold and oil was discovered after a few decades and the land became valuable

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers - lasted six years and attracted 600,000 members

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war Churchill and FDR get together and basically rehash Wilson's fourteen points

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific Turning point battle Middle of the War, Battle of the Midway At Midway, Americans were able to destroy four Japanese aircraft carriers Aircraft carriers are expensive and time consuming Big win for Americans Starts to become increasingly defensive war than offensive war

JFK with the recession and post-war prices?

1960 had a recession, JFK set up wage price guidelines Got labor unions to agree to not increase wages

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1786 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) - America's first failed Constitution

How did the Allies seek to win in the Pacific Theater?

2) Atom Bomb - "Manhattan Project" Had plan to invade the islands, didn't know how many it would kill so lead to decision to drop the atomic bomb Releasing a horrific bomb 3) June 9, 1945 - surrender on the USS Missouri Surrendered, took place on battleship, surrender done to McArthur McArthur is . . . interesting like Jackson McArthur sort of ruled post WWII Japan as littl eking, wrote their constitution

Foreign Policies Under Jimmy Carter

2) Camp David Accords: Egypt agreed to recognize Israel, in exchange got Penninsula back from Israelis 3) Iran Took hostages Shah installed as leader of Iran with help from CIA, movement of radical Islamic fervor entered into middle east in Iran, religious leader took power and Shah went to America, had cancer and was treated in America Demands to put Shah on trial and kill him, Carter refused as Shah was getting medical treatment, Iran students stormed embassy and took hostages 4) Panama Canal Returned Panama Canal to Panama, conservatives outraged as US built canal 5) Olympics Boycotted Moscow Olympics Stopped selling grain to USSR USSR invaded Afghanistan, supposed to be communist country but some local movements said no, revolution 6) Carter Doctrine: Middle east is area of interest, invade it and we will retaliate

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist - 1897-1901

Clothes, hair, sex, drugs, Dylan, FM, Stones, The Graduate, Easy Rider

3) clothes, hair, sex, drugs, Dylan, FM, Stones, The Graduate, Easy Rider A lot of dress was inspired by rejection of establishment, based on peasant wear, wild colors and tye dye Very long hair on everyone, not very clean Bob Dylan was key artists, albums instead of 45s

African-Americans in WWII?

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

How did Ford become president?

5th Amendment Nixon's first VP Spirio Agnio was corrupt w/ taxes, resigned, so under 25th amendment Nixon picked Ford, so now Ford is president and so Ford had to pick VP Nelson Rockefeller No one voted for Rockefeller or Ford

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities Someone threw bomb at house of Palmer Initiated raids

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. Book called "How the Other Half Lives" Danish, would take his camera and photograph poor areas to show how people lived, first good example of photo journalism, can see squalor

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Citizen Genet Affair (1793)

A French representative who attempted to contradict the Neutrality Proclamation by organizing armies to attack British and Spanish territories. - eventually moved to and died in New York

Immigration Restriction League

A Nativist group who wanted to restrict immigration into the U.S. to certain groups they deemed desirable. Because of them congress passed a bill in 1897 requiring a literacy test for immigrants. Literacy tests, felt one shouldn't be in America if they couldn't read or write Didn't say it had to be english, several efforts to get passed but always vetoed Passed in WWi, overrode Wilson's veto, had to be able to read or write forty words in any language Put overall lid on immigration

Nixon as Ike's VP

Had been a well known republican, know for going after communists Corruption, issue with Nixon is he was accused of taking bribes, money under the table Went on TV, gave Checkers speech, went through all of his household spending and everything Ends up saying only gift he's gotten is a puppy for his daughter

What was LBJ up to before he became president?

Had been in senate for a while Good at getting his way Had launched campaign for nomination, the JFK got it thru money and KBJ got VP Don't have much time in spotlight as VP, LBJ was miserable then he's the president Finished Kennedys' turn then elected

What gamble did Germany take to get the US involved in the war and why?

Had been in warfare with trenches for two years, Germany decided to make a gamble and knew if they resumed unrestricted submarine warfare the US would get involved Gamble was only way to win was resuming unrestricted warfare, could win using that before America could mobilize enough to be an effective force in the fight Almost pulled it off Wilson put pressure on Congress to let merchant ships have guns

Ceaser Chavez

Hispanic, working with migrant farmers in CA, people would come from Central and South America and couldn't speak English, under educated, would work as grape pickers United Farm Workers Organizing Committee: Underpaid, organized strike La Huelga: Strike, idea was everybody wouldn't buy grapes, got some traction, had 17 million people in America stop buying grapes,

How did Hitler take emergency power over Germany?

Hitler made Chancellor Fire in Hall, said it was the communists who set fire, took emergency power and held until suicide

Sinking of the Lusitania

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI - May 7, 1915 This event was the sinking of a British passenger liner, and 128 Americans out of the 1,198 passengers lost their lives. This pushed America into WW1 as they had been impacted by German naval tactics even as Woodrow Wilson maintained neutrality. It also started to fuel anti-German sentiment against the unfair brutality towards the U.S.

NATO - Communism

Current alliance system North Atlantic Treaty Organization Coalition of countries, U.S., Canda, GB, France Communists had their own version, initially China in it and Soviet bloc states, then Soviet splits in 1970s

Marshall Plane

Czechoslovakia) Massive aid package, in 1948 Czech fell to communists, so needed to fix Europe Gave 13 billion in aid to help, helped France, England, West German economy

Why did Ike win against Adlai Stevenson?

D-Day War Hero Put together tremendous commercial, TV means of directly connecting with voters His appeal was valid, understood Americans had had rough and serious 15 years of stock market crash, Great Depression, WWII, Korean War People wanted peace and serenity President for 8 yrs, popular the whole time

How was Nixon somewhat classy about the election of 1860?

Daily machine in Chicago, regions in Chicago where cemeteries voted for JFK In Texas, LBJ had counties where more people voted than lived there, electoral college votes of Illinois and Texas gave it to JFK Republicans were furious and wanted to fight it, would have to go to Bobby Kennedy as attorney general, Nixon said we just have to accept the results

Ida Tarbell: The History of the Standard Oil Company

Daughter of oil refiner who destroyed her father's company Her name is Tarbell, make tar from oil, Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil company, exposed all of Rockefeller's corrupt practices

Baptist

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river - Samuel L. Tildden was not elected, Hayes was

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised the South to remove federal troops in the Compromise of 1877 to win the presidency - Republican Candidate: Hayes - Democrat Candidate: Tilden; fought against Boss Tweed, known as reformer

Kipling on Imperalism

English writer, reflecting on America's acquisition of the Philippines, poem which discusses responsibility of someone who is white to lift someone who is not white up Racist Manifested in a few ways

Nixon's Presidency and the Environment

Environmental issues heated up in 1960s The Population Bomb, book on how world would have too many people to sustain it and we would all die, people are worried about the world and tons of other protective agencies First Earth Day, everyone is meant to ride bikes to school Occupational and Safety Health Association Nixon created EPA Problem was Environmental Impact Statement, before you do something must measure environmental impact but tended to favor large corporations who could afford to investigate how to do tests, hurt young businesses

Platt Ammendment (1901)

Fast-forward to Platt amendment, 2-3 years later, US says they have right to intervene in Cuban govt affairs

What was the solution to fix stagflation?

Fix comes from pulling money out of economy, problem is it's painful as you can raise taxes but no one likes that, can cut spending but people hate that too, so Nixon played with interest rates and tried to go gradual but didn't work

Carlise Indian School

Flagship Indian boarding school from 1879-1918. In Carlisle, PA in Dickinson school Took Native children to live in boarding school to force assimilation Remove culture to force Sometimes done with consent, sometimes not

Pap Singleton

Former slave who promoted "The exodus". He called for newly freed slaves to head to Kansas for economic prosperity. He did this by disturbing flyers and lithographs that showed Kansas as a land of opportunity.

Greek civil war, 1946

Fought from 1946 to 1949, fought by Greek government army and democratic army of Greece

Carrie Chapman-Catt

Founded League of Womens Voters Unified national and American group, came together in early 1890s and became National American Women's Suffrage Association

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Colonization Society

Founded in 1816, encouraged owners to free their African slaves and pay to send them back to Africa

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Black Panthers Founded

Founded in Oakland, CA to combat police brutality Controversial as they carried around guns Dressed in military-issue gear, stormed Sacramento for right to carry guns in public

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Frances Willard, all about connecting alcohol abuse with hurt for women Frances Willard tied temperance with getting the vote, hurt the suffrage movement because men okay with vote but didn't want to stop drinking

Who was the commander for the US invasion of Korea?

Gave command to Truman, Truman picked McArthur and proceeded to invade South Korea

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops - artificial scarcity to establish parity prices or basic commodities - parity was the price set for a product that gave it the same real value in purchasing power as previously enjoyed - had a lot of criticism - only existed from 1933 to 1936 until it was killed by the Supreme Court for declaring regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional

Blank Check from Germany to Austria

Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia 2) blank check" Germany would back up A-H if they went to war 3) Austria-H declares war on Serbia

Hitler Invades the Netherlands

Germany went through Netherlands In Netherlands, spoke German, Nazis demanded all of Jewish citizens King of Netherlands went outside wearing a gold star, tried to stand up for people Germany took over Netherlands

Union Pacific Railroad Company

A chartered RR corporation (part of transcontinental RR) which was to be built westward from Omaha, and to be connected with the Central Pacific in the middle and complete the link. The gov provided free public lands and generous loans to company A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Closed Shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. - all-union labor

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

A compromise struck between Republicans and Democrats in 1876 that ended Reconstruction.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)

Bay of Pigs

A failed attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. Supported by US government, around 1500 Cuban anit-communist exiles landed on the beach and were crushed by the Cuban army. The failure solidified Castro's strength and pushed Cuba further toward the USSR.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. - comes from transcendentalist - helped fuel Underground Railroad

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. - way of avoiding foreign entanglements - disliked as some Americans felt like America owed it to France for alliance and how French helped win Revolutionary War

Scottsboro Boys Case

A highly publicized series of trials of black youths in Scottsboro, Alabama, who were falsely accused of rape and successfully defended by lawyers paid for by the Communist Party. This 1932 case established that a case can be too speedy and under-counseled, providing defendants in a capital case the right to a reasonable amount of time to establish a defense.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation. Banking, Morgan Chase started with him Had his hands in everything, got start in Civil War lending money to federal govt.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men - during the fourth year of the Panic of 1873 - strike collapsed due to a lack of organization and federal pressure

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages Idea of curbing alcohol has deep roots, back to Second Great Awakening with crusaders against alcohol Lyman Beecher, all against alcohol Not a new idea but gains traction new

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Bonus Bill

A lot of WWI veterans wanted govt help for service Idea to have insurance policies as thank you for service Bonus bill was idea they could borrow money and use insurance policy as collateral Didn't go over well Vetoed but overrode veto

"Island Hopping"

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others Move to "island hopping" Had to get to island of Japan, and Japan had conquered all sorts of islands in the Pacific Didn't need to capture every single island, just needed Japan

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Cumberland Road (1811)

A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

A non-fiction book by *Helen Hunt Jackson* that chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the U.S. *Historical Significance:* Led to the passage of the *Dawes Act* in 1887.

The Call of the Wild by Jack London

A pampered dog adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master who treats him right.

Berlin Wall

A physical barrier built by Soviets, blocking East Germany from West Germany. It stood for decades until it was destroyed after the Cold War ended, in 1989.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before readmittance.

Imperalism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. People who support imperialism agree land expansion equates to greatness 1) policies & processes By what method is the country acquiring influence, or land Is it by purchase, then a lot of people are okay with that If it's attack and invade, fewer supporters Process or laws in how to acquire land is how to understand imperialism 2) establishing political, economic, and/or cultural hegemony Hegemony means powerful Lots of ways a country can be powerful through a different country Politics means you have influence in how other country governs itself Economics means acquiring resources in order to manufacture to generate income for country Cultural imperialism, not intentional sometimes but it can happen; McDonalds and coke everywhere; spreading of one culture to another; but is it cultural imperialism or desire of products; can be shameful intrusion upon native culture 3) in the form of spheres of influence, colonies, dependencies, or satellite states Different ways imperialism manifests Sphere of influence, primarily European history, British empire have sphere of influence where they don't control area but control area next to it so that area is in our zone; Colony Dependency, not a colony but dependent on greater power; America will do that, invest money to help development Satellite state, Soviet Union, had a bunch of countries also communists, but other communist regimes propped up by Soviet Union armies; so however Russia voted, those countries voted to

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment. - allowed people to bypass boss-bought state legislatures does not involve legislature, individual comes up with idea and starts petition to make idea into a law, required by law to put individual's idea on the ballot to vote directly on idea, citizens making laws outside of legislative process

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis. International conference, disagreement between FDR and European folks Europe on Gold Standard, FDR doesn't want gold standard because he wanted to create inflation FDR wanted inflation to seesaw with inflation

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society Some called third Great Awakening, get the churches to fight the cause of poverty, provide some sort of refugee, safe place or Soup Kitchen

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. International fund, America mostly funds it, makes loans to developing countries Lend money to get going

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. - March 1918, Wilson appointed stock speculator Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board Meant to put an end to economic confusion to what America could and would produce for the war, set economic priorities, fixed prices, standardized products Disbanded a few days after armistice Set a precedent for federal govt taking a role in economic planning during a crisis

Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872)

Agency set up by Congress to provide freedmen with shelter, food, and medicinal aid and to help them set up schools and find work. The Bureau was dissolved in 1872. this was meant to provide clothing, food, medical care, and education to freedmen and white refugees; headed by Oliver O. Howard

Peace Corps

An army of volunteers that would work abroad to provide assistance to developing countries. This organization still exists today. Idea was to send young people to foreign countries to help developing countries If you want to do this, go to year long training program Sounds good, reality is people who go aren't as well trained as they need to be Need to live in culture to understand, people wouldn't be there long enough to actually help

Louis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806

An expedition led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase. They sought to discover how the region could be exploited economically, establish trading relations with western Indians, and locate a water route to the Pacific Ocean. - looked for a Northwest Passage

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Caning of Charles Sumner

An incident in which Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner was assaulted on the floor of the Senate by South Carolina congressman Preston S. Brooks over Sumner's accusation that a distant cousin of Brooks's had taken ''the harlot slavery'' as his mistress. - actually helped the new Republican Party.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labor agitator. Very much nutty, firebrand, Russian Jew who immigrated in 1880s Her boyfriend attempted to murder someone to impress her Founder of publicaiotion of Planet Earth, anarchist magazine Deported because of opposition to draft, shows up in Russia, discovers communist and turns against it Sympathetic to Big Bill Haywood's organization

Sacco & Vanzetti (April 1920)

Anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti, accused of murdering a paymaster as a shoe factory in MA Early stages of investigation Sacco and Vanzetti did lie, but ballistics didn't match guns, and from the way the trial went the judge was biased against their political beliefs Got the death penalty

Employment During the Great Depression

At height of Great Depression, 25% were unemployed, others who were underemployed Underemployed mean you have the experience to handle more but are put at a job not fitting of your position Instead of 40 hr work week, might only have 15 hr work week Ripple effects, schools closed, marriages decreased, had people feeling terrible and sense of failure Psychologically, very devastating to men as had defined themself on being a provider

US v. Butler - AAA

Attached the Agricultural Adjustment Act, govt can't tax one group to benefit another Taxes benefit the govt So AAA struck down, FDR now hates SC

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

LBJ Executive Order #11246

Banned discriminatory acts in the job hiring process bc bosses wouldn't hire Af Americans

Bloody Sunday

Before voting rights act 600 peaceful protesters following Dr. King in Alabama, marching out of Selma, were attacked by police and officers and had to retreat back into Selma Tried a third time to march, found success, had 25,000 people marching ending in Montgomery where Dr. King gave a speech After this voting rights act was passed

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison is elected as a result of money from big business ad veterans votes. Supported the increase in tarrifs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression by 1880 Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem)

Women During the Great Depression

Big meh Most companies viewed woman as secondary income earner for family, would hire a man on theory the man needs woman to support family, woman earns to help husband support her family First woman cabinet member, Francis Perkins

Civil Rights Post-WWII

Big supporters of CR at national level were sourthernes, mississippi, Truman in favor of CR for Af. Americans Desegregated the armed forces is what Truman did Put in first black federal judge First black governor of Virgin Islands

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Bill put forth by Republicans in 1864; required 50% of state's voters to take oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation; Lincoln pocket-vetoed this bill

Pendleton Act of 1883

Bill that outlawed compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and established the Civil Service Commission which said appointment to federal jobs was to based on examination and not pull - divorced politics from patronage but drove politicians into marriages of convenience with corporations

Lusutania

British passenger ship sunk on May 7 1915 off the coast of Ireland by German submarines that resulted in the cost of 1198 lives -

Klaus Fuchs

British physicist who worked on the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, was arrested in 1950 and confessed to divulging atomic secrets to the Soviets

Fundamentalists

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation. - fought against advances in science like Darwinism

Hitler After Czechoslovakia & Munich

Hitler saw it as dagger in side of Germany Border of Czech in West is labeled Sudentenland, which was part that Hitler wanted as it was inhibited by people of German descent Govt of Czech in 1920s realized that in history Germany had been aggressor, so put defenses against border, so if they gave up Sudentenland would lose some but would also lose defenses Didn't want to give up land France allied with Czech, Czech wants up help from France Conference in Munich, Czech leaders not allowed in conference France sold out Czech as it was afraid of war with Germany, so bought peace through this Six months later Germany invaded rest of Czech and nothing happened against Germany

Neutrality Act 1935

How to keep America out of future entanglements? Laws to be passed to stay out of war Also in war for loaning so much money 1) mandatory arms embargo For one year, Congress will do this and say its good for a yr then reevaluate 2) President's discretion - belligerents' vessels Lusitania got US into war, so president doesn't allow Americans to sail on ships with belligerent countries

Election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies. "He Kept Us Out of War!" Wilson ran for election American people didn't want to be involved in war

American "Jingoism"

In it for nationalism Expression that not wanted war but if they did they would fight Let's show how great America is and strong

Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856)

Incident in which Preston Brooks (SC) beat Charles Sumner (MA) into unconsciousness with his cane on the Senate floor; followed speech Sumner had made two days before about the Kansas issue. *Results:* Brooks survived an expulsion vote in the House but resigned his seat; he was reelected. Sumner was unable to return to his Senate duties for more than three years while he recovered.

Revenue Act

Increased the income tax in order to pay for war expenses October 3, 1917

Burlingame Treaty (1868)

Burlingame-Seward Treaty of 1868. guranteed right of US missionaries in China, and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers. Allowed Chinese immigrants

Carrie Nation & WCTU

Carrie Nation was for temperance, alcohol ruins family structure, Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Haight-Ashbury

Center of movement, abandoned housing, so drifters settled in and Summer of Live 1967 set out Ongoing party Supported bc some friends in area would give them food from farms in the area

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -> Hoover Wins Everything seemed to be going well Coolidge had stepped down, could've run for another term but chose not to Hoover and Smith were opposites Smith was governor on NY, Ny Accent, irish catholic, wet so opposed to prohibition Hoover was midwestern, orphan who pulled himself up, engineer, self made millionaire, had helped Belgians with food relief program, Protestant Attacks on their followers on each other were made B. the campaign Haters of Smith, said Vote for Smith is Vote for Pope, Rum, Romanism, and Ruin C. results & significance Hoover won by a landslide Democrats learned, important takeaway was that you can't win with a Catholic, didn't run a Catholic candidate until 1960 Smith could have won if he were any of one, but combination was too much to win On the radio, Smith had grating accent

Duke Ellington (1899-1974)

Highly original celebrity bandleader of the swing era known for his skill as a performer, composer, and arranger whose idiosyncratic approach generally meant that his band enjoyed less commercial success than more mainstream-sounding dance orchestras.

What alliances happened in WWI?

Central Power Alliances: Germany and Austria-Hungary, sort of Italy Russia, France, England: Allies Germany had plan of attack to deal with Allies, first take out France then move to fight Russia

Germany's Response to Wilson's Neutrality Address, January 22, 1917

Germany's Response to Wilson's Neutrality Address, January 22, 1917 Wilson, as he prepared to move on to his second term as president, drafted an address where he again stated American commitment to neutral rights and peace without victory. Germany's response on January 31, 1917 was an announcement that they would wage unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships, including American ones. This prompted Wilson to break diplomatic relations with Germany, though he did state he would not move closer to war unless direct and overt actions were taken against America by Germany.

Gideon v. Wainwright (public defenders)

Gideon was poor man, couldn't afford attorney, found guilty and sent to jail, wrote handwritten letter to US SC and said he was in jail because he couldn't buy a lawyer The SC ruled that he was correct Cannot afford attorney in criminal situation, state will provide you with one as a public defender

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Congressional measure making credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

Hoover's philosophy during the Great Depression

Conservate philosophy, what makes US great is the people If you give people money directly, then they will lose their self-reliance and individualism Reluctant to give people money directly

Mutual Assured Destruction

Go all the way to make opponent do what you want Sort of like brinkmanship We can destroy each other Hardcore negotiation

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service. Horizontal monopoly means one controls all or 90% of every factory that makes one product. Vertical monopoly meas one controls process of making product, for steel own iron ore mine, steps in between until steel at end like Carnegie, nobody can stop you so a strike in a related industry will not slow one down

Problems with the transcontinental railroad?

Crazy Judah, also known as Theodore Juda Cheaper to have Chinese laborers build railroads b) debt & falling prices (mechanization)

Bretton Woods - IMF (currency rates)

Created IMF< international monetary fund, try to keep the exchange rate is relatively stable For a while exchange rate was passed on gold, in 1950s and 1960s based on this

Great Sioux War/Black Hills War (1876-1877)

Gold found on Red Cloud's black hills and the gold was desired Custer discovered gold in the Black Hills in 1874, thousands of white gold hunters and miners swarmed into the area the following year. Native American resistance to that influx led to the Black Hills War (1876), the high point of which was the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Golden Age of Sports During the 1920s

Golden age of football, baseball, boxing Best thing is the names and nicknames of the sport players Boxer called Manassas Mauler, Fighting Marine

Election of 1964

Goldwater Running as republican LBJ as Democrat

What did Kennedy do for his War on Poverty?

Got bump in minimum wage Wasn't adept at getting polices

Why did the Allies initial plan to go through Africa fail with Italy?

Got into lower part of Italy, bogged down in Highlands, Mussolini was weak but Germans helped Mussolini ran away, came back, villagers in town hung him upside down with mistress Couldn't get through Italy

Vietnamization

Got involved with Gulf of Tonkin incident Buzz words: Vietnamization, need to start replacing members of the army, pull out American boys and let South Vietnamese men fight instead

Background of Vietnam

Had been French colony for a while WWII happens, Japanese occupy Vietnam Ho Chi Minh, communist and leader, was fighting against Japanese, Vietnamese hated Japanese occupiers, so Ho Chi Minh developed following Vietnamese citizens liked him for being a freedom fighter Ho Chi Minh says let's run Vietnam when Japanese are gone, but then French try to reclaim Vietnam Now Ho Chi Minh fights France, and France loses

What happened after Kennedy and Kruschev met and what did Kruschcev do?

Had been a brief meeting between Kennedy and Kruschev and in Vienna, Kruschev sensed weakness and built wall

US Steel & JFK

JFK attacked US Steel after the company raised prices, while other steel companies agreed to leave them. JFK pressured US Steel, planning to shift an important contract to a smaller company that wouldn't raise prices and eventually they gave in.

JFK Assassination

JFK was shot in an open car by Lee Harvey Oswald

New Frontier

JFK's slogan to describe new challenges and America's potential that inspired Americans

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

Election of 1880

James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (republicans). Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Who is known as the "Father of the Constitution"?

James Madison

James Meredith's Walk Against Fear - Carmichael's "Black Power"

James Meredith was Af American, did Walk Against Fear where he would walk 250 miles to encourage support for voter registration, shot and lived Sparked rage of fury with civil rights organizations, people picked up and walked on Had both Stokley and Dr. King Where Stokley made Black Power speech, background to establishment of Black Panthers

Settlement movement (Hull Houses)

Jane Addams, got settlement houses started Hull House originated in London, get a bunch of relatively upper middle class to pull their money and buy a house in a bad neighborhood and set house up as a place for people in neighborhood to get lunch, daycare, classes, teach kids how to speak language, lived among people trying to help, first one in Chicago

Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere

Japan created the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Not continuous piece of property but controlled Japan, Korea, chunk of China, South East Asia like Vietnam, had eye on Phillipines Concerned with Phillipines

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. - Federalists: John Adams and Pickney - Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jackson and Aaron Burr - Hamilton influenced House of Representatives to make sure John Adams is elected as he loathed Burr

What happened when Israelis declared independence?

Jewish people declare independent country U.S. recognized existence of Israel, critical for survivors of Holocaust, where they would build a country Govt felt sympathetic Neighboring Arabs attacked Israeli, fought back and won, attacked three or four times for century, Israeli's win and get more territory, how Israel grew 4) war shadowed by USA & USSR US sympathetic to Israeli, USSR backed Arabs No military aid given, down the line happened later

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

Selective Service Act of 1917

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft - Passed on May 18, 1917 to increase enrollment to the American army through a draft while also taking into account personal situations which would make a man unavailable for serving

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs George McClellan. Lincoln won easily because Sherman had captured Atlanta. Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins Lincoln runs against McClellan Some Democrats just wanted peace Lincoln stayed connected to soldiers so they came out to vote for them After election made second inaugural address, signals to Southerners the Union would win but after the war there would be charity for all, reflected in reconstruction plan

Native Americans in WWII?

Many moved out of reservations for work or served in military as "code talkers"; translated messages into their native language so enemy couldn't understand, mainly Comanche and Navajo tribes Code breakers

Cowboy's & Cattlemen's Associations

Many were Mexicans, African-Americans, young men in twenties or teens Driving cattle and living outside Cattlemen's associations to protect cattle, would brand cattle, would hunt down rustlers for quick justices

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers (1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

What was the significance of the end of the Korean War?

NK is still a horrible place to live, very technologically behind Hot war during cold war America going toe to toe with Soviet Union Sometimes called Forgotten War Backgrounds to 1950s Red Scare, compare to 1920s

Kitchen Debates

Nixon vs. Krushchev debate based on whether an American or a Russian has the better lifestyle. World's Fair type thing in Moscow, Nixon flew to USSR to check it out Model of kitchen of future, US consumer oriented Kruschchev visited exhibit, Nixon and Kruschchev got into debate on economic theory superior Nixon did decently, why he got 1960 nomination but lost

Family Assistance Plan (FAP)

Nixon's welfare reform proposal to give direct relief to poor families Aids to Families with Independent Children Nixon wanted to kill it (FAP), give families money every year for guaranteed income and was attacked by left for too little and right for too much

Montevideo Pledge

No country has right to interfere in doings of another country, avragated Platt Amendment

Paris Peace Accords 1973

North Vietnames should release POWS, they didn't, don't know what happened to them

Communist attack on US unit - US response

North vietnamese attack stronghold held by US marines, kill people Kicked off escalation in Vietnam LBJ started sending bombs to North Vietnam, then gradual increase in ground forces Had .5 million in Vietnam at one point, men were frustrated with war bc with WWII there was a clear line of enemy and allie, could see geographical progression Vietnam was almost house to house, couldn't tell friend to to foe, could have village with Viet Kong North Vietnamese have tunnels throughout country, tactics were to adjust Head general was Wes Moreland, thought if he had more people he could just grind down the enemy Think of Grant w/ Civil War, but Grant had people so he just did anaconda plan to weigh them down bc Lee had fewer people U.S. Army wasn't allowed into North Vietnam Scorched earth policy

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings ICC (Mann-Elkins Act)

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Passed over Truman's veto with ⅔ vote Ended closed shop, which is when factory workers must be in union Truman vetoed it, so unions were strong for Democrats, unions hate this, Republicans says you shouldn't join association to work If union on strike, president has power to demand 6o days to wait before going on strike

Workingman's Compensation Act of 1916

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) 1787

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. (188) - Senate based on state, so only one for each state in Senate - HoR based on population

Rise of the KKK and causes?

Post Civil War KKK First phase, started in Tennessee Focused n scaring then became homicidal, joined with redeemers to prevent voting First round was anti-black 2) why so popular in the 1920s? (HW) Second wave in 1920s and brought in hate to Jews, Catholics Had millions of members "Birth of a Nation" Expanded message of hate to immigrants, other religions, targeted specific groups for recruiting KKK is strong in Ohio and Boyerstown, PA Response to Wilson's ideals of league of nations

Australian ballot (secret ballot)

Practice that required citizens to vote in private rather than in public, and required the government (rather than political parties) to supervise the voting process.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Green Berets

President Kennedy gave enthusiastic support to the expansion of the Special Forces, soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars. Send Green Berets, function was to train Vietnamese people Not seriously in war

John L. Lewis - CIO

President of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1920 until 1960 and founding president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John Llewellyn Lewis was the dominant voice shaping the labor movement in the 1930s. The CIO owed its existence in large measure to Lewis, who was a tireless and effective advocate of industrial unionism and of government assistance in organizing basic industry.

"Stock watering," late 1800s

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term refers to selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

What were the issues with the economy in the early 1970s?

Prices keep going up Too much money chasing a small amount of goods, supply and demand so price of good increases

Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford - Frazier-Lempke

Private property contract Mortgages, govt can't interfere with private contracts

Chief Joseph Brant

Pro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led resistance against white settlement. Organized the northwestern Indians in an alliance.

UN

Problematic, Soviet Union got three votes instead of one Have country of Russia, then provinces - now countries - said some individual parts should have representation, even if they vote the way Russia said to

Differences Between Progressives and Populists

Progressives during the same time of the populist party Not the same party! A. rural v. urban Progressives are urban, not rural B. class Progressives upp middle class, populist poor C. silver Populists about silver, progressives weren't Both wanted direct election of senators, govt control of railroads

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

What did JFK do for education?

Proposal in congress for many for schools, included Catholic schools, said he would veto bill as it violated concept of church and state

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

Proposed Kansas state constitution; protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas and provided referedum in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery"; supported by President Buchanan but rejected by the House of Representatives. - Proposed Kansas state constitution; - protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery"; - the abolitionists boycotted the polls so was signed in my proslaveryites

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefiting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Crittenden amendments (1860)

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

Protective tariff that was passed to ease the Panic of 1893—It had an amendment on it that created a graduated income tax. This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)

Adjusted Compensation Act (1924)

Provided for the payment of adjusted compensation (bonus) to all veterans of WWI. It was payment of this bonus that the Bonus Army was after when they marched on Washington in 1931.

22nd Amendment

Put limit on number of terms one could be president, prior to FDR no one had pushed this tho TR tried to push it FDR in office fo 13 yrs Says you can be president for max of ten yrs

What was the significance of the Soviet Union obtaining the atomic bomb?

Question on how Soviet union got the bomb US had been betrayed by citizens Hiss case and Rosenbergs Hiss worked for govt, not super high up but in state, was in-crowd as he came from East Coast, prep school , prestigious college degree, near Ivy, white, Protestants, Anglo-Saxon People shocked he betrayed them, upstart CA Congressmen Nixon demonized opponent Nixon got info that Hiss was communist, HUAC, went after him Got microfilms in a pumpkin patch in Maryland, Hiss was guilty, launched Nixon's career Rosenbergs, married couple in NY, Mrs. Rosenbger's brother was a security guard where atomic bomb built, smuggling out information to his relatives, Mr. Rosenberg involved but Mrs. Rosenberg to less degree Big issue as they had two small children, penalty for treason is death A lot of people though children shouldn't be orphans, protests, at the end did get electrecouted, for Mrs. Rosenberg didn't take so she had to get electrecuoted again People had given info to Russians, made McCarthy more believable

What did Hitler do when leaving the League?

Quit and nothing happened Built up army, and took back Rhineland with no consequences

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

The Great White Fleet (1907)

Roosevelt did not want Japan to think that "Gentlemen's Agreement" was a result of American fears so he sent battleships to tour the world; started in Virginia and received welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia; in Japan schoolchildren taught how to wave American flags and sing the "Star-Spangled Banner" - 1. context/background issues: TR had keen interest in a strong naval force to protect American interests abroad, used to be Atlantic 1907, tensions mount between US and Japan Wanted to stress prowess of US navy through ordering battle fleet to sail around the world 2. Goal: Wanted to stress prowess of US navy 3. Method: Have a battle fleet sail around the world with 16 new battleships, hulls painted white 4. length of trip: December 16, 1907 - 14 mounts 43,000 mile journey 5. Result: American naval might is demonstrated and tensions with Japan are settled without an all out war

Zimmerman Note published (armed ship request)

Released note to make public want to go to war Offer made from Germany to Mexico, if Mexico gets involved against US, when Germany wins the land lost from Guadalpupe Hidalgo will be returned to Mexico Wasn't really serious, Germany trying to involve everyone Congress still wouldn't put guns on merchant ships

USS Greer Reports

Reports position of Nazi sub to GB & gets attacked; FDR orders US ships to shoot Nazi subs on sight; more US ships hit US ships report to British ships to report of position of Nazi subs See a Nazi sub then take it out

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth. - McKinley did not do well in the west with unmortgaged farmers - Bryan's defeat marked last time election was attempted to be won with agrarian votes, from now on with growing immigrant populations

What was the significance of the 80th Congress elected in 1946?

Republicans control House of Reps, excited, first time in a while they had done so

McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)

Required communist organizations to publish their membership lists and it prohibited employment of communists in defense-related jobs. Demonstrated the growing hysteria over supposed communist infiltration in the United States.

Ike's Foreign Policies With Hungary?

Revolution in Hungary, part of Soviet Block Led by student types, first week or so looked like they might succeed Person in charge of Hungary fled to Russia, students got leader they wanted Then official leader said stuff Russians didn't like, students used radio signals and were calling US for help US, please save us, US did nothing USSR did thousands Rationale was containment of USSR and communism

Jazz

Rhythmic but improvisation A. what it is Were the millionaires went, Cotton Club most famous cotton club

Who opposed containment theory?

Robert Taft ("Mr. Republican") Containment is international policy, avoid foreign entanglement Henry Wallace, FDR's former VP

Who was Rommel and why did Hitler ruin any chance of retreat?

Rommel surrendered, key to beating Nazis as Rommel knew he would be overwhelmed so told Hitler he had to retreat to save army to fight another day Hitler hated retreat, so forbade it, so German army was captured and lost material Lost materials to fight Russians

What was Wilson's stance on secret treaties that fed into his 14 Points?

Secret treaties made during WWI that Wilson felt made War worse Ex. GB made promise to Arabs that they would help protect Palestine, but also made promise to Jews for their own country 1. open treaties 2. freedom of the seas 3. removal of economic barriers 4. reduction of arms 5. open & impartial adjudication of colonial claims

Seward's Folly

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

"Ghettos"

Segregated neighborhood areas, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Harlem, Souths c) political consequences 1928, voters on Chicago Southside elected black officials, Oscar Deprise - congregation allowed political power to push forth leaders

Effect in Rural Areas After WWI & Divides

Sharp divides country & cities Rural era, based on farming, deeply religious, disagreed on prohibition, flappers, KKK, govt Narrowed in on question of evolution 1920s, Tennessee, made it illegal to teach the idea of evolution as it was offensive C. emblematic: Scopes Monkey Trial

Election of 1868

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868. - Bloody Shirt: refers to Union men running, meant to sort of blame Southern Democrats who caused bloodshed

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The USA and USSR both threatened nuclear bombings, and the US had a naval blockade to prevent missiles from reaching Cuba, but the USSR already had some on the island. Eventually, Khruschcev agreed to leave Cuba and the US would end the quarantine and not invade. This left Khrushchev disgraced and spurred the USSR to invest further in military expansion.

Capture of New Orleans (1862)

The Union closed off the mouth of the Mississippi River to Rebel supply ships, which put more pressure on the Confederacy

Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)

The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men. Lee divided his numerically inferior force and sent Stonewall to defend the flank. His strategy worked, and was his most brilliant victory, yet dearly bought. Stonewall was accidentally killed by his own men at dusk.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. Author, went to meat slaughter houses in Chicago and observed what was going on, it was disgusting and because of his work under TR Meat Inspection and Food and Drug Act passed Attacked coal industry, quite the reformer

What was Kennedy's response to Ike's military industrial complex?

The defense industry was becoming so big and powerful, worried about this Kennedy backed off from being strident like Ike had

Mechanization of Agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

VISTA

The domestic version of the peace corps, originated by JFK. Volunteers served in poor areas of America.

The Chesapeake-Leopard Incident (1807)

The event where 21 U.S. sailors were killed and 4 impressed. - enraged Americans

First Wave of Feminism

The feminist movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth century focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining women's suffrage. Seneca Falls Convention

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

United States Steel Corporation

The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie.

Election of 1796

The first contested American presidential election. *Candidates:* John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) *Results:* Adams was elected president while his opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice-president. *Historical Significance:* Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

LaFollette

The governor of Wisconsin and leader of the progressive movement, he championed control of big business, better working conditions for workers, and treating business the same as people are treated.

Grange Halls

The grange became a union of agricultural people set up to fight the railroad pricing of freight travel. Passed during Civil War and gave incentives for agricultural colleges and educate farmers so they grow more food Have speakers who go to farm towns to speak at Grange Halls Farmers gather to hear the speaker, chance for farmers to talk to each other Realize they all have the same problem so then work together Petition state government for protection

Barbary Pirates (1801)

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. - Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary (Tripolitan) Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria.

What was happening in Germany before WWI?

Think in terms of Germany, before 1800s GB was topdog, huge empire and navy But then US begins to grow economically in Gilded Age, start to surpass GB economically, Germany unified in 1870 and begins to challenge GB

Essence of the Twenties

Think of the joy of smashing barriers, go against societal rules A lot of this comes from timing, after having survived something like WWI want to celebrate

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Thomas Alva Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Underwood Tariff (1913)

This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. High tariff, protect businesses

Dorothy Parker (1893-1967)

She was a poet, critic, short-story writer, one of the great "wits" of her era, friend to Robert Benchley and a member of the famed Algonquin Round Table. She was as close as America ever came to producing its own Oscar Wilde. Sample Poem: "Resume"—"Razors pain you; Rivers are damp; Acids stain you; And drugs cause cramp. Guns aren't lawful; Nooses give; Gas smells awful; You might as well live." When she did die, she donated her estate to the NAACP. Was a hilarious woman, when Coolidge died her response was how can you tell Sharp wit

13th Amendment (1865)

Slavery shall not exist in the United States except as a punishment for crime

Bread or Death

Slogan frequently used during the Panic of 1857 to try to increase agriculture

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. - Hamilton's tax on whiskey led to rebellion - George Washington ended rebellion while demonstrating might of national government through sending militia to stop rebellion

Stono Rebellion (1739)

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Why did the North/South fight?

South fought to preserve their home, physically and idea, wanted to preserve slavery in the south to keep the house, the state's rights theory of nullification, didn't feel like they mattered to the country as they felt like they had no place in govt, economy detached, culture detached North fought for the Union, grew up learning Daniel Webster's speech on liberty and union now and forever, associate union with liberty, fight for union and fight for freedom, felt South was throwing fit over the election

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

Tennessee schoolteacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching the theory of evolution despite a state law banning it. The legal battle was fought by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, two of the nation's most famous lawyers. John Scopes, high school science teacher Clarence Darrow put William Jennings Bryan on witness chair, cross examined the opposing counsel Bryan died after trial, might've been brought on by stress of trial

Rise of KKK After WWI & Differences

Tensions boiled into KKK, 1) new v. old New hated more people, immigrants, Catholics, between 1910-1920, 7 million European immigrants KKK is reacting to changes in country and divisions between rural and cities Want inventions of future but mindsets of 1850 Manifests in hatred of immigrants, Af. Americans, Catholics Membership soars to 4 million in 1920s Began to seize political control Began to die a bit in Great Depression

"Iron Curtain" speech, 1946

Term coined by British PM Winston Churchill referring to a political barrier that after WWII isolated the peoples of Soviet-dominated communist Eastern Europe from the US-dominated democratic capitalist Western Europe. "Iron Curtain" would last until many countries in Eastern Europe had democratic revolutions in the 1980s

American Plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

Turning Point: Tet Offensive (Jan. 1968)

Tet is Vietnamese New Year, holiday period, people weren't expecting an attack at this time North Vietnamese came into South Vietnam, full on attack all the way to Saigon America won, militarily, were able to drive North Vietnamese out but Vietnam was televised war so people knew the body bag count Victory bc the US killed more people than they did People saw footage of wounded and dying men Didn't censor information with this war

Newark Riots 1967

The 1967 Newark riots was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967". This riot occurred in Newark, New Jersey, between July 12 and July 17, 1967. Over the four days of rioting, looting, and property destruction, 26 people died and hundreds were injured

Battle of Fort Wagner

The 54th Massachusetts, a black Union regiment, heroically but unsuccessfully assaulted the Confederates at Fort Wagner in South Carolina. The 54th suffered major casualties, but the regiment's performance confirmed the bravery of black troops in combat.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today Grants to states Difference between FDR and Hoover, FDR just gives money

United States v. E.C. Knight Co.

This was a case where the government sued E.C Knight Co. due a violation in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act since E.C. controlled 98% of the sugar refinement industry. The court ruled in favor of E.C. Knight, stating that manufacturing was not subject to the act. This made regulation more difficult. (1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controlled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Anti-Masonic Party 1832

This was the first time a third political party entered any presidential election. This party hated the "Scotch Masons," and was the first party to have a nominating convention.

The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)

Thorstein Veblen Book that savagely attacked predatory wealth and conspicuous consumption. - the leisure class were wasteful in making money to just hoard it instead of making money and goods to satisfy real needs

What is the background to the Cold War?

Time of extraordinary fear and tension Thought country would be conquered by Russia at any time Lasted for 40 years

What was the financial legacy of the 1950s?

Time of prosperity for most Americans, people entering middle class in droves Europe was ground to dust, so trying to get their act together while America was doing great

Conservation

To conserve is to use resources wisely and keep replenishing resources, but people will use resource

New Left - Hayden - Port Huron Statement (1962)

Tom Hayden Beginning of anti-war movement

What did the New Deal do for banking and money?

Tons of bank failures Bank failures drove it into nationwide, crisis of confidence Programs designed to make people trust banks again Called Bank Holiday where he closed banks, sent govt inspectors in to find anything sneaky and some were closed, but most were fine Would lend bank money sometimes If banks reopened, deposits were higher than withdrawals 1) Emergency Banking Act 2) Glass-Steagall Act a) commercial v. investment banking b) FDIC Back up for a bank Insurance for bank, if there's a run on bank the govt will supply the bank with money to sidestep any panics

Roosevelt Recession

Towards end of presidency, tried to pull back some support so went thru another recession

Treaty of Kanagawa

Trading treaty with Japan; had no interest in foreign culture, regarded as center of world

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Treaty between the United States and China that guaranteed the United States the same trading privileges and most-favored nation treatment as Britain in its dealings with the Chinese government. Increased American commercial relations with Asia dramatically after the 1850s.

Adam-Onis Treaty (1819)

Treaty in which Spain cedes all of Florida to the U.S. but in return U.S. would give up Texas

Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922

Treaty that committed Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and the United States to a proportional reduction of naval forces, producing the world's greatest success in disarmament up to that time. Republicans orchestrated its development at the 1921 Washington Disarmament Conference.

Marcus Hanna

Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics. Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president.

How did Ike utilize the CIA?

Utilized CIA Rather than full scale war, use CIA to stage coup in another country instead of a war

Harding and the "Return to Normalcy"

VP Coolidge, response to Boston Massacre C. Ohio Gang Picked friends for office 1) Albert Fall - Sec of Interior 2) Harry Daugherty - AG D. Some accomplishments 1) Washington Conference Attended by representatives from everywhere, France, Japan, Italy a) purpose Issue was rise of ships in navy, GB and US afraid of rise of ships in Japan Agreed to ratio ships to each nation, wanted to keep Japan in check, ever since Russo-Japanese War had built up military prowesses b) treaties: 1. ships 2. Open Door Policy 2) Fordney-McCumber Tariff High tariff, protect businesses 3) lower taxes Taxes had gone up in WWI, so he lowered them E. scandals 1) Daugherty Selling pardons Accused of federal crime, paid him and crime goes away Was attorney general 2) Albert Fall: Teapot Dome (ID) a) How did they transfer control over the Teapot Dome reserve? 1921, Fall got Harding to sign order 3474, transferred from navy department to department of interior, then sold Fall received bribes, 7.9 million, from Sinclair and Dehomey in exchange for oil protection rights b) Why was Albert Fall's conviction significant? Showed that big businesses could get off, so guilty until proven rich Fall was convicted of criminal conspiracy and piracy, first federal cabinet member to go to prison c) Who finally sold Teapot Dome? Control transferred back to navy, then sold in 1976 when drilling resumed, got money from federal govt Sold under Obama to private oil company in 2015 F. Harding's mysterious death (1923) Went on trip to west with wife, had stroke or heart attack and died She had him buried within 24 hrs without autopsy bc Harding was a notorious womanizer, had 4 or 5 mistresses, had a mistress in white house Calvin Coolidge became president, came into presidency in 1923 unelected, elected in 1924 Was not chatty, famous story was a reporter asked him to say more than two words, said "You lose" Small time and conservative

What were the results of the 1960 election?

Very tight election, seesawed between the two Nixon went asleep when he was ahead, woke up the next morning to see that he had lost Kennedy's Catholicism was an issue, and Kennedy sort of evolved over presidency from weak to two years in he buys a clue and talks about civil rights, discusses Cuban missile crisis Kennedy's civil rights acts isolated him from some democrats, went to third party

V-E Day: May 8, 1945

Victory in Europe Day, Hitler killed himself Japan still fighting tho

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Whip Inflation Now

WIN, what was a dollar in 1940 was worth 25 cents by 1976, Ford inconsistent in how he dealt with it, restrains to tax cut Ended up with bad recession in 1974-1975 Funny bc they were about to declare, approached by NA tribe who offered to buy it back for 25 dollars

What made WWI battles so distinctive?

WW1 military innovations - Soldiers wiped out because military leader strategy hadn't caught up to military weaponry; tactics were old fashioned and weapons were very destructive; turned into slug fest with trenches, rats, goal not to die; machine guns, poison gas, tanks, flamethrower

Difference in attitude to Mexican-Americans in WWI & WWII?

WWI 1) Military was segregated. 2) Zimmerman Telegram prompted spying on Mexicans and Mexican-Americans. 3) Some Mexican-Americans returned to Mexico to avoid the draft. WWII 1) Military was segregated. 2) LA Zoot Suit riots 1943 when white servicemen beat up Mexican Americans for 8 days. 3) Many more Mexican-Americans were involved in WWII than WWI

Censorship in WWI to WWII?

WWI 1) Trading with the Enemy Act - all foreign newspapers published in the US had to provide the government with a translated copy. 2) Espionage & Sedition Acts- it was illegal to print/say anything "disloyal" to the US government, military, etc., to encourage strikes, to criticize the draft etc. WWII 1) The government established the Office of Censorship, which created a voluntary regulatory code for newspapers and radio stations to follow. 2) Letters were censored by the military and the Post Office so "sensitive information" wouldn't get to the enemy.

Tehran Conference (1943)

WWII conference between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill; its purpose was to develop a strategy for war against the Axis (open a second front) The Allied Forces, in particular Britain and the U.S., agreed to a coordinated attack against Nazi Germany. This meant Russia would attack from the East as Britain and the U.S. attacked from the west.

How did the Soviet Union come in to the Korean War?

WWII: Soviets; election controversy WWII, Soviets come in and stop by 38th parallel Americans in Southern part, McArthur Had elections, communist in North Korea, non communists in South Korea Divides into two countries, US leaves

Employment for newly arrived immigrants?

Wages so low had to live in tenement Everyone must work Women would work at home so children could work at home, piecework with sewing Goal was to get kids to school if possible, to start learning language and culture for assimilation Some sent money back, sometimes send one member over one at a time

Rise of Counterculture Movement

Wanted freedom, don't tell me how to live Largely aided with drugs, LSD, heroin Center of movement in San Francisco

Dr. Francis Townsend Old Age Revolving Pension Scheme

Wanted to put 2% sales tax at federal level, give everyone over sixty a pension, elderly required to spend it and buy stuff for cause and demand

Russian-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over Korea...Japanese victorious a) NO ONE, truly NO ONE expected Japan to win b) Russia - horribly dated military technology & tactics, although a huge country, v. tiny but modern & militaristic Japan c) Treaty of Portsmouth 1. negotiated, at the request of Russia & Japan, by Teddy Roosevelt 2. terms - some concessions to Japan, but they felt their victory justified more stuff 3. TR got the Nobel Peace Prize

What was the economy and social devastation like after WWII?

Was just rubble Some magnificent medieval cathedrals which were destroyed Social devastation, number of war orphans People wandering around, homes and family destroyed

Randolph Hearst

Was one of those who believed in yellow journalism. He was one of the newspaper writers who flourished during this time. He helped increase newspapers in the United States. Came from money in CA Acquired NY Journal from poker game, took it over, and hired away Pultizers talent One who knew war with Spain would sell newspapers Sent photographer to take horribleness, nothing happening, but wanted war so made it so "Please remain. You provide the pictures, I'll provide the war."

Nixon Doctrine

Will help if in best interest and if it will actually do something

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. Boss Tweed, member of Tammany Hall, part of Tweed Run, gave contracts to friends and workers and stole money from NY

Adamson Act of 1916

Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. Although directed at a single industry, railroads, the law was a significant victory for workers and a clear statement of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

David G. Phillips

Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.

What was the most important WWII Conference?

Yalta Conference - Most important WWII conference What they agreed to 1. "Liberated" states - "broadly representative" gov'ts In all newly liberated states, meant Bulgaria, Romania, Czech, the elections as soon as possible 2. free elections asap Key was for free election what Stalin agreed to was not international oversight, so choices were between communists If opposition leader elected than that person died 3. boundaries shifted - countries moved west Shifted boundaries, everyone headed west Changed Poland's borders, pushed more to west so Germany loses territory Agreed to divide Germany into four zones 4. Germany in 4 zones & disarmed Churchill insisted France got zone of occupation, tho French had done nothing, 5. Reparations, the most to USSR To be decided questions, how much reparations Idea of whatever total bil was, half would go to Russia In fairness had lost people fighting 6. UN

Alliance for Progress (1961)

a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments (Kennedy's plan to improve relations between the US and Latin America); called for a 10-year $20 billion donation to establish good schools, housing, health care, and land distribution; Good effect on Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics (prevented Communism); Other countries just used the $ to keep the rulers in power Didn't work Idea was third world countries in Central America, we will give you some money if your government matches that money to progress Didn't match and didn't work

Swing Around the Circle

a series of errors by Johnson in the summer of 1866; delivered a series of speeches where he accused the radicals in congress of having a planned antiblack riots and murder in the South; worked against him and the Republicans had more than ⅔ majority in both houses

Application of Neutrality to Italy

a) what happened? Spanish govt was elected socialist govt, Franco was a facist who overthrew the govt with his rebels Socialists were nationalizing property, so landowners and army band together against govt b) what was America's policy? Was a civil war so put arms embargo against both sides Abraham Lincoln Brigade went over Hitler was supplying weapons to Franco, sent over to see how weapons were performing as test drive c) how should/could it have been different? should have applied embargo only to rebels, and helped the republican government

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests If word ends in "ism" means its a theory of some sort, always define in opening paragraph

The Feminie Mystique (1963)

best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan, this work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would soon become second-wave feminism Friedan was college woman with children, dissatisified with life, talked about how she felt discontent Kicked off second wave of feminism, encouraged women to be sensitized to inequality

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements. Was very graphic and caused people to re-evaluate tenement houses

What happened to the League of Nations as Hitler was conquering Europe?

broke up

National Woman's Suffrage Movement

decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia Asian version of NATO, North American Treaty Organization Southeast Asian Treaty Organization, more defensive than offensive

Harlem Renaissance

define Jazz clubs Explosion of talent in Harlem, NY Overbuilt, surplus of housing so people came flooding in from Great Migration 1905-1930 was Great Migration, became cultural mecca

WITCH (Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)

demonstrations and act out in banks

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould

devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves. Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.

Carey Act of 1894

distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled

Preservation

do not use resources at all

Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal

domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection -

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

gave privileges of American citizenship and struck at Black Codes; Johnson vetoed this on constitutional grounds, but his veto was steamrolled

Emergency Banking Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

Bonus Army (1932)

group of jobless World War I veterans who came to Washington to lobby Congress for immediate payment of money promised them in 1945; Hoover opposed payment, and when he used the U.S. Army to drive the veterans out of the capital, he was portrayed as cruel and cold-hearted. WWI veterans, had been promised financial compensation but it wasn't due until 1940s Wanted money now so marched on Washington to put pressure on Congress Didn't pass Congress, said no Hoover told McArthur let the army go, McArthur doesn't and instead marches on army Created national outcry, some people were killed, look like Hoover killing veterans

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Mountain Whites

independent small farmers in the Appalacian Mountain Range, hated plantation owners and blacks, and viewed the impending Civil War as a "rich man's war, but a poor man's fight" - disliked slavery but racist as just didn't want black people in America

Japan's Invasion of Manchuria

invaded Manchuria - Stimson Doctrine Japan had been modernized since 1890s, had defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War Japan felt it wasn't getting proper recognition Were rival parties in Japan, one for war and one for peace In early 1930s, war party got feisty and invaded Manchuria US protested on basis of Open Door policy Stimson Doctrine, said it violates open door policy, destruction of Japanese sovereignty, refused to recognize Japan Japan bombed Shanghai At this stage, League of Nations condemned Japan and Japan backed down 2) Bombed Shanghai - League 3) Lytton Investigation - Manchuria - Sponsored by League, said Japan was aggressor in Manchuria situation, Japan previously had excuse Japan withdrew from League of Nations and nothing happened, and Adolf Hitler saw no international repercussions for leaving

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers

Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908

it authorized national banks to issue emergency currency, was the precursor of the Federal Reserve Act

Spanish Flu Epidemic

killed nearly seven times the number of Americans as died of combat deaths in France Also dealing with pandemic during this time Millions died Some thought 14 Points softened Germany up to surrender Wilson might have had flu, showed up at Versailles as hero, American experience in WWI was dramatically different than Europeans Had no interest in punishing Germany, Clemenseasu from France wanted to punish Germany

Black Republicans

label coined by the Democratic Party to attack the Republican Party as believers in racial equality. The Democrats used this fear to convince many whites to remain loyal to them.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period - Chester Arthur vetoed it because of the Birlingham Treaty but veto was overiden

Smith Act (Alien Registration Act of 1940)

made it a crime to advocate the violent overthrow of the government -Used to prosecute communists -Particularly those advocating strikes during the war

Grant's Peace Policy

made to remove corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, and replace them with Christian missionaries, whom he deems morally superior A new effort by President Grant to end the Plains Indian wars by creating a series of reservations on which tribes could maintain their traditional ways

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

What social class were the progressives?

middle class/upper middle class Just enough property for stake in society without being very wealthy Looking for middle road, saw society and did not want to go to socialism but also didn't like Social Darwinism A lot of women are progressives because of increase in education, not yet married but don't have children, have educated minds they want to put to some use

Walker's Appeal

most radical of all anti-slavery documents called for slaves to revolt against their masters. The goal of his appeal (he was a free black originally from the south) was to instill pride in his black readers and give hope that someday change would come. It spoke out against colonization

Sodbusters

name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership - Joseph Pultizer, William Randolph Hearst

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Gertrude Stein "Lost Generation"

one of the writers who moved to Europe because they were annoyed with the American culture. She coined a term for this time in American (name and term)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin Did march bc they wanted public support for the civil rights bill proposed by Kennedy Two months later the bombing of 16th Baptist Church Got Civil Rights bill passed after murder, homage to him Passed by JFK, went into effect under LBJ as homage to JFK Some didn't like it was done at federal level, as tenth amendment indicated a state issue

Horizontal Inegration

ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain

Horizontal Monopoly

owns every business that is in the same business as itself

Federal Reserve Act (Owen-Glass) 1913

perennial problems - "runs" on the banks Reason Wilson wanted to fix problems Have big banks in NYC, then smaller banks in more rural areas Banks lend each other money all the time, so if small bank you would have stash of money and also put money in larger bank in NYC to try to increase it Banks in NYC also made loans, made loans called "on-call loan" On call loan doesn't have specific due date, but when bank calls in loan must be paid back Those who took on call loans mostly stock market investors If someone needs money from small bank, small bank needs to withdraw money from NYC to have it from coffers, so large bank does call loans, but investors had invested in stock, so investors pay stock fast to pay back banks When all investors running to sell stock, stock market crashes and country goes into free fall Wilson wanted to prevent this from happening The Federal Reserve Act was put forth amidst demands that the federal government should do more to manage the American economy. This act established the Federal Reserve System as the central bank of the U.S., which meant a safer, more flexible financial and monetary institution. Though this was passed under the Wilson administration, he later regretted it, and the reform itself can be found as more in line with Roosevelt's ideals. This is because it established a regulatory system through a central bank, which meant a control of power and it would therefore not assist small, entrepreneurship businesses as Wilson desired. Instead, it struck more of a balance between regulatory measures and monopolies.

Honest Graft

politician discovers an advance in some development (ex streetcars) invests, city later buys it from them for more, uses inside info to get more money using inside information for political gain, George Plunkett. Ex. party taking public improvement projects and buying land to then charge profit or it

Coin's Financial School (1894)

popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors

John Fiske: American Political Ideas

stressed the superior character of "Anglo-Saxon" institutions and peoples; argued that the English-speaking "race" was destined to dominate the globe and transform institutions, traditions, languages of the the world's people Fiske looked at racial perspective, said there was Anglo-Saxon race, being tribes from which English people came Felt Anglo Saxons were morally superior so their responsibility to lift non white people up

Hitler Invades Belgium

taken over by Nazis

Feminism in the 60s-70s

tension - social pressures: Doris Day, 1950s economics book; 50% drop out rate for co-eds for marriage 1960: the Pill approved by FDA

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers - power to tax, power to destroy

Silver Senators

the Treasury injected the silver issue into American politics, representing the West, using influence to promote the interests of the silver miners Politicians who used their influence to promote the interests of Silver Miners in Congress

Flappers and Vamps

women of the 20's, independent, worked outside of the home, short hair, raised hemlines, straight waist Younger women who wore thin, short dresses, wore a lot of makeup, short hair, would wear high heeled shoes and pearls, would also wear undergarments to flatten breasts to look like tough kid, danced closely, smoked and drank in public

A Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)

-Every member of Custer's forces was killed - army led by Crazy Horse -Pursued by the US army, eventually army gave up

Francis Bellamy

Advocates from some form of socialism

Carnegie

Steel, riches to rags through shrewd investing

Grafting

using political power for political gain

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists - hence John Adam's midnight judges

How did progressives advocate for more democracy?

a. referendum b. initiative c. recall d. direct election senators e. women's suffrage

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Party Affiliation of African-Americans

after Civil War were Republicans, switched to Democrats later on

Impact of the West on currency?

c) currency issues - 1870s-1890s Generates issues around money - discovery of gold and silver

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests - established validity and life of contracts

COYOTE (Cast Off Your Old Tired Ethics)

legalize prostitution

May 1967: McNamara

Cabinet member, came out against the war, first time someone in LBj administration said they were against war

Why didn't Britain help the South?

- surplus of cotton from previous years of Civil War meant the South didn't have the economic grasp

James Monroe Presidency Years

1817-1825

The Sixties

1963-1975

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

Mining Industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Desert Land Act of 1877

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

Whiskey Tax of 1791

An excise tax that placed a seven cent per gallon tax on whiskey. Led to the Whiskey Rebellion.

What was the Security Council like after WWII?

At the top Has permanent and floating members, five permanent: France, America, Britain, Russia, China Permanent members have absolute veto power If they say no, cannot happen

When did Mexico gain independence from Spain?

August 24, 1821

Grant's Peace Policy (1869)

Blend of reservations and Christianity, if convert to Christiainity easier to assimilate

Unions

Concept of capitalism is worker sells labor to employer for compensation If not paid fairly, worker leaves For employer wants bst employees for cheapest amount Labor unions born because in Gilded Age there were so many employees, so employee had no employee power and thus could be dismissed Argument was one employee couldn't accomplish goal, so a group was needed to reserve the power of the employee Unite for the rights of labor

How did economics contribute to Imperalism?

Concept that America was generating all of this stuff, so where do we sell it? Need markets, so expanding outwards means acquire markets

Civil War and Indigenous Interactions

Confederacy actively quartered Native support

10% Plan (Lincoln)

Confederate states would be readmitted if 10% of the population took a loyalty oath and the state ratified the 13th Amendment Reconstruction plan on reinstating the Confederate states into the Union; a state could be reintegrated when 10% of its total voters in the election of 1860 had taken an oath to the United States and pledged to follow emancipation; ultimately failed as Republicans feared restoring the planter aristocracy would lead to the re-enslavement of freedmen

14th Amendement (1868)

Constitutional amendment that made former slaves citizens and guaranteed them equal protection of the laws. under fear the Southerners would take control of Congress and repeal the civil rights law, the Republicans took the principles of the bill and made this amendment; conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding a specific degree of franchise, to freedmen; reduced congressional representation and in the Electoral College if a state denied the ballot to black's; disqualified from federal and state office formed Confederates who were former office holders who had sworn allegiance to the Union; guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts

Amtrak

Cooperative venture between trains and the govt, heavily govt regulated, works find in East Coast but west of D.C. it's a mess

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Countered the Wilson-Gorman Tariff and raised it to a new high of up to 57% - not enough to satisfy lobbyists who once again descended on Senate - 850 amendments were tacked onto bill and established rates of 46.5%, higher than Democratic Wilson-Gorman Act of 1894 and McKinley Act of 1890

Fair Labor Standards Act aka "Wagner Act"

Created standard 40 hr work week, 40 cents an hour wage

Poland's Versaille

Created the Polish corridor Bit of Poland which goes to Baltic Sea Hitler wanted international city of Danzig, starts asking for it Now British have had enough of Hitler, said no but wasn't sure if they meant it Hitler makes alliance with Russia just in case

Trading with the Enemy Act

Created to define, regulate, and if needed punish trading with enemies of the U.S. Increased presence of the U.S. federal govt in the economy and trade October 6, 1917 Prevent trade with Germany and the other Central Powers

Insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Corrupt Bargain American System Internal improvements Foreign Affairs: Hampered by opponents in Congress Accomplishments came as Sec of State under Monroe

What did FDR give Britain in 1940 and what did he get in return?

Destroyers for Bases deal Agrees to destroyers for bases deal Allowed GB to have fifty destroyers in exchange for bases

Kinsey Reports (1948, 1953)

Did sociological studies and discovered people were having more sex than anyone realized People shocked, as in 1950s didn't discuss sex

Significance of Vietnam War

Diminished respect for military with anti-war movement, distrust in govt which was amplified by watergate, perception of communism changes where all communist countries weren't together Idea America should military zeal died

As WWI was not a war America wanted to fight, what idealistic approach was used for manipulation?

Diplomatic Offensive Not a war Americans wanted to fight in Wilson presented war as idealistic a) at home: "The war to end all wars" "Make the world safe for Democracy"

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy led to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Thomas Jefferson Key Presidency Events

Domestic - Removal of Alien Act, Naturalization Act, Sedition Act - Congress repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 - Madison v. Marbury - Internal Expansion, wanted independent yeoman farmers - Cumberland National Road - Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Nixon Changes the Draft

During early part of Vietnam war, could be drafted at any time, tended to draft older guys, draf for 8 yrs, had draft lottery based on birthdays with high draft number and low draft number With these people stopped protesting as much

"Beecher's Bibles,"1855-1856

During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles".

Warren Supreme Court

Earl Warren was chief of justice and changed Supreme Court during Brown vs Board of Topeka

What was Ford's key error soon after taking office?

Early speech, won people thru saying he's a ford, not a Lincoln Month into office, pardoned Nixon Pardoned Nixon, was this a deal SNL was funny then, made mockery of him

Role of Women in Civil War

Early women's rights in Seneca Falls Involvement in organizations in age of reform, like Dorthea Dix, working for abolition During Civil War took on nursing and spying Spying less usual, but thousands involved in nursing during Civil War Women were considered too delicate but persisted Bought supplies, Blackwell distributed supplies Raised money through fairs Happened in Confederacy and Union Hope was for recognition at end of war and given right to vote, fact it didn't happen meant the women divided where one pushed for national amendment to the constitution and another which worked state by state Splintered in 1870s, didn't reunite until 1890s

What were US imperialism political interests in Cuba that led to SPanish-American War?

Economic interest, could have more business control over Cuba Political, way to show off we're an imperial country

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Election of 1872

Election in which Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) ran against Democrat Horace Greeley; Greeley died during the election; Grant still won by a landslide - Victoria Woodhall ran with Frederick Douglas, first time a woman ran for govt.

Aguinaldo, Philippine Rebellion

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino rebellion against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power Set up counsel of economic advisors which exist today Physcologically formalized and made permanent idea that federal govt responsible for economy

Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920

Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads and pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability.

Fair Housing Act

End of 1960s to 1970s, improved housing situation, illegal to discriminate on basis of race Real problem was people tend to live in areas, so segregation not by law but by fact Apparent in schools, school district where people of one color would be in one area of school district so at same high school

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

Established the Federal Trade Commission to monitor business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices - signed by President Grover Cleveland on 1887 - important for establishing the federal govt.'s right to regulate private enterprises, but did not do anything immediately against cutthroat competition - prohibited rebates, pools, required railroads to publish rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long haul over the same lune

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) The 17th Amendment gave people the direct vote of senators, instead of state legislation picking senators. The passage of this act would lead to people existing on more equal terms with the government and eliminate the powers of political machines. This represents socialism because it puts more of the control of the political system within the hands of the people.

Application of American Neutrality to Ethiopia

Ethiopia had been Italian colony, broke away, Italy wanted a colony to show how tough it us under Mussolini so wanted Ethiopia King of Ethiopia went to League of Nations for assistance but Ethiopia doesn't have many natural resources so League of Nations didn't really want to help b) what was America's policy? Proclamation of neutrality and arms embargo against Italy and Ethiopia Meant to hurt Italy but didn't include oil embargo so didn't hurt FDR called for moral embargo but wasn't as effective because companies care jack s**t c) how should/could it have been different/ Should have had an oil embargo

NOW 1973

Eventually changed position of homosexuals as lavender menace, American Psychiatry Association took it off as disorder the following year

Neutrality Act extended to 1937, PLUS

Extended another year 1) no credits to belligerents No lending of money to belligerents 2) President decides if a war is happening FDR got power to declare if war is happening, neutrality laws are based on war so if president says no war then neutrality acts don't kick in

What were Truman's domestic policies with the Fair Deal?

Extension of New Deal, limited success A. liberal policies Increased federal minimum wage, ore housing for poor people Didn't get national healthcare plan

Election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

How did American companies originally help the European war effort?

FDR allows American companies to sell guns to companies, then those companies were then selling guns to belligerent powers

Atlantic Conference 1941

FDR and Churchill met and approved the Atlantic Charter. This charter fundamentally rehashed former President Wilson's Fourteen Points. It included self determining rules for individual nations, a new League of Nations for national security, and the rights of the self-governed to abolish dictatorial rule. It created a plan for Britain and the U.S.'s war aims.

FDR Intially in Office

FDR had upbeat personality, happy days ahead, no cohesive plan but can do attitude Also wasn't Hoover so big plus Wanted to get stuff moving

Henry Wallace

FDR's VP in 1940-1944 Democrats saw Wallace was left wing, appeasing communists and Russians, when FDR died in office didn't want Wallace Gave VP to Truman

Standard Oil Trust (1882)

FIRST IN ITS FIELD, Founded by Rockefeller, ORIGIN OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM OF MODERN ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION, *REVOLUTIONIZED THE WAY OF DOING BUSINESS ALL OVER THE WORLD* (553)

Presence of McDonalds on American life?

Factory food and franchise

Fidel Castro

Fidel Castro was communists, took over Cuba in last 1950s, this is when Cubans left Cuba and went to Florida

W. E. B. DuBois

First black man to have PhD from Harvard 1) "Talented Tenth" (1903) Upper echelon Af American society, specifically men, top ten percent needed to become leaders of community even if didn't get compensated bc they owed it to people Eventually rejected Atlanta Compromise 2) Niagara Movement (1905) Created movement to not submit, had limited success due to few financial resources Race riot in Springfield Illinois in 1908, trigger 3) NAACP (1909) "The Crisis" Following yr after race riot, NAACP established More money and mixed race Magazine called Crisis bc it published works of aspiring black writers, thought provoking pieces on racial tensions in country and solutions

Allies

France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a "total war" that would break the South's psychological capacity to fight; Sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support to Southern troops Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864 The purpose of destroying Georgia was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina Name commonly given to *William Tecumseh Sherman*'s campaign from the captured city of Atlanta to the port city of Savannah; Union victory. *Historical Significance:* Inflicted significant damage - particularly to industry and infrastructure - as well as to civilian property; destroyed much of the South's physical and psychological capacity to wage war.

Congress authorized seizure of 92 Nazi ships (May 1941)

German ships in American ports, Congress authroized seizure of ships so ships cannot leave port

U-boats (submarines)

German submarines

German & Italian property in US "frozen"

Germans and Italians had money, assests in American banks, froze assets so could not withdraw money

Petain and Vichy France

Germans poured through France, chased French to Dunkirk Fishing ships sails across Channel and pick up the French they could Delay they could evacuate them Leader of France, Petain struck a deal (Vichy France) Nazis took Northern France with resources France could govern Southern part, in exchange France had to collaborate with Nazi and gave up Jewish citizens

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria

What contributed to the growth in middle class?

Had been society of farms, were now middle class Productivity up with technology, no real competition, were doing great economically

What was the political legacy of the 1950s?

Have "I Like Ike" but also strong and growing civil rights movement int he south

Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

He was an African American and one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

Ray Stannard Baker

He worked with Tarbell and Steffans at McClure's. Best known for his work "Railroads on Trial". He was the first prominent journalist to write on race relations in the South- "The Clashes of the Races in a Southern City." He believed that social justice required journalism of "righteous indignation."

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

Henry Demarest Lloyd Book that attacked Standard Oil Company Aggression of trusts would lead to economic slavery. The government should own and operate means of production and create equality

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed.

What did HHH run on?

Humphrey: Nationalized healthcare, nuclear test bans, civil rights, Vietnam

New Federalism

Idea of a return of power from federal govt to state govt Give back state power which was lost from the New Deal Idea was block grants, govt will give state an amount of money to use for whatever cost and let state decide how to spend the money

Pros of advanced technology in Gilded Age?

Improving at rapid pace, standard of living increases Running water, early as 1870s in cities, rural areas had to wait for 1900s Electricity, 1880s and 1890s Early movies

Hamilton's Report on National Bank

In 1790, proposed a National Bank funded by private investors. Critics claimed that this plan would empower an elite group of people and that it was unconstitutional in that it gave Congress too much power. However, the proposal was passed by a thin margin. - Hamilton wanted America to be industrious nation like Great Britain - justified with the elastic clause

Poland Before Hitler and Stalin Took It

In 1790s got gobbled up and no longer country End of WWI, Poland recreated Poland had difficult time defending as it was flat and landlocked, easy to invade

Texan War for Independence

In 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna invaded Texas and brutally crushed the rebels at the battle of the Alamo. However, the leader to the Texans, Sam Houston, retaliated at the battle of San Jacinto. At San Jacinto, the Texans killed half of Santa Anna's men in 15 minutes and Houstan captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence. The Mexican government never recognized this treaty, but could no longer afford to fight, so Texas became the Lone Star Republic.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440) With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

Hays Code

In 1922, the film industry adopted the Hays code, a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminals sympathetically. Self-imposed rules for Hollywood media content instituted in 1930 with the goal of creating "wholesome entertainment"

H.L. Mencken, The American Mercury

In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class.

Free Speech Movement, Berkeley

In 1964, a group of the disgruntled youth of the 1960s gathered at UC Berkeley for one of the first organized protests against established authority. Skepticism against authority arose from racism, poverty, and the Vietnam War.

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

Election of 1968: LBJ v. Hubert Horatio Humphrey

In 1968 had primary for democratic election, LBJ still won but McCarthy got around 40% of Democrat vote bc LBJ was the sitting president Such a news story encouraged Robert Kennedy to enter the race, so now LBJ has two challenges for his incumbent seat LBJ went on national TV and said he dropped out of the race Hubert Horatio Humphry jumps into race, odd spot as LBJ"s VP so had to support Vietnam War, internally didn't like the war

Stagflation

In 1970s, stagflation was stagnation from stagnant employment and inflation Prices climb but there aren't any jobs

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies. Results of Boxer Rebellion - a) - killed foreigners, Christian missionaries, and Chinese Christians b) - caused widespread fear among foreigners and gave voice to Chinese citizens anger at foreigners and influence c) - many foreigners fled to Beijing to avoid being killed d) - August 1900, Eight Nation Alliance intervene to protect business interests through crushing the rebellion, did crush it, sphere of influence secured and China must pay reparations to foreign powers

Democratic Primary-McCarthy, Robert Kennedy

In complete disarray, didn't know how to handle this 26th amendment,president can be president for ten yrs, but in 1968 LBJ was challenged for election in his own party by McCarthy

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Christopher L. Sholes

Invented the typewriter, which sped the pace of business organization.

Who invented barbed wire?

Joseph Glidden

How did the USSR respond to Ike's Open Skies?

Kruschchev said no, but Ike did it anyway

Hoovervilles (Shantytowns)

Little "towns" (cheap housing) consisting of makeshift shacks made out of scrap material (Hoover blamed for Depression)

Loving v. Virginia

Made laws which banned interracial marriage illegal Taps into personal lives

What did MacArthur do in Inchon?

Makes famous landing, amphibious landing, fights hard and pushes Koreans back to 28th parallel, McArthur planned to take whole peninsula Truman says China might regard American troops as a threat

Aviation in WWI

Used in combat situations, The Red Baron

Revolutionary War and Indigenous People

Washington led expedition against Iroqoui Chief Joseph Brant fought for British More tribes fought for British but some for Americans

What impact did the West have one women?

Women have more rights Could own boarding houses, bars, homes for prostitutes, laundry services

Capper-Volstead Act of 1922

gave farmers protection from anti-trust law and allowed them to cooperatively market

Billion Dollar Congress

gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

What was containment theory similar to in post-WWII?

slavery, keep it in one area and ignore the growing problem

Levittown

Levites were to housing what Ronald McDonald is to hamburgers Huge and uniform trucks show up and assemble house Frame of wall and such assembled Could make 18 houses a day, houses were identical in beginning For people, this house was entry to middle class, house in suburbs, big step up as wages and productivity went up

1788-1836 and Indigenous Interactions

Lewis and Clark expedition led by Sacagawea Trail of Tears Indian Removal Policy

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Hitler Invades France

Nazis went after France Germans went around Magniot land

Turner's Thesis (1893)

"The Frontier is Closed" America is Grown up since American's have populated the west, defeated disease and the Indigenous People. Said that America is ready for the next challenge of expanding. Was a spring board for Imperialism. TR was a fan.

What did FDR run on for the election of 1940, his third term as president?

"Your boys aren't going to be sent into any foreign wars!" Opponent of election syas FDR wants to send people to war FDR said no, no people will die So Americans don't want to go to war

Neutrality Debate of 1937

"cash and carry" Tied to president's declaration that a war exists If you are a belligerent country, will not sell any guns, instead also if you want to buy food must pay for that and non military things in advance in cash No credit, Then you have to transport the food and goods and whatever away Trying to protect American lives

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries (4) federal assumption of Texas debt (5) slave trade abolished in DC (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

John Brown

(1800-1859) - anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. - May or may not have been mentally unstable. - Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. - Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Henry Bessemer

(1813-1898) An English engineer who created the Bessemer process, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron. Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

(7 years war) French & Natives vs. English & Colonists. Ended in 1763 with victory at Quebec ended seven years' war with the British winning. The Taking of Montreal in 1760 ended french as a major power. Natives sided with french as they were the lesser of two evils and had inter-racial relations and treated them with respect.

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson Background: Fattest president, maybe stuck in a bath tub Excellent tennis player and dancer First president to throw baseball on opening day, last president to keep cow on white house lawn Didn't want to be president, was lawyer and wanted to be on the Supreme Court, his wife wanted him to be president Progressive Measures 1) 16th Amendment Four progressive amendments, 16-19 Graduated income tax, got through congress while Taft was president but not ratified by states until Wilson was elected Republicans are all about graduated income tax 2) trust-buster a) philosophy TR he had attitude about trusts, where he wanted to see why a company was a trust, if one became a monopoly because of superior products it was a good company, but if it was a bad trust through unfair business practices he would publish them; substitute rule of man for rule of law Taft was itinerary and judge, and his philosophy was that TR philosophy was wrong, saw their should be criteria b) accomplishments Busted 99 trusts c) tension with Teddy Alienated TR because rule of law concept Taft went after US Steel after TR had aided in making it a monopoly, Taft saw it was reasonable and TR saw it as a betrayal, breaking point

Emmet Till

(August, 1955) Chicago Boy, 14 years old. Visiting family in Mississippi. At candy Store, Emmet says "Bye, baby," to the girl at the counter. Emmet is brutally murdered by 2 brothers, who confess to the crime and are acquitted. Mother insisted on open casket funeral to see what had happened, made huge impression

Red Scare

(1919-1920) 1) causes Russian Revolution, bolsheviks took over Karl Marx's writings said, "workers of the world, unite" Russia then embroiled in CW between whites and reds US thought unions meant communism due to corresponding strikes 2) highlights a) Soviet Ark (Buford) Boat, put 249 known communists on boat, Emma Goldman, sent them to Russia to communism b) Palmer Raids (ID) Someone threw bomb at house of Palmer Initiated raids c) FBI Around time FBI was created d) Sacco & Vanzetti (April 1920) Anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti, accused of murdering a paymaster as a shoe factory in MA Early stages of investigation Sacco and Vanzetti did lie, but ballistics didn't match guns, and from the way the trial went the judge was biased against their political beliefs Got the death penalty 3) results: a) immigration policy Saw Communism and radical ideas as outside ideas, saw them going from Southeast Europe, wanted to stop it Had been efforts for literacy test Literacy test in 1917 1924, passed National Originals Act/Johnson Read, tied immigration quotas to census of 1890, when more immigrants from Northwestern Europe than from Southeast Europe Could have 2& of immigrants from that previous census, biased in favor of northwest europe Theory was northwestern europeans had similar values Asian immigration completely banned and remained so for long time b) American distrust General sense of mistrust More and more respect to business class, and to extent KKK

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

(1922) A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

(1930) a U.S. law that set extremely high tariffs on imports in an effort to protect American farmers and manufacturers; the result was a worsening of the Great Depression Led down in 1930, what govt was trying to do was protect American businesses from foreign competition, didn't happen What happened was it led to a vicious retaliatory tariffs from different countries, now each country was sort of isolated economically Couldn't rely on trade, which thus spread the depression to Europe Opens the door for demagogues like Adolf Hitler to play on people's fear

Immigration Laws of 1921

(3% 1910 census); 1924/Johnson-Reed (2% 1890 census) Different waves on immigration After Civil War, nothwest europe, prepondernece of ethnic groups on census Next was Southeastern Europe, 1910 census was higher numbers from there 1924, looked at census number at 1890 and based percentages on those numbers to favor certain groups over other groups

"The Lost Generation"

(came of age during WWI) Fled to Europe, meant they had lost their sense of purpose, felt distanced, out of step Came of age in WWI Not quite bitter but were cynical, some were brilliant but bite to writing A. attacked 1) wealthy Felt they were out of touch, were shallow 2) middle class Attacked people who lived in small towns, were narrow minded and hypocritical B. Key writers: Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway Fitzgerald had book called Lost Generation Many of them went to France, would sit in Parisian cafes and criticize

Denmark Vesey

- 1822 - carpenter who led slave rebellion - Charleston was where he was hung - wanted to sail to Haiti and freedom

When was a frontier no longer discernible and what did this mean?

- 1890 and there was no more unsettled areas to be broken into in America

Election of 1828

*Candidates:* John Q. Adams (National Republican) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat) *Results:* Jackson won a landslid victory. *Historical Significance:* Marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two-party system.

How adores was Eisenhower?

- both parties wanted Ike to run for them - was the war hero of D-Day so he would win

How do the Philippines tie into the Spanish-American War?

- America basically bought the Philippines Wanted independence too, had leader a) Aguinaldo Leader of Philippines, independence leader Dewey brought Aguinaldo back to the Philippines from Japan to lead movement, so were happy b) staged surrender Did not work out for independence, McKingly was worried that if Philippines got independence then the big European picture of imperialism was it would fall to Germany Germany wanted place in sun, wanted influence McKingly worried Philippines would fall under control of Germany so instead they had a fake fight between Spaniards and Americans, Spain lost and US won, Agunaldo left out of fight and Spain surrendered to America not to Philippines

Establishment of Time Zones in the US

- American Railway Association divided the continent into four time zones on November 18,1883 - amiss outrage of protesters of God time

Nativists

- Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society - generally old-stock Protestants

Highlights of War of 1812

- Battle of Lake Erie, Perry holds off British attack from Canada - burned White House down - Francis Scott Key wrote national anthem after seeing American flag still flew after one night - Battle of New Orleans, war was already over but made Andrew Jackson a war hero and had massive losses for the British

What did Virginia want in order to ratify?

- Bill of Rights for individual protections

Grant's Presidency, Second Term

- CSS Alabama Claims: Alabama was ship built by England for the Confederates, after war Grant sued Britain for involvement in internal strife and got $15 million in compensation - Crash 1873: transcontinental railroad was financed by bonds, was a success so people wanted to build a second transcontinental railroad and paid for it with the sale of bonds; Jay Cooke was in charge of the bonds and oversold them; rush to sell bonds and get a profit off them led to market crash; economic instability makes people lose interest in Reconstruction - Boss Tweed, arrested during Grant's presidency - Golden spike is symbolic last spike of the transcontinental railroad - Barbed wire is invented - women's movement as 14th amendment uses the word "male"; split into Anthony and Stanton who wanted a constitutional amendment with the National Women's Suffrage Association AND American Women's Suffrage Association who wanted states to change individual constitutions

Vanderbilt

- Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines

Which population worked on each railroad and why?

- Central Pacific Railroad: Chinese laborers as cheaper to hire than American workers - Union Pacific: Irish laborers as boons of immigrant waves meant many expendable workers in the nation's eyes

Presidency of Garfield & Chester Arthur

- Chester Arthur was a Democrat who had fought for the Union so the idea was to break the concept that all Democrats were Confederates - when Garfield ran and why he was shot was because Republican party was splut between Stalwarts who believed in spoil system and Reformers/Mugwumps who disliked spoil system - Garfield shot 100 days after election by man who thought if Chester, who was a Stalwart, was president he would be rewarded with a job

What was interstate commerce like under the Articles of Confederation?

- Congress does not have the power to regulate interstate commerce

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

- Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Transportation Under Thomas Jefferson

- Cumberland National road, beginning of national road - Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

- Daniel Shay, a Revolutionary war veteran, was furious at how banks were taking away deeds to farms, as the banks wanted gold to back up debts to Great Britain but farmers didn't have gold - to prevent banks from foreclosing farms, Daniel Shay and other farmers staked out courthouse with musket to prevent taking away of mortgages - showed founding fathers how weak Articles of Confederation were and prompted redoing

Who wants to support France and who doesn't?

- Democratic- Republicans want to support French - Federalists don't want to support French

What was the significance of Congress in 1953?

- Democrats had white house since 1932, 1953 Republicans have it back

Election of 1860

- Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. - a) S. Douglas - North In state after state Douglas just barely lose If Breckenbridge had not been a separate Democrat candidate. Douglas might have become the president Was very important during 1850s towards the start of the Civil War b) Breckinridge - South 2) Constitutional Union Party - Bell 3) Republicans - Lincoln Lincoln won and Virgina did not back Breckenbridge Virginia was one of the largest slave owning countries, felt unity to Union, but voted for Bell 1) Lincoln: @40% popular vote; won Electoral College 2) Douglas: close second in many states; hardly any Electoral College votes 3) Breckinridge: most slave states 4) Bell: Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky (and just barely lost Maryland)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

- Marbury was so called midnight judge but had not yet received official commission - Jefferson refused to give Marbury the commission - Marbury's legal support was Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. which said Justice Marshall had authority above Jefferson - Marshall decided Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional as Congress cannot tell the Supreme Court what to do - established judicial review, so can can examine the constitutionality of a law

Johnny Reb

- Name for stereotypical Southern Soldier - tended to fight for defense of hom and heart - tended to be more religious, jocular, emotional, personally connected to the war -

Chief Joseph

- Native American leader - was stopped forty miles from the border and said he wouldn't fit anymore, so

Thomas Nast (1840-1902)

- Political cartoonist against Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall, 1869-1871 - most of Boss Tweed's constituents couldn't read but they could see the cartoons

What are ways a country can establish Imperial power?

- Politics means you have influence in how other country governs itself - Economics means acquiring resources in order to manufacture to generate income for country - Cultural imperialism, not intentional sometimes but it can happen; McDonalds and coke everywhere; spreading of one culture to another; but is it cultural imperialism or desire of products; can be shameful intrusion upon native culture

Frank Lester Ward

- Reform Darwinism - bears born with claws, but people with a different intelligence so one cannot justify the rich and poor with Charles Darwin

Black Hawk War (1832)

- Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act. - resisting Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act

Which state was the first to leave the union and why?

- South Carolina - four days after the election of 1860, it met and delegates unanmously voted to leave the union

Upsets of South over Compromise of 1850

- South saw the Compromise favored the North, the South had the Fugitive Slave Law - postponed conflict until admittance of Nebraska as a state came up

Tecumseh's Pan-Indian confederacy

- Tecumseh was struggling with white people so tried to create centralized Native government to have front against white - established Prophetstown, near Tippecanoe - Govern of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, retaliates after Tenskwattwa launches strike against Harrison's people - Harrison slaughters everyone in Prophetstown

Which section was harder hit by the Panic of 1857?

- The North - The South, enjoyed favorable cotton prices which saved it

Beef Bonanza

- The greatest boom in the range-cattle trade in the early 1880s, when eastern and European investors began to pour money into cattle growing, causing it to enter a season of wild speculation. - 1866-1888

Wendel Phillips

- boycotted cotton cloth as was produced with slave labor

What slavery looked like in 1860?

- by 1860 about four million slaves in America - majority of slavery internal - by time of Civil War, planters invested $2 billion in slavery - numerous rules to dictate life of enslaved person

Why was the federal govt. hesitant to admit Utah?

- Utah was home to many followers of the Mormon faith and by default polygamy

Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas?

- Whig party split over conflict of slavery - Republican party developed fast and strong - caning of Charles Sumner by Brooks - Lecompton Constitution

Series of Loser Presidents

- Zachary Taylor, president at time of Compromise of 1850 but died in office - Fillmore came in after Taylor died - Pierce, alcoholic, came next - Buchanan followed who just didn't want war to start on his presidency

Electoral College

- a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. - A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president - states pick two national governors from states

Spheres of Influences

- a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. - Sphere of influence, primarily European history, British empire have sphere of influence where they don't control area but control area next to it so that area is in our zone

Dependency

- a dependent or subordinate thing, especially a country or province controlled by another. - not a colony but dependent on greater power; America will do that, invest money to help development

Lindburgh Law

- a law passed after the abduction and death of aviator Charles A. Lingdburgh's young son - made interstate abduction punishable by death in some cases

Tammany Hall

- a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism - Reward votes with patronage Many mayor of NY were Tammany men Tammany Hall had tremendous influence in NY Grafting is using political power for political gain Honest graft is using inside information for political gain, George Plunkett. Ex. party taking public improvement projects and buying land to then charge profit or it Dishonest graft is stealing, bribery, Boss Tweed

Federalist Papers

- a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution - trying to address concerns of Anti-Federalists

Terms of the National Bank Charter

- allowed twenty years to prove itself

Main points of George Washington's Farewell Address

- avoid foreign entanglement - don't let political parties divide America - written by Alexander Hamilton

What was Roosevelt's perspective on trusts?

- believed trusts were a permanent fixture of society but also in good trusts with public conscience and in bad trusts which lusted greedily for power

Impact of war of 1812 culturally for America?

- boom on sense of nationalism - American textbooks written for and by Americas - national anthem, pledge of allegiance - Webster, first American dictionary

Roosevelt's Corollary (1904)

-a brazen policy of "preventative intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904 -adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, stipulated that the U.S. would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order -"own hemisphere" = justification

Main causes of the Great Depression

-overproduction -decline in foreign trade -over-speculation in the stock market -laissez-faire policies - Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act - Bank of the US

New Deal 1933-1934 Laws

. Gold Reserve Act Wanted America off gold standard, with gold standard could only print so much money Required to sell govt their gold B. Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Five yr suspension on collecting mortgages Down to protect farmers from bank From bank's point of view, controversial C. Securities Act D. Indian Reorganization Act Dawes Severalty Act had taken land, divided into farms then assigned each farm Problem is its not their culture, so many ended up selling their farms Stopped practice of dividing reservation territory into individual plots Recognized Native Americans should have some self govt on reservations Got a separate court system, away from state system as state court system didn't treat fairly

How did progressives want more efficient government?

. more efficiency - use experts - have someone who specializes in that area deal with the issue instead of just anybody else

Battles in 1862

1) Forts Henry & Donalson 2) Hampton Roads (Monitor v. Merrimac/CSA Virginia,) Merrimac had been Union ship but southerns stole it and renamed the ship 3) Shiloh 4) New Orleans 5) Seven Days Battles/Peninsular Campaign 6) Antietam Encouraged Abraham Lincoln to issue emancipation proclamation Lincoln fires McClellan for being an idiot 7) Fredericksburg

Chicago 1919 Race Riot:

1 in 7 of Af American population moved north Work in ford plant in detroit, payed black and white workers the same, 5 times more than sharecropper wage Not equal treatment though Resentment over "denial" of white privilege, fear of job loss Summer of 1919 July 27, 1919, 17 yr old Eugene Williams is swimming, John Harris too, and racial tensions escalated to confrontation on the beach White men throws rocks at Eugene and John and and Eugene dies, police officer Daniel Callahand refuses to arrest murder and instead arrests black man How race riot starts 8 bloody days, 500 wounded, 38 die, 23 of them black citizens Sparks other riots in 23 other cities, called the Red Summer 1928, voters on Chicago Southside elected black officials, Oscar Deprise

What was immigration like at the turn of the century?

1) "old" v. "new" immigrants Millions of people coming in from everwhere Shift from places where immigrants from Old immigrants from North Wester Europe, england, ireland, scotland, germany 20th century more from South Eastern Europe, Italy, greece, russia, ukraine New immigrants seemed more foreign With arrival of russians a lot of Jewish people 2) how the more established Americans ("Anglo-Saxons") saw immigrants a) effects on social standards Knew America was built on immigrants but were also struggling with changes of new immigrants, saw them dragging society down Fistfights in public, men and women discussing sex openly Shocked Anglo Saxons

Environmental Issues FDR Addressed?

1) 1939 said water pollution is big deal and govt should help fight it 2) 1933, Executive Order for Civilian Conservation Corps 3) 1933, consolidate national parks and reservations into a National Park Service

Lusitania - Jennings Vol 1

1) 4,200 cases ammo & 1250 shrapnel cases Passenger ship also carrying arms and ammunition 2) Wilson protests, Bryan resigns Wilson would not speak out against Americans going on ships, would not put a ban, William Jennings Bryan resigned in protest

What were American interests within the Caribbean affairs which relate to Imperalism?

1) Adams-Onis Treaty, acquired Florida from Spain, accounces in 1819 but finalized a few years after, America got Florida, paid off claims America citizens had to Spain 2) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, annexation of Texas and acquired Mexican Cession which was modern day a ton of land 3) Gadsden Purchase: purchased land south of Rio Grande, part of controversy over where to locate transcontinental railroad, North wanted it in North and South is South, but need to pass Rocky Mountains, borders Mexico, relatively flat so easier to lay tracks 4) Maximilian attempts to conquer Mexico during Civil War, violation of Monroe Doctrine, end of Maximillian

What were some opportunities with the US to work with the USSR?

1) Bretton Woods - IMF (currency rates) Created IMF< international monetary fund, try to keep the exchange rate is relatively stable For a while exchange rate was passed on gold, in 1950s and 1960s based on this 2) World Bank International fund, America mostly funds it, makes loans to developing countries Lend money to get going 3) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT, theory was people do better with free trade, when you willingly go to makey No force involved in free market Tariff isn't free market, meant to give protextcive place in market but lead to higher prices and retaliatory tariffs 4) UN Problematic, Soviet Union got three votes instead of one Have country of Russia, then provinces - now countries - said some individual parts should have representation, even if they vote the way Russia said to B. Fundamental differences US and USSR very different

Battles in 1863

1) Chancellorsville Stonewall Jackson shot and killed 2) Vicksburg 3) Gettysburg 4) Fort Wagner Massachusett 54 attempt to take back fort

African Americans During the Great Depression

1) Depression issues Were hit by it harder than other groups, last ones hired and first ones fired 2) New Deal Wasn't fair a) NRA wages, poll taxes, no federal anti-lynching Allowed lower wages, still poll taxes, FDR needs southern democrat support so didn't support anti-lynching b) "Black Cabinet" c) Eleanor Roosevelt - Marian Anderson She reached out to Af. American community, invited Af. American woman to white house for tea Opera singer, Daughters of American Revolution refused to allow her to sing, ER resigned and set it so Marian could perform at Lincoln Memorial d) Federal Writers' Project Reached out to Af. American writers 3) political switch During 1930s with party affiliation, now less Republican and more Democrat Saw FDR as doing something at least, more living in city

LBJ and Rural Poverty

1) Economic Opportunity Act 2) Appalachian Regional Development Act 3) Elementary and Secondary Education Act

FDR and Education

1) Established in June 1935, the National Youth Work (NYA) allowed more than two million students from low-income situations to continue pursuing an education. For college students, the NYA enabled low-income students to stay in school by providing 12% with work-study jobs.. However, the program was flawed through budget restraints and racially driven program operations. 2) Enacted on May 6, 1935, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) provided nursery schools for workers to aid in childcare. 3) Between 1933 and 1939, funds from the New Deal assisted 70% of new school construction. This prevented thousands of schools from closing by providing payment for teachers.

Battles in 1864

1) Fort Pillow Tennesses, held by Union Mix of black and white union solders Confederacy attacked fort, got inside and did not allow black soldiers to surrender Murdered multiple black Union soldiers within the fort 2) The Wilderness Battle in Virginia which took place in woods, didn't have a name Battle where Grant got a feel for the Robert E. Lee, caused Grant to realize how he had to fight to win 3) Petersburg starts 4) Atlanta Kicked off Sherman's March to the Sea, Vicksburg were total war where they burned down or ate everything in their path 5) Not a battle but the election of 1864 Lincoln runs against McClellan Some Democrats just wanted peace Lincoln stayed connected to soldiers so they came out to vote for them After election made second inaugural address, signals to Southerners the Union would win but after the war there would be charity for all, reflected in reconstruction plan E. 1865 1) Petersburg ends Railroad junction which led into Richmond

Battles in 1861

1) Fort Sumter First battle of Civil War 2) First Bull Run/Manasses,

Stirrings of conscience of how poorly Native people were treated by federal govt?

1) Grant's Peace Policy - reservations & Christianity Blend of reservations and Christianity, if convert to Christainity easier to assimilate 2) Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor (1881) Most famous book on the injustices against Native people 3) Carlisle Indian School (1879) "Kill the Indian and Save the Man" In Carlisle, PA in Dickinson school Took Native children to live in boarding school to force assimilation Remove culture to force Sometimes done with consent, sometimes not 4) Dawes Severalty Act (1887) To sever Took American reservations and divided them into sections of territory and gave separate sections to different Native families, so families could grow crops on farms To Natives, foreign policy of ownership and private property Many ended up selling property to white settlers so reservation continues to shrink Promised citizenship in ten years but kept pushing back until 1924

Harlem Renaissance (the "New Negro")

1) Harlem Renaissance (the "New Negro") 2) Marcus Garvey (ID) Rise of The New Negro, someone who respected themselves and had pride in race, eager to engage in literary expression 3) NAACP - lynching Illegal in every state but wasn't always enforced, so NAACP wanted to make lynching a federal offense Tried this for decades Democrats in congress tended to block or filibuster, cut deals

FDR and Rural Poverty

1) New Deal for farmers in the Agricultural Adjustment Act 2) Rural Electrocution Program 3) Tennessee Valley Authority

Why were Progressives upset with Taft at the end of his presidency?

1) Payne-Aldrich Tariff When Taft campaigned, campaigned as progressive Republican with lower tariff Saw tariffs hurt people with lower income more than higher, so wanted lower tariff and graduated income tax Started okay but then hundreds of additions and exemptions so by the time it was finished was high tariff, Taft signed it and declared it the best tariff 2) Ballinger (Sec of Interior) - Pinchot Affair TR president, put millions of acres for no developing or exploitation of natural resources Ballinger became Sec, thought TR had overstepped and hadn't been reasonable, put some acres back into play for private companies, Pinchot saw this and called bs, protested and criticized Ballinger publicly Ballinger Taft appointee, sort of criticizing Taft, made Taft angry and he fired Pinchot, Pinchot angry so Pinchot got on transatlantic steamer and went to Africa to get TR and compained about Taft and TR comes back to campaign for presidency 3) Joe Cannon Was Speaker of House, so he got to decide what bills would be debated and thus important Was also Chair of Rules committee, got to decide rules for debate, different ways Congress debates bill Open rule, anyone can make amendment, closed rule is opposite Joe Cannon both, progressives saw as too much power

FDR and Urban Poverty

1) Public Works Administration, created hospitals 2) Federal Housing Act 3) Wagner-Spigel Act, improved living conditions for low income families thru providing houses

What was some racial tension after the Confederate war in regards to Reconstruction?

1) Reconstruction a) politics 1. In former Confederate states To become a state, one had to have ratify 13, 14, had to write new state constitution, former confederate leaders column't write constitution or have leadership roles, so poor whites and Af Americans write constitution Carpetbaggers from north Scalawags, white southerners cooperating with new govt Number of laws passed were expensive, had to raise taxes due to Sherman's destruction of infrastructure, new schools Higher taxes caused more resentment by whites 2. DC/national 13, 14, 15 Amendments 13, no more slavery 14, equal protection, citizenship defined which overturned Dred Scott, states couldn't discriminate, equal protection and due process of law, no excessive bail, habeas corpus, forbade former confederate states from repaying bonds 15, right to vote based on male status b) economics Sharecropping, tenant farmers, both situations little control over crops 40 Acres and a Mule but died out Rough 8 yrs, govt struggles, poor economics but could vote c) "Redeemers" White supremacists, wanted to return to slavery Stronger republican presence, less ability of redeemers until crash d) Depression 1873 North increasingly takes care of families and didn't care for south e) Compromise 1877 Removed federal troops from south for Hayes to have presidency 2) "Jim Crow" South Democrats pass laws to return to state of slavery Wages, forced labor, work laws, segregation 3) Exodusters 1879 first and biggest but not only of migration north wards Benjamin Singleton, called Pap Singleton Biblical based, from book of exodus, set up free black settlements Wasn't free from racism but better than Alabama

FDR and Deficits and Taxes

1) Revenue Act of 1935, gigantic tax increase 2) Social Security Act 3) Revenue Act of 1940, another tax on corporations

LBJ and Deficits and Taxes

1) Revenue Act of 1964, cut federal income taxes 2) Amendments to Social Security Act in 1965, broadened social security thru establishing medicare and medicaid Medicare ends in e for elderly Medicaid is for poor people 3) Revenue and Expenditure Act of 1968, implemented temporary tax surges to pay for Vietnam War

Relations with Britain which relate to Imperalism?

1) Rush Bagot Agreement, established border from lake of woods to Rocky mountains 2) Treaty of 1846, America obtained Oregon and Washington, after Polks 54 40 or fight, extended line from Rush Bagot to Pacific Ocean 3) CSS Alabama

What challenges were the Allies facing to win in the Pacific Theater?

1) fierce fighting a) Guadalcanal: 11,000 marines v. 2,200 Japanese (initially): 6 months Island that needed to be captured, very prestigious fighters b) kamikaze attacks Suicide plane bombing Kids were doing this c) Iwo Jima: 74 days of bombing followed by 25,000 Japanese holding off 110,000 Americans Bombed for 74 straight days and still took a month to gain control d) Okinawa (April-June 1945) Japanese used native Okinawans as human shields With Okinawa now in range, so started firebombing e) weeks of firebombing Wouldn't stop with firebombing Japanese govt armed civilians to fight to the death

Education and LBJ

1) The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, enacted in 1965, sought to give money to schools with a high amount of students from low-income backgrounds. In addition, it sought to close the reading, writing, and mathematics gap between students from low-income backgrounds and children from middle-class and high-income backgrounds. Title I took 5/6s of the total funds given by the ESEA. 2) On July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. By banning discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion, and national origin. It prevented racial discrimination in private facilities which were open to the public. On November 8, 1965, the Higher Education Act. This provided financial assistance for students to use to pursue post-secondary or another form of higher education. It increased funds given to universities, created scholarships, gave low-interest loans to students, and established a National Teacher Corps. Head Start, child born into poor family like single mother situation then she doesn't have time to help her kids learn. Idea was to create nursery schools children 3-5 so they can receive boost in education.

What acts and treaties contributed to ending America's isolation from foreign affairs?

1) Treaty of Wanghia Treaty with China, allows trading rights with Chineses; China and Japan had closed societies in 19th century so to get any trading was good 2) Treaty of Kanagawa Trading treaty with Japan; had no interest in foreign culture, regarded as center of world 3) Purchase of Alaska Seward's Folly, President Johnson 4) Burlingame Allowed Chinese immigrants 5) Hawaii Hawaii started as monarchy, problem was Hawaii cycled through constitutions and sometimes gave king power and sometimes didn't King ruled relatively arbitrarily, American businesses disliked him, American businesses in Hawaii because in 1870s made treaty and Hawaii produced a lot of sugar Hawaii sold sugar to America, in exchange for naval base in Hawaii, how Pearl Harbor came to be American businesses disliked King so they staged a coup against the ruler of Hawaii and forced him to yield power, he died, his sister came in Sister wanted to go back to powerful monarchs, American businesses disliked this American battleship showed up with soldiers, was not officially sanctioned by US government and Queen abdicated, American businesses wanted America to annex Hawaii Cleveland sent investigative committee, and didn't annex immediately but did eventually B. Caribbean 1) Clayton-Bulwar If there's going to be canal through Panama then the canal must be unfortified and neutral With Great Britain 2) Ostend Manifesto US tried to get Cuba

What were early opinions on Imperialism and/or Isolationist ideals?

1) Washington's Farewell Address: Washington warned to not get entangled within foreign affairs 2) Monroe Doctrine: Stated that the carving up of land in the Western hemisphere was now off limits, so no more of setting up colonies Done primarily in economic interests with Britain because the Spanish colonies in South America had gained independence and Britain wanted to maintain this You stick to our hemisphere, we stick to ours

Environmental Issues LBJ tackled?

1) Water Quality Act off 1965 2) Clean Air Act of 1963 3) Wilderness Act of 1964

Tensions Btwn Rural and Suburban Areas During 1920s

1) areas of disagreement Split in 1920s, women especially were area of disagreement Horrified at flappers, prohibition had more support in rural areas Rural areas disliked immigration, disliked League of Nations Cities wanted international involvement Key point of disagreement was evolution

Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Policies (4 C's)

1) corporations a) philosophy Monopolies are here, part of fabric, view them realistically Divided monopolies into good and bad Saw one became a monoply because they're the best and people want their product But if you gained system, bought your way to the top, go after that monopoly b) Northern Securities case (1902) First monopoly he went after, holding company which is where several companies give holding stock into that holding company, sit on board of directors, coordinate policies Northern Security was railraod company, had control over railroad lines Roosevelt first president to successfully use Sherman Anti-Trust Act against a trust c) 40 more cases; some informal agreements Sometime were informal, stop doing this and you're good but would also check up on them d) coal miners: coal strike 1902 (HW) 1. background: John Mitchel (UMW) demands v. Baer Baer says god has given care of worker sto good Christian men, John Mitchell calls bs and goes on strike 2. national crisis? A lot of houses heated by cold and winter coming on 3. TR's strategy Threatened to take over mines so neither bosses nor workers get paid, end up with 10% pay increase and 9 hr work day but union not recognized 4. resolution - 5. Evaluation? Was it constitutional, it was widely unconstitutional

U.S. National Commitment to WWII?

1) draft No resistance 2) rationing Everyone wanted to 3) scrap metal drives Collect for war effort 4) industrial production Everyone working, including women 5) air raid drills Scare of invaded as country, ships sinking off coast of New Jersey, had lights out and air raid drills

How did a navy contribute to a sense of Imperalism?

1) growing navy Chester Arthur was first president to start modernizing American navy, out in orders for ships made out of metal, increased size In 1860s was 12th biggest, by 1900 were third biggest Came idea of how great powers have great navies, influenced by Great Britain 2) Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Discussed importance of America selling to foreign markets, navy facilitating this For navy to work well America must build a canal either through Panama or Nicaragua to facilitate shipping, Importance of acquiring islands like Hawaii Ships back then ran on coal, can only carry so much coal on your ship, so were looking for coaling stations that America would acquire islands to be able to reocoal a ship

Fundamental differences between US and USSR?

1) historical Tradition has been run by autocratic Czars One family calling all the shots and tons of ignorant dirt poor peasants, that's Russia for 800 yrs US was founded differently, no tradition of autocratic rule or anything America's economy based on capitalism, based on free rade USSR based on communism, govt controls economy Anything that mattered controlled by govt, oil, coal, water 2) philosophical USSR. in Marx's manifesto, works of world unite and shake off chains, call to world wide revolution, heart and sole If wrong person won election would shoot them, controlled Poland, changed the history books so children in Czech or Bulgaria were learning about great Russian achievements

What were sources of tension between US and USSR?

1) ideological Capitalism v. communism Idea of freedom, what freedom is 2) government Free will govt v. vote for one communist 3) the Bomb U.S.S.R. had atomic bomb, people were terrified

What was Europe like before WWI? Think in terms of imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and

1) imperialism Colonization, race for colonies, dividing up of Africa 2) militarism Arms race, GB begins constructing dreadnoughts, massive warships, had previously been huge naval power Germany was known more as land army, didn't have big navy but did have submarines World though submarines were immoral and sneaky Machine guns in WWI 3) nationalism a) My country vs. your country mindset Background to assassination of Archduke Ferdinand b) Drive of create a govt for your people In Europe at time was Austria-Hungary, had eight or nine different ethnic groups thrown together, many of ethnic groups wanted their own country Czechs, Serbs wanted own country Poland was a plane sort of area, no clear geographic thing that defined it, other countries would just take it, by 1795 no Poland Polish people wanted a Poland

Domestic Under Jimmy Carter

1) inflation: Went up one percent every month in 1979 Tigntened money supply, if you raise interest rates drain some money out of economy, make it hard to borrow money so didn't buy houses or cars so unemplyment went up 2) draft dodgers Pardoned the draft dodgers, controversy bc men who had fought come back and feel cheated 3) environment Set aside land in Alaska for conversation, but oil in that land and could use it, still put aside Lud Canal, first official hazardous waste site 4) liberalism exhausted - Carter began to deregulate, unusual for Democrat, amendment for balanced budget 5) 3 Mile Island Harrisburg, nuclear plant called 3 mile island, had a leak so people left the state, little impact of leak but people got scared with nuclear so haven't had plant built since 1977

What were cause of the Spanish-American War?

1) nationalism a) Cuban Wanted own country! b) American "jingoism" In it for nationalism Expression that not wanted war but if they did they would fight Let's show how great America is and strong 2) yellow journalism a) definition Sensationalized journalism Take a story and sensationalise it to exaggerate, go for strong emotional appeal Got its name because two more notorious journalisms switched to color cartoons, color they used the most was yellow, had yellow funnies and cartoons into yellow journalism b) key players Just wanted to sell newspapers Could now publish for small sums Using big headlines and sensational news to attract buyers 1. Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) European immigrant Nellie Blye got a job with him 2. Randolph Hearst (New York Journal Came from money in CA Acquired NY Journal from poker game, took it over, and hired away Pultizers talent One who knew war with Spain would sell newspapers Sent photographer to take horribleness, nothing happening, but wanted war so made it so "Please remain. You provide the pictures, I'll provide the war." c) de Lome Letter De Lome was Spanish ambassador, employee of Spain, was to live in US and report back to govt of Spain De Lome reporting back to SPanish govt Private letter from ambassador to boss, someone found it and published it Reaction was anger and month after it was explosion d) sinking of the Maine (254 dead; 59 wounded) Explosion of battleship No one knew what caused explosion Ship in harbor because situation in Cuba heating up, Americans in Cuba need a safe place to go, citizens in Cuba could board the Maine for safety Depicted differently in yellow journalism, called its destruction the cause of the enemy 3) imperialism a) Economic interest, could have more business control over Cuba b) Political, wya to show off we're an imperial country

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

1) roots of the philosophy Foreign policy promoted by Taft from 1909-1913 Taft and Secretary of State Know believed goal of diplomacy was improving American interest everywhere Use American economic power to improve global influence Taft previously influenced by foreign policy of Open Door Policy from Hay in McKingly presidency and of TR with his Roosevelt Corollary with US intervention in Latin American affairs Taft argued his policy as substituting dollars for bullets 2) examples Whoever controlled railroads controlled economy a) China Open Door Policy from Hay in McKingly presidency, which stated that there should be equal open trading opportunity within China instead of carving it up TAFT: Japan and Russia controlled China's railroads so Taft intervened to purchase the railroads from Japan and Russia to return to China's control, but this was refused and embarrassed Taft Generally failure in China b) Latin America TR Corollary, which stated the US had the power to intervene in Latin American affairs 1. Nicaragua Encouraged American investment in Latin American countries to help them develop, really to assert American control Stripped power of corrupt politician in Nicaragua by pouring money in to support a challenger in his place Still suffered political turmoil, led to revolution in 1912 and this meant dollars and bullets were involved Stayed for 13 years as relations with US soured 2. Mexico Failed here Taft encouraged US investors to buy up land, 1913 invested $1 billion People of Mexico were mad about this Other countries don't want US involvement in economies

What was a cause of post-war economic distribution?

1) vets All men return roughly the same time and want a job 2) inflation a) cause Everyone was doing well in the war so had money Strong consumer demand but factories were making war goods so have to recalibrate for domestic goods b) results People with money chasing limited goods Prices going up, wages should go up to due to inflation 3) major strikes Led to strikes

Barry Goldwater in Election of 1964

1) westerner Goldwater was first westerner to run for president Easy to like, first people to jump on integration issue, opposed to segregation 2) civil rights Family owned department stores in Arizona, he integrated his stores Also opposed to integration from federal government, felt it was unconstitutional, govt doesn't have power to force states to do this Felt states should do it tho 3) "extremism in defense if liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Small govt libetertain conservative

Shift to a Welfare State

1) workers' comp - federal employees 2) Keating-Owen Child Labor Law (1916) - Hammer v. Dagenhart Tried to stop child labor, so uses interstate commerce clasue and says if product crosses state lines part of state commerce, and those products cannot be manufactured by people under 16 3) Adamson Act - RR workers

How were issues between communist Vietnam and republic Vietnam resolved?

17th parallel - Ho Chi Minh Split the country in two, South under emperor's control and US backs south Communist North Elections never happened

Thomas Jefferson Presidency Years

1800-1808

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

1. Ended Bolshevik Russia's participation in World War I 2. Negotiated by Vladimir Lenin because he was unwilling to risk Bolshevik gains by continuing a war that could no longer be won 3. Nullified following Germany's defeat by the Allies Russian army was terrible, not all the men on the front has guns so they were told to wait until person next to them was killed and take his gun Russian soldiers slaughtered by German soldiers, civil unrest for bread riots as background to first Russian Revolution Russian Communists led by Vladamir Lenin, understood people needed simple terms so had slogan of, "Land, Peace, Bread" Violent take over in October 1917, plan to get the peace was the socialists remained in war due to matter of honor to allies, when Communists took over Lenin decided to buy peace through the Treaty Treaty was peace treaty between Russian Communists and Germans, Germany made peace with Russia in exchange for land grant Land had ⅓ population of Russia, due to cold the population was spread out, 90% of coal production, 1/15 of industrialization Important because now Germany only has one front to fight on, now it's a race against time, also Joseph Stalin, at end of WWI, conquers territory in eastern Europe like Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, was land which had been given up in treaty, reclaiming Russian land

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

1921; provided finds to subsidize medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses - expanded responsibility of federal govt for family welfare

Why were city govts weak?

1. city charters Every state had constitution, take the whole state and look at political parts to establish classes to municipal govt Different types of municpal govt get differemt levels of power State constitutions didn't give city govt power to respond because they didn't want city to have more power than federal govt More power, harder to control Didn't like the people in cities as they were 2. rapid growth b) clash in how "Yankees" saw gov't with how immigrants saw gov't Traditional American thinks popular democracy, everyone participates Immigrant shows up and knows primarily draft and taxes, wanted a job from the govt, reformers wanted efficient govt but efficient govt hires fewer people

What were problems with corporations during the progressive era?

1. maintain property rights & basic capitalism with regulations 2. regulating the regulators 3. tariffs v. income taxes Tariffs protect industries, industrial leaders like them, can sometimes protect jobs But always drive prices up, argue it isn't fair Problem with tariffs is upper middle class can afford to pay raised prices, but person who makes less cannot deal with raised class Tariffs unfairly affect lower class people, argue for graduated income tax, more you earn higher percent you pay

American Federation of Labor

1. skilled workers 2. Samual Gompers, founder 3. "bread & butter" Wanted skilled workers and looking for more money for fewer hours Just wanted better situation

George Washington Presidency Term

1789-1797

Pickney's Treaty (1795)

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

John Adams Presidency Years

1796-1800

What was the West?

100th Meridian often used as marker of vertical line of the dividing the country, halfway through Texas West of the line is the West, at least in 1865 Dry, Natives mainly nomadic so not very permanent housing, lived off buffalo, good with bows and arrows

When is the Constitution Unit otherwise known as the Critical Period?

1783-1789

Ulysses S. Grant Presidency

1869-1877 - a good general but not a good president DOMESTIC - Whiskey Ring: tax on whiskey; taxer counts barrels of distilled whiskey and places tax on them; could be bribed by farmer to charge less for barrels of whiskey - Credit Mobilier: tied to Union Pacific Railroad Company and the trans-continental railroad; govt didn't have a lot of money for the rails so instead paid railroad companies with land; Union Pacific Railroad Company created fake organization called Credit Mobiler and billed govt for work which didn't happen; govt. officials caught on and accepted bribes, so on and so forth until by Grant's second term 1/2 congressmen were bribed - Black Friday: Gilded Age men purchased gold at market price, circulate rumors the govt. was low on gold so when people thought there was a gold shortage the prices went up; when price is sky high the men sold the gold; Grant spoke against shortage but men who engineered it still made a killing and didn't go to jail - Greenback Controversy: during Civil War, war bonds were sold with Jay Cooke in charge, and greenbacks too; Grant wanted specie back currency but issue was greenbacks were still in circulation - Crime of 1873: Coinage Act of 1873; listed all coins to be minted and didn't include silver; led to silver strikes as silver mine owners wanted the govt to buy silver at the rates before the act - Specie Resumption Act: 1875, which said in 1879 the US govt would start to redeem greenbacks with gold; had to wait so the Treasury could build up enough gold - Enforcement Acts/KKK Acts 1870& 1871: Congress passed laws to give the federal govt the power to punish those who violated laws meant to protect Af. Americans as state govt wouldn't

Victoria Woodhull

1872 - 1st female candidate for President; activist for women's rights and labor reforms; advocate of free love, by which she meant the freedom to marry, divorce, and bear children without government interference

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Joseph F. Glidden

1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle

Presidency of Hayes (Republican)

1876/7-1880 DOMESTIC - continuing depression of 1877, with Great Railroad Strike a result of the depression as the rent was raised on workers homes with pay the same - Bland-Allison Act: veto override; the US would buy certain amounts of silver and put them into - Munn v. Illinois: put restrictions on railroad charging farmers to store goods in storage elevators - Edison made and patented the lightbulb - Lemonade Lucy: Hayes's wife was in favor of prohibition, would only serve lemonade at parties which people would then spike

Chester Arthur Presidency

1881-1884 - Stalwart, okay with spoil system but the death of Garfield made everyone realize a line had been crossed Pendleton Act - created civil service examination for a job with the federal govt to weed out those benefiting from the spoil system - Chinese Exclusion Act: veoted the act which would have violated Birlmingham Treaty of previous years to exclude Chinese immigrants; veto was overridden - navy, Brooklyn Bridge, time zones - had money and when questioned on hiring Tiffany Glass to decorate White House replied it was his own damn money to spend

Grover Cleveland Presidency

1884-1888 Democrat - ran against James Blaine of Maine - Cleveland rose in politics quickly from mayor to governor to president in three years - was an election less of party and more how much dirt do I have on the other person - Mulligan Letters for Blaine - illegitimate child with Buffalo widow for Cleveland - Blaine lost NY by upsetting Irish Catholic population by saying the Democrats were the party of Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion - Cleveland is only Democrat president during Gilded Age after Johnson - had two non-conescutive terms POLITICS - Interstate Commerce Act: first time govt attempts to regulate businesses; created commission to keep eye on railroads but was severely limited - Dawes Severalty Act: nation has come to Jesus moment and decides to "help" Indigenous Tribes by kidnapping children and enrolling in schools to learn white ways and erase culture; also took land which had been given as reservation and divided into plots of land modeled off white settlers, Native didn't want land so sold it to white farmers - Tariff?: Cleveland talked of lowering the tariff, better for the country, Republicans attacked him with this - married the child he raised when his law partner died

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. - individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American - dissolved tribes as legal entities - wiped out tribal ownership of land

Monkey Trial/Scopes Trial

1925- Teaching of evolution publicized the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy; both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science should be taught in schools; widely publicized; Bryan "won" but traditionalists discredited; TN legislation on the books until 1967 Famous trial to determine the constitutionality under the First Amendment--> separation of church and state of a Tennessee law that prohibited the teaching of evolution in the public schools

Harrison Presidency

1888-1892 - Republican - Harrison stayed close to house when campaigning, Republicans bought votes as it was unknown how NY and Indiana would vote - Harrison spends money like drunken sailor POLITICS: - Billion Dollar Congress: - Lodge Election Bill: Henry Cabot Lodge tries to get bill through for black voting rights; fillibustered and blocked - Sherman Anti-Trust Act: first piece of legislature to go after trusts, made it illegal to set prices - Sherman Silver Purchase Act (McKinley Tariff): required govt to buy certain amount of silver every month; problem was silver backed dollars could be exchanged for gold and people wanted gold as it could be used for trading with foreign countries FOREIGN: - McKinley Tariff: high protective tariff so it raised dues on foreign goods - Hawaii (Liliuokalani): Hawaii was a monarchy but when the king died and has sister took over an American business stage a coup and a navy ship which just happened to be passing by assisted - Homestead Strike, 1890 census, Populist Party - Harrison is grandson of William Henry Harrison - Harrison's wife was told by Cleveland's wife not to redecorate as they would be back, and returned the next term

U.S. v. E.C. Knight

1895 - limited the governments power to control monopolies. First case by the supreme court concerning the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; shot down the E.C. Knight Co. sugar manufacturer EC Knight was a trust of sugar manufacturers Congress has power to regulate commerce but not manufactures, according to EC Knight SC upheld EC Knight, said it was correct Sherman Act then limited, reduced effectiveness of act Not successfully applied to businesses until Teddy Roosevelt

McKinley Presidency

1896-1901 - Republican - ran against Byron - won with help of campaign manager Mark Hanna ISSUES - return of prosperity - Dingley Tariff: - Gold Standard Act - Spanish-American War

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal. - gave the US free reign to build the canal and gave the US the right to fortify the canal as well

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. Used to have patent medicines which were weird concoctions, usually had alcohol or cocaine Created FDA, Food and Drug Administration, required labels on medicine and whether something should be a perscription The Pure Food and Drug Act meant businesses could no longer misbranded or adulterated foods or drugs when there was interstate commerce. As this was passed under Roosevelt's presidency, it best represents his policies. Furthermore, it is a form of a regulatory industry which Roosevelt believed should advance in Washington to match the monopolies and businesses of his era.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. "The Jungle" If urban myth believed, Roosevelt ate breakfast while reading book and threw breakfast out window Set team to investigate, rumors are true If meat crossed state lines, federal govt has right to inspect

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Federal Reserve Act 1913

1913 *Created the Federal Reserve Bank *Response to the Panic of 1907 and to the concerns of business *There was a need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business demands *Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, each offering control to a different group *President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage of the Act *It divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as "banker's banks" *The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve reserve banks would charge

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. Less money goes into federal govt coffers, so plan was less money from tariff but more money through income tax so federal govt income should remain stable The Underwood-Simmons Act lowered tariff rates on manufactured goods and eliminated most duties on rare materials, while also creating a graduated income tax. Along with being passed under Wilson's administration encompassed his New Freedom plan of an unregulated and unmonolpoized market through taking away taxes towards industries. The graduated income tax works towards an active role in government while also allowing the growing of business and entrepreneurship as a graduated income tax levies taxes depending on economic capability to pay a certain amount.

Samuel Chase

A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. Despite his record of outstanding accomplishment on the Supreme Court, Congress voted to impeach him in 1804. His support of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts and his overly zealous handling of treason and sedition trials involving Jeffersonians caused him to anger the president and his backers in Congress. While spared by only a narrow margin, he was acquitted, with the result that his trial discouraged future attempts to impeach justices for purely political reasons. Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate - enforced the Sedition Act a bit too joyfully but technically not illegal

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning. Huge cry for justice against German submarine sneak attack Pledge would give notice they would blow up ship, so ant passengers could disembark Problem was submarine had to be underwater to attack, couldn't reveal itself

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

A protracted battle in northern Mississippi in which Union forces under Ulysses Grant besieged the last major Confederate fortress on the Mississippi River, forcing the inhabitants into starvation and then submission.

Election of 1952

A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide. "Korea, Communism, Corruption" a) Republicans: "Ike" & Nixon: "Korea, Communism, Corruption" Nixon's program, our of Korean, end of communism, no corruptuion b) Adlai Stevenson ("egghead") Leaning towards communism

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star and lectured with William Lloyd Garrison until they parted company on issues of prejudice in the North and secession of the South.

Panic of 1893

A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply. Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. *Historical Significance:* Led to *Coxey's Army* and a wave of strikes including he *Pullman Strike*.

Open Door Note

A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China. message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages. - supported by other workers through refusing to transport Pullman cars; used against the strike by attaching federal mail cars to Pullman cars and thus the federal govt. could get involved

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1921)

A tawdry affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which implicated President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

fourth party system (1896-1932)

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control One country falls to communism, so do other countries Name came from one of Ike's speeches

Stonewall Inn

A two-day riot by Stonewall Inn patrons after the police raided the gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village in 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement.

FDR Early Foreign Policy

A. Latin America Picked up from Herbert Hoover 1) Good Neighbor Policy 2) Platt Amendment 3) Montevideo Pledge No country has right to interfere in doings of another country, trash the Platt Amendment B. Europe Hawley Smoot Tariff hit, depression spread across globe 1) London Economic Conference International conference, disagreement between FDR and European folks Europe on Gold Standard, FDR doesn't want gold standard because he wanted to create inflation FDR wanted inflation to seesaw with inflation 2) attempts at disarmament US was not in League of Nations, FDR was internationalists but understood Congress didn't want to FDR made approaches to European countries saying the US was willing to consult on international affairs in exchange for arms reduction agreement Europe felt burned by US, so didn't want to, US seen as unreliable and relations not stellar C. USSR USSR was spying on US, American diplomats in communist USSR were spying on diplomats, embassy was bugged to the ninth degree

Missionary Diplomacy (Wilson)

A. Moral tone Wilson added to Roosevelt's Corollary: Expanded policy of Roosevelt Corollary by adding a moral tone Approach known as missionary diplomacy, US had moral responsibility to avoid recognizing Latin American govt that was hostile to US interests If Latin American govt unfriendly, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests then the US would not recognize it as a legitimate govt B. The effect Wilson believed his policy would have on America's neighbors: Believed it would pressure US neighbors to establish democratic govts C. How did Madero's overthrow of Huerta affect the US? 1911, Huerta was military dictator and was overthrown Herta friendly with US, allowed US to own shares in mines and railroads Revolution then posed threat to US nation, promised democratic reforms but could not satisfy demands of the poor ranchers and factory workers After 2 yrs, Huerta seized control of Maderio govt, Madero murdered and missionary diplomacy is established D. Why did Wilson initiate moral diplomacy? Refused to recognize Herta's govt because he saw it as a govt of butchers E. Tampico Incident Wilson waited for opportunity to intervene, US sailors were arrested by Huerta and so WIlson sent Marines to occupy port city 1) what happened: Ensuing violence saw loses on both sides and brought US to brink of war, several South American nations attempted to appease the situation Offered Huerta terms he refused to accept, Wilson refused to recognize govt 2) significance: Huerta's govt collapsed, and Corranzo came to power so US troops were withdrawn from Mexico and Wilson recognized govt Saw Wilson demonstrate missionary diplomacy F. Why did US troops withdraw from Mexico?- Huerta's govt collapsed, and Corranzo came to power so US troops were withdrawn from Mexico and Wilson recognized govt

FDR's response: "Second New Deal" (1935)

A. Works Projects/Progress Administration Created lots of jobs, different types B. Social Security Act Critical, still around today Concept is that you have a job, work hard your whole life, and get paird Your employer takes out 6% of check every single time, and matches it with contribution, goes into fund, when you retire you can have some of that money back, have a pension Reality is never just that, the money also ended up to widows, blind children, handicapped people, Introduced immediately, those getting pensions hadn't yet paid into it In debt from the start One of the most popular govt programs but groups who get it don't really pay into it If you mess with social will get voted out of office by senior citizens C. National Labor Relations Act When NRA called unconstitutional, section seven gone Collective bargaining is legal, created NLRA NLRA, have grievance against boss can complain to board with decision in favor or against it D. National Youth Administration

What motivated the progressives?

A. economic situation Massive corporations, people who are millionaires All the change was so fast, sudden, strong, people were unsettled B. class issues - clergy & academics Clergy no longer had quite the same status Academics have a high status but finding people respect them for their degrees but the big businesses were sitting on the boards of colleges so sense of resentment C. European influence Ideas of socialism coming in from Europe, tie into idea of what egovernment should be Germany under Bismark was a largely socialist place, unified Germany in 1870 and gave benefits to people D. women Combination of women working for suffrage, temperance, child labor, for better education

Attacks on the New Deal

A. from the Right: Chamber of Commerce; American Liberty League Private property, can't just announce laws B. From the Left: Wasn't going far enough 1) Huey Long "Share the Wealth" program Larger than life character, white suits, from Louisiana Idea was that no family should have more than a million dollars, if you had more take it and give it away Every family guaranteed 5,000 a yr 2) Father Coughlin National Union for Social Justice Knew FDR wanted inflation, introduce silver into the currency Populist party ideas anti-semetic 3) Dr. Francis Townsend Old Age Revolving Pension Scheme Wanted to put 2% sales tax at federal level, give everyone over sixty a pension, elderly required to spend it and buy stuff for cause and demand C. Supreme Court 1) Schechter Poultry v. US - NRA Dealt with National Industrial Recovery Act Scheter was chicken farmer, not following NRA rules at all Govt sued him, he refuses, says Congress has power to regulate interstate commerce but Scheter said it was intrastate what he did Congress thus has no power of regulation SC rules in favor of Schechter FDR has to power to change the law 2) Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford - Frazier-Lempke Private property contract Mortgages, govt can't interfere with private contracts

Theodore Roosevelt - America's first progressive president

A. personal life & pre-presidential career Born into relatively wealthy family but was sickly as a child Wanted to be strong, so had personal regiment to build up personal strength Had glasses his whole life Went to Harvard, wrote 30 books, Republican progressive 1) childhood - young adult His wife and his mom died on the same day So upset he went out west to South Dakota and lived on ranch for a whole year then returned to politics 2) Assistant Secretary of the Navy under McKinley: Spanish-American War Cuba trying to get independence from Spain, background to war Roosevelt went it so quit job and entered war with Rough Riders, went to Cuba to fight for independence Some leaders of Republican party thought he was too much, need to put him where he's under control but happy 3) Gov of NY 1898 - VP under McKinley 1900 4) Czolgoz shot McKinley so Roosevelt now president B. general philosophy Strong president 1) approach to the Constitution His philosophy was if the constitution says I can't do it, then I can Take president as far as he can 2) approach to party bosses - pragmatic Would hold his nose to deal with him but realized he had to deal with them What he said was farther out than what he did 3) oratory v. acts

Big Picture Economic Changes After WWI

A. technology Cars and radios Henry Ford made car affordable with mass production Also need roads, bridges, tunnels, gas stations Radio came in public perception in 1920 election, just reading election returns, six months later the radio was everywhere People in wider area were listening so more of a national culture B. buying "on time" National discomfort with debt came crashing down People bought items on installment plans or on credit C. urban growth More people in cities than in country Sky scrapers in NY had more people working than lived in entire town D.millionaires Hundreds of millionaires A lot of employment

Yippies: Pigasus

Abbie Hoffman had his own party, ran a pig and said why not this pig

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Experience of African American Soldiers During Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln's emancipation proclamation was meant to encourage enlistment of Af. Americans and to prevent Britain from assisting the South Massachusetts 54 who took of Fort Wagner, confronts idea that Af. American men could not fight or deserve full citizenship Black men did have right to vote after war, but over time the restrictions around voting attacked this right Black soldiers who enlisted were free and so were there families Frederick Douglas' sons enlisted Medical examination of Gordon, who escaped from plantation to join the Union army, revealed the whip scars on his back

LBJ and Education

Academic Opportunity Act Community Action Program

Morill Act of 1862

Act by which "land grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Resumption Act of 1875

Act that initiated the redemption of greenbacks in gold, beginning on January 1, 1879. required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879.

Florence Kelly

Active in the settlement house movement and led progressive labor reforms for women and children. Became chief factory inspector in Illinois Worked with National Consumers League, who had white label store which was a store that bought their stuff from humane places, sort of like fair trade situation

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force Issued by Monrone in 1824 Warned other European powers not to interfere in western hemisphere affairs, age of colonization is over b) jingoism: Extreme patriotism, especially in aggressive foreign policy 1. Economics: Previously American had been looking inward for colonization instead of imperialistic Then had power to have international power Obtain colonies to maintain American interests 2. White Man's Burden: Went with social darwinism and called for white countries to life up - extremely racist - other countries Anglo-Saxons had duty to civilize war 2) Venezuela a) what happened - background: 1902-1903, international crisis where Venezuelan president refused to pay loans to European powers and they then blockaded ports US intervened, got sides to work out, TR worried it would embolden foreign powers to intervene in Latin affairs, so led to Roosevelt Corollary After McKingly assasination, jingoism surges with TR and economic territory opportunities b) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: References Monroe Doctrine, and warning to European countries not to intervene US would act as international police force, prevent European powers from meddling in Latin American affairs, US would involve itself in Latin American affairs to prevent this and protect interests 1904, during annual message to Congress 3) HIPP analysis of the Roosevelt Corollary: Historical Context: occurred during a surge in jingoism and after the US had intervened between European powers and Venezuela when Venezuela refused to pay loans, worried TR that Europe may try to intervene and assert power in Latin America Intended Audience: European nations to prevent them from attempting to assert power in Latin America Point of View: fueled by jingoism and a desire to protect American interests Purpose: Prevent European powers from threatening those of America, and maybe to set stage for American descent into imperialism. Informing Latin American powers, the US would intervene where it saw fit. 4) reaction to the Corollary a) supporters & why: Jingos and other Republicans, Taft who will use with Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America and elsewhere Dollar diplomacy used to prevent US economic interests Bring territories under umbrella of US control b) opponents & why: Many Democrats and people who feel Corollary is too imperialism and goes against the ideals and traditional foreign policy of the US

What could have Adolf Hitler's other name have been?

Adolf Hitler could have been Schicklgruber Hitler's grandmother gave birth illegitimately, so son had maiden name who was Hitler's father Son changed name to Hitler

Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows, 1925

Advertising executive Barton called Jesus the "founder of modern business" because he picked men up from the bottom ranks and built a successful empire.

The Great Migration with WWI?

Af. Americans move from south to north for better chances North wasn't free from prejudice but at least not southern segregation laws

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Rise of The New Negro, someone who respected themselves and had pride in race, eager to engage in literary expression

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. - called for gradual gaining of rights through economic independence

Why was American concerned about other countries' interest in China?

After Spanish- American war, US influence in Asia increased because they acquired the Philippines and Guam and so they wanted to protect their interests Feared if foreign powers established control in China, US would lose trading privileges and opportunities in China Germany, Britain, France, Japan had established regions where they had exclusive economic privileges and rights to exploit and had done so in close proximity to China so they had some power over it

Great Rapprochement

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century—a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.

The New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Japanese Americans in WWII?

After the attack at Pearl Harbor, many Americans both feared and hated the Japanese Americans. For "their safety" the gov put them in internment camps. Lawsuit, Kuramatso v. US, SC upheld intermittent camps

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. As the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility and racial antagonism fed by inflammatory articles in the press. On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school. Japan was deeply wounded by San Francisco's discriminatory law aimed specifically at its people. President Roosevelt intervened. Japan agreed to deny passports to laborers intending to enter the United States. This was followed by the formal withdrawal of the San Francisco school board segregation order. Enabled US to preserve good relations with Japan as a counter to Russian expansion in the Far East.

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial Virginia settlement. Powhatan, leader of this alliance, tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.

Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. Conference where U.S.S.R. agreed to come in against Japan at last minute if need be Became evident Stalin wouldn't allow free elections

Lend-Lease deal (Fireside chat)

Allowed GB to borrow some ships Fireside chat, radio addresses of FDR FDR drew analogy to neighborhood fire, suppose neighbor's house is on fire and neighbor wants to use garden hose to put it out, allow neighbor to put out fire then give the hose back Explain situation to American people, FDR was great at communication Hose was battleships

Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)

Allowed Southern states to twist the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment by allowing "separate but equal" facilities based on race

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Allowed justice department to investigate racial disrcrimination with voting

What was the national mood in America before it joined WWI on the side of the Allies?

Always have been a nation of immigrants, waves of immigration were starting to slow down by the time of the war People feel differently about war, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants were sympathetic to GB due to cultural ties and respected the British govt Millions of Irish immigrants who had no interest in supporting anything from GB, due to England suppressing Irish for 500 yrs, German immigrants didn't want to fight for GB Wanted to steer clear so US was neutral, Wilsn ran on campaign slogan that he kept people out of war Declared neutrality, became difficult

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery. The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War. - failed and so debate then eventually led to the Compromise of 1850

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Nye Committee

America Neutrality Policies America in 1930s was isolationists A. background - Nye Committee Nye and Vandenburg were Senators, did studies, and concluded WWI was a scramble among imperialist powers that was enabled by secret treaties and egged on by munition manufacturers Similar to Eugene Debs

Gasden Purchase (1853)

America bought a section of land south of Arizona for $10 million. Land was ideal for building the transcontinental railroad.

What is the American perception of Imperialism?

America goes like a pendulum, sometimes all in with imperialism but then pulls back and forth Basic level of discomfort, but at same time economic interest can get involved -

Peacetime Conscription Registration

America has peacetime draft, having people registered Never drafted more than 90,000 Big signal FDR wants to go to war

Formosa Resolution

America promised to protect Taiwan and any other territories in the West Pacific under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China

Ike's Foreign Policy In Iran

America stages a coup as opposed to going to war

Why did America join the race for colonies in the late 19th C?

America starts to colonize around 1900s because Turner's Thesis

Spanish American War Causes

America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

Native American Advancements in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s

American Indian Movement, 1960s, militant group protesting against cruel treatment, strated helping out Natives living in cities Ike had encouraged assimilation, but things were bad, AIM helped to fix it Trail of Broken Treaties, started west to D.C., occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs, got Nixon to make some concession 1973, Wovoka Ghost Dance, one NA elected equivalent of president and corrupt, in kahoots with white visual antigroup so AIM occupied Wounded Knee for 75 days to protest At the end, got some concessions, not the best Biggest success was Longest Walk in 1978, West to East, protesting bills impacting some of their treaty rights, got congress to back down, Carter supported act regarding NA religious aspect

Why did the Allies try to go up through Africa to open a second front on Germany?

American attempt at opening a second front, failed Got into Africa, when Allies landed in North Africa was Frenchman who said they were fighting with Germans so fought the Americans Got through Africa to coastline, then have to deal with Rommel, the Desert Fox, skilled general

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. - ran in election of 1872, "Go West, young man" for push to settle in the west - wanted amnesty between North and South - died shortly after election

Philip Randolph - Exec Order 8802

Angry at FDR allowing discrimination in defense factories, dangerous, but high paying jobs Either end discrimination with executive order or i will organize march on Washington, worked

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools Big school district in NC, have historic discirmination, authorize use of busing to move students Had to do with bussing, dealt with school district with segregation laws passed, so can use bussing to fix it When no laws passed, de facto segregation, can't use bussing to fix it as SC hasn't spoken on it, so Nixon said until the SC ruled on it wouldn't comment to appeal to Southerners

How did Harry Truman become president?

April 12: FDR dies - cerebral hemorrhage FDR had been looking sick for a while, looked ill His death was such a shock to country, had been president for 13 yrs, only president people really knew People had felt such trust in him, led thru Great Depression and WWII Body carried in special funeral train to mourn his death Huge trauma as war still on, now Harry Truman is president

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control. - result was moving away from indentured servants to slavery

Rough Riders, San Juan Hill, 1898

Army people in Florida, TR got group of friends together, got involved in battle for San Juan Cuba was going to US

Safety Valve Theory

As the pop. Of US begins to increase there has always been a way to release pop. Pressure: West has always acted as a safety valve; by 1890 valve was gone... no more frontier

Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor

Attack Pearl Habor 1) background a) Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere Japan created the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Not continuous piece of property but controlled Japan, Korea, chunk of China, South East Asia like Vietnam, had eye on Phillipines Concerned with Phillipines b) US embargo on trade w/Japan When Italy attacked Ethiopia no embargo on oil to Italy Japan in similar position so stopped selling metal and oil to Japanese Japanese unhappy so sent negotiators c) negotiations in DC See if America would change embargo While negotiating, Japanese practiced bombing rigs on Pearl Harbpr Had area sketched out to target bomb where they wanted bombs to go 2) why US was caught off-guard Sunday morning, thought if Japanese attacked would go for Phillipines, Japanese knew this, diverted some plans South to hrow off suspect Came in from side of Hawaii When we did see planes, flight expected from CA so didn't realize it One radio operator said this isn't right, commander blew him off Real fear wasn't from Japanese but fear was from Japanese-American sabouteurs, fear of attacking American bases Drained gasoline out of planes in naval bases, which meant when planes began attacking couldn't go in air

Yom Kippur War

Attack by Arab countries on Israel, in 1973 attacked on holy day America backed Israel, lent them 2.2 billion to defend which they did, Arab nations furious so punish American with oil embargo and cause energy crisis

Marco Polo Bridge (July 1937)

Attacked China again, made up this incident Japanese claimed the CHinese attacked them, used as an excuse to then bomb Shanghai Background to Rape of Nanking 2. More attacks & conquests 3. Rape of Nanking

Wallace & University of Alabama

Attempted to stop desegregation of schools Very racist campaign slogan Refused to let two black students into school, JFK sent in national guard

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Council of Defense - Food Administration Program

August 10, 1917 Established to supply, distribute, and conserve food during the war Facilitate transportation of food and prevent monopolies from hoarding food Maintain govt power over food through voluntary agreements and a licensing system

Reverend Josiah Strong

Author of "Our Country: Its possible Future and Its present crisis", summoned Americans to spread their religion and values to the "backward" peoples

Michael Harrington

Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

16th Amendment (1913)

Authorized the collection of a progressive income tax. "Progressive" means as you make a higher income, you pay a higher percentage. This tax does not apply to money made on investments or in the stock market. Today, this is the primary source of revenue for the federal government. Helped replace revenue lost after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 (passed under Wilson) significantly lowered tariffs. The 16th Amendment is the power of the government to have a nationwide income tax. This reform best represents Teddy Roosevelt's ideals, as he supported matching the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington as trusts and labor unions were consolidated. Thus, this income tax can be viewed as a regulatory agency against business owners to make sure they are taxed in a similar manner to factory workers. Though Woodrow Wilson also favored a more active government, he wanted an unregulated market in his New Freedom plan. An income tax can be seen as a regulation, and thus the 16th Amendment better fits with the New Nationalism plan of Roosevelt. Also, this was passed under William Howard Taft's presidency, and Taft primarily inherited the policies of Roosevelt.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states. Involved taking money from sale of public lands and putting aside for reservation

What was the social legacy of the 1950s?

Baby boomers, Levittown, Mickey Mouse

Wilson (D: 1912-1920)

Background Studied govt policies at Princeton Lady's man When he ran for president, spoke about free market but when president was all about regulation Instant Credit Ratified before his inauguration but got credit 1) 16th Amendment Made income tax a graduated income tax, became legal 2) 17th Amendment direct election of senators

The Beats

Background to Hippies, dressed in black and smoked weed, met in coffee shops in Soho and recite poetry

The Wilderness

Battle in Virginia which took place in woods, didn't have a name Battle where Grant got a feel for the Robert E. Lee, caused Grant to realize how he had to fight to win

What part did trade & loans play in getting the US involved in WWI?

Blockade, difficulty trading with Germany But also trading with British like crazy, so American economy was booming

Soviet Ark (Buford)

Boat, put 249 known communists on boat, Emma Goldman, sent them to Russia to communism

Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It

Book by Wilson's advisor Louis Brandeis which attacked the shortcoming of the modern banking system.

Tuskgee Institute

Booker T Washington's school in which George Washington Carver taught agriculture.

Booker T. Washington

Born into slavery but born close to CW and free by 8 or 9 Difficult to get education but got one 1) Tuskegee Institute (Alabama 1881) founder/president Philosophy was wanted Af. Americans to have economic independence to prove equality than obtain civil rights Emphasis on character and cleanliness, religious allusions 2) "Atlanta Compromise" (1895) Outreach to white community, talked about how if white people provided education, due process of law, and some economic support, Af Americans would live separately and have little presence in govt Sort of supported by Af Americans then pulled back

Helinski Agreement

Both sides agreed to recognize the current borders of European countries. Both sides agreed to respect human rights and freedoms in their respective countries. Both sides agreed to help each other economically and technologically.

What was the philosophy of Ike's foreign policies early on in his presidency?

Brinkmanship Shifted over time First elected, more of Hawk, more aggressive so brinkmanship, like playing chicken and hope the other backs down Ex. threaten use of atomic bomb, Korean War, strong nerves and go thru with it or useless

Energy Crisis Btwn U.S. and Arab Countries

By 1970, 90% of energy was nonrenewable: coal, oil, natural gas Also weren't manufacturing as much oil as we used to, so imported forty percent of oil So price of oil goes up, everything is impacted Oil exporting nations came together, Libya leader wanted to increase price of Libyan oil, so around 1970 increased price of oil, so in 1973 oil was way more expensive Would go to gas station to get gas and cars around the block, wouldn't sell more than ten gallons at a time So sell car and buy a foreign energy efficient car, Japanese and German, Toyota and Honda Ford and Chrysler had to let go 100.000s of people People began to leave Detroit and move into Arizona and Texas bc people now had air conditioning American drops speed limit from 65 to 55, so more gas efficient Huge ratifications with foreign policy and U.S., stagflation and energy crisis, inflation increases with raised oil prices

Berlin Olympics (1936)

By allowing only members of the Aryan race to compete for Germany, Hitler further promoted his ideological belief of racial supremacy. At the same time, the party removed signs stating "Jews not wanted" and similar slogans from the city's main tourist attractions. They also "cleaned up" the city by removing all the gypsies to a separated camp.

What were two policies/processes of acquiring land in an Imperial sense that people split on?

By what method is the country acquiring influence, or land Is it by purchase, then a lot of people are okay with that If it's attack and invade, fewer supporters Process or laws in how to acquire land is how to understand imperialism

Where did the Bay of Pigs plan originate?

CIA planned invasion of Cuba, happened under Kennedy, groundwork under Ike

What were Kennedy's foreign affairs like early on?

Came in pretty hawkish until 1964 Anti-communist, comfortable with aggressive forign policy Stayed liked this until Vietnam War

Irish Immigrants

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay - tended to be worse off than German immigrants

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie's take, wrong to die wealthy so make a bundle and give it away Give tools of success, founded 3,000 libraries around the country, place to improve mind and get ahead Established schools, Carnegie Hall Still died wealthy Rockefeller had a university and Williamsburg, replica of colonial town

Women After WWI

Changes from guardians of morality introduction of 19th amendment with right to vote A. key changes 1) 19th Amendment - Alice Paul 2) economics Opening up so could have economic independen ce 3) WWI Made it through the war, lets have fun 4) Freud Popular in 1920s, Freud was messed up, did studies and drew not solid conclusions, people misunderstood the wrong conclusions Took it as the mental health issue was that if any restraints were put on sexual behavior would mess up 5) prohibition Rise in men and women drinking together and having casual sex 6) automobiles & cities Sex in cars with curtains Living in city were miles away from parents so could act up

What did Taiwan do in regards to China's islands?

Chiang Kai-shek - Quemoy & Matsu To right is island of Taiwan Civil War in China, so Un have seat of China on Security Council to Taiwan Taiwan leader sent people to Matsu and Quemoy, islands close to China so Chinese were not happy and shelling ensued

Haymarket Square Riot, 1886

Chicago labor protest organized to protest the treatment of workers at the McCormick Harvester Company as well as methods used by police in dealing with protesters and for an 8 hr workday; ended abruptly when an unknown assailant threw a bomb that killed 7 police officers; 8 anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. *Historical Significance:* The public blamed trade unions for the violence.

What were the tensions and understandings between Stalin and Churchill?

Churchil understood Stalin as a 2oth century Czar, so operated as real politics No illusions, practical and practical When Stalin and Churchill met, Stalin had a map and said what was his, understanding of let me have this and you can have this FDR was aware of meeting but didn't want any part of meeting, trust Stalin to keep his word

Statement of Four Freedoms (speech, religion, want, & fear)

Churchill and FDR met several times, agreed on four freedoms - freedom or religion, freedom of speech, freedom from want and fear

Casablanca Conference (1943)

Churchill and Roosevelt stated that the Allies would only accept an unconditional surrender from the Axis Powers. FDR and Churchill agree on several war strategies. These included warfare in the Pacific, an invasion of Sicily, increased pressure on Italian fascists forces, and the controversial demand for unconditional surrender from Germany. Demanding such a surrender was controversial as some citizens believed it would lead enemy forces to fight staunchly to the last strongholds.

Birmingham, Alabama

City in the deep south known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in everyday life Most racist town in America MLK led campaign to bring national attention to attempts to desegregate,, led series of protests Civil rights leaders hit upn novel solution to use young people, overfill jails until there's nowhere for police to put people Problem was it would be the same situation but people have families, so put children in jail so as not to impact wage earners Caused a controversy at young people being arrested Were able to integrate

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania, Lee was trying to invade the North and force Lincoln to consider ending the war, thereby letting the Confederacy remain a separate country, Lee order Pickett's Charge-a failure-Lee retreated, Union won this battle, many lives were lost on both sides, turning point of the war, last major attempt to invade the North Largest and bloodiest battle of the American Civil War; Union victory; considered - when coupled with *General Ulysses S. Grant*'s victory in Vicksburg the next day - to be the turning point of the war. *Historical Significance:* Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic *Gettysburg Address*.

Election of 1892

Cleveland v. Harrison, in which Cleveland won. The former was anti-protectionist tariffs, while the latter supported them. The people's party ran with Weaver, and showed their worth in this election. They did not win the presidency, but won several seats in both the house and the senate. - Harrison: Republican Cleveland: Democrat DOMESTIC: - Crash of 1893 - Coxey's March: workers march in protest to the White House but are arrested for stepping on the grass - Pullman Strike - Repealed Sherman Silver Purchase - Morgan - bonds - Wilson-Gorman Tariff w/ income tax ` Pollack v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co (1895) - repealed 1870 Enforcement Act FOREIGN - Hawaii-Blount Commission - refused to help Cuban rebels - Pullman Strike, Atlanta Compromise, US v. EC Knight, Plessy v. Ferguson

What were Soviet Troops going post-WWII?

Coming in in Southeastern Europe, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech to conquer and make the Soviet Block/Iron Curtain

Pentagon Papers

Commissioned under LBJ to investigate what's going on with Vietnam War, govt had been lying about cost and success of the war Led to publishing in NY Times, protected by SC to publish it Destroyed trust Americans had in their govt

Holding Companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

American Telephone and Telegraph Company

Company founded by A.G. Bell to mass-produce long-distance phone lines for use across the country; leader in telephones during that time and today; called AT&T.

Washington Conference of 1921

Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States Attended by representatives from everywhere, France, Japan, Italy a) purpose Issue was rise of ships in navy, GB and US afraid of rise of ships in Japan Agreed to ratio ships to each nation, wanted to keep Japan in check, ever since Russo-Japanese War had built up military prowess

Why did FDR have so much power in his first three months of office and what did this set?

Congress just wanted to pass acts, gave FDR emergency wartime power First 100 Days, more three months, honeymoon period for president where president gets their way Was able to pass and pass and pass Think in terms of problems for what FDR did to fix them

De Lome Letter (1898)

De Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, sent a secret letter he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers. This incident happened in February, as did the explosion of the battleship Maine. Both incidents stirred up war fever in America and increased cries to go to war against Spain. De Lome was Spanish ambassador, employee of Spain, was to live in US and report back to govt of Spain De Lome reporting back to SPanish govt Private letter from ambassador to boss, someone found it and published it Reaction was anger and month after it was explosion

Schechter Poultry v. US - NRA

Dealt with National Industrial Recovery Act Scheter was chicken farmer, not following NRA rules at all Govt sued him, he refuses, says Congress has power to regulate interstate commerce but Scheter said it was intrastate what he did Congress thus has no power of regulation SC rules in favor of Schechter

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget. Hoovervilles v. Happy Days Are Here Again Hoover ran against in 1932 Was a high risk maneuver he lost, many shanty towns across country called Hoovervilles, empty pockets were Hoover flag On top of this had to deal with Bonus Army Election that ratified New Deal's popularity. Democrats increase congressional majorities Won a lot, completely control all branches of govt FDR didn't really have coherent plan, tried different things Got criticism from right and left, accused of going too far and not far enough

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Significance to Democrat party after election of 1928?

Democrats learned, important takeaway was that you can't win with a Catholic, didn't run a Catholic candidate until 1960

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Where did McCarthy's Red Scare sort of end?

Dept of Defense - Walsh Went after army, that's where it sort of ended "Have you no decency, sir?"

Pentagon Papers commissioned

Dept of Defense located, wanted to know more about Vietnam, cost and goals

Truman's Executive Order 9981

Desegregated the armed forces during or before Korean War Truman from Missouri, issued order Military was sort of already there as when fighting a war doesn't make sense to segregate, made it official Truman wanted more but couldn't get thru congress

Treaty of Paris 1898

Does US ask for reparations, no , wants territory a) Puerto Rico How US came to be US possession b) Guam US wanted Guam from Spain to have an island in the Pacific, for coaling stations c) Philippines (20 million) Bought Philippines from SPain for 20 million, rationale was they weren't ready for independence, take them on a path to becoming stronger country 2) Cuba: Teller v. Platt Amendments Took similar attitude to Cuba When US initially involved in Cuban revolution, April 10, 1898, didn't want to exercise jurisdiction over Cuba, pretended they didn't want to have control over country Fast-forward to Platt amendment, 2-3 years later, US says they have right to intervene in Cuban govt affairs

George Washington Presidency Acts

Domestic - Bill of Rights:had little to do with it but Bill of Rights was passed when he was president - Judiciary Act of 1789 ~ created lower court system, Constitution had already created Supreme Court ~ Congress has power to make lower or inferior courts - Hamilton's Report on Public Credit, Report on National Bank, Report on Manufacturers - Whiskey Rebellion International - France: Proclamation of Neutrality - Citizen Genet - Great Britain: Battle of the Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville, Jay's Treaty - Spain: Pickney's Treaty

Politics: Coolidge (R: 1923-1928)

Dour, never really smiled Small govt conservative Domestic Issues Under Coolidge 1) farmers Hurting, had done well in WWI with big demand and no competition War ended, Europeans went back to growing produce so lost customers Too good at job as they had a lot of supply, little demand, prices went down b) McNary-Haugen Got vetoed, precursor to what happens during Great Depression Idea was govt would buy surplus goods, didn't happen in 20s but did in 30s 2) veterans "Bonus Bill" A lot of WWI veterans wanted govt help for service Idea to have insurance policies as thank you for service Bonus bill was idea they could borrow money and use insurance policy as collateral Didn't go over well Vetoed but overrode veto B. Foreign 1) Mexico Tried to nationalize American oil, Coolidge dodged this with competent ambassador Murrow, talked Mexicans out of idea 2) Dawes Plan Germany had economy in rubles, because of Treaty of Versailles had largest reparation debt, couldn't pay off debts to England and France England and France owed money to America, so Congress solution was to loan Germany money, England and France then pay off America dumb 3) Kellogg-Briand Pact Dumb, 60 + nations signed, war would not be instrument of foreign policy

What was the General Assembly like after WWII?

Down below Every country gets one vote

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

Marshall Plan

Dreamed up by Marshall, eventually Sec of State Would freely offer aid to country which needed it USSR forbed nations from accepting 13 billion in aid given, very effective, helped countries recover, got economies back on track Seemed perfect merger of American ideals and politics Rich and confident, sympathetic Sent in stuff to Western Europea, Russia was pillaging and stripping

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will - this enraged the South because he was saying despite the Dred Scott decision states did not have to tolerate slavery -- there were methods around it - such as passing no slave codes to protect it. Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglas in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport question."

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas; certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed; although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates; Douglas said ppl could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property--> ppl would not support Douglas for president 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Espionage & Sedition Acts

Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Reflected current fears of American citizens against Germans and Americans against war Prosecuted 1,900, such as anti war Socialists, members of radical Industrial Workers of the World, Socialst Eugene Debs sentenced to ten yrs, Big Bill Haywood and 99 associates also convicted Any criticism of the govt could be censored and punished, some critics said it broke the First Amendment In Schenck v. United States (1919) the Supreme Court upheld the legality of these acts, stating the freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation After the war some presidential pardons were granted to those prosecuted, though some remained behind bars

History of Federal Bank Before the Federal Reserve Act

Essentially national bank First Bank, Hamilton and constitutionality Second Bank, American system McCullocuh v. Maryland, ruling first is states cannot tax federal constitution, national bank constitutional Jackson hated bank, so ruined it through pet banks Bank's charter due in 1836, Clay pushed it in 1832 through CLay as he hoped to alienate Jackson through the veto of the bank, and so Jackson went on rampage through pet banks to kill the national bank, pulled federal money into pet bank and country went into period of wild speculation Then announced Specie Circular, have money backed by silver, Martin Van Bureen inherits issues Lincoln created national banking system, to become national bank had to purchase war bonds, then given privilege of issuing new currency To make sure new currency would succeed, govt put tax on competing currency

Underlying Weakness in 1920s Economy

Everything seemed good but wasn't A. wages didn't reflect productivity Wages kept going up, but wage increases were not commencerent with increase in productivity Goods produced but wages weren't high enough to buy them Would buy with instalment plan 70% of items were being bought on time as only way to buy B. tariffs High, were going to get higher Tends to create retaliatory tariffs, nations putting tariffs on other nations Difficult for US to sell goods abroad, means US citizens need to buy at home with installment plan Means wealthy need to buy, but wasn't a solid base C. farmers Had been in trouble since WWI, too good at producing that the prices of what they made went done D. key industry - cars Cars and radios Cars are a huge part of the economy, and can generate a lot with roads, stations, Jobs! If you lose your job, you don't have to get a new car, can make the car go for years When things started going south, cars people could delay on buying new one E. speculative buying Conceptually, when you buy a share of stock you are buying share because you think company will be successful, think you will get a dividend or money back from how much stock you own Eventually have so many dividend, will more than pay for the cost of the stock Not how it was in 1920s, people bought stock because they planned to sell stock to someone else, which is buying on spec In 1920s would put down a fraction of money for stock, the stock broker would borrow money from bank to pay for the share of stock, expecting to then sell stock for an increased amount to get money back and pay stock broker in loan and commission and make some money off 18 month period where one could do that Wonky when borrowing money from bank need collateral for the loan, like mortgage on the house or the share of stock Terrible system but how it worked Also, if price of share were to fall below amount of loan, then the borrower was required to sell stock and give money to the bank, called a loan on call

Engel v. Vitale (school-sponsored prayer)

Extremely normal for a public school to have morning news, depending on school could happen in hr or auditorium where school got morning news Would include pledge of allegiance and some sort of Bible Protestant reading Sued by different students families, school shouldn't sponsor prayer of no established church Separation of church and state isn't in US constitution, first amendment discusses established church, and TJ took that as separation of church and state SC ruled that schools cannot sponsor prayers of any sort Citizens can pray wherever they want to, school cannot require it, lead irt, or sponsor it

New Deal and Job Programs

FDR of opinion is was better to have govt job with a check WPA 1) Civilian Conservation Corps Supplied young men to go camp somewhere and build trails, roads Outdoorsy Got $30 a month, $25 of it was sent to family, had room and board 3 million employed Take unemployed, frustrated men and put them in the woods 2) Federal Emergency Relief Act Grants to states Difference between FDR and Hoover, FDR just gives money

Presidential Succession Act of 1947

FDR's death mad people think, Truman wanted president to be someone people voted for If president and vp died, sectreatry of sate would be president, so now it goes to speaker of house as person people vote for

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War The results of this conference were that Stalin agreed to allow free elections in the eastern block after the war, and that the Soviet army would attack Japan three months after Germany collapsed. In return for this coordinated war effort to go after Japan, as an Allied victory in Europe seemed inevitable, Stalin was also promised land it had lost to Japan. Also, Germany would assume some reparations after the war. This was verbal and not actually a drafted peace settlement. Most important WWII conference What they agreed to 1. "Liberated" states - "broadly representative" gov'ts In all newly liberated states, meant Bulgaria, Romania, Czech, the elections as soon as possible 2. free elections asap Key was for free election what Stalin agreed to was not international oversight, so choices were between communists If opposition leader elected than that person died 3. boundaries shifted - countries moved west Shifted boundaries, everyone headed west Changed Poland's borders, pushed more to west so Germany loses territory Agreed to divide Germany into four zones

Dien Bien Phu (1954)

Famous battle between Ho Chi Minh and France Now Ho Chi Minh feels in charge after defeating French and Japanese but he's a communist

Veterans Bureau

Federal bureau created in 1921 to provide hospitals and services to disabled veterans

What happened in the 1944 uprising in Poland v. Germans?

First clue that Russians wouldn't be fair Russians pushing out Germans, come across Poland Polish govt in England communicating thru radio When Russians got into Warsaw, thought Russians would liberate Warsaw from Poland, Russians let Poles got crushed by the Germans That way it's easier to get Poland and allow Germans to waste weapons Polish leadership is wiped out

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Free Speech Movement - Savio

First place where you see New Left Students wanted to put out pamphlets which criticized Vietnam War, 1964 so war hadn't yet kicked out universit y refused, what about free speech rights, kicked off protests Kicked off movement of counterculture, combination of war protesters, New Left, people who like drugs

What was the significance of the Nixon v. Kennedy debate?

First televised presidential debates Nixon was attorney, well educated, sincere but had flaws Kennedy was slick and polished, came across in the debates 1960s tech was black and white TV, if you knew what you wee doing could wear right sort of makeup and appear tanned and refreshed, Kennedy has makeup on and looks refreshed, back from a family vacation week Nixon has five o'clock shower and looks tired from campaigning Kennedy knew if you wore light blue shirt it would look white, so Nixon didn't and looked washed out When debate was over, people who had watched it on TV thought Kennedy had won and people on radio thought Nixon had won

The Wright Brothers

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane 1903

When does America officially enter a war?

For there to be war, president goes to congress with declaration of war and congress must approve it Founding fathers divided the power of war into two bits

Election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas A. Reps: Ford ran, almost didn't get nomination, Reagan almost got Republican bid but didn't B. Dems: Wins, Jimmy Carter was quintissential outsider, had been gov, or Georgia, squeaky clean

What were some problems facing the US after the revolution 1783-1785?

Foreign Great Britain - refused to leave forts and armed Natives Spain - blocked Mississippi River so no trade American Natives - armed by British soldiers so had guns to attack settlers with Domestic Currency - each state printed individual money Border Disputes - states argued over land, like PA and Maryland Trade Barriers - states could tax other states for right to trade with and goods - Federal Government had no control of interstate commerce - no national economy

John Adams Presidency Key Events

Foreign - XYZ Affair ~ French aggravated with Americans over John Adam's speech ~ Talleyrand of France sends three French agents to talk with Americans, demand 2 million loan to France, $250,000 bribe to Talleyrand, and apology to France for John Adam's speech ~ demands refused and prompts John Adams to say, "Millions for defense and not one cent for tribute ~ only time John Adams is really popular - Quasi War ~ Federalist party split. issued letters of marque saying American ships could fire at French ships Domestic - Alien, Sedition, Naturalization Acts ~ Alien: restrain foreigners to America at war, never really kicked in ~ Naturalization: had to wait 14 yrs to become America, bumped up from 5 yrs, Federalists move to prevent people from voting to their opposition ~ Sedition: no malicious speech against the government - Logan Act: private citizens cannot interfere in US foreign relations

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

San Francisco Conference 1945

Formally United Nations Conference on International Organization, (April 25-June 26, 1945), international meeting that established the United Nations. The basic principles of a worldwide organization that would embrace the political objectives of the Allies had been proposed at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 and reaffirmed at the Yalta Conference in early 1945. The United Nations was given a Security Council with a veto power to the five big nations of the U.S, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. A General Assembly was also established.

Free Soil Party (1848)

Formed in 1847-1848, this political party was dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. Its candidate in the 1848 election was former President Martin Van Buren. - Most members eventually become Republicans. - Party's founding demonstrates growing strength of the movement to keep new territory free from slavery.

Detente

French term, means relaxing or loosening

Conflicts over "Freedom of the Seas" & "Contraband"

GB establishes blockade around North Sea where Germany is, under traditional rules of War the US had rule of sea, had national law to trade with anyone as a neutral nation as long as no militaristic goods GB refused to allow that, declared everything a war material, US couldn't sell food to Germans, gently protested bc people in American govt liked the English

Treaty of Fort Wise (1861)

Government told tribal chiefs to abandon rules of the Fort Laramie treaty 1851 as white men broke the treaty by surging though indian reservations looking for gold. This new treaty gave Indians a small reservation between Arkanas River and Sand Creek.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

What caused inflation and stagnation with the early 1970s?

Govt had been putting money into economy for social programs (Great Society, LBJ), price of Vietnam War, didn't have good employment situation as jobs were stagnant bc so many govt regulations on everything so businesses couldn't expand and hire more, COLA so everything spirals Prices go up for too much money, so COLA says wages and benefits must increase, so prices go up again

Henry Grady & the "New South"

Grady was a advocate for developing a thrifty industrial economy in the south. he boasted that the south had placed work and industry above theory and politics - south is "in love with work" Birmingham, iron close by, build factories to make steel Some industries but never really took off for number of reasons, first was lack of capital to invent in south, workforce not well educated, not as many immigrants in south, Birmingham Differential, steel companies in North prevent southern competition

Glass-Steagal Act of 1933

Granted the government the authority to curtail irresponsible bank speculation. Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. also known as the Banking Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 162), was passed by Congress in 1933 and prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business. It was enacted as an emergency response to the failure of nearly 5,000 banks during the Great Depression. a) commercial v. investment banking effectively separated commercial banking from investment banking b) FDIC

Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance

Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.

Methodist

Grew out of the beliefs of John Wesley, focused on a person's personal relationship with God. Led by common folks and spread their message through traveling ministers (circuit writers)

Black Cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

What was uniformity of clothing like in 1950s?

Guys wore the same suit, wore dark suits with white shirts and narrow ties Women wore skirts and pants were unusual, wore huge belts to emphasize small waist

What was America like in WWI?

Had been isolated from world conflict, first time they were involved Still had a significant farming population, so a lot of soldiers coming in from Iowa, Ohio French were in shock as the typical American man was taller, more solid, were happy to fight in a way, naive about war Introduced to new concepts in France, Americans experienced culture shock 1) in Paris (Mademoiselle from Armentieres) Culture shock French lady of the night to the navy 2) in Russia Some in Russia during communist revolution Americans wanted to rescue Czeck soldiers and prevent Reds from gaining too much property Only a few 3) fighting in Europe a) separate army (Pershing) Wanted to make sure American army remained American army, didn't want regiments to get fanned out b) Sergeant York Most famous American fighter Was Quaker pacifist c) Chateau-Thierry Americans involved in battle, 1918, Germans were within 40 miles of Paris Had morale, machine, men, but French victory still on side of Central Powers d) 2nd battle of the Marne Allies could begin pushing back Germans to Berlin e) African American troops (video Classroom) Harlem Hellfighters During height of white supremacy War created opportunities for Af. Americans in war related industrial efforts Believed demonstrating patriotism was important for attaining equal rights Pershing gave French the Harlem Hellfighters as he doesn't want to give up white soldiers In France, Af. Americans received equal treatment by and large Returning home, they had more welcome from foreigners than their own people Men who would be by and large in Harlem Renaissance Great Migration to north for economic opportunities

New Deal and Farmers

Had been victims of their own success, Agricultural Adjustment Act 1) terms/concept Did buy surplus goods 2) problems Following yr more surplus goods to buy FDR created artificial scarcity to drive prices up, by not planting crops To pay farmers, what act did was it put a tax on food processors If you grew wheat then have food processor make flour, put tax to pay for it Problem was some farmers had to destroy crops, and slaughtered over a million pigs to drive price of pork up

New Deal: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Had govt take over municipal plant to provide electricity to people Built dams, provided jobs, provided energy to area, stopped erosion But program also paid Af. American workers less than white works socialist

Hoover's Domestic Response to the Great Depression

Had pulled investments out, had pulled money out months before Didn't take salary while in office 1) public works Hoover dam LA aqueduct, reason LA exists bc it gets water in the middle of the desert 2) banks - "associationalism" Wanted banks to voluntarily cooperate Realized when govt involved too much in economy, can mess up economy 3) Agricultural Marketing Act Would buy surplus food that farmer's couldn't sell, meant to help farmers In next yr were more surplus goods tho 4) Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) Govt lent money to banks 5) Relief and Reconstruction Act (1932) Lent money to states, never to individual person

What did the US stop importing form Cuba and why?

Had to do with sugar, US imported sugar from Cuba, wouldn't do that now as it was communist sugar

Who handled everything domestic for George Washington?

Hamilton - report ob public credit - national bank

Sand Creek "Chivington" Massacre 1864

Happening in center of America, Natives have area of land in Colorado in North and east as territory Someone found gold there, shouldn't have been there in the first place The Natives don't want to leave, hostilities between both groups, and the army went after the woman, children, and men and slaughtered them'an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Hawaii

Hawaii started as monarchy, problem was Hawaii cycled through constitutions and sometimes gave king power and sometimes didn't King ruled relatively arbitrarily, American businesses disliked him, American businesses in Hawaii because in 1870s made treaty and Hawaii produced a lot of sugar Hawaii sold sugar to America, in exchange for naval base in Hawaii, how Pearl Harbor came to be American businesses disliked King so they staged a coup against the ruler of Hawaii and forced him to yield power, he died, his sister came in Sister wanted to go back to powerful monarchs, American businesses disliked this American battleship showed up with soldiers, was not officially sanctioned by US government and Queen abdicated, American businesses wanted America to annex Hawaii Cleveland sent investigative committee, and didn't annex immediately but did eventually

"Butcher" Weyler (1838-1930)

He was a Spanish general who arrived in Cuba in 1896 to put down the insurrection. He became notorious for herding many civilians into barbed-wire re-concentration camps. Puts Cubans in concentration camps, civilians and revolutionaries alike People dying by the thousands

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Committee on Public Information (aka "Creel Committee)

Headed by journalist George Creel Purpose was to sell America on the war and Wilson's goals, so to sway public opinion Employed 150,000 employees and within that number were 75,000 "four-minute men" who delivered patriotic speeches to further the purpose of the organization Propaganda materialized in billboards, leaflets, pamphlets, movies, marchings bands Patriotic war worked to raise enlistment and to motivate the world to Wilson's goals but also backfired by making people expect too much of Wilson and inevitably be disappointed in him Darkside of this aggressive patriotism was turning American against and brutalizing German Americans

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand lead to conflict in Europe?

Heir to throne, Archduke Ferdinand Married to Sophia, problem was her royal blood wasn't quite blue enough to be recognized as queen, none of his children could inherit throne then One place were they got recognition, was appearing in military position Decided for wedding anniversary to go to Saravejo in Bosnia, going in military capacity to have a big parade Serbian nationalists who hated him, plot to kill him Car on way to speech, hit by bomb, didn't kill him and so didn't call the trip off Took injured guards to hospital, went to lunch, went to check on hurt and changed route to confuse driver so reversed but couldn't so turned car off Gabriel Princep shot Archduke and wife, both died Austria-Hungary demanded an apology, special investigation from Serbia, A-H wanted to go to war and made sure Germany would back them up

The American System, 1815

Henry Clay's economic plan for America. Government adopted tariffs and national bank, but rejected call for internal improvements (said it was unconstitutional) Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements

Hitler invades the USSR June 1941

Hitler turned on ally Stalin and invaded Russia Never attack Russia in spring or summer in west as it always goes badly Germans were overconfident, wore ummer uniforms Did wel in beginning as Russia peasants hated Stalin and Communists Part of Stalin's efforts to bring Russia into future was establishing collective farms away from peasants Stalin also decided to have focus on manufacturing, created a famine 20 million people died Russian peasants thrilled when Germans showed up, then Nazis threw Russian babies in air and used for firing practice Had mass graves of Russian peasants Went back to defend Russia then Nazi progress slowed Winter cam early and Germans were bogged down in Russia

Anschluss Germany-Austria (1938)

Hitler wanted more living space, room to the East Went after Austria, which is South of Germany, people there speak German Hitler called leader of Austria, harraunged man for twelve hours nonstop, back and forth until leader caved and Nazis now in Vienna Not a shot fired

How did Adolf Hitler gain support for the Nazi party?

Hitler would bring "order" Election of 1932, had plurality and because such a huge piece the president made Hitler the Chancellor of Germany

Domestic concerns with the USSR?

How did USSR get atomic bomb? Due to spies like Alger Hiss, and the Rosenbergs

Clayton-Bulwar

If there's going to be canal through Panama then the canal must be unfortified and neutral

GI Bill (Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944)

If you were a veteran, regardless of race, could go to school for free Education piece, completely democratic, do whatever you want

Oral/Colored Ballots

Immigrants coming in from autocracies, voting odd, so selling vote wasn't that bad, some were escaping the draft Tammany Hall attracted immigrants by finding housing, terrible job, and then one votes for Democrats Worked because ballots were either colored or one has to say who they vote for

How did Harry Truman become Vice-President?

In 1940, FDR had Wallace, liberal as VP In 1944, who do we want to be vp, new or Wallace? People knew FDR wouldn't live out terms, instead went with Truman Truman was from Missouri, idoit, so everything top secret from him, didn't know fo atom bomb or anything, sharp learning curve Truman decided to drop atomic bomb

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

New Nationalism and New Freedom

In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)

Women in WWII?

In very early years tremendous resitsance to femal involvement As time went by, analogy to Civil War, men were fighting so needed a labor force and women were there Focus shifted to encourage and welcome women to fight in industrial section Especially in west coast, factory in Boeing, Seattle which were making ships and planes Meant that they were raising kids and a wage worker Bringing home money changed matters After WWII, most women return to domesticity in the 1950s then in the 1960s feminism gains prominence

Conway Cabal, 1777

Intrigue in the Continental Army to replace George Washington as commander of the Continental Army with General Horatio Gates. Washington was being criticized for his recent losses at Brandywine and Germantown and Gates had just won the Battle of Saratoga. Gates publicly supported Washington and the effort to replace him came to an end. - This incident is a reminder that Washington came in for his share of criticism during the Revolution and did not have the mythical status he is later given in American history.

Nikola Tesla

Invented the Alternating Current (AC current) for electricity.

Speculative Buying

Investors, with hopes of becoming wealthy, would buy stocks they thought would quickly rise in price. After the price of the stock increased, they would sell the stock for a profit. people bought stock because they planned to sell stock to someone else, which is buying on spec In 1920s would put down a fraction of money for stock, the stock broker would borrow money from bank to pay for the share of stock, expecting to then sell stock for an increased amount to get money back and pay stock broker in loan and commission and make some money off 18 month period where one could do that Wonky when borrowing money from bank need collateral for the loan, like mortgage on the house or the share of stock Terrible system but how it worked Also, if price of share were to fall below amount of loan, then the borrower was required to sell stock and give money to the bank, called a loan on call

Roosevelt Governor Conference

Invited governors from all over country to come to DC to discuss conserving environment

What can be compared and contrasted with Imperialism to Manifest Destiny?

Is it a new concept or is involvement in imperialism the same as manifest destiny? Manifest destiny typically within continental boundaries, past ocean is generally imperialism Same idea of pushing American ideals whether other party agrees or not

How did tensions in Israel contribute to the Cold War?

Israeli, Palestines, Jews have long seeded ties to Middle East 1) Versailles: GB "mandate" over "Palestine" 2) post WWII - UN - zones GB got mandate over Trans-Jordan, general area of Middle East to keep the peace During WWII, Gb focued on beating Nazis, Jewish people fleeing facist rule, some made it to Middle East called Zionist Movement Burgeoning movement among Jewish people, discriminated against for too long, need to make a Jewish country Instinct go to Middle East for historic roots Control of Middle East given to UN, the UN created two state situation of Palestine and Israeli, under control of UN

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

It added to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination (i.e. setting different prices for different people), and interlocking directorates, meaning the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees. It also exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. - under George Washington's presidency

Reconstruction Proclamation

Johnson issued this on May 29, 1865; disfranchised certain leading Confederates, including those with taxable property worth more than $20,000 though they might petition him for personal pardons; called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts & ratify the slave freeing 13th Amendments - declared that states that complied with these conditions would be readmitted to the Union; Johnson granted pardons in abundance & the seceded states moved rapidly in the second half of 1865 to organize governments; made Republicans furious

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers - Sensationalized journalism Take a story and sensationalise it to exaggerate, go for strong emotional appeal Got its name because two more notorious journalisms switched to color cartoons, color they used the most was yellow, had yellow funnies and cartoons into yellow journalism b) key players Just wanted to sell newspapers Could now publish for small sums Using big headlines and sensational news to attract buyers 1. Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) European immigrant Nellie Blye got a job with him 2. Randolph Hearst (New York Journal Came from money in CA Acquired NY Journal from poker game, took it over, and hired away Pultizers talent One who knew war with Spain would sell newspapers Sent photographer to take horribleness, nothing happening, but wanted war so made it so "Please remain. You provide the pictures, I'll provide the war."

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public Muckrakers, published articles in magazine, trendy magazines like McClure's, read exposes on standard oil or abuse situation

Rosenberg Trial (1951)

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted of treason, spying for the Soviets and sharing American and British nuclear secrets during the Cold War (arms race and Red Scare), and were sentenced to death under the Espionage Act of 1917

First Bull Run (Manassas)

July 1861/ Confederate victory/ McDowell (USA) v "Stonewall" Jackson (CSA) 1861-- First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell and defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard Battle fought in 1861. First battle of Civil War. Union was commanded by McDowell and lost to Beauregard in VA near DC. Caused McClellan to be appointed Union General.

Freedom Summer

June of 1964, volunteer campaign to get Af Americans to vote Coalition of NAACP and SNCC, general goal to get people to register to vote Organized by Bob Moses, mixed group of blacks and whites for same goal in Mississippi, racially charged state After they showed up, three of their team went missing and terrified them If voting registration campaign results in murder of three people, need federal law to prevent this, background to voting rights act

Hitler Invades Norway

June on Western front Norweigans wanted to smuggle gold out and away from Nazis, had gold bars and children would put gold in parka, and children would sled away and escape on Fjords and get away Got Norway

What happened to JFK's older brother that he didn't run for the presidency?

Kennedy & McCarthy - Sirhan Sirhan In June of 1968, Kennedy won CA primary and then that night assassinated

Lost Generation of the 1920s

Key writers included Sinclair Lewis & F. Scott Fitzgerald; got its name because they were disillusioned w/American society during the 20s. Criticized middle-class conformity & materialism. Included writers such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald who criticized middle-class materalism and conformity. A group of authors that believed they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world, which lacked moral boundaries. These thinkers often fled to Europe

Shuttle Diplomacy

Kissinger tried to calm things with flying to Arab states, Egypt agreed to recognize Israel was a country so stopped attacking it When Egyptian leader who signed this got home, assassinated

Henry Kissinger & "real politik"

Kissinger was Germany born, came over to American before Nazis destroyed everything, heavy German accent but critical for foreign policy Realpolitik : German phrase, as get real and don't be based on morale, based on reality and who are power players

Father Coughlin National Union for Social Justice

Knew FDR wanted inflation, introduce silver into the currency Populist party ideas anti-semetic

Background to Korean War?

Korea close to China so influenced by China Turn of century, around WWI, Japanese get into Korea During 1930s and WWII, Japanese control Korea, Japanese were cruel to local Koreans End of WWII, Japan has to leave but Koreans are vulnerable next to China and Russia

Why didn't LBJ's War on Poverty have the same impact as FDR's New Deal?

LBJ declares war on poverty, tap into spirit of WWII after JFK was shot, unite country against poverty through this Problem was people didn't feel the same as they had in WWII, spirit wasn't there so he struggled with that

Daisy Girl Commercial

LBJ depicted Goldwater as extremist who would destroy the world Caused controversy, showed it once on TV but then showed it again on news coverage As became a news story, shown as news

LBJ & Democrats - Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party

LBJ had been soft on Civil RIghts, blowup in democratic party for effort in MI to get Af Americans to vote Their point to democrat party was they should be at the Democratic Convention to get someone elected, didn't do this, let them be alternates Racial tension in Democratic party

What were the ramifications of LBJ being elected?

LBJ was elected Ramifications of election were Republican party get whooped, democrats took Senate and House Goldwater had run as small govt conservative, broke the mold, how would party go, return to moderate or go conservative Went opposite and instead went to conservative, concluded they'd lost due to miscommunication, resolved to get word out to make people understand Grassroots effort by Republican Party, Republican Woman's Club to speak to women and explain the Republican party, for 15 yrs have surge of respect for small govt message, comes home in 1980 with Reagan victory

How did Truman try to stop labor clashes?

Labor: significant strikes, clashed with Truman's goals of happiness, tried to stop strikes thru using FDR's wartime authority, ran into trouble with steel

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Omnibus Crime Control & Safe Streets Act

Largely in reaction to supreme court decision which seemed to favor criminals, Miranda Rights and Gideon, unlawful searches Tried to give more protection to police officers

Huey Long "Share the Wealth" program

Larger than life character, white suits, from Louisiana Idea was that no family should have more than a million dollars, if you had more take it and give it away Every family guaranteed 5,000 a yr

18th Amendment (Prohibition)

Last gasp with 19 of Progressive era A. overview - Progressives 1) support By women's groups, problem for suffragettes as men worried women would ovte for prohibition Heavily Christian and western areas backed it 2) Mencken: Said Prohibition would make world safe for democracy 3) problems a) tradition Have always been a hard drinking country b) disillusion Coming out of WWI, just wanted to drink and not sacrifice anything c) "wets" Opposed to prohibition, primarily northeast Felt amendment was ridiculous, patriotic duty to drink and break law d) class issues Once alcohol illegal, price goes up, working class could no longer afford beer Created class tension e) Vets Wanted beer, fought for democracy in France then came home to prohibition and hated it f) enforcement Understaffed and underfunded, were open to bribes B. effect on drinking habits Everything illegal, had to go underground and were speakeasies Change in terms of what to drink, switched from beer and wine to hard liquor as it will get you drunk faster Tended to be gin, big cities for gin were Chicago and Miami, close to other countries to easily import beer Caused a huge crime wave

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated blacks, like slave statues in pre-Civil War era; varied in severity from state to state; aim was to ensure a stable and subservient labor force, for crop of cotton; harsh penalties, especially for jumping a labor contract, which was working for an employer for a year for pittance wages; meant to restore pre-emancipation of race relations; forbade freedmen on jury, barred from renting or leasing land, punished for idleness or sent to work on chain gang, forbidden from voting

Battle of Britain - Churchill

Leader of Britain, Churchill Chamberlain had been loser and idiot Churchill didn't trust Hitler Nazis would reign bombs on Britain, but Britains had radar so some warning of bombs and Brits would go to subways and wait out raid Would not surrender Churchill discussed fighting, talked about how never has so much been owed by so few Royal Air Force is stretched thin, held out in summer In fall weather was too bad for planes to fly Hitler backed off Held off for summer so now Britain isn't under Nazi control

What was the problem with the US liking Cuba's leader Batista?

Leader of Cuba, took bribes, bad leader, was American ally What do you do when you have alliance with country, but leader is a jerk His foreign policy is aligned with ours Do you back him or not?

Robert Taft ("Mr. Republican")

Leader of Republican party, son of Howard Taft, wanted small govt Can't keep spending money, don't let debt balloon, don't involved in international affairs Legislation reflect hims

Diem & The Monks

Leader of Vietnam was very corrupt, Diem, people took bribes and unpopular leader Very cruel to Buddhist monks Buddhist monks in protest set themselves on fire

John Humphrey Noyes

Leader of a radical New York commune that practiced "complex marriage" and eugenic birth control - Utopian socialist - believed everyone should work to greater goal of harmony without selfishness - located Onedia Farms in New York close to Canada in case a quick escape was needed

Hoffman's March on the Pentagon (Oct. 1967)

Led 5,000 or so people to try to levitate pentagon with their minds and mental energy

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, defeating George Custer

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. Took two or three days to establish a hold Carnage

Geronimo and the Apache

Led the Apache warriors into Mexico but eventually surrendered after the Apache women were captured.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Teller and Platt Amendments

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war/ a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence.

Relief & Reconstruction Act of 1932

Lent money to states, never to individual person

Bank of the United States

Located in NY, was a bank controlled by people who were Jewish and most clients were Jewish Large amount of anti-Semetism in country Other banks were jealous of bank of the United States as immigrants trusted bank for the name Other bankers spread rumors that bank of US wasn't stable, caused some investors to pull money out Several efforts in banking community to make the bank stable again Some larger banks finally said no, wouldn't help out, led to bank crashing Meant it was on the headlines, across the country people saw Bank of US has failed, led to panic, meant they then pulled out their money and ripple of bank failures Federal Reserve was meant to be in place to prevent this, so the Federal Reserve did not do what they were meant to do and failed, might have been anti-semetism Bank failures everywhere, crushed the middle class Years of savings are gone

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to siege. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Chinese Revolution

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

What was the view of the government in the eyes of the progressives?

Looking to government for solution or helping hand Roots of country are about self help but attidtues of progressives were problems of society were so big no one individual could do it Looking at monopolies and labor unions, need the government involved to have change they wanted

Why was America interested in China?

Lucrative trade market Untapped market for American goods and raw materials

What happened between MacArthur and Bradely?

MacArthur v. Bradley ("wrong war, wrong place, wrong time") Bradley says quote, McArthur was furious, publicly criticized policy so criticized Truman who was commander in chief d) "Mac" criticized Truman Fired, storm of protests as McArthur was popular, made big speech Same time, MacArthur criticized commanding officer

Immigration in Gilded Age

Made possible by risks, people inventing things, and strong driving workforce of immigrants, millions upon millions come to country between 1870-1924 Immigrants tend to come in waves, wave before Civil War and some during Civil War, after Civil War more come in Came in because Czar in Russia were dictatorial, in wrong group like if Jewish were punished, herded Jewish people together into pail and forced in live there, periodically would burn Jewish villages In Russia, Southeast Europe, was draft to impress into service for ten yrs Poverty Italy, had extremely poor Sicilian farmers, people wanted way up and out, Germany unified and Prussians running govt, military draft and conscription Irish come for potato famine and population, a lot of children and farm was only so big so people had to go Irish women came over and stayed single Came to America for jobs, free society, free economy American dream was not immigrants would become rich, was to come to American and work hard and the child will have an opportunity I didn't have, and grandchildren would go to college Didn't happen for everyone, was difficult to pull off

Philosophy: "Containment" - Domino Theory

Marshall plan part of ideological policy To contain is to trap, concept behind it was the Soviets have what the have but they will go no further Won't invade Soviet Block but they will take no more Controversial, the Hawks wanted to invade, the Doves wanted to be conciliatory to Russians, thought too aggressive Brainchild of James Kenin, atache at Socviet Embassy, wrote paper which this became Connected to containment is domino theory, fun to line them up then they all fall over Domino theory was if one country falls to communism then the neighbor will fall ans so forth Contain communism, prevent it from spreading

What was the first colony to legalize slavery?

Massachusetts

War Labor Policies Board

May 13, 1918 - March 1919 Formulated uniform and thus applicable war labor policies for administration Promoted better housing for war workers Increased govt involvement in the welfare of workers

What skyrocketed McCarthy to national prominence?

McCarther talked to club, said he had a list of over 200 employees of state department working for communist party People were shocked, noname senator rocketed from basement to ceiling Followed by reporters, people were scared, but also reason for USSR getting ahead, people working against them On television all day every day People trie dto stop him

Lodge Bill (1890)

Measure that called for federal intervention in the matter of black voting rights if 100 citizens of any district expressed need/desire for it; didn't pass, but it could have helped blacks get govt. intervention in elections

Miranda v. Arizona (read rights to accused)

Miranda picked up for crime, so he confessed to crime as he was not told he could keep silent, lawyer said that shouldn't be taken Earl Warren said that was correct, could not use confession in court

What eventually happened to the Open Door Policy?

Most accept the policy, but in China it will be Japan which establishes itself as the dominant power

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers Discusses companies, octopus tentacles reach out and grab everything

What did the New Deal do for manufacturing?

National Industrial Recovery Act Brough leaders of big companies together and created Fair Codes of Competition 1) Codes of "Fair Competition" Want to hire as many as possible, instead of hiring ten for 40 hr work week instead will hire more for less hours Issue was bringing leaders together to discuss matters of industry is like a trust

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking. Strong lobby for 18th amendment especially in south, association with KKK Said Germans drink, so patriotic to be in favor of prohibition

Knights of Labor (1869)

Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers. The union reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership. 1. open to all Idealistic union, open to skilled and unskilled laborers, accepted women 2. Terence Powderly, founder 3. political goals: Wanted better situations for workers and laws against child labor, wanted a direct income tax, wanted to make society a better place

Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini Can sort of draw line from Berlin down to Rom It benefited Italy more than Germany

War on Poverty (JFK, not LBJ)

New policies, first promised by JFK, to help the poor and lower the poverty rate. JFK pushed for tax cuts, Keynesian economics, and combating juvenile delinquency. Kennedy's ideas and proposed programs carried over to Johnson's presidency.

Trusts

Next step up from cartels Holding company, give shares of stock from different companies into one company, have board of directors in new company, involved in relationship where its harder to undercut competition Local govt. Saw this happening and passed restraint of trade laws to make illegal, but only illegal when company is located in that state If railroad company is in twelve states it means law cannot control railroad and its a loophole Eventually federal company was involved

Ike's Foreign Policies in Laos

Next to Vietnam, having issues with communism a) Pathet Lao Communist location b) CIA Try to create economy against communism

Nixon's Strategy With the Vietnam War

Nixon stepped up on bombing, and bombed neighbor countries Ho Chi Minh trail, bombed neutral Cambodia, Nixon said taking advantage of Cambodia thru destroying trail so North Vietnamese can't send supplies

Election of 1972

Nixon up for reelection, war was wildly unpopular so Nixon made concession that North Vietnamese wouldn't have to leave South Vietnam but Americans would North Vietnameses didn't negotiate, so Nixon bombed North Vietnam

Chile and U.S. in the 1970s

Nixon used CIA to interfere with govt, had elected guy who was socialist and brought in a bad leader

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

Novelist and author of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. Former newspaper correspondent and wartime ambulance driver, he became an international celebrity for his searing war novels, clipped prose, and personal exploits.

Harper's Ferry Raid

Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.

Rockefeller

Oil, comes from shale which is a type of rock Successful businessman with shady tactics Trains were competing against each other, trains needed things to carry, Rockefeller had ton of oil which needed to be moved and needed trains, Rockefeller would negotiate with trains companies and said he would sign contract to fill trains with oil and in exchange whenever train moved oil for competitor the trains would give Rockefeller the difference in charge for transportation Difficult for oil companies to compete Would buy oil companies for fraction of value or drive out of business

Malcolm X Assassination

On February 21, 1965, in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm X began to speak to a meeting of the Organization of Afro-American Unity when a disturbance broke out in the crowd of 400, 1965 changed to want equality not superiority-killed by a black Muslim

Homestead Strike (1892)

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom. Weekend came, sale orders coming in, Black Tuesday was disaster Market completely crashed, bankers were tapped out

Chautauqua Movement

One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

What did Nixon run on for the 1968 election?

One platform Nixon ran on Ran on law and order, vietnam war with peace and honor with a secret plan he wouldn't tell of Most liberal republican ever

Sinking of the Maine

One week after the de Lome letter made headlines on February 15,1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba when it suddenly exploded. 260 Americans were killed on board. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was an accident. - (254 dead; 59 wounded) Explosion of battleship No one knew what caused explosion Ship in harbor because situation in Cuba heating up, Americans in Cuba need a safe place to go, citizens in Cuba could board the Maine for safety Depicted differently in yellow journalism, called its destruction the cause of the enemy

US Relations With China

Open Door Policy, everyone has free trade with China

What was Ike's foreign policy later on in his presidency?

Open Skies Backed off from brinkmanship later in presidency, new idea was New Look/Open Skies, idea was let's be transparent Will allow Russians to fly over American territory, including areas with American bases, vice verses with Russia Theory was some fear of Cold War came from uncertainty, don't know what other guy has, theory was this would make people comfortable

Nez Perce War (1877)

Ordered in 1877 to move onto the reservation or be hunted down, 800 Nez Perce people, many of them women and children, fled across the mountains of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, heading for the safety of Canada -- but at the end of their 1300-mile trek, having stopped to rest in the snow 50 miles from freedom, they were attacked by the army and surrendered after a 5-day siege. - Chief Joseph

National Security Act (1947)

Organization which created national security council and CIAPreviously hadn't been big on spying, now it exploded International spy agency, different countries snooping out criminals Stimson, secretary of state, gentlemen don't open each other's mail, don't spy!

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed discriminatory voting methods, like literacy test and grandfather clause Upheld 15th amendment If there was a pattern of discriminatory voting practices, then federal govt could inspect this and make sure people are treated fairly Two reactions, one group didn't want Af Americans to vote and other thought it was state issue

General Causes of the Great Depression?

Overproduction of goods and overconfidence People in cities involved with stock market, originally was horrendous but was also localize What made Great Depression spread was bank failures, not directly connected to stock market crash More banks survived the crash then failed

Pacific Theater in WWII

Pacific Theater - conquer Japan Brought into war bc of Japan but FDR was more focused on Germany After Pearl Harbor Japan went after Phillipines Became clear Japan would conquer Phillipines, idea to get McArthur out of Phillipinese McArthur says he shall return US fought valiantly but Japanese overwhelmed them Americans and Europeans viewed it as prisoner of war, treat as you hope your prisoner of war would be treated When Germans took prisoners kept them alive too bc they knew if they didn't would be harsh too Japanese POW culture wasn't as such, to surrender was the ultimate disgrace so the Japanese had no respect for POW Solution was to march POW to death Philipino people saw this happening and would try to help them but were shot Skeletons showed up at POW camp Japan had tremendous air power, so had to play catch up Japan island nation so a lot of fights take place in water, in WWII war became about aircraft carriers Floating airstrip

What was Kennedy's inaugural address about?

Pay any price, bear any burden for the success of liberty Do whatever it takes to keep the world free Means going to war to any country, spending any amount of time fighting

Jimmy Carter Background

Peanut farmer, brother Billy Bob constantly drunk, Roslin who was wife and sat in on cabinet meetings Had military career Honest man, bc he was outsider he was ineffective Said he would clean WH, porkbarreling where you would trade for votes

Explosion of rights in the 1970s-1980s?

People expected to be affluent, didn't worry about a roof or clothes, considered a given, so people were beyond idea of individual opportunities to a right to what you should get and equality, entitlement

Racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life. a person who engages in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

What was the Cold War?

Period of time of tremendous tension between two superpowers, U.S. and U.S.S.R. Each saw the other as out to destroy it Country after country under Soviet control

Anthony Comstock

Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs. New York Society for the Suppression of Vice Made it illegal to send information regarding birth control through the mail

Why did Harding have so many scandals in office?

Picked friends for office 1) Albert Fall - Sec of Interior 2) Harry Daugherty - AG

Working conditions in factories?

Poor working conditions, no ventilation Worried about long bathroom breaks, would time Had to pay for broken goods Bad in coal mines, the canaries Little boys in mines were like donkeys with huge carts of ore as child clumps through mine with cart behind him long hours, low pay, unsafe conditions, poor lighting and lack of ventilation

What was America's Plan B of invasion?

Plan B of invasion was to go through France Allies secure in England, so had to invade France through England Allies tricked Germans into where they would land Closest spot in France to British Isles is Calase, logical spot Allies delibrately didn't go there, went to Normandy Beaches Did crazy stuff to trick into landing in Calase, news reports, got newly dead body and froze it then gave dead body papers about landing in Casale then dropped it off on coast of Spain or Italy so he would be found Had fake army Key was getting across English Channel to France, was choppy Figured out two day period where sea would be calmer to cross over, but storm blew up so question of how long would storm last, postpone? Came down to 22 year old weathermen, Eisenhower turned to weathermen to ask if they can go or not They went

Gary Powers incident (May 1960)

Plans for summit meeting regarded Open Skies Gary Powers, US pilot flew over USSR airspace and was shot down, came to light what had happened, might've been spy, USSR accused US Everyone expected Ike to deny it, Ike took responsibility so Kruschchev didn't know what to do So no summit as incident resolved

Republicans: Nixon & Agnew

Platform was ambiguous, discussed peace with honor, had secret plan to get us out of Vietnam, was running on law and order

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, but this time it was much more successful. - better world after the war

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression A. early fall 1929 People gradually began to sell their shares in stock instead of buying them Subtle and slow but people began to sell their stocks for whatever reason, maybe a hunch B. Oct. 24 (Thursday) - bankers' pool Suddenly, the sell orders came flooding into stock exchange, price of stock decreased due to supply and demand, once shares were too low had to sell at whatever price to pay back the bank Sometimes bank invested in stock market, so would take savings and invest Cascading effect Bankers got together, and the next morning bankers pulled money together, and bought shares above the price they were to stabilize stock market C. Oct. 29, 1929: Black Tuesday Weekend came, sale orders coming in, Black Tuesday was disaster Market completely crashed, bankers were tapped out

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Non-aggression Pact Germany-USSR (aka Molotov-Ribbentrop) 1939

Politically Hitler blamed communists, so facists and communists were enemies But Hitler made pact with Russia, so now Hitler is hypocrite Hitler and Russians made deal about partitioning Poland Hitler lies about why they should invade Poland, invaded and Poland fell due to lack of resources and military equipment In three weeks Poland under Nazi control Now England declares war on Germany but nothing really happened for six months War was happening mainly in Baltic

Housing for Newly Arrived Immigrants?

Poor housing, took regular apartments and subdivided subdivisions, dumbbell tenements, no indoor plumbing, outhouse in yard, maybe bathroom for the floor Streets crowded, disease was common Smallpox, cholera, typhus, tuberculosis

Peace & Freedom Party: Eldridge Cleaver

Ran on peace and freedom party

Red Cloud's War/Powder River War/Bozeman War (1866-68)

Red Cloud was leader of the Dakota Sioux Someone found gold, whites were negotiating whether they could be build Boseman trail through Native land, as negotiating treaty he could see people already building the trail so the whites weren't negotiating in After two years of fighting was able to win as he organized his men and had unexpected tactics of ambushes Myth about Sioux was of peaceable people, they were warriors, scared white settlers Red Cloud was only war chief to win a battle against the US govt. Red Cloud is mostly unknown, snuck up on American government. Calvary were veterans of Civil War and underestimated Red Cloud, there was organized ambushes Later on life Red Cloud lived on reservation, and discussed history with post office worker, and they had recorded history of his life and backgrounds When Red Cloud signed treaty, he later retired and lived on reservation, but war against Black Hills continued and Sioux continue to fight for their territory

Highway Bill

Redid highways to provide transportation if needed for missiles I-95 Bridges high enough to move mounted tanks and such

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Sputnik & Gaither Report

Scared everyone in America, now the USSR has rockets?! Background to space race People freaked out, US needs to catch up to USSR

Roosevelt and the Coal Strike of 1902

Roosevelt's dedication to a "square deal" for labor and business was severely tested by a coal miners' strike in 1902. Coal was the major source of fuel for steam-operated machinery, including railroad locomotives, and the major source of heat for the en- tire nation. As winter drew near and the public grew concerned, Roosevelt tried to break the stalemate. He arranged a meeting between the owners and the union leaders at the White House, but the owners refused even to speak to the union men assembled there. Losing his patience, Roosevelt threatened to use federal troops to operate the mines. For the first time, the threat of federal force was used against owners rather than against workers. Reluctantly, the owners consented to a 10 percent pay raise and a nine-hour day. This was the first instance of the federal government's acting as the mediator in a labor dispute, and the success of the effort increased Roosevelt's popularity among labor leaders. His threat against business, however, foreshadowed even greater future government intrusions.

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Conkling and Blaine

Roscoe _ and James G. _ were the leaders of the factions of the Republican party Leader of Stalwart faction of the Republican party in the 1870s and 1880s. - split the Republican party - Conklings believed in patronage, Half-Breeds believed someone should decided who rewards who in spoil system

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rose Parks didn't give up seat, launched MLK as a leader Took a yr to get result In north didn't have leadership of south

What was happening in Russia during the Western Theater?

Russia - 2nd front Hitler invaded Russia, came in from west, initially Russian civilians welcomed Nazis as they were not Stalin, turned out to be bad too so peasants fight for Mother Russia again Nazis did well in beginning, but invading Russia from West means winter comes early and it's freezing Germans are bogged down by winter, the fighting becomes a slugfest and located around key areas: Stalingard Situation where it was door to door fighting What messed Germans up was frozen mud around tanks so couldn't use tanks, weather, Russians kept at it and eventually pushed Germans back For rest of war, Russia slowly reclaimed Russia Stalin wanted from other allies was for a second front So Germans would have to fight on two fronts, that way German army is divided Came up in conferences constantly Americans tried to open two fronts

What did Russia control by the summer of 1940?

Russia controlled Estonia, Latvia, Lithunian, Finland, some of Poland

Czar toppled in Russia (March 15, 1917)

Russian Revolution, 1917, toppled Czar and put him under house arrests, socialists took over Czar no longer in power, made it more palatable for US to join allies as could promote democracy in Russia, didn't have to fight with a Russian autocrat Second revolution that fall, Trotsky and Lenin K. 3 American merchant ships sunk (March 16, 1917) L. Wilson asks for a declaration of war (April 12, 1917)

Tydings Committee

Said McCarthy was crooked, came out with report which said he was lying Tydings ran for reelection, McCarthy ran against him, told Tydings was communist so Tydings lost, scared other senators for reelection McCarthy took off and started investigation everyone

Immigration Policy changes in the 1920s?

Saw Communism and radical ideas as outside ideas, saw them going from Southeast Europe, wanted to stop it Had been efforts for literacy test Literacy test in 1917 1924, passed National Originals Act/Johnson Read, tied immigration quotas to census of 1890, when more immigrants from Northwestern Europe than from Southeast Europe Could have 2& of immigrants from that previous census, biased in favor of northwest europe Theory was northwestern europeans had similar values Asian immigration completely banned and remained so for long time b) American distrust General sense of mistrust More and more respect to business class, and to extent KKK

Why did the conservative movement build in the 1980s?

Saw liberals as permissive and smug Angry at elites, the judges who gave criminals short sentences Repulsed by counterculture B. changes not coming from legislatures 1) Courts Changes coming thru courts Warren Court: Miranda,, Gideon v. Wayne, Crime spiral out of control Burger Court: Roe v. Wade 2) Bureaucrats: Community legal services, free legal advice in poor communities, generated lawsuits for bigger welfare checks Murder, rape doubled in 1970s

Growth of Federal Government During WWI

Selective Service Act: required all men to register for the draft, could not pay to get out of the draft Revenue Act: increased income tax Railway Administration: US govt ran the railroads, just commandeered the system Council of Defense: Hoover, encouraged the voluntary compliance to conserve resources, Victory Gardens; during WWI, rationing was voluntary, did not force rationing War Industries Board: govt in charge of manufacturing for war effort National War Labor Board: War of Polices Board: trying to find balance of helping labors to make production steady Creel Committee: propaganda, mission was to unite country in common hatred for the Germans B. Sedition & Espionage Acts: Debs

Daugherty

Selling pardons Accused of federal crime, paid him and crime goes away Was attorney general

Senate reaction when Wilson returned home?

Senate reaction: Article X of the League of Nations Said if League of Nations votes for war, then all members of League of Nations would contribute soldiers to make army and maintain world peace Goes against Congress getting to vote for war, why should other countries vote on when US soldiers should die

First Open Door Policy Notes (John Hay):

Series of statements, saying that the various foreign nations would share trading rights in China Instead of carving up China or sphere of influence, no one nation would have exclusive rights Technically China was a free nation, open door notes established without consulting China, but other foreign powers did have sphere of influence

German Immigrants

Settled in the rural Midwest and Texas. Many were farmers and craftsmen. Many were well-educated and helped start the system of universal education in the United States.

Tampico Incident (1914)

Several American sailors on shore leave were arrested and treated badly by the Mexican police in the Gulf town of Tampico. The US commander ordered the mayor of the town to apologize and salute the US flag for allowing the US soldiers to be treated so badly. The Mexican mayor gave a sincere apology but refused to salute the US flag. Congress responded to the Tampico Incident and to news that a German ship carrying weapons was headed to Mexico by granting the US commander permission to attack the large Mexican port city of Veracruz. An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico.

How did GB influence the information that reached the US from Germany?

Several transatlantic cables between US and Europe, GB cut US one to Germany to control information

What happened when the US left Korea post WWII?

Six months later, North Koreans invaded South Korea

McKinley Tariff of 1890

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Pony Express (1860-1861)

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms. It gave the ICC the power to prosecute its own inquiries into violations of its regulations.

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North. *Historical Significance:* Allowed Lincoln to issue the *Emancipation Proclamation* proclaiming the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion and shifting the war objectives of the North. Civil War battle fought in Maryland, the single bloodiest day in U.S. military history, Lee's march North was stopped - Lincoln fires McClellan for being an idoit

Hoover's Foreign Policies

Smoot-Hawley B. debt moratorium issue Once depression spread, just multiplied and multiplied Wanted to take a year off from the debts, Congress disagreed and said they wanted the money to come in, didn't understand more pressure on Germany would knock it over C. London Naval Conference Designed to reduced battleships, had limited success D. Japan: 1) invaded Manchuria - Stimson Doctrine Japan had been modernized since 1890s, had defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War Japan felt it wasn't getting proper recognition Were rival parties in Japan, one for war and one for peace In early 1930s, war party got feisty and invaded Manchuria US protested on basis of Open Door policy Stimson Doctrine, said it violates open door policy, destruction of Japanese sovereignty, refused to recognize Japan Japan bombed Shanghai At this stage, League of Nations condemned Japan and Japan backed down . "Good Neighbor" Policy (Clark Memorandum) Central America Hoover made goodwill tour, said US wouldn't be like Roosevelt Corollary Clark Memorandum said they wouldn't be like ROosevelt Corollary

What was 1950s society themed around?

Society designed around couples, almost everyone was married, divorce was taboo Had a ton of children No longer living near grandparents, so parenting books published, moms focused on children as careers, women's clubs and organizations

Berlin Airlift, 1948

Solutions to Russians taking over Berlin, were not dropping food packages into Berlin to help them survive this siege To do this had to fly planes from American section into Berlin, so planes flying over east German airspace, didn't know if East German aircrafts would take them done Then Russians unblocked the roads without any notice

Gulf of Tonkin incident Aug. 1964

Some American ships off coast of Vietnam which were fired on, understanding was they were attacked by North Vietnamese communists Congress enacted resolution, not declaration of war, fundamentally said do what you need to protect freedom to american troops

Miners were where?

Someone finds gold or silver, people come in and throw up a rickety town

Adolf Hitler Early Life to WWI

Son of dad's third wife Mom spoiled him, weak student, wanted to be an artist but sucked In Vienna had anti-semetism grew horrific Fought in WWI, on day he learned Kaiser surrendered he cried and sobbed Felt betrayed, post WWI he works for govt as a spy

Fire-eaters, 1850-1861

Southern pro-slavery extremists who wanted secession from the Union. Fire-eaters organized secession conventions in several southern states in 1850 but backed down because of a lack of support and the promise of moderate southern backing for secession if Congress tried to outlaw slavery in the future.

How did the Soviet Union help back North Korea?

Soviet-backed North Koreans invade June 1950 North Korea, abused Soviet tanks for use

Dewey: Manila Bay

Spain had colony in Philippines, war fought on two sides a) Teddy Roosevelt Assistant secretary of navy at the moment, actual secretary was out that day, some historians think deliberate, TR left unattended so he sent a wire to Dewey by squadron near Japan and gave Dewey permission to go to Philippines TR resigns from navy and wanted to get involved in the war

Spanish-American War Background (Events Leading Up to it)

Spain lost a lot of colonies during Napoleonic Wars, while dealing with Napoleon colonies could gain independence, after war Spain tried to reclaim which was why Monroe Doctrine was issued when it was issued As time goes by, Mexico gains independence By 1860-180 Cuba was last colon really owned by Spain along with Philippines so wanted to keep it to remain a major power as overseas possessions linked with that Cubans wanted independence, Cuban agitator known as Hose Martie, was one of impassioned orators of revolution, had people stirred up with cells of agitation, increasingly pushing for independence

How did Spain attempt to appease US to prevent Spanish-American War?

Spain relieved enough Americans involved needed to switch policy Sent feelers to Cubans, got rid of Wheeler, would have a new policy, no more concentration camps, could have autonomy but not indepence Would have local control bit not own country Cubans wanted freedom and would not settle Pressure on McKingly increases, told Spain to grant independence, SPain declared war and US declared war back Realized war was coming so US sent ships to Cuba for blockade, blockade happened after declaring war to not be in violation of law

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

Speech made by Booker T Washington in which he urged African Americans to accept disenfranchisement and segregation for the time being, working for economic advancement instead A speech by Booker T. Washington that called for the black community to strive for economic prosperity before attempting political and social equality.

Adolf Hitler: German Workers' Party - Storm Troopers - Putsch - Mein Kampf

Spies for govt on German Workers Party, was a radical group Hitler realized he could manipulate Workers Party, built on Anti-Semetism and racial nationalism Tried for a takeover, didn't work, went to jail and wrote Mein Kampf Leaders of Europe didn't take Mein Kampf seriously but it had everything Hitler wanted to do Comes out of jail, realized to take legal actions and creates Nazi party

Colonies and Indigenous People Interactions

Squanto and Plymouth Anglo-Powhatan War in Jamestown Walking Purchase in PA King Philip's War French and Indian War Pequot War John Ralph married Pochahontas

What ended the Korean War?

Stalemate for a while, NK kept attempting to invade Eisenhower elected in 1942, Eisenhower understood Americans needed to say, you can have a dematilarized zone and stay in your half or we wil anhiliate you Agreed, created demilitarized zone

Kruschchev, New Leader of USSR

Stalin died in 1953, new leader Back and forth in communist party, picked Khrushchev Never knew which khrushchev would get, sometimes he was for get rid of Stalin, don't have to slaughter people Mean Khrushchev where he went to UN, took off shoe, and pounded shoe on podium and said we will bury you

How did Stalin seek to establish the beginnings of control in the Soviet Block?

Stalin installs communist gov'ts "Temporary" which is bs, in Bulgaria and Romania

"Teach-ins" and draft card burnings

Teach in was a student strike, so instead of ging to a class would go to a different class, attend lecture by fellow students of what was going on in Vietnam Would burn draft cards Went on for two or three yrs, significant marches on DC for this, Johnson decided to stop bombing for a bit

Why did American people lean towards comfort and stability in 1950s?

Start of 1950s about conformity and stability, reaction to everything which had happened before End of 1950s more about uniformity

Reaction to Rise in Women's Independence

States like Utah and Virginia who were fining women for wearing short skirts, in Utah could go to jail 4) ramifications For some was fun, for others divorce rate skyrocketed in 1920s Country was terrified of this

What were some constitutional issues with the US invading Korea?

Step which was missed is Congress wasn't involved Congress made no declaration of war UN force was overhwhelmingly American Exactly what incorrigibles opposed to with Treaty of Versailles

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them Says it's not enough to publish schedules but must also follow them Burden of proof shifted from prosecutor to defense, Congress can regulate railroad rates This happened because Roosevelt originally president because McKinley assasinated, now Roosevelt elected on his own merits so can enforce his policies

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do Law but sort of amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act Takes it further, straight up says that unions are not illegal combination against trade No one person can sit on Board of Directors of a bunch of different companies, or that person can coordinate what different companies do and make it illegal Samuel Gompers liked this Trying to prevent monopolies, while Sherman Anti-Trust Act punished existing ones The Clayton Antitrust Act struck against monopolies through preventing unfair methods of competition. For instance, it banned price discimination and anti-competitive mergers, while also assisting laborers through declaring strikes, boycotts, and labor unions as legal under federal law. While again this might indicate a Roosevelt type reform with the type of active role in government, the strategy can be found as more in line with Woodrow Wilson's thinking. Along with being passed under his administration, the act also worked towards Wilson's vision in New Freedom of unmonoploized markets to encourage competition. Thus, allowing labor unions, strikes, and boycotts to exist aided in the competition aspect as businesses would be motivated to keep their workers happy to avoid disruption as another business could then swoop in in an unmonoploized market.

Josiah Strong: Our Country

Strong was a Protestant clergyman and founder of the Social Gospel movement. He argued that America and its people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon and thus had a responsibility to civilize and Christianize the world. In writing Our Country, Strong combined nativist beliefs with overseas economic and cultural expansionism and the book became a best seller and a reference point for later expansionists. Same concept but with religious spin Saw Anglo Saxon but also a Protestant Christian, so must spread Protesent Christianity as civilization to life people of color up Strong racism with some religion

Students for Democratic Society

Students for Democratic Society, were talking about Kids of 1950s, had grown up in age of prosperity so never had to worry about food, taken for granted, wanted to make their mark, saw their fathers had fought in WWII so wanted to do something great Saw a world of prosperity, so let's make the world more moral Wanted participatory democracy, grassroots democracy, share possessions, refused to criticize communists So Left split between Union guys v. young people, called them stodgy and establishment-esque Nex left wanted to reject artificial values, be the real thing, part was to make themselves look different and be more free and open

How did the Gaither Reports hurt Nixon?

Study of how many defenses US had America was behind in defense, didn't have as many weapons as Russia Came up during some debates between Nixon and Kennedy Nixon knew Gaither report was false, problem was if he said that then that would be violating national security

Why US was caught off-guard with the attack of Japan to Pearl Harbor?

Sunday morning, thought if Japanese attacked would go for Phillipines, Japanese knew this, diverted some plans South to hrow off suspect Came in from side of Hawaii When we did see planes, flight expected from CA so didn't realize it One raio operator said this isn't right, commander blew him off Real fear wasn't from Japanese but fear was from Japanese-American sabouteurs, fear of attacking American bases Drained gasoline out of planes in naval bases, which meant when planes began attacking couldn't go in air

Supplementary Security Income (SSI)

Supplemental Security Income, more welfare and built in COLA (Cost of Living Allowance) Concept is if prices go up, then your benefits must match this increase

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government - power to tax, power to destroy

Spanish American War Highlights

TR called it so, was a four month war and less than 500 on US side died 1) Spain declared war; US reciprocated - international law issue 2) blockade

Alien Land Law of 1913

Target Asians, mor Japanese than Chinese, could not buy land in CA if an Asian If of Asian descent, born in America, coil buy land Opposed by Woodrow Wilson State law, not federal law

Texas Annexation 1845

Texas was originally part of Mexico. American settlers (led by Stephen Austin) received permission to move there (most settlers were cotton farmers). Mexican leader Santa Anna attacked Americans at the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Americans had decided to revolt and break Texas away from Mexico because the Mexican government was trying to force them to abolish slavery. Texas was not welcomed into the US right away because northern congressmen opposed adding a new slave state to the Union. Although most Texans favored annexation by the U.S., relations with Mexico and Texas's slave status were obstacles. Many politicians (Northern) didn't want to tip power in the senate to pro-slavery states.

What happened on Thanksgiving Day with MacArthur in Korea?

Thanksgiving Day 1950 Morning, a million Chinese communists poor down penisnulas and pushes American troops down to bottom, then push China back up McArthur was like let's nuke China

Bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church

The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a racially motivated terrorist attack on September 15, 1963, by members of a Ku Klux Klan group in Birmingham, Alabama in the United States. The bombing of the African-American church resulted in the deaths of four girls.

18th Amendment (1919)

The 18th Amendment (proposed by Congress on December 19, 1917) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Contrary to common belief, it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alcohol. The Amendment was ratified on January 18, 1919, went into effect one year later, and was repealed by the 21st Amendment on December 5, 1933. Small-time operators were faced with competition from the organized crime and criminal gangs that fought each other for market control.

U.S.- Philippine War (1899-1902)

The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Pacific, and the suppression of a nationalist movement led by Emilio Aguidaldo. - Philippines is under and to right of Japan Philippians angry over lack of independence, America instead purchased Philippines from Spain, fought back and then US had 2-3 year war in Philippines Bloody war, Phillippine fighting for freedom and US stopped them, justified as protecting Philippines from potentially larger, deadly power Philippines surrendered, US put govt in place, 1947 got full independence after WW2

Bill of Rights, 1791

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists

John Spargo

The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.

Palestine Conference 1946

The London Conference of 1946-1947, which took place between September 1946 and February 1947, was called by the British Government of Clement Attlee to resolve the future governance of Palestine and negotiate an end of the Mandate.

Spanish-American War (1898)

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines.

Monitor and Merrimac (1862)

The Merrimac was a Confederate ship that destroyed two Union ships before it was taken out of action by the Monitor, a Union ship. This was the first battle between ironclad ships and marked the beginning of a new era in naval battles. First engagement between two iron-clad naval vessels. *Historical Significance:* Rendered wooden fleets obsolete and prompted the Union to build a fleet of ironclad warships which it used to gain control of important waterways and defeat Confederate forts that guarded important rivers. - Merrimac had been Union ship but was stolen by CSA and renamed

Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)

The Nanking Massacre was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Jones Act (1916)

The act that granted the Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation. Why students must take calculus, big push in public schools to learn physics

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Roe v. Wade 1973

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 14th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Chamberlain and Daladier

The leader of England, _____, and the leader of France, _____, allowed Hitler to take this land.

Fort Pillow

The location of a brutal massacre in which confederate troops shot more than 200 black prisoners and some whites. Tennesses, held by Union Mix of black and white union solders Confederacy attacked fort, got inside and did not allow black soldiers to surrender Murdered multiple black Union soldiers within the fort

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. - led to a tiny Communist party in America

Interlocking Directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie "Great Sioux Reservation"

The reservation greeted to make sure land belonged to Natives forever Lasted for a few years until gold was found and the treaty was attempted to negotiate so war started again The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota, and Arapaho Nation signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Insular Cases (1901)

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.Full constitutional rights are not granted to all citizens in places under American control.

German U-Boat Submarine Warfare Against Four American Merchant Vessels, March 1-14, 1917

These were the "overt" acts Wilson had threatened to completely break his neutrality over. Within the first two weeks of March, four unarmed merchant vessels were destroyed by German submarines. This meant the American people were now spiteful of how docile they felt against German aggression. One Philadelphia newspaper commented the only difference between the U.S. actually participating in the war and the current situation is that the U.S. just wasn't fighting back. Thus, Wilson was backed into a corner where he had to respond to Germany through declaring war.

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)

This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.

Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market Would buy surplus food that farmer's couldn't sell, meant to help farmers In next yr were more surplus goods tho

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads. Govt lent money to banks

Joe Cannon

This conservative Speaker of the House tried to block many Progressive Republican efforts for reforming government and society. Dictator of House in Taft's Presidency, a corrupt politician that was eventually kicked out, Speaker of the House who was stopping legislation; "Not one cent for Scenery" - corrupt politician and was eventually kicked out

Frances E. Willard (1839-1898)

This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do every thing" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

This is the plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Dawes Plan (1924)

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash. Germany had economy in rubles, because of Treaty of Versailles had largest reparation debt, couldn't pay off debts to England and France England and France owed money to America, so Congress solution was to loan Germany money, England and France then pay off America dumb

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

National War Labor Board (1918)

This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an eight-hour day. While granting some concessions to labor, it stopped short of supporting labor's most important demand: a government guarantee of the right to organize into unions. - April 8, 1918 - May 31, 1918 Settled labor disputes that might disrupt the war effort Increased presence of federal govt in the economy and labor

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Zimmerman Note

This was a note from the German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to anti-Yankee Mexico. Zimmermann proposed a German-Mexican alliance, and promised to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico. This was discovered and published, and along with enraging the American public it put them in the mindset for war when German U Boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels two weeks later. This made the American people feel weak that they weren't fighting back, thus fueling and increasing the number of pro-war individuals. - May 1, 1917

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

United States troops in World War I; including draftees, volunteers, and the National Guard.

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

Difference Between Aggressions of Great Britain to Germany News of the Russian Revolution Reached the U.S., March 8, 1917

This was more of an incentive for the U.S. to join the Allies than an aggression they had to respond to. The revolution destroyed the regime of the tsars, which opened up the potential for the U.S. to join the Allies without having to ignore the government of Russia which stood against democracy.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s. "Politics is adjourned" v. reality Wilson's initial stance Forget parties Didn't take any Republicans with him to France to negotiate treaty, meant Republicans didn't feel included so hated treaty Didn't understand European temperament against germany, hated Germany and wanted to France Had to give up lots of 14 points but still wanted a league of nations, international body to work together and prevent wars from happening When he came had already conceded and was in no mood to make any more concessions, shows up to Senate with fair amount of Republicans Need ⅔ Senate vote to ratify treaty Wilson had nothing to negotiate with

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Treaty with China, allows trading rights with Chineses; China and Japan had closed societies in 19th century so to get any trading was good

What was post-WWII economy like?

Tremendous amount of pent up consuer intent A lot of money and a lot of demand Start to have inflation, a lot of dollars after limited goods

Nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Tried the Nazis Defense was they were just taking orders, so don't blame me for vast genocide Not considered a good defense, sadly not many were tried, many committed suicide and some hide in Argentina

New Economic Plan

Tried to cope with economy thru New Economic Plan, idea was govt would put pause on spiral so he established 90 day wage and price control situation Wouldn't solve problem, just postponed it to be solved later Raised tariff, idea was to counteract that american price goods are so much higher, but also sets off tariff wars

Election of 1948

Truman popularity was meh, party split twice, so in 1948 have three different Democratic parties 1) Democrats a) Truman & Barkley Ran on platform of CR, expansion of New Deal, support containment CR piece aggravated southern democrats, broke away to Dixiecrats b) Strom Thurmond & "Dixiecrats" Ran on we love segregation platform c) Henry Wallace & Progressives Let's give weapons to USSR as sign of goodwill 2) Republicans: Dewey & Warren "Time for Change Truman running against Republicans and two democrat opponents

How much did people expect Truman to lose and Dewey to win?

Truman won, newspapers were certain Dewey would win so printed papers ahead of time

How did Truman surprise everyone and win the presidency?

Truman's Campaign 1) "I'm Just Wild about Harry" 2) "Do Nothing Congress" President has power to call congress into special session Truman presented congress with stuff they wouldn't do, then showed it was a do-nothing congress Truman's whistlestop campaign Took trains all over country Won due to catholic support due to position concerning communism, communism hated catholics Enough moderates to compensate, vote for farmers

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies Farmers increasingly angry, form populist party Combination of alliances and Knights of Labor Want free silver, make concession of Sherman Silver Purchase Act Farmers want more, gets worse during Panic in terms of economics Realize need to make party Ignatius Donalley, Mary Ellen Fleece Yellin Mary Ellen Socrates Simpsons Key leaders of party, try to negotiate with major political parties Farmers 50% of population, so give us what we want or we'll make own party Want direct election of senators, free silver, nationalize railroad, store grain in elevator and use as collateral for loans

Wounded Knee massacre, 1890

US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains a) background: Paiute - Wovoka - Ghost Dance ceremony Last major confrontation Wovoka had a dream of better world for his people, way to that world was through the Ghost Dance, just dance and dance Reports of people dancing until passed out Just before you collapse have a vision of God Popular, started in Southwest and spread North Alarmed US govt. So there was a group of Natives on reservation in South Dakota, US army shows up as Natives start to dance but soldiers demanded a Native's gun and they refused, so massacre started Many people died

US Railway Administration

US federal govt took control of most of the nation's railroads Prompted by the railroads failing as workers deserted to join the war efforts through serving in the army Within 21 months after the war the railroads would be returned to the owners from the govt and would be compensated for usage of their property

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. - written by John Quincy Adams - stay out of each other's businesses - worked because Great Britain wanted to maintain trading with former Spanish colonies

What was US feelings to war during the election of 1940?

US is officially neutral, not favoring one side over the other Election year FDR has already served two terms FDR ran for president third time in 1940

What is the US comfort level with imperialism?

US late to game of Imperialism, GB and European countries had been doing it for a while Philosophical roots don't jive with imperialism but also want to protect own interest

Truman Doctrine

US policy to support free peoples resisting subjugation End of WWII< Civil war in Greece, communists try to take over, England had been looking out for Greece since 1820s But England turned to Truman ans say you take this one Agreed to Truman Doctrine as seen above Huge promises, spent 4 million dollars, prevented Greece from becoming communist block

How did the US contributing military support lead to Vietnam War?

US poured money into helping South Vietnam, sent military advisors US stayed distance for a while, but background to Vietnam War in 1975 under LBJ

US Navy convoying both American AND British ships across the Atlantic

US ship in Atlantic Ocean gets a convoy, like an armed guard to protect the ships US gives convoys to US ships and British ships

Second Open Door Policy Notes:

US was concerned that after crushing Boxer Rebellion European powers would seek to increase and create exclusive economic rights within China Called for equal and impartial trade with all parts of Chinese empire - increase American influence in Asia, for the Eight Nation Alliance the US had sent troops from the Philippines - main goal was to make sure US businesses could trade with Chinese markets 9) What this tells us about US foreign policy at this time: a) - many believed expansion of US economy depended on ability to export American goods to foreign markets b) - US will increasingly demonstrate a willingness to intervene in a country to keep foreign markets open c)- if access to region shut off for trading from the US, perceived as a threat to US interests

FDR's Attempts at Disarmament

US was not in League of Nations, FDR was internationalists but understood Congress didn't want to FDR made approaches to European countries saying the US was willing to consult on international affairs in exchange for arms reduction agreement Europe felt burned by US, so didn't want to, US seen as unreliable and relations not stellar

How was the US border redefined?

US zone of defense redefined Zone of defense is American waters, if you are in our waters and we say no then that's an act of war If German ship in Atlantic Ocean then US can destroy them

FDR & The USSR Relations

USSR was spying on US, American diplomats in communist USSR were spying on diplomats, embassy was bugged to the ninth degree

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism and financial independence for blacks. He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

"Judicial Procedures Reform Act" aka Court Packing Scheme

Under US constitution, congress has the power to determine the number of SC Justices Decision up to congress, want to have an odd number Had been nine justices for almost a century During New Deal, justices split, 5 conservative and 4 were liberal so FDR's programs kept getting struck down Wanted to increase size of justices form 9 to 16 To become a justice, presidential nomination and confirmed by senate Senate overwhelmingly democrat so he could pick six liberal justice Not illegal, constitutional idea, but such blatant power grab Didn't need to, one justice caved on minimum wage law case, Robert Owens voted with liberals, then some conservatives retired Lost the good will of a lot of people for such blatant power grab Alliance between conservative democrats and republicans, end of easy times, more political opposition

Defecit Spending in 1970s

Unemployment climbing, cost of living increases, cost of goods expensive but couldn't sell abroad so manufacturing goes down so no hires and sometimes fires

Dominion of Canada (1867)

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862)

Union general = Ambrose "side burns" Burnside who replaced McClellan, Confed. general = Lee, Was a "mud march", Burnside wanted to launch a full assault on Lee to surprise him but it didn't work , Confed. victory and Lincoln fires Burnside! Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.

Cartels

Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods. Companies don't want competition as it makes their lives harder, so would try to work together to avoid competition Can set prices, but ineffective to make everyone can actually comply

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974) Was first man to cross the Atlantic Father was a congressmen, moved around a lot Dropped out of college for flight school 1927, wealthy folks made competition for first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, flew spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean Married daughter of ambassador to Mexico Firstborn son was kidnapped and killed, led to law passed During 1930s, was Anti-Semetic and very evident, didn't want US involved in WW2 Died after WW2

McCarran Security Act

United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Big Bill Haywood

United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928) Co founders of International Workers of the World Dedicated scialists and industrial unionists Any worker could join, went to USSR, arrested many times People associated labor unions with socialism, in 20th century bites workers in the back

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911) - yellow journalism

McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957) Junior senator from Wisconsin, elected in 46, first four years as senator were lackluster but then on Abe Lincoln's b-day party, would send Senators to Republican clubs

How did JFK become president?

Wealthy family, father had made money breaking law during prohibition and got appointed as an ambassador to Germany or England Children grew up in posh situation Elder Kennedy wanted firstborn son to be president, but he was killed in WWII Mantel to JFK to become president, had fought in WWII, never really had gravitas of older brother The election of 1960 was huge, Republicans ran Nixona s obvious choice, he had his own package Nixon grew up on west coast, govt then had east coast prep school vibes so Nixon had gone to wrong schools, his family was middle class, never really felt like one of the guys so bothered him his whole life

Mapp v. Ohio (illegal searches - can't use evidence)

Went into women's house without search warrant, found stuff, if search isn't valid then you cannot use it against you

Mysterious death of Harding?

Went on trip to west with wife, had stroke or heart attack and died She had him buried within 24 hrs without autopsy bc Harding was a notorious womanizer, had 4 or 5 mistresses, had a mistress in white house

What was the resolution of the Security Council for the Korean War?

Went thru council as Soviet Union not there to veto it Wrong for USSR and North Korea to invade South Korea

Carry/Carrie Nation

Went to bars and other women would stand outside and sing hymns, then trash the bar Purity crusader

Greensboro sit-ins, 1960

Went to place called Woolworths, private chain in the East, five and ten cent stores, idea was it expensive for dumb stuff like clothespins and rubber bands, relatively inexpensive like Target but not as many clothes Had a lunch counter with club sandwiches and hotdogs, could sit down and eat, wouldn't serve af americans What they did was challenging the rule, store called police and took them away, would overwhelm the jails with protesters Start to see lines of af americans outside woolworth, four arrested and four more sat down Got store employees frustrated, would squirt ketchup in peoples hair and harass them Police brutality

Western Theater

Western Theater - conquer Hitler 1) Russia - 2nd front 2) Plan A: up through Africa - Rommel 3) Plan B: invade through France

Zones of Occupation

What Germany looked like at end of WWII British, French, American, Russian Berlin was in RUssian zone, capital of Germany Because Berlin was capital and source of a lot, subdivided the city of Berlin, so now four zones of occupation for city of Berlin Russians after WWII basically pillaged Berlin, removed 13$ worth of stuff Wanted to control Berlin, problem was sections, so wanted to halt people from leaving east Germany, but people could just go to western part of Berlin Russians figured this out so closed down all of the roads which went into other sides, to trap people of Berlin so couldn't get food or supplies Wanted people living in other sections to surrender Berlin, so it could be controlled by Russians Truman was president, could have bombed east Germany but defeats purpose, could have given up and given it to Russians

"Modern" Republican

What Ike ran as Somebody okay with the New Deal, but thought it had gone too far too fast, general in army so not an isolationist, keep Social Security Opposite of Robert Taft, who was traditional small government Republican, isolationist

Key Issue with the Draft in the 1960s?

What really sparked issue was draft, first time draft used since WWII Not a popular war, way draft worked was once you turned 18 could be drafted between 18-26, 8 yrs of suspence So a lot of edgy guys wondering if their number was up If you were student could be exempt from draft, so if you could afford draft wouldn't be drafted, working class guy probably would be drafted

Chinese Civil War - Mao Zedong v. Chiang Kai Shek (Formosa/Taiwan): UN Issue

When communists took over China's govt, kicked China off security council and gave position to Taiwan China is still on security council but represented by small island, Soviets furious at this, began to boycott UN Finally Soviets get bomb

Hoover's Good Neighbor Policy

When America had less money to spend on imperialism, Hoover decided to rid the Monroe Doctrine twist by TR. He had American troops withdraw from Haiti and Nicaragua. Hoover made goodwill tour, said US wouldn't be like Roosevelt Corollary Clark Memorandum said they wouldn't be like Roosevelt Corollary

Why was it a point of a national pride for America to gain an Imperalist ideal and earn the respect of other countries?

When American in 1860s was a second world status, were largely agrarian and spread out, not large amount of culture By 1900 American manufactured more than Great Britain, France, Germany combined, were economic strong house but not considered a grand country so pride was on line Young men at this stage were more comfortable with idea of going to war, reflects that Civil War generation were passing away

US Embargo With Japan Before Pearl Harbor

When Italy attacked Ethiopia no embargo on oil to Italy Japan in similar position so stopped selling metal and oil to Japanese Japanese unhappy so sent negotiators See if America would change embargo While negotiating, Japanese practiced bombing rigs on Pearl Harbor Had area sketched out to target bomb where they wanted bombs to go

Pottawatomie Massacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

McKinley's election (1896)

When a man has been in a war, he does not want to return McKingly not pushing for war or involvement with Cuba, other people did want to though

Russo-Finnish "Winter War" (1939-1940)

Where war originally happened in Baltic Finland tiny and next to Russia Finnish children learn to ski before walking Can ski uphill So Russia wants to take Finland, so soldiers dressed in all white and would ski and fire a rifle to kill Stalin, leader of USSR, had killed all his completent generals so incompetent generals Finland had paid debt after WWII as well Finland eventually fell though

Payne-Aldrich Bill

While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

Ken Keasey & the Merry Pranksters

Wrote One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Got a school bus and painted psychedelic color, he and his merry pranksters would drive town to town and do performance art, get money and get stoned, sleep in bus and drive on

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

With the Chinese Exclusion Act in effect, some exclusionists even tried to strip native-born Chinese-Americans of their citizenship, but the Supreme Court ruled in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the United States. This doctrine of "birthright citizenship" (or jus soli, the "right of the soil," as contrasted with jus sanguinis, the "right of blood-tie," which based citizenship on the parent's nationality) provided important protections to Chinese-Americans as well as to other immigrant communities. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment

Second Wave of Feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination. More militaristic Reaction to stuff after WWII, in 1950s everyone married, big families, staying home, emblem of women was a Doris Day, women were going to college then leaving to get married In 1960s, the pill changed everything as you could have sex without fear of baby

Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the 'League of Nations' - which the US wouldn't join because of Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate. Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

Would bus students from one school district to another, generated controversy People had settled in one area so child goes to that school If child is young, depending on size of district do you want to put a child on a bus for 45 minutes

RRs, homesteaders & sheepherders - barbed wire (Gliden)?

Would take cows to railroads As more farmers come into territory it started to get cramped between ranchers and farmers Used barbed wire to mark territory, when cut down would string again and then stand by with a gun E. farmers;

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Eugene Debbs

Young union leader who lost presidency 4 times. Socialist. 1893 Leader of American Railway Union . He called for nationwide sympathy strike to help Pullman's workers because he wanted name face recognition. He got jailed. Led strikers, Pullman Strike, involved in IWW, ran for president five times and lost every time Objected to draft and jailed for that

Tulsa Massacres, 1921

Yr or so after what happened in Chicago another race riot erupted in Oklahoma Prosperous Af American community in Tulsa, generated greed and envy in whites Destroyed neighborhood May 31-June 1, thousands of buildings destroyed Systematically destroyed neighborhoods, dropped bombs Wanted to completely destroy Started after rumor fo sexual assault of white women from black man White riots went The Greenwood District, known as Black Wall Street, Ended when city placed under martial law, survivors never received compensation Af. American response was, background to Harlem Renaissance, began to get concentrations of Af Americans, in Harlem tremendous numbers of talent who could capture Af. American experiences

Jewish Americans in WWII?

Zionist movement was a form of ethnic nationalism (feels like only option for Jews since assimilation failed in Europe and the US), seen as threatening since they were taking over American jobs on an executive scale, high level of patriotism despite discrimination, persecuted in America as well as Europe, tried to assimilate but this fueled Anti-Semitism

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas GATT, theory was people do better with free trade No force involved in free market Tariff isn't free market, meant to give protective place in market but lead to higher prices and retaliatory tariffs

Newlands Act of 1902

a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of the American West. It was authored by Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada.

Crazy Horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Trust

a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices The Federal Trade Commission was made to regulate businesses to prevent unfair business practices, like price fixing and what might prevent competition. Though originally this may appear to fit in with Roosevelt's mindset of having regulatory practices within Washington, a closer investigation reveals it to be on par with Wilson's reform. Part of Wilson's plan was to have unregulated but also unmonoploized markets. Having the Federal Trade Commission fought back against monopolies, and thus encouraged competition and small entrepreneurship from businesses.

Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan Discussed importance of America selling to foreign markets, navy facilitating this For navy to work well America must build a canal either through Panama or Nicaragua to facilitate shipping, Importance of acquiring islands like Hawaii Ships back then ran on coal, can only carry so much coal on your ship, so were looking for coaling stations that America would acquire islands to be able to reocoal a ship

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph. 200,000 person march to advocate civil rights Famous I Have a Dream speech by MLK, gifted orator

Watts riots, 1965

a large-scale riot which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. Though the riots began in August, there had previously been a buildup of racial tension in the area. a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate usually local thing about spending money, allows public to examine ideas about spending to see how everyone reacts, direct vote on potential action, people voting on idea proposed by legislature

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age Fitzgerald had book called Lost Generation

Political Machine

a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. - caused by over-farming in WW!

Panic of 1907

a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts. a) causes Producing more than consuming, overproductio of goods and big time deflation b) cooperation between bankers (Morgan) and federal gov't TR reached out to Morgan, Morgan put together group of NY bankers who put together group of bankers to drive stocks back up, govt put money in shaky banks, TR allowed Morgan to acquire US steel and monopoly, made him look like he's in pocket of Morgan

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) 1) background - the vision To have a cana to connect the Atlanta and the Pacific 2) Nicaragua v. Panama (a colony of Columbia) 3) Columbian Senate - rejected 10 million & $250,000 annual payment from US 4) Panamanian Revolution from Colombia - essentially the same treaty w/Panama US sent battleships to prevent Colombia regaining control of Panama 5) Dr. Gorgas - stamped out yellow fever 6) Video on the Panama Canal: Classroom a) Ferdinand de Lesseps Made Africa an island through the construction of a canal French Wanted to make a canal through Panama, everyone believed he could do it Wanted sea level canal as it was at sea level and a mere 50 miles Challenges were landforms, diseases, and region of Colombia Failed as French company went bankrupt b) US effort 1904-1914 TR convinced US navy needed quick access to the Pacific Ocean Panama v. Nicaragua debate again on where to build the canal, Panama won out Partially in Panama to show up the French where they had failed but also because work had already been started 1. why Colombia resisted US role Panama was region and owned by Colombia but US refused to acknowledge this US refused to sign any treaty where they didn't have complete sovereignty over the canal Colombia refused to give this up 1903, political unrest in Colombia and Panama leads to US sending battleship to support Panama uprising and block Colombia involvement, means US has complete sovereignty over canal with new treaty 2. physical obstacles New plan was a series of locks to raise ships instead of just at sea level Mountains, dam would have to be built for locks US used dynamite instead of how French used pick axes 3. racial issues Segregation still existed, a lot of people from the Carribbeans worked here Black workers were given poorer working conditions, almost no food or accommodations, 4x more likely to die than a white worker Completed in 1914

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that if Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justified in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington.

Muckrackers

a term coined for journalists who "raked up" and exposed corruption and problems of society Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform. term coined by Theodore Roosevelt

Dry Farming

a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture

Albert Fall: Teapot Dome

a) How did they transfer control over the Teapot Dome reserve? 1921, Fall got Harding to sign order 3474, transferred from navy department to department of interior, then sold Fall received bribes, 7.9 million, from Sinclair and Dehomey in exchange for oil protection rights b) Why was Albert Fall's conviction significant? Showed that big businesses could get off, so guilty until proven rich Fall was convicted of criminal conspiracy and piracy, first federal cabinet member to go to prison c) Who finally sold Teapot Dome? Control transferred back to navy, then sold in 1976 when drilling resumed, got money from federal govt Sold under Obama to private oil company in 2015

Ike's Foreign Policy in Egypt

a) Nasser Leader of Egypt, Nasser wanted to build dam on Nile Playing games with US, pit US against USSR, see what both sides have to offer for best deal Ike stepped out, said he wouldn't play game, so Nasser went with USSR b) Suez Canal Nasser nationalized canal Vital canal, allows sailing from England to China without going around Africa, located in Egypt but built by French and English dollars France and England pissed Nasser did this Israel knew as Egypt was Arab nation, could not use canal c) Israel, GB & France Launched coordinated attack on Egypt, didn't tell US Ike furious they'd moved without telling him, either those countries back off or aid ends So countries pulled back, Ika decides to Doctrine d) Eisenhower Doctrine Areas in Middle East are of vital national importance to America, where oil is Ike knew oil was America's blood

US Relations With Japan

a) Treaty of Portsmouth To Russo-Japanese war of 1902, TDR worked out treaty Japan felt cheated as it had won war b) Stimson Doctrine Japan went after Manchuria then Shanghai, Stimson Doctrine said it was taken illegitimately, didn't recognize as their territory Japan quit League of Nations

Constitutional Union Party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

Tet Offensive (January 1968)

although the Viet Cong suffered a major defeat, the attacks ended the American view that the war was winnable and destroyed the nation's will to escalate the war further.

Clara Bow [The "It" Girl]

an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s; her acting artistry and high spirits made her the premier flapper; leading sex symbol of the roaring twenties

J. Pierpont Morgan

an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

Alamo

an abandoned mission near San Antonio that became an important battle site in the Texas Revolution A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Direct Primaries

an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election Before a direct primary, political parties would choose candidates in close meetings or at political conventions. Thus, voters did not have such an impact on candidates which led to political corruption. A direct primary is when voters chose on their own terms who will represent their political party. This is a reform in line with socialist ideals as it works towards placing more power directly into the hands of the people. If voters can directly influence who represents them in political parties, it means they can insure their interests and ideals are represented.

Thomas W. Lawson

an erratic speculator who had himself made $50 million on the stock market, laid bare the practices of his accomplices in "Frenzied Finance." This series of articles, appeared in 1905-1906, magazine Everybody's.

American Protective Association (APA)

anti-Catholic, saw culture as a Protestant culture Sometimes called white anglo-saxon prostetants Only wanted English in schools, would not vote for Catholics if they ran for office Had agreement not to hire Catholics

Turner's Thesis

argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy Theory of Fredrick Jackson Tuner a historian which said that frontier had a lot to do with forming the American character. Frederick Jackson Turner, frontier thesis Manifest destiny dominated US ethos to expand US influence to bring democracy and capitalism to uncivilized frontier Pre-Civil War, wagon trails, Mexican American war, Gold Rush Post Civil War, settlement of Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, mining, ranching , farming Homestead Act, 160 acres of free land if developed Last Native American Wars Frederick Turner presented Frontier Thesis at AMerican Historical Association at World's Fair in Chicago Turner born in small town, went to university with focus on history, came up with thesis that these existence of free land expands American development Attributed frontier as essential to American character, described process of settlement Discussed lack of frontier meant American ideals and democracy would disappear His purpose was to support that frontier was essential to US, meant frontier was neglected study he wanted to bring light to His these was popular with historians of his era, challenged TR's idea that frontier wars, not settlement essential to America Can no longer expand within country, so must search farther afield

What was the impact of Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s?

as this was happening in sixties, increasing unrest in the country SC appeared to be tying hands of police so they couldn't handle growing unrest Part of Nixon's law and order campaign, SC cares more about victim than police

Warehouse Act of 1916

authorized loans on the security of staple crops

Merchant Marine Act of 1920

authorized the Shipping Board, which controlled about 1500 vessels, to dispose of much of the hastily built wartime fleet at bargain-basement prices

Custer's Last Stand/Battle of Little Big Horn

battle in which the Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, defeated the U.S. Army led by General Custer Before this battle, Sitting Bull had a vision that there would be a battle in which the Native Americans would win; Custer and his men were completely wiped out Natives won but brutal battle By the end American government. Still won as the Sioux lost territory and confined to smaller area

Seven Days Battle 1862

battle taking place near Richmond, Virginia (the C.S.A. capital) — Eastern Front — in which the South succeeded in driving back the North; however, both sides suffered major losses - series of American Civil War battles in which a Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee drove back General George B. ... McClellan's Union forces and thwarted the Northern attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

combined intellectual inquiry, social service work, and political activism; co-founded Hull House Founder of Hull House. Best-known for her work as a leader of the settlement house movement.

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States Nixon, establushed during WWII, after WWII increasingly concerned about presences of communists, paticuarly in film and enteratinemnt in agency Hollywood traditionally lfet wing, communists concerned of indoctrination through communist films Investigated actors, directors, producers, brought to testify in big circus Some refused to talk, right to not speak and not incriminate themself Humphrey Boggart and Berkman, protesting violation of rights, if you refused to testify or if someone tattled you would get blacklisted

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender Push back from other women, bc ERA means no discrimination based on sex Anita Ryan didn't want this, several laws which discriminated in favor of women, ERA never passed but Congress tried two times and Reagan gave extension, never got more than 20 states

Vertical Monopoly

controlling each step in production, from raw materials to shipping

Ida M. Tarbell

criticized companies' cutthroat competition, exposed the Standard Oil Company and its ruthlessness, called the company the "mother of all trusts" journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company

Dr. Harvey Wiley

criticized patent medicines which were largely unregulated, habit-forming, and normally did more bad than good. He and his "Poison Squad" used themselves as guinea pigs for experiments.

Recall

enable the voters to remove faithless elected officials, especially those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists

What were major strikes in the 1920s as a result of post-war dislocation?

es a) Seattle shipyard (1919) b) steel (1919) c) coal (1919 - Lewis) Coal miners wanted 60% pay raise Attorney general said no, strike leader tried to call off strike but didn't work Led to chaos in streets d) Boston police (1919) Boston police went on strike so didn't work Like the Purge, women raped burning buildings, people beating each other Gov of MA Coolidge said they had no right to strike against public safety, became a national figure bc of this, crime dropped dramatically

Treaty of 1846

established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Treaty between the United States and Great Britain that set the boundary of the Oregon Territory

Reservation Policy 1867

established by the US to consolidate the Indigenous people into one area; two large reservations were created in Oklahoma & the Dakotas

Attitudes & Norms of the Late 1960s-1970s

everything was political What you wore, hair makeup, speech, divisions btwn old and young Students for Democratic Society, 1968 took over office of president of Columbia University, giant sit-in 1967, Human Be-In, took over Golden Gate park, Leary was dropping attitude, chanting in Hindu and swaying and singing, race riots People threw eggs at Nixon as inauguration

Slavery As it Is

first hand accounts of slavery and its horrors. The work focuses on the afflictions that slaves faced, such as their diet, clothing, housing, and working conditions. In the book, Weld also discussed several pro-slavery arguments. Written by Theodore Dwight Weld

Virginia Writers' Project

formed in 1935 as part of the Works Progress Administration interviewed thousands of Virginians from all walks of life about their lives, work, and memories included oral histories from Virginians who had lived through slavery and the American Civil War (1861-1865)

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods Designed to keep inflation from happening Congress renewed after WWII< Truman vetoed, then it disbanded and inflation went thru ceiling Made Truman look stupid, eventually things righted themselves Prices settled but Truman looked stupid

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized" Goes to aspect of religion, phrase from poem by Kipling 1) Kipling English writer, reflecting on America's acquisition of the Philippines, poem which discusses responsibility of someone who is white to lift someone who is not white up Racist Manifested in a few ways 2) John Fiske: American Political Ideas Fiske looked at racial perspective, said there was Anglo-Saxon race, being tribes from which English people came Felt Anglo Saxons were morally superior so their responsibility to lift non white people up 3) Josiah Strong: Our Country Same concept but with religious spin Saw Anglo Saxon but also a Protestant Christian, so must spread Protesent Christianity as civilization to life people of color up Strong racism with some religion

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Why were progressives really not a concrete, single purpose movement?

inconsistency & contradictions everywhere; leaders differed from followers; some people took on more than one cause!

Cannibals All! (1857)

pro-slavery novel which argued paternalistic slavery protected blacks from becoming "wage slaves" in north

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor

Who were proponents of containment theory?

proponents: George Keenan If we practice containment, might offend soviet union and don't want to do it

Home Rule Regimes

regimes of previously seceded states who regained power of governments once the Republican regimes and Union troops left

La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915

required good treatment of America's sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result of the cost to maintain sailor health.

Hepburn Act (1906)

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates. After Wabash case, Congress created Interstate Congress Commission which required railroads to publish rates and rates had to be reasonable The Hepburn Act was an extension of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to be able to set a maximum that railroad rates could charge. This, along with being passed during Roosevelt's presidency, again represents his reforms of creating regulatory industries to corral monopolies.

Pollack v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co

ruled that income taxes on interest, dividends, and rents were unconstitutional. Nullified with 16th amendment in 1913. (1895) Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.

Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

secured the island of Taiwan from invasion by the People's Republic of China in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War

Independent: George Wallace

segregation, opposed big government Ran to represent conservatives

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act

serves to control the manufacturing, distributing, and dispensing of certain drugs War on Drugs, good intentions but didn't approach drugs scientifically Working on supply but the key was to get rid of demand

Helldorados

short-lived boomtowns characterized by the lack of law and order and the saloon. These were romanticized in later periods as the model of the "Wild West." They were called "Helldorados" because of the dangerous conditions in the mines, where 1 in 80 men died and 1 in 30 disabled, but the survivors lived well. Make a town in a week, drink, spend days finding gold, poker, prostitutes Easy pickings would dry up so would need machinery 3) transition to corporations Town would vanish as corporations move in to mine harder to find gold

Gold Standard Act of 1900

signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Dishonest Graft

stealing bribery, etc (William "Boss" Tweed)

Hamilton's Report on Manufactures

the United States needed to have a sound policy of encouraging the growth of manufacturing and secure its future as a permanent feature of the economic system of the nation. He argued these could be achieved through bounties or subsidies to industry, regulation of trade with moderate tariffs (not intended to discourage imports but to raise revenue to support American manufacturing through subsidy), and other government encouragement The principal ideas of the "Report" would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party. - wanted a protective tariff to grow American industries - downside was it would raise prices and mean less selection - didn't go through so passed Whiskey Tax instead

Departments Commerce & Labor

the cabinet department created in 1903 by Teddy Roosevelt to help with increasing antagonism between capital and labor Taft saw it and got it, but people promoting interest of commerce might not have interest with labor, so under Taft he split it Broke it into two different departments

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress - Southern states wanted to have more seats in House of Representatives

Hegemony

the domination of one state or group over its allies

NOW (1966)

the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members. National Orginization of Women, Title 7 a reality, wanted equal opportunity to enforce situation, fair access to jobs in workplace Pitched to middle and upper class women, lower class women didn't have time

Fordism

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

Battle of Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. - meant to keep US out of war - planned to have US compensated for weapons and such, keep war on the other side of the Atlantic

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land - deployed by Cubans during the Spanish-American War to prevent enemies from gaining control of resources - made Americans more sympathetic to Cuban cause for independence, unexpected because American sugar plantations burned down American businesses in Cuba because of sugar from sugar roots, made Cuba economically desirable and businesses invested Cubans in retaliation, if they were going to lose land would burn it so no one else could have it, burned down American plantations Americans heard of people in concentration camps and scorched earth generated more sympathy for Cubans

First Treaty of Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

McNary-Haugen Bill

this bill would have assisted farmers who badly needed price supports, but Coolidge vetoed it twice A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Playboy

this magazine, first published in 1955, helped to popularize and commercialize new standards of sensuous sexuality

Progressive Era?

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South With Brown, the chief justice of SC allowed sociological evidence in with the dolls Thurgood sowing psychological damage of segregation, internalize a sense of inferiority

Quasi War (1798-1800)

undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the French Republic and the United States, caused by the signing of Jay's Treaty between the UK and the US

Coxey's Army (1894)

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed. A protest march by unemployed workers; led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey.

What did the New Deal do for unions?

unions (section 7), part of the NRIA which said it was okay to use collective bargaining and encouraged people to join unions Benefited, part of law In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional, because Congress had unconstitutionally delegated legislative power to the president to draft the NRA codes. Promised workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining and encouraged many workers to join unions.

George Waring

using his "white ducks," he oversaw the development of sanitation systems in NY Wanted to clean up New York Streets, head of Sanitation Department

Ellijah Parish Lovejoy

was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views. - had his printing press trashed four times for his abolitionist views

Sick Man of Asia

what China became know as, as a result of being weakened by war and foreign intervention. Strong European nations began to carve out areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges No country had claimed China as a colony

Fulton's Folly

(1807) A steamboat with a special powerful engine, created by painter-engineer Robert Fulton, which the vessel was nicknamed after. The vessel sparked the steamboat craze. (4.6)

Robert Owen

- Utopian socialist - established community of his own in New Harmony, Indiana but it attracted radicals and thus failed - wanted better working conditions for factories - attempted to pass bill to limit working hours, it failed - founded Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

What did Virginia concede in order to make smaller states join union and even up debts from war?

- VA conceded land claims to west of Appalachia mountains to federal government - this land would come into play with the Northwest Land Ordinance and the Land Ordianance

What was the difference between War for Texas Independence and the Mexican American War?

- War for Texas Independence ~ fought between 1835-1836 over independence for Texas Americans at border of Mexico ~ Battle of the Alamo, where Santa Anna reclaimed the fort from American forces - Mexican American War ~ conflict between 1846-1848 ~ dispute over border between Mexico and America, the border was moved to the Rio Grande River

Nat Turner's Rebellion

- a slave rebellion led by Nat Turner that took place in Virginia in 1831 -preacher - impacted VA legislation, as VA legislation was considering ending slavery but then decided against it - plan was to go from plantation to plantation and take over

Connections between Manifest Destiny and the Second Great Awakening?

- because nation wanted to get back to God, they thought way to show they were saved was to spread values of the republic - make the world a better place through spreading American culture and republic as far as possible

Manifest Destiny

- belief that God wants people to go west to make America a border to border nation - mindset as preached in age of reforms was this land it yours to take - epitome of Manifest Destiny was John Winthrop and City on the Hill

Methods of the Second Great Awakening to Get Converts

- camp meetings, go back to faith, more optimistic - God saves everyone

Emerson

- changed poetic world with literature - wanted God to be in your own light

Lyman Beecher

- hated Catholics - co-founder of American Temperance Society - father of Catherine, Isabella, and Harriet Beecher Stowe who respectively advocated for education, woman's rights, and abolition - inspired Ursuline Convent Riots with anti-Catholic text of "A Plea for the West

Lorenzo Dow

- hated alcohol in time of common drinking - pushed until Maine became first dry state, so alcohol forbidden unless for medical reasons - led to riots in 1850

What was it like for children and adults to work in factories?

- horrible conditions, too young to work such long hours, bad ventilation - for some a way out of limited farming opportunities

McCormick 1831

- invented the reaper to enable crops more quickly

Howe

- invented the sewing machine - beginning of standard sizes

Ellery Channing

- look at God as single person who gives reason you can find wisdom in through scripture - Unitarians

How was the nation increasing before the 1840s?

- natural increase through reproduction as immigration didn't really kick in until the 1840s

Revolution of Roads Key Events

- people died building them and they were very expensive - Cumberland Roads to National Road

How did Mexico attempt to keep its territory from the Spanish?

- populating the land, so allowing American settlers into modern day Texas to keep the land

Key Concepts of Second Great Awakening

- priesthood of all believers - equality for all - everyone is responsible for salvation to make the world a better place - led to age of reformers

Samuel Slater

- smuggled a design of spinning machine to the United Sates - first water powered factory in the country - used child labor - father of American factory system

Slavery Between 1607-1700

- triangle trade with the middle passage - 1619, first African slaves arrive in America in Jamestown - Barbados Slave Code, deprived slaves of basic rights - Bacon's Rebellion, people stopped using indentured servants so slavery grow in prominence in 1670s - agricultural differences between north and south mean slavery more prominent in southern plantations - new laws passed to make slavery more racial - monopoly on slavery held by Royal African Slave trade is dropped so slavery grows at rapid rate

Revolution of Canals

- water was cheaper to travel than roads - need river to connect to where you want though - DeWitt connects Buffalo to Albany with Erie Canal - connected bread basket of America so Manhattan becomes bigger and bigger as goods pass through it - how New York came to oustrip Pennsylvania - other states attempted to build canals and get ahead, hence the Crash of 1837

What was the first revolution in terms of power in America?

- water, so steam power - locate factories near fast flowing streams to harness power to turn something - boil water to create steam and capture to build up pressure to push things like wheels

Lowell's Factory Girls

- went to work in factories from living on farms to earn money for dowry

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. - under Thomas Jefferson's presidency - Napoleon decided to sell land as revolutions led by Touissant L'Overture on Haiti made him realize he couldn't control vast tracts of land - Jefferson had sent Monroe and Livingston to spend no less than $10 million for access to New Orleans and the Mississippi River - bought all of Louisiana for $15 million - West had reaction of happy for more land to settle - New England and East had more opposition as new land shifted focus of nation away from the coast

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. -

3/5 Compromise (1787)

3/5 of slave pop. counted for enumeration purposes addresses distribution of slaves, and gives more appointment of members in US House of Representatives

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831 and founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slaveholders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession. - burned Constitution - was dragged through streets of Boston with a noose

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. - had comfort of emotion which Unitarianism lacked - intuition transcends reason - get away from cities and go into nature

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

A procedure in the House of Representatives by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so that they could not become the subject of debate. Signifies the growing divisiveness of the slavery issue in the 1830's and 1840's. - John Quincy Adams went into Congress after presidency and spent years fighting to get ride of rule

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. - under James Madison's presidency

Commercial Compromise 1787

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree. - don't talk about slavery for the next twenty years and 3/5 compromise

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820) - no more importation of slaves

Unitarians

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. - people who were this tended to be important people - drawback was lack of emotion comfort

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation (1775)

British offered slaves freedom in exchange for fighting against the colonists

Election of 1844

Candidates: Henry Clay (Whigs- in an upset over Van Buren) and James Polk (Democrat). Polk favored expansion, demanded that Texas and Oregon be added to the US and Clay had already spoken out against annexation. Polk won the election by the difference of one state (NY, because some of its votes went to the Liberty Party candidate, losing Clay the state) Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. - rise in demand for more public voice as common citizens saw the politicians had screwed up, so therefore should have vote too - suffrage for poor white men meant black men lost vote

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. - Tariff of 1816, which Hamilton advocated for, protective tariff - internal improvements at federal expense, national road

First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s

Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches.

Battle of San Jacinto (1836)

Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy. - under John Adam's presidency

Charles Finney

Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all - advocate for social reform - President of Oberlin college, which allowed African Americans and women to study

Calhoun's Bonus Bill

Madison vetoes it (1817) Wasn't written out in the general welfare clause that the government could build roads and canals When the second bank is chartered, the bank is a private institution, and the bank has to pay for itself to be re-chartered The government wanted to use the money to build canals and roads (1817) was to give 1.5 million to states for internal improvements but was vetoed by Madison due to a strict constructionist interpretation of the bill

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Joint Resolution of 1845

President Tyler's successful measure to admit Texas as a state in the Union at the end of his presidency

George Ripley

Protestant minister who launched a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts. His goal was to achieve "a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor" - around 70 members of Brooke Farms - Harvard graduate and became a preacher - started transcendentalist club - Brooks Farm failed as fire destroyed building and prompted debt and failure

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. - came up with concept of individual grades - spread throughout New England and other states but never reached the South as much because the South is always a little behind - with better education came a rise in literacy so more newspapers, each political party had a newspaper

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Emerson and Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - Poet, philosopher, "The American Scholar." Thoreau - Poet, mystic, "Walden: Or Life in the Woods."

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown. *Historical Significance:* Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.

John Deere (1837)

United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)

Jackson v. Tyler

When the Whigs elected Harrison they were prepared for the making of a dynasty, with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster to round out the picture. But when Harrison dies 32 days into office of pneumonia, Tyler ascends to the presidency even though he was an afterthought as vice president. As president Tyler differentiated from the views of his party, alienating their support.

54 40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.