AP World - All Terms

Tale of Genji

Heian Japan, 1010, written by Lady Shikibu Murasaki - world's first novel, written in Japanese Japanese novel about Heian court life

White Face Painting

Heian Japan, quest for beauty in courts, painting

Imperialists in Pacific

19th century whalers, merchants, and missionaries go to Pacific islands as ports. Want sandalwood, sea slugs, send Roman Catholic Missionaries, and protestant churches. Late 19th century nationalist rivalries claim Pacific. Want reliable coaling stations for steam ships and navy port. France take Tahiti, Society Islands, Marqueses, New Caldoneia. Britian takes Fiji. Germany takes Marshal Islands. Tonga only independent kingdom

Xia dynasty

1st effort to organize public life, try to stop flooding, Yu founder, cities and metallurgy, palace type structures at capital Erlitou, hereditary monarch precedent

Belgium Independence

1st to follow the French in revolution for Independence. Union with Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna doesn't work, Nationalism rises suddenly in 1830.

Parliment

2 Burgesses and 2 knights for every country to serve

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918

20 million dead, wartime traffic on land and sea probably contributed to the spread of the infection

Bronze Metallurgy

2800 BC

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership. Wilson's 14 Points: principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I

Aztec Calendar

3 systems 1) Solar (365 days), 2) Lunar (260 days), 3) Venus (584 days), align every 52 years

Punic Wars

3 wars with Carthage, economic competition, Hannibal of Carthage attacks Peninsula in second

Axum

300 BC- 600 ADCoptic Christians, patriarchal, East Africa, King Ezana invades Nubia Kush and takeover, Ethiopia to Red Sea, monarchy, Islam spread and they didn't convert, distanced from trade and declines, converted to Christianity for relations with Rome, Geez language, Africa/Middle East mix, King Ezana converts everyone to Christianity, Adulis-major trade city connecting Africa, India, and Mediterranean

Egypt

365 day solar calendar, annual flood of Nile deposit silt, irrigation canals. Royalty, nobles, and priests on top, then artisans, scribes, merchants, and tax collectors. Below them farmers and on the bottom slaves. Farmers are majority. Arid climate, hieroglyphs, papyrus, Book of Dead (funerary text to assist dead person's journey). Akenton was a monotheistic pharaoh and was erased. Pyramids, mummification, trade with NE Africa and Mesopotamia.

Trung Sisters

39 CE, revolt, children of a desposed local leader Vietnamese sisters who launched a major revolt against the Chinese presence in Vietnam. during the Han dynasty, against Chinese rule

Captialism

An economic system based on competition

Fief

An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty any land in feudalism

Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.

Okra

Combine African okra with European sauteed onions and American shellfish to make gumbo. Hybrid cuisine

Creole languages

European languages are the dominant tongue in slave societies, but creole languages develop. Creole = tounge that drew on several African and European languages ex: Gullan and Geechee

Dresden

German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945

Modernization & Westernization

M: using most advanced technology, design or idea W: often advanced ideas rely on W European/US/Japanese cultural factors that might conflict with local norms & values

Benedict

Man who created rules for how a monk should live, saint

Slavs

People from the forests north of the Black Sea. In the early days were tribes with no unity, ask the Viking cheif to be their king and grows into Kiev

Peninsulares

People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain.

Polis

Greek city state

Land V Maritime empires

Portuguese and Ming are sea empires. Muslim empires, Russia, and Qing are land empires.

Silk Roads

Spreads trade, missionaries, diploats, and the Bubonic plague

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

WTO

The World Trade Organization - an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

Roman Catholic Church

The branch of Christianity headed by the pope. Arose from Rome after the splitting of the Roman Empire.

The Great Schism

The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE) Roman Catholic - Western Eastern Orthodox - Byzantine

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

Marshall Plan

US economic plan that provided economic aid to Western Europe

Illuminated Manuscript

a decorative art of the Middle Ages characterized by large ornate capitals and decorated borders

capitalism

an economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities. Private parties own land, machinery, and raw materials needed, economic decisions are in hands of businessmen. Businessmen compete with one another and forces of supply and demand determine prices. Banks appear in major cities during this time period in Europe that hold funds for safekeeping and granted loans to merchants or entrepreneurs. Their are also business newsletters with reports on prices and insurance companies mitigated financial losses from risky financial undertakings on large scale.

icon

an image; a symbol; a representation of a holy person, esp. in the Orthodox Christian churches

Sea of Marmara

an inland sea in northwestern Turkey connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea The body of water between the Bosporus and the Dardanelles Right on Constantinople

The Sino- Japanese War

anti-foreign rebellion in Korea in 1893 and Qing sent to restore order and reassert Chinese influence in Korea. Japan declares war on China and Japan destroys their fleet and push Qing out of Korea. Japan unequal treaty over China. For Korean coal

Julius Ceasar

conquer Gaul, dictator, centralize military and government, property to vets, building projects, extend citizenship, stabbed

Sargon of Akkad

conquer Sumer states one by one, 1st empire, offensive against sumerian city states, travel with army from city to city causing resentment and rebellion, took control of trade and natural resources, tax. Collapse from invasion and rebellion

Orthodox

conventional, doing it by the book, sticking to established principles

Varna

each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman(preists), Kshatriya(warriors), Vaishya(common people,merchants, artisans, farmers) , and Shudra(unskiled, servants) . (pariahs bottom, untouchables, slaves)

Mesoamerica

earliest hunt/gather only, cultivation, squashes, manoic, beans, chili peppers, avocados, gourds, maize, tomatoes, turkeys, small dogs

Mercantilism

economic system where the state interferes in free trade for the benefit of the country

Patricians

elite class of Rome

Rig Veda

first of the vedas

Sun Yatsen

first president of the Chinese republic. The republic turns to anarchy and economic disintegration. Warlords established themselves as provincial or regional rulers. Neglect irrigation, revive opium trade, decline economic investments. Foreigners involved in Chinese society and impair its sovereignty. He was the most prominent nationalist leader, didn't believe in communism. He believed in no special privileges to foreigners, national reunification, and democracy. Want to bring whole country under Guomindang Nationalist party.

Gao

first trading city in Mali, becomes captial of Songhay when the people of this city begin conquering and start Songhay empire

Chinampas

floating gardens. Mesoamerican (Aztec)

Cult of Dionysus

mostly women, devotees to the god of wine

Jatis

more divided Varnas by occupation

Spread Buddhism

most prominent on Silk Road, merchant converts, monasteries and missionaries appeal to local chinese

Chavin cult

spiritual belief in Andes, large temples, elaborate work, deities with humans, wild animals

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu. Buddhist Hindu Temple in Cambodia. Was Hindu becomes Buddhist with increased popularity of Buddhism

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British writer who wrote A Vindication of Rights of Women. Argues that women possessed all the same rights that Locke granted to men. Insist on women's right to education.

Thich Quang Duc

Buddhist monk who burned himself to death in June 11, 1963 to protest persecution of Buddhists during Ngo Dinh Diem administration

Mahayana Buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on the compassion of the Buddha, gained popularity w/ Silk Road Monasteries important in the local economies (agriculture) Introduced chairs & refined sugar less strict, Buddha as divine, greater vehicle, church accepts gifts from wealthy

Dunhuang caves

Buddhists temples/carvings in caves in china

Declaration of Independence

American Revolution. 1776, drew deep inspiration from Enlightenment political thought. Included unalienable rights that echo John Locke's "consent of governed". Has a long list of British abuses and proclaim colonies of the 13 colonies are free, independent states from British control

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American suffragist who organized conferece of feminists at Sennaca Falls, NY in 1848. Passed 12 resolutions demanding law makers grant women more rights equivalent to men (right to vote, public schools, enter professions, participate in public affairs)

Trench Warfare/No Mans Land

Barbed wire around No-Mans-Land (territory between opposing trenches). Countries are fighting a battle front between trenches. The land between trenches was called no mans land

Phonecians

Canaan, semetic language, city states independent, trade and communication networks, polytheism, Mediterranean sea, industry, red and purple textiles from shells, alphabet, sea trade

Prince Henry the Navagator

Portuguese, explore the west coast of Africa during the first half of the fifteenth century. Pioneering explorations

Diaz

Portuguese, first to sail to cape of good hope (tip of Africa) sails 1477-1478

da Gama

Portuguese, sailed to India and back in 1497-1499

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Neoconfucianism

Song attempt to encourage traditional Chinese traditions while still valuing Buddhist thought Zhu Xi (12th century) - Family Rituals - provided instructions for various affairs Illustrates deep influence of Buddhism in China & influenced east Asian thought long-term (Korea, Vietnam & Japan) In post classical China, a mixture of traditional Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru. Coordinated with Simon Bolivar

Balkans

States in the Balkan Peninsula, including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Golden age of Muslim Culture

influences of math, science, astronomy, medicine, literature, which lead to scholarships, learning, and universities that were encouraged 750-850, Abbasid

Impacts of Muslim golden age

influences of math, science, astronomy, medicine, literature, which lead to scholarships, learning, and universities that were encouraged 750-850, Abbasid

Yangtzi

intensive agriculture, rice paddies, elaborate irrigation. S

Nationalism

Loyalty to a group of people that share common culture and history

Third Reich

Hitler wants to expand into Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich. Goes against German promise to not have Austrian/German alliance. Germany annexed Austria 1938 and France and Britain do nothing. Germany demands the German speaking part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland be given to Germany, Czechs ask France for help.

Independence of Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh start communist party that led strikes against the French who colonized Vietnam. His Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics to confine french in cities. French suffer defeat Diem Bien Phu and surrender. (Vietnam split at 17th parallel)

Teotihuacan

Mexican highlands, lakes, irrigation (some channels), pyramids (sun and moon), paintings and murals, fish waterfowl, polytheism, social classes, job specialization, orange pottery, obsidian tools, extensive trade and exchange networks, no defense walls, little military, all books destroyed, jaguars

agrarian

domesticating plants

Etruscans

dominate Italy between 8th and 5th century, thriving cities and established political and economic alliances between their settlements, bronze, iron, gold, silver, and fleet influence early Rome and beginning of Rome was a monarchy and several kings were Etruscans

Interdependence

during the 19th century countries become economically dependent on each other. For example, India and England

Dharma

duties of male in each Varna

Dharma

duties of the male in the varna

hominids

great apes, intelligent, make stone tools, fire

Shah Abbas

"Abbas the Great", 1587-1629, rules the Safavid empire at its height. Troops are christian boys pressed into slavery, use weapons from Europe. Shahs(Kings) begin to control religion and politics, using shia practices to legitimize rule. Beautifies the capital at Isfahan. Encourage craft production, some trade with Portuguese fleet, 1622 take straight of Hormuz. Patronize the arts and spread Persian culture. Regain capital from Ottoman, strong military. Largest architectual movement is Imam Mosque

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Guillotine

"The National Razor" device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading. Up to 800 per day, caused great fear and paranoia among people because some were beheaded based solely on suspicion of supporting monarchy

Vijayanagar

(1336-1565 in Deccan), one of the regional Hindu Southern- India rulers with less warfare than the North, Hindu with Muslim trade.

Kublai Khan

(1260-1294), Invaded China, overthrew Song rulersz and created the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), Extended Mongol rule beyond China to Korea and a bit of SE Asia, Failed to make large inroads in SE Asia(climate) and failed to invade Japan (Typhoons during both attempts in 1274 and 1281). Travel improves due to safety, trade increases, windmills, gunpowder, compass, porcelain, and playing cards went west while crops and trees were carried east. Mongol received highest government posts, many palaces in Beijing, Improved agriculture and infrastructure(roads repaired and Grand Canal extended), royal mail system on horseback

Immediate Events that led to WWI

1) Assassination of the Archduke 2)Nationalist Aspirations - Dynastic powers ignore the self-determination movements and deny national autonomy. Russia supports Serbian-Slavic nationalism in Austria-Hungary and Germany backs Austria Hungary 3) The Naval Race - Germany increases their navy with many large battleships, which undermines British supremacy. British government moved to meet the German threat by constructing supreme battle ships called dreadnoughts with high-speed and steam turbines. Increases tension 4) Colonial Disputes- countries face off in the quest for colonization. Between 1905 and 1914 local wars raise tensions (French and German fight over Morocco in 1905. Germany supported Moroccan independence and France threatened war. 1912-1913 the Balkan states fought 2 wars for possession of European territories held by the Ottoman empire which strained European diplomatic relations) 5) Public Opinion - Citizens wanted their nation to outshine the others. Desire to see their country "come first". New communication networks fuels this desire. 6) Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia 7)Germany declares war on Russia (Germany had Austria-Hungary's back) 8)France Mobilizes 9)Germans declare war on France 10) Schlieffen Plan 11) Britian sends letter to Germany for Belgium's neutrality, Germans ignore, Britian declares war on Germany

Treaty of Versailles

1919, France requires Germany to accept sole responsibility for war and wants them to have smaller military. Denies Germany of a navy and airforce, limits German army, deny Germany/Austrian union, Germany pay for war, France takes back Alsace and Lorraine, Saraland given to France (source coal), Demilitarized zone for Germany near France, give Poland German land that had access to the Sea

The Treaty of Versallies

1919, France requires Germany to accept sole responsibility for war and wants them to have smaller military. Denies Germany of a navy and airforce, limits German army, deny Germany/Austrian union, Germany pay for war, France takes back Alsace and Lorraine, Saraland given to France (source coal), Demilitarized zone for Germany near France, give Poland German land that had access to the SeaEu

Pan-Africanism

1920s movement "Pan Africanism" emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. Congress organized by WEB Dubois. 1st met in Paris 1919. Allies ignored them, but it created a tradition a cooperation among Africans

Frederick (II) the Great

1740-1786, Absolute monarch, United Prussia, Expanded boundaries across central Europe, Gained land from the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Skilled diplomat & master strategist in war (flanking attack & horse-drawn artillery unit), composer and flutist, tolerant of all religions , constructed many libraries & museums, taught peasants how to grow potato crops, never married

Jeremy Bentham

1748-1832 British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815. Representatives that defeated Napoleon (Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) attempt to restore pre-revolutionary order. Under the guidance of foreign minister of Austria Kelmns von Metternich congress dismantled Napoleons empire, returned sovereignty to Europe's royal families, restore thrones lost, and create diplomatic power based on balance of power (give territories to countries around France to strengthen them) Central goal to suppress national conciseness. Reestablish European monarchs, reactionary policy. Efforts to restore ancien regime had limited success. It survives for almost a century until global war in 1914. It was impossible to suppress popular sovereignty

Mussolini's Italy

1926 Mussolini has total power as dictator (II Duce). Eliminate other parties, curb freedom of the press, no free speech or association. A Special Tribunal for The Defense of the State silences political dissent. Crush labor unions and prohibit strikes. Vague order of corporatism, where they believe society is an organic entity through which different interest in society under control of state. 1938 antisemetic laws, may be from friendship with Hitler

End of Korean War

1953 cease-fire agreement with almost same borders as before. Korea still divided with DMZ.

Japanese geography

4/5 of the land is too mountainous to farm Close to Korea (cultural diffusion from China through Korea) Sea offered plentiful food resources & thriving fishing industry Forces of Nature: volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis → fear & respect for nature Archipelago formed by volcanoes in the "Ring of Fire": Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu & Shikoku 4,000 islands, south mild weather and rain, mostly mountainous, typhoons, earthquakes, tidal waves

Great Purge

5 year plan generated controversy after the disaster of collectivization and ruthlessness raised doubts about Stalin. Stalin incited a civil war within the party with highly publicized trials of former Bolshevik elites for treason and purge 2/3 of delegated. Stalin removed all people under suspicion

Migration

50 million uropeans migrate to temperate climate places as free agents as cultivators, herders, mining, fledgling. Go to Canada, Argentina, New Zealand, and S Africa. 32 Million go to US for either farmland or city factory jobs Migrants from Asia, Africa, and Pacific islands. Most leave from China or India. Generally traveled as indentured servants. Went mostly to tropical and subtropical lands in Americas, Caribbean, Africa, and Oceania. Work on sugar plantations in Americas and Indians work on South African mines Development of transoceanic empires and a global capitalistic society increase migrants significantly. Migrants relocate to cities leading to significant increase in global urbanization. Migrants move in search of work and economic opportunities. This migration produced a variety of consequences. First, migrants tended to be able due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, so women took on new roles at home like jobs that were formally filled by men. Migrants also created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks (Examples: Little Italy, Chinatown).

Nika Rebellion

532, racing fans take of Hippodrome and made uprising against high taxes, Justinian kills thousands of them

English Civil War

642-1649, English kings (Charles I) tried instituting new tax without parliament. Political tensions start. The kings support church with ornate ceremonies and bishop hierarchy but Puritans in parliament want to purify the church. Parliament and King Charles I cannot cooperate, both raise army, ends in King's beheading

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror/Convention, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

caste system

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life, usually associated with specific occupations

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.

The Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Want universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religon, free public education, secularization of state, emancipation of women. 1908 they force Abdul to restore parliment and constitution. 1909 dethrone him and Mehmen V Rashid puppet sultan

Steppe

A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon. Peace with Roman Catholic church, public schooling, freedom of religon, secret police, get rid of freedom of speech, bring back slavery

Totalitarian

A country in which a dictator or small group controls every part of the citizens lives

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation. Buffer states of Soviet Union

Nation-state

A country who's population share a common identity. An independent country united under one government and linked by a common culture and language

Taro

A plant with a starchy root, cultivated in Pacific Islands

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict. European policy towards Hitler at the Munich Conference in 1938

Duma

After Bloody Sunday, Tsar agrees to reforms and to grant more rights like freedom of speech. He sets up a national legislature called Duma, but it has limited powers and did little to relieve peasant and worker discontent

Cyrus

Achamenid conqueror, military strategist, free jews, rule from Pasargadae

Darius

Achamenid emperor, extended empire East and West, administrator, Satrap (agents of central administration oversee affairs in various regions), divide realm into 23 satrapies, coins from Lydians, spy network, write down laws, royal road, postal service on royal road, regular taxes, Persepolis capital, religous tolerance

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women). Deprives king of legislative authority and establishes a constitutional monarchy and fundamental political rights. Men of property could vote to choose legislators

Indian Ocean Exports

Africa- ivory, mangrove, coconuts, tortoise, cowrie shells, slaves Arabia- dates, whale oil, carpets, incense India- pots, glassware, cloth

Jazz/Blues/Soul

African music sense of home and community, cultural grounding, and belonging. Jazz/Blues/Soul mirrors difficult and chaotic circumstances of Black life in America

Benazir Bhutto

After a few changes of power becomes the prime minister of Pakistan. She was removed from office in 1996 and Nawaz Sharif became prime minister.

Mudken Incident

After prime minster killed the military steps in and wants to invade China to help our economy. Mudken Incident is when Japan bombs their own railroad in Manchuria and blames it on China as pretext to invade China and get around Kellogg-Briand Pact

zoroastrianism

Ahursa Mazda supreme diety, fights against evil diety Angra Mainyu, souls have judgement, Magi=priest, Zarathurstra is the creator who Ahursa Mazda chose as a prophet. Gathas = hymns, Avesta = compiled scriptures into a holy book. Persian. Impact Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Monotheistic

Din-i-llahi

Akbar tries to unite all religons (Hindu) under one faith "divine faith", no one picks it up. Mughal dynasty

Al-jabr

Algebra, Golden age of Muslim Culture algebra; mathematics created by Al-Khwarizmi

Italian gains in Africa

Allies offer Italy land if they switch to the Allies. Italy wanted Lybia, which was an Ottoman Territory. They had to switch sides in order to obtain it after the Allies won.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc). US in Latin America post WWI

Massacre at Tiananmen Square

As living standards improved, the gap between the rich and the poor widened. The public began to think party officials were profiting from their positions. Citizens in China began to learn of western democracy. In 1989, 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing and protested for democracy. Hunger strikes. Instead of considering reform, Deng declared martial law and ordered about 100,000 troops to surround Beijing. On June 4th, tanks smashed through barricades and sprayed gunfire into crowds of students. Killed hundreds and wounded thousands. Marked beginning of massive government campaign to stomp out protest.

Perciles

Athenian general who used Delian league funds to transform Athenian empire in Peloponesian war

Solon

Athenian who encourage cash crops

Hun

Attila makes them unstoppable military, dissapear after he dies, fight Hungary, Rome frontiers, Gaul, N Italy, and germanic

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Becomes leader of Haiti Revolution after Boukman's death. Educated and Intelligent former slave. Napoleon tricks him with a peace offering and sends him to jail in France.

King Leopold II

Belgian King who created his own personal colony of the Congo (Congo Free State) in Central African Rainforest. Drives Muslim traders out of area to consolidate slaves for himself. Get rubber (for tires in industrial revolution - highly profitable) from area but horrible to indigenous Africans. 1908 Belgian state takes over Congo from Leopold and get rid of worst abuses but still continue with the rubber trade there.

Theravada Buddhism

Believed Buddha was a great teacher, not a god branch of Buddhism that follows the teachings of the Buddha exactly; smaller branch

Socialism

Between capitalism and communism. Some private ownership and some public ownership. Government should help people out

Chrisitanity

Bible and New Testament, Jesus opens gate to Heaven, peace, love, justice, equality, monasteries, appeal to lower class, many interpretations, seen as threat to empire

Kiev

Black Sea to Baltic Sea, three great rivers were Dniper, Don, and Volga, early days Slavs with no unity, Slavs invite the Viking chief to be their king, found Novgorod, grows into a state ruled by a prince. Mongols conquer and rule for 200 years

Bolivar's Jamaica Letter

Bolivar says that Latin America must break from a parasitic Spain and outlines his principles in the context of his recent failures at uniting and republicanizing the governments of Latin America. Shows creoles have economic cause for rebellion. It was Spanish greed that hurt American economy and made society like serfs for Spain

Young Ottomans

Bureaucrats, government officials who were not happy with equality and central laws. Want local control, not Sultan more power. In 1876 switch out monarch and put constitution with parliament with most of the power in place. Abdul Hamid II becomes the "Puppet Sultan" but he dissolves the parliament, kills people, gets rid of the constitutions, dissolves parliment, and executes liberals. He rules autocratically to unite and oversaw police formation, education reforms, economic development, and construction of railroads. Liberal opposition groups. Ottomans become aware of need for politcal reform and written constitution for sultan power. Lead to Young Turks

Deng Xiaoping

By 1980 he was the most powerful leader in China. Willing to use capitalist ideals to help China's economy. Four Modernizations

Caudillos

By the 1830s Latin America mostly ruled by these charismatic strongmen called Caudillos from the creole class

Istanbul

Capital of Ottoman empire, conquered in 1453 (known as Constantinople) by Mehmed II, renamed. city prospers from trade location which controls of Bosporous straight linking the Aegean and Black Sea. Topkapi palace located here, meeting place for imperial court.

Adam Smith

Capitalism, government not involved in economy. devoted special thought to the nature of early capitalist society and the principles that made it work. His book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth" championed free, unregulated markets and capitalist enterprise as the principal ingredient of prosperity, Smith's optimism sprang from his conviction that society as a whole benefits when individuals pursue their own economic interests

Corazon Aquino

Challenged Marcos in 1986 election for Filipino president and won but Marcos refused to acknowledge her victory. Public outcry resulted and he was forced to exile in Hawaii. Philippines recovered the $475 million he stole. During Aquino's presidency a new constitution was ratified and ended US lease for military bases. Her successor was Fidel V Ramos in 1992. The Philippines faced rebels called Moros who were Muslims who wanted independence. (MNLF)

Stanley and Livingstone

Charted the interior of Africa and published amazing stories that created an interest in Africa & created the scramble for Africa. Stanley went around and had local clan chiefs sign treaties turning over their lands and labor to Leopold

Canton

Chinese port in south One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.

Methodius

Christian missionaries, brother of Cyril, created alphabet for Slavs (Cyrillic)

Armenians

Christians in the Ottoman Empire, who faced genocide during World War I. War provides pretext for Ottomans to exterminate 2 million Armenians. (non-Muslims) who had nationalist feelings

Early Japanese traditions

Clans known as "uji" had their own chief and a special diety, Yamato clan came to dominate a corner of Honshu, Yamato claimed direct descent from the sun goddess (Amaterasu) & early emperors were revered as living gods. Yamato became the early emperors

Muhammad Ali in Egypt

Commander of Ottoman and Egyptian governor, wants Egypt to have an export so he establishes raw cotton production as an export. Ultimately ends up in debt

Czechslovakia

Communist Soviets seize power here while congress debates Marshall plan. Leads to Marshall plan being passed

North Korea aftermath

Communist dictator Kim II Sung established collective farms, developed heavy industry, and built up the military. After his death in 1944, Kim Jong II took power. Under him, they developed nuclear weapons but had bad economy.

Vietminh

Communist group led by Ho Chi Minh in Northern Vietnam

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American, and the United States. run away slaves from plantation communities, gather and raid plantations. Military experience from Africa, communities flourished, some survive for centuries (Saramanka)

Balance of power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Specialized Production of India in the Indian Ocean Basin

Cotton Textiles, Carpet Weaving, Sugar Refining, Leather Tanning, Stone Carvings, Iron and Steel Production

Cuban Revolution

Cuba wants to overthrow Batista, an unpopular dictator. Fidel Castro leads the revolution. The US had supported Batista. Bring communism to Cuba

Czechslovakian revolt

Czech leader loosen communist ideals. Warsaw pact nations invade Czech. Say they had the right to prevent satellites from rejecting communism

gunpowder

Daoist alchemists in China, used by mid-tenth century in warfare (spread to Europe by late 1200s)

Afrikaners/Boers

Dutch living in South Africa, there before British come. Have slavery of local Khoikhoi and Xhosa

Foreign Trade in China

EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL PRESENCE LIMITED, PORTUGUESE - PORT OF MACAU, BRITISH - PORT OF CANTON (NOW GUANGZHOU), FOREIGN MERCHANTS FORCED TO DEAL SOLELY WITH LICENSED CHINESE FIRMS CALLED COHONGS, CURRENCY OF TRADE: SILVER BULLION

Soviets

Each city has it's own Soviet, start as workers and soldiers council. Trotsky was the chairman for the Petrograd Soviet. Taken over by the radical Socialist Party. Lenin and the communists gained control and created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union.

The Medicis of Florence

Family who ran the Italian City state of Florence during the Renaissance, Prominent banking business (& textiles), Cosimo de Medici gained control of Florence in 1434, Graduated income tax (wealthier citizens paid more), Used the tax revenue to improve the city (sewers & paved streets), Lorenzo de Medici "The Magnificent" 1469-1492, Patron (supporter) of artists, philosophers, writers & public festivals

The Indian National Congress

Founded 1885 with British approval, forum of educated Indians to communicate their view on public affairs to colonial officials. Representatives argue about Indian poverty, the transfer of wealth from India to Britain, trade and tariff policies that harmed Indian businesses, the inability of colonial officials to provide effective relief for regions stricken by drought or famine, and British racism toward Indians. By the end of the nineteenth century, the congress openly sought Indian self-rule within a larger imperial framework. 1909 colonial authorities grant limited franchise that allow wealthy Indian to elect reps. to local legislative council. Indian nationalists call for immediate independence (boycotts on British goods, few turn to violence). Powerful nationalist movement that brings Indian Independence 1947.

Rosseau

Genevan enlightened philosopher. Wrote The Social Contract in 1762, which was a book based on Locke's contract. "Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains". Believed sovereignty rested with the people and people had the right to remove an oppressive government and replace it with one devoted to the common good. Right to rebel

German Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan to avoid fighting and a war at two fronts (East and West). Germany sneak attacks France by going through Belgium. Swiftly attack France then use German rail system to move attention to Eastern front (Russia)

Ghana/Mali/Songhay

Ghana - earliest powerful kingdom in W Africa, 4th and 5th century. Control and tax trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt and gain financial resources for large army and influence W Africa. Kings convert to Islam 1000. Salt comes from N of Ghana and Gold from SW, Ghana provides security for merchants and is hot spot for trade. Cities Jenne, Timbuktu, and Gao. 11th and 12th century decline Mali - 13th century Mali replace Ghana as preeminent power, control trans-Saharan trade like Ghana did, control along Niger river. Mansa Musa ruler who is Muslim, goes on Hajj, and gives away gold to inflation in other places. He puts Timbuktu on the map. Builds mosques with baked mud bricks, re-coat mosques every year as festival. Security for trade at Mali, after Mansa Musa death decline. 1400 decline Songhay - 15th century Mali weaken and Songhay takes place, based on trade city at Gao, Songhay was a city state at Gao early 8th century that in the 15th century took over Mali authority. City state of Gao use war canoes and cavalry to set up Songhay, conquest along Niger River with force, rise up and take neighbors. 1464 ruler of Songhay Sunni Ali campaign to conquer neighbors, bring Timbuktu and Jenne under control, and dominate Niger valley. Sunni Ali builds elaborate administration and military apparatus. Governors oversee Providences with hierarchy of command in military. Created imperial navy to patrol Niger River. Extends authority. Trans-Saharan trade bring Salt, Textiles, and metal goods south in exchange for gold and slaves. Emperors are Muslim, value Islam as cultural foundation w Muslim merchants. More Muslim then ever before. Fall of Songhay 1591, musket-bearing Moroccans trekked Sahara and open fire on Songhay, people revolt @ same time. As Songhay crumbles, small city- sates emerge.

Allah

God of Islam, believed by Muhammad to rule the universe, that idolatry and recognition of other gods amounted to wickedness, and that --- would soon bring judgement on the world

Al-Khwarizmi

Golden age of Muslim Culture, Persian mathematician, astronomer, and astro-geographer

Arabic Numerals

Golden age of Muslim Culture, learned through Muslim Arabs, enabled them to develop impressive tradition of advanced mathematics, concentrating on algebra, trig, and geometry

Alhambra

Golden age of Muslim Culture, palace in spain

Ibn Sina

Golden age of Muslim Culture, works with medicine, cannon on medicine that lasts 500 years, house of medicine in Baghdad, works with appendicitis

Sinan

Greatest of all Ottoman architects; built 81 mosques including Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia was the most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I in Constantinople and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Mehmed II order Hagia Sophia be turned into a Mosque after his 1453 seize of Constantinople. Added minarets. Each year Ottoman sultans add more to the mosque to beautify and support it.

Mezitos

Half spanish - Half Native people

Wudi

Han, most reason for Han success, centralization, military expansion, roads, canals, tax, monopolies, imperial university with Confucianism for bureaucracy, salt and iron monopoly, imperial expansion

King Sejong

Hangul (phonetic alphabet) literacy ↑, during the Choson dynasty person who commissioned scholars to create a system to replace the complex Chinese writing system Korea's most celebrated ruler, 1397-1450, royal academy established, encourage new form of typing w copper plates, made sure his people were fed and comfy, improve agriculture, carry out agriculture experiments

India Act - 1935

Home rule to India - complete control of domestic affairs. Democratically elected national legislature with each providence its own assembly for local government

Brazil

Huge concentration of wealth and land. Had some urbanization but cities were poorly equip. National sport was soccer but Brazilian teams cannot afford the best players. Cultural elements were samba dance and the celebration of Carnival. Samba was popular in the poor, black slums called Favelas. Lots of homocide and reform leaders were killed. From 1964 to 1988 Brazil had a military dictatorship. In 2002 Luis Inacio Lula da Silva promised a turning point. Helped found the workers party (PT). Introduced a program called bolsa familia, which gives money to poor families and land, but millions still needed help. Borrowed money from the IMF. Still high crime. Argued in the WTO that rich countries recognize their poverty

Maji Maji

In German East Africa local prophet organize this rebellion (1905-1906)> Rebellion to expel Germans from East Africa. Rebels sprinkle themselves with magic water to protect themselves from German Weapons. Their strategy was ineffective. But their rebellion shows that colonies have constant threat of a revolt. Violent Revolt response example (religious connection - anamism)

terraced farming

In china for rice, flat land to farm

Creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.

Zhou Enlai

In the early 1970s Chinese leader in a moderate period. Started American/China interaction because he was worried about China's isolation. Dies in 1976.

Waru Waru

Inca agricultural technique involving raised beds an irrigation method that involves using raised beds with irrigation channels

Japan's Entry into WW1

Japan sends ultimatum to Germany demanding to hand over Jiaozhou (NE China) to Japan without compensation. Also they must withdraw the German navy from Japanese and Chinese waters. Germans refuse, and Japan enters the war for the Allies. Japan takes Qingdao, Marshall Islands, Marina Islands, Palau, and Carolines 21 Demands = Japan uses European preoccupation to advance imperialism in China. Japan presents China with 21 secret demands that would reduce China to a protectorate of Japan with many more demands. China leaked the note to Britain, who spoke up for China and stopped total capitulation

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Japan signs in 1928 which renounced war as an instrument of their national policy

Axis Powers

Japan, Italy, Germany

Tokugawa shogunate

Japanese shogunate 1600 Nobunga- Daimyo steps up to help emperor control Japan. Support Christian Missionaries. Use ruthless tactics to unify under his command. Killed by one of his own Toyotomi Hideyoshi - punish those who betrayed Nobunga, further consolidate power, alliances, starts expansion raids. Gets rid of Christian Missionaries Tokugawa Ieasyu - vassal of Hideyoshi, gets emperor to knight him, concentrate on consolidating power at home, inagurates centuries rule of Tokugawa shogunate. Completely gets rid of Christianity. Bakufu government is when daimyo had to alternate years, one at city of Edo with imperial government and one at their land

Nara

Japanese time period, centralized government, so similar to China, court modeled after China, bureaucracy, equal field system, support Confucian/Buddhism, capital Nara is replica of Chang'an, 710-794, commercial and tributary relationships

Japan's war in China

Japans conquest of Manchuria 1931. Shows their expansionism. 1933 League condemns this and Japan leaves league

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit, wants to convert China to Roman Catholic, starting with Ming Emperor Wahili. Study Chinese languages and Confucianism. Writes "The True Meaning of the Lords and Heaven" which argues Jesus doctrine is very similar to Confucianism and Christianity is pure form of Confucianism. Use self-ringing clock

Christian Missionaries in Japan

Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans try to convert Japanese. Nobunaga allows missionaries and allows them to build churches. 100s of thousands of converts by 1580s. Conflicts with legitimacy of emperor, becomes outlawed

Paul of Tarsus

Jew from Anatolia who taught Christianity to appeal to urban masses

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

Theodor Herzl

Journalist from Vienna who heard anti-semetic language in France, concludes assimilation will not solve problems for Jews, publishes Judenstaat which said only defense against Antisemitism lay in migration of Jews to own land. Organize Zionist Congress is Basel, Switzerland which started World Zionist Organization. Declare kingdom of Israel at Palestine home for Jewish people. Over the next half century Jews move there, 1948 won recognition for Jewish state Israel.

Boris Yeltsin and the Fall of the USSR

June 1991 becomes the Russian federations first directly elected president. Rival with Gorbachev. Fall USSR: In 1991 hardliners detained Gorbachev at his home and attempted a military coup. The coup attempt angered the Communist party and Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the party. The Soviet party vote to stop all party activities. By early December, all 15 republics declared independence. Yeltsin met with the leaders to chart a new course, and agreed to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a loose federation of former Soviet territories. Russia under Yeltsin: adopted a bold plan known as "Shock Therapy", an abrupt shift to free market economies. Yeltsin lowered trade barriers, removed price controls, and ended subsidies to state owned industries. Prices soared and inflation averaged 800 percent. Some legislators who opposed Yeltsin rebelled and were forced to surrender. Yeltsin was accused of acting like a dictator. Chechnya was a Muslim area in SW Russia that declared its independence but Yeltsin denied their right to secede. Sends 40,000 troops to break up the republic. 1996 sign cease fire. War broke out again in 1999 and Yeltsin resigned, Putin acting president

D-Day

June 6th, 1944 British and US troops fight at Normandy, France. German resistance failed

WWI Militarism

Kaiser Williams navy V the British navy, new technological innovations created to use during the war (Patton's tanks, mustard gas, planes, machine guns, submarines, German U-Boats)

The Taiping Rebellion

MANY, LARGE-SCALE REBELLIONS IN LATER 19TH CENTURY REFLECT POVERTY & DISCONTENT OF CHINESE PEASANTRY (NIAN REBELLION (1851-1868) IN N.E., MUSLIM REBELLION (1855-1873) IN S.W., TUNGAN REBELLION (1862-1878) IN N.W.) TAIPING REBELLION - HONG XIUQUAN (SCHOOLTEACHER). SOCIETY OF GOD WORSHIPERS MOVED THROUGH SOUTHEAST. CHINA AND TOOK NANJING IN 1853 AS CAPITAL. A MILLION FOLLOWERS WERE UNABLE TO TAKE BEIJING IN 1855 The Taiping Rebellion Wanted: ABOLITION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY (COMMUNAL WEALTH), WOMEN'S RIGHTS - PROHIBITION ON FOOTBINDING & CONCUBINAGE, FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION LITERACY FOR MASSES, DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, INDUSTRIALIZATION. EUROPEAN ADVISERS HELPED EMPRESS CIXI PUT DOWN THE REBELLION USING REGIONAL ARMIES WITH CHINESE SOLDIERS (NOT MANCHU) AND EUROPEAN WEAPONRY, HONG COMMITS SUICIDE IN 1864; NANJING RECAPTURED, 100,000 TAIPINGS MASSACRED, 20-30 MILLION LIVES LOST

Macao/Canton/Guangzhou

Macao = Portuguese port in China Canton/Guangzhou = British port in China

Manoralism

Manor = lord estate Lord gives housing, farmland, and protection in return the Serfs tend land, care for his animals, and maintain his land. Harsh conditions

Monks

Men who devote their time to praying, studying, and copying, and decorating holy books by hand a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community Men who practice monasticism

Marco Polo

Merchant, native to venice, Christian, benefits from Pax Mongolica, travel to court of Kublai Khan, Travel and trade through Mongol lands, allowed to be merchant and sent on diplomatic missions, captured by commercial rival Genoa. His writings told Europe about Eurasian textiles, spices, gems, and other goods. Kublai Khan appoints him governor of the large trading city of Yangzhou, diplomat of Kublai Khan,

Nubia/Kush

Meroe capital with trading center for gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, slaves and timber. Women rulers, undecifered language, merotic writing, regional and inter-regional trade. Women more power

Tigris Euphrates River

Meso= between two rivers

Olmec

Mesoamerican, cultivation, little domestication, ceremonial centers, coast of gulf of Mexico. Ceremonial center and capital San Lorenzo-> La Venta -> Tres Zapoles. Drainage system to divert rain water, subjects give some of harvest to elite and give labor in large scale construction, colossal human heads, military, trade, jade, no metal, obsidian, basalt, ceramic, animal skins, calendar, 2 writing systems, human sacrifice, polytheistic

Incan Engineering

Messengers on sides or mountains, Matchu Picchu, terraced farmland, buildings able to withstand earthquakes, runners, rope bridges

Non-Aligned Nations

Met at Bandung Conference, leaders of Asian and African countries not aligned with Russia or the US. Mainly India and Indonesia

Shogun

Military commanders of feudal Japan, real power, set up dynasties called Shogunates, Emperor was just face and Shogunates did all work, multiple dynastys. Head of Samauris

Yongle

Ming emperor 1403-1424, launch series naval expeditions through Indian ocean, tight centralized state, 1421 moves capital from Nanjing in S to Beijing in North to keep closer watch on Mongols

Mongol Impact on China

Ming emperor Yongle moved capital to Bejing for closer watch on Mongols. Mongols had different clothing, got rid of Confucian Ideals and the civil service exams, made China agriculturally based. Ming bring back old customs

Akbar

Mughal King, Babur grandson, 1556 to 1605, defeats the Muslim armies and extends South and West. Capital = Delhi, efficient government and administration laws. Paid government officials = zamindars who were later given land grants rather than salaries and allowed to keep some of tax. Tolerant of all religions and land grants for all religions (one ruler occurrence). Tries to mediate Hindu/Muslim relations. Allows Hindu's in government positions (can be zamindars), marry Hindu wives, Hindus don't pay Jizia (head tax on non Muslims). Encourages the growth of art, architecture, and literature, Prohibit Sati (widow suicide) and youth marriages. Overseas trade flourishes, trade textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones in exchange for silver.

US conflict with the Indigenous

Native peoples forged alliances among themselves and sough backing of British colonial officials but didnt get it. Indian Removal Act = US gov't determine to move all Native Americans West of Mississippi into Indian territory. Seminoles are the only tibe who managed to avoid capture by going to Florida lowlands. Cherokees 800 mile migration to Oklahoma called Trail of Tears and 1000s die. Settlers in ranches in Trans-Mississippi West encounter Sioux, Comanche, Pawce, and Apache people with firearms and good horse skills and effective resistance. 1876 Lakota Sioux defeat US army at Battle of Little Bighorn but ultimately lose the war. Whites want Sioux religous practice (afterlife without whites) supressed. US cavarly chase Sioux and slaughtered them at Wounded Knee Creek

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Uighurs, Jurchen/Jin, Khitan

North West Asian nomads that threatened and in some cases obtained land from the Song and Tang dynastys of China

Vietnam war ending

North overruns south, 1.5 million Vietnamese died. 1000s sent to "reeducation camps" to learn about communism. The government nationalized industries and strictly controlled business. Almost 1.5 million people flee Vietnam as refugees, "boat people"

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca, upon Mansa Musa's return to Mali he took his religion even more seriously then before, this trip by Mansa Musa put Mali on map and exposed it to muslims in mecca

Yugoslavia Breakup

Plagued with ethnic conflict. After WWII, Yugoslavia became a federation of six republics. Josip Tito led Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980, after his death Serbian leader Sobodan Milosevic asserted leadership over Yugoslavia, many opposed him and fled. Two republics, Slovenia and Croatia, declared independence. June 1991 Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both republics, after fighting both republics freed themselves from Serbian rule. Bonsia-Herzegovina also declared independence. Bosian Serbs opposed Bosnian independence and launched a war in March 1992. The Serbians in Bosnia used ethnic cleansing against the Bosnian Muslims and ended up controlling 70% of Bosnia. December 1995 sign UN and US brokered peace treaty Kosovo is a providence in southern Serbia made up of almost all Albanians. Kosovo had independence movement that grew increasingly violent. Serbian military forces fight back. NATO than began a bombing campaign against Yugoslavia for their reports of Atrocities. Yugoslavia then withdrew their troops from Kosovo.

Japan/China cultural diffusion

Prince Shotoku (Yamato) sent young nobles to study in China during the 600s Borrowed Confucian ideas & law codes Set-up bureaucracy (but never adopted civil service system) Tea drinking became popular Used Chinese characters to write official histories Buddhism spread (w/ pagoda architecture)

Japan controls Manchuria

Prior to conquering Japan alredy invested heavily in Manchuria, iron and coal. 1931, Japan controls all of Manchuria, ensuring Japanese presence in Chinese economy. Establish puppet state called Manchukno. In response Jiang Jieshi appealed to League of Nations, Japan leaves the League

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Prophet says that killing all cattle will bring back the dead Xhosa soldiers to kill the Dutch. Violence/Religious response to Imperialism (Animism)

Sadler Comission

Report in 1832 where Michael Sadler took parliamentary investigation of previous children workers who worked in mines and factories as children. The report covers the interview with Matthew Crabtree who was a former child textile factory worker. Crabtree talks about the long work hours, little pay, and bad living conditions

The March Revolution

Rioters at St. Petersberg demanded bread. With no control over his troops and country near anarchy, tsar Nicholas II abdicated his thrown

Dnieper

River in Kiev

John of Montecorvino

Roman catholic missionary, Italian Franciscan who went to China in 1291 to establish Christianity. Got some converts but not huge. Built churches and babtised several thousand, but was too distant and already had so many sophisticated religions

Sub-Saharan

Sahara desert posed formidable challenge to overland travelers from the north, the African coastlines offer few goods natural harbors, and cataracts complicate travel up continent's major rivers. Kin based societies originally from Bantu. Based on merit, Kinship clans with group elders and sometimes chief, village meeting, oral story telling, trade, technology, she-goat, palm-wine, polytheism. animism, priests, polygamy, currency

James Watt

Scottish engineer who invented the steam engine

Terraced farming

Sculpting the hillside into different levels for crops, used in Incan society Ancient technique of cutting step-like fields for growing crops on hillsides or mountain slopes

Second Industrial Revolution

Second half of the 19th century, new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery

The Marshall Plan

Secretary of State, George C. Marshall's plan to provide economic assistance to needy European countries. Provide food, machinery, and other materials. Sixteen western nations participated. $12.5 billion.

Kamakura, Muromachi Fujiwara

Shogunate dynastys of Japan, some examples

Gran Colombia

Simon Bolívar's (Enlightened who crushed Spanish army in Colombia in 1819) goal was to weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederation. During the 1820s independent Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador formed a republic called Gran Colombia, and Bolívar attempted to bring Peru and Bolivia into the confederation. By 1830, however, strong political and regional differences had undermined Gran Colombia.

Varnas

Social classes of Hinduism

Song Taizu

Song Dynasty, mistrusted the military leaders, expanded civil services and rewarded loyalty

Nubia

South of Egypt in Africa where a Christian kingdom emerges

Anti-Semitism

Suspicion of Jews fueled the hatred of Jews which operated openly in Austria-Hungary and Germany. In Russia Jews were persecuted. Jews migrate to European lands because conditions were not as severe in France and Eastern Europe. In the French military courts Jewish army officer Alfred Preyfus convicted of spying for Germany. Trial against him debates trusting of Jews in France, sparks Zionism

Sofala

Swahili city state, powerful, governed by king who supervised trade and organized public life Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa farthest you can go in one monsoons season, most south

Opium Trade

THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY HEAVILY INVOLVED IN OPIUM TRADE TO CHANGE THEIR UNFAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE. OPIUM GROWN IN INDIA → SOLD IN CHINA FOR SILVER → SILVER USED TO BUY OTHER CHINESE PRODUCTS. INCREASING TRADE AND SOCIAL ILLS EVIDENT BY LATE 1830S. CHINESE MOVE TO ENFORCE BAN ON OPIUM. BRITISH AGENTS ENGAGE IN MILITARY RETALIATION: THE OPIUM WAR (1839-1842). BRITISH NAVAL FORCES EASILY DEFEAT CHINESE

Dessalines

Takes over Haitian Revolt after Toussaint. Defeats French Army after they suffer from Yellow Fever. 1804 he declared Haiti independent country. Assassinated by own people because he tried to become a dictator

equal fields system

Tang dynasty, (based on needs - not heredity), it worked during the first half of the dynasty but fell into corruption and Buddhists monasteries later A land reform policy implemented during the Tang dynasty that helped unify China. government changing the economy, land to people who need it, weaken nobility increase state, Buddhist monasteries need land but don''t follow all Chinese traditions w Confucianism, conflict starts when economic fail

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance

The Central Powers/Triple Alliance: Germany and Austria Hungary form dual alliance for a Russian attack. Italy joins in 1882, afraid of France but ends up switching sides. Ottoman empire too The Allies/Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia sign military pact 1914. Italy later switches to Allies

Modernization of Turkey

The Ottoman Empire collapsed after defeat in WWI - lands outside Turkey were given to Britian (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq) and France (Syria & Lebanon). 1922 Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal/ Ataturk overthrew the sultan in hope to modernize and save Turkey. 1923 the Republic of Turkey is established. He seperated church and state - replaces Islamic laws, courts, schools & alphabet with those like western nations (replaced Arabic with Roman alphabet & switched to Christian calendar). Women gain political rights, polygamy was banned and no more veils required. Built railroads and factories to improve economic growth

Anti-Nuclear Movement

The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Gives reason for big countries to take over weaker. Scientific racists (Frenchman Gobineau) drew from Darwin arguing species evolved over 1000s of years in contest for survival. Englishman Spencer rely on theory of evolution to explain difference between successful people and races who had between competed and better evolved, justifies domination

Klemens von Metternich

The foreign minister of Austria, who was the most influential representative of the congress of Vienna. Guided them

Haitian Revolt

The only successful slave revolt, took place on the Caribbean island of Hispanola. Major center for sugar production. The Frech colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) occupies the western part of the island. Sugar, cotton, and coffee made there and 500,000 of 560,000 people are slaves. Voudou priest Boukman organize revolt in 1791 starting with 12,000 slaves. They began killing white owners and destroying homes and plantations. In a few weeks the revolt attracts 100,000 slaves. French troops arrive 1792 to restore order, British and Spanish forces intervene in hopes of benefiting off Frances difficulties. Toussaint Loverture takes leadership of revolt after Boukman, he was educated and intelligent former slave. Napoleon tricks him into a peace meeting and sends him to jail in France. 1802 Napoleon sends 40,000 troops to restore French authority. Toussaint's successor Jean-Jacques Desalines defeats the French army after they suffer from yellow fever and declared Haiti an independent country in 1804. He is assassinated for trying to become a dictator. After Haiti becomes subsidence farming, all men equality, and a republic

Midway

The turning point in the Pacific was in a naval engagement near the Midway Islands on June 4th, 1942. The US sunk all of the Japanese fleet with cryptography. After this, the US took the offensive, island hopping, claiming the land. The United States took back their islands in the Marinas and the Philippines. 1945 Allies move to homeland Japan.

UN

United Nations. New organization set up after WWII to foster international security and cooperation. Primary focus has been on peace and war, but its various programs and agencies, many concerned with technology, have provided forums for the resolutions of other issues and the promotion of international welfare.

Total War

War fought between entire societies, not just armies. Home front = nations mobilize their economy and activate noncombatant citizens to support the war. New rules of Engagement: Civilians target of warfare and target of enemies. Air war against civilians after Germany start in Paris. Used a naval blockade to starve populations The home front: economic strain causes government to limit individual freedoms and give control of societies increasingly over to military leaders. Private enterprises to government control Propaganda: government restrict civil liberties, censor news, and trash enemy in propaganda. Jail for traitors who go against war plans. Propaganda says that military loss will destroy everything worth living.

Charlemagne

Western Europe King, rule over large empire king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor

1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estates

When King Louis XVI unable to pay for war debts from overburdened pesantry, increases tax on French Nobility. Aristocrats protests Louis and force him to summon the Esates General = an assembly that represented the entire french population. First Estate the clergy, Second estate nobility, and 3rd estate everyone else (97% of population but only got 1/3 of vote). 3rd estate leaves this to make national assembly

Women's Suffrage

Women's right to vote

Women's suffrage

Women's right to vote. The women's rights movement experienced limited success in the nineteenth century. More women received formal education than before the American and French revolutions, and women in Europe and North America participated in academic, literary, and civic organizations. Rarely did they enter the professions, however, and nowhere did they enjoy the right o vote.

Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince in 1513 "How to" book Dedicated it to Lorenzo Di Piero De' Medici (grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent) "It is better to be feared than loved" "The ends justify the means"

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince in 1513, "How to" book, Dedicated it to Lorenzo DiPiero De' Medici (grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent) "It is better to be feared than loved" "The ends justify the means"

Self Determination

ability to choose what nation you want to be a part of; Woodrow Wilson beloved this was key to international peace and cooperation. Given to places formally Austro-Hungarian or Russian. Hard because nations had very diverse populations

Thomas Hobbes

absolutist theorist, in 1651 wrote that "During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man."

Command economy

all aspects of production under government control - who worked, where, and for how long

egalitarian

all people are equal and deserve equal rights

Delian league

alliance of greek city states except Spart, lead by Athens

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Cyrillic alphabet

an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

Council of Trent

an assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials who met between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform. Work with works of St. Thomas Aquainus to define elements of Roman Catholic church in detail. Acknowledge church abuses and take steps to reform church. Demand church has strict standards of morality and programs to properly train preists

Dutch Republic

authority of low countries (Belgium and Netherlands) under King Philip II of Spain, a Roman Catholic trying to suppress the Calvinist movement in Netherlands, leading to rebellion. 1579 Dutch anti-spanish alliance, 1581 proclaim themselves independent United Providences with representative assemblies, local affairs, and foundation for Dutch Republic. Merchants especially prominent in political affairs. State policy favors maritime trade and building of commercial empires over seas. Allow entrepreneurs to pursue economic interest without interference

Chan/Zen Buddhism

became very popular Syncretism of Buddhism & Daoism because of conflict w/ traditional Chinese thought - used Daoist terms to explain Buddhism & encouraged one son for monastic life instead of celibacy for all (explains Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India). Chan is from China and Zen is from Japan

Polytheism

belief in many gods, polytheistic Arabs took Islam as dangerous and offensive

Monotheism

belief in one god/deity, Allah in Islam

Animism

belief in spirits, original religion in SubSaharan Africa before Islam was introduced

Heresy

belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.

WEB Dubois

believed in Pan-Africanism and African Nationalism, American

Hellenistic

blend Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian

Development of towns

breakdown of Feudalism, waste in streets, unsanitary

Germanic Invasions

bring end to W Rome, military threat

Babylonia

bureaucratic, taxation, stern punishment, wealth attracts invaders (Hitties), Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye but with social class in mind)

Muhammad

came into world of Bedouin herders and worldly merchants. Born into wealthy merchants around 570 CE at Mecca. Married Khadija in 595 CE and gained position of prominence, age 30 becomes merchant. 610 CE Muhammad underwent spiritual transformation, believed Allah was only one true deity. Received visions from Allah through archangel Gabriel, instructing him to explain his views onto others

Isfahan

capital of Safavid that retains beauty after its decline, gardens, fountains, pools. In modern Iran. Imam Mosque

Roman Expansion

centralized government, wealth in Latifundia, generals take personal armys, civil war

Han Empire

centralized, Liu Bang restore order, rule from Chang'an, patriarchal, confucianism. Silk textiles, paper, trigger bow, horse, ships rudder, cast iron under state control

Qin Empire

centralized, imperial rule, powerful army, bureaucratic, 14 years, legalism

6th and 7th centurys

dates of spread of Islam

Zhou Dynasty

decentralized, mandate of heaven, feudal system, rule by proclaiming and trusting military allies to enforce, capital Hao, limited supervision from central government, very patriarchal, literature, literature, subordinates establish own powers, collapse nomadic people and disaffected allies invading with china, iron metallurgy at fall. veneration ancestors, oracle bones, merchants bottom, pictograph and ideograph. Book of Songs, trade with Central Asia and East Asia, relations with N, S and W

World Prices of Goods

decreases during great depression

Kongo

emerge 14th century, centralized state, C Africa, officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. 1483 Portuguese fleet initiate commercial relations, close political and diplomatic relationship. Supply king of Kongo with many things. Kings of Kongo convert to Christianity for closer relations with Portuguese. Kings like the endorsement of monarch and saints similar to Konguiese, King Nzinga Mbemba/ King Alfonso I devout and sought to convert all. Capital Mbanza. Portuguese give textiles, weapons, advisers, and artisans. Portuguese get copper, ivory, and slaves. Some Portuguese settle. Issues arise, 1665 Southern Africa Portuguese colonists go to war with Kongo. Portuguese win and decapitate Kongo king. Portuguese move efforts to Ndongo. 18th century the kingdom of Kongo largely integrated.

Slave Trading Kingdoms, Dahomey, Asante, Oyo

flourish during early modern times and benefit economically from slave trade. Africans who raid and sell slaves gain large profits. Asante, Dahomey, and Oyo peoples took advantage of slave trade to get fire arms from European merchants and build powerful states in W Africa. Dahomey used firearms to capture more slaves, then get more weapons. They expand rapidly by increasing arsenal with constant flow of slaves

Russia under Putin

forcefully dealt with the rebellion in Chechnya. The nation's economic problems continued. High rates of domestic violence and unemployment and a steep population decline. He favors a market economy adapted to Russia's special circumstances.

Nomadic Pastorialism

form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.

Muslim League

formed 1906 with British support, Muslims had grown to resent Hindu domination of the Indian National Congress and feared a Hindu run government. Wanted Indian Independence

Indian National Congress

formed in 1885 - At first stressed callaboration with British to bring self rule to India but after WWI the congress opposes British. Want Indian imdependence. Became the chief organization representing the will of the common people and led the Indians in their struggle for freedom. Functioned within the law and was therefore slow to help. Mainly educated Indians and middle class. Spread word through festivals and boycott foreign goods.

Geez

language of Axum

Mycenaean society

mainland trade with Minoans and said to have conquered them, early aegean

Constantine

makes Byantion the capital and renames in Constantinople, Roman Emperor, uses Caesaropapism. Constantinople has defense walls Caesaropapism- divine right to rule, emperor protects Christians, emperor head of church and leader of government)

Legalism

man is born evil, greed is motive, outline expectation with strict punishment, Han Feizi most systematic legalist theorist, used in Qin. Started during warring states period

Venetian Merchants

merchants in Mediterranean

Australia

met and interacted with neighbors, geographic features important and respected, religious observances about local matters, hunter gatherers, no agriculture, trade, Northern societies trade with Pacific Islands, goods passed from one neighboring group to another. Regional trade of Baler and Oyster Pearls, stone axe heads, spears, boomerangs, furs, skins, fibers, root vegetables

Great Depression

mid 1920s. Austria and Germany relied on US loans and investments to pay reparations to France and England. France and England depend on the reparations to pay back US war loans. 1928 the US start to withdraw capital from Europe, planing intolerable strain on the financial system. Industry supply increases, price decreases, demand decreases. Overproduction and falling prices, above average harvests, reduces income of farms, high inventory, caused cut of production and workers

Fu Hao

military general and high priestess in china, women, wife on emperor

Feudal Japan Emperor

military help from Shogun who has the real power, the ______ is the descendant of the sun god, imperial, and still from the Yamato dynasty

Korean Geography

mountainous, hot summer, cold winter, peninsula that juts south from Asia pointing towards the islands of Japan, Mountains and the Yalu river separate China from Korea, T'aebaek mountains run from N to S along the east coast

Aboriginies

native Australia, hunter gatherer, seasonal Migration, plant, seeds, nuts, medicine, ointments, drugs, axes, spears, clubs, nets, lassos, boomerangs, rats, kangaroos, fish, waterfowl, small birds

Ahisma

non-violence toward all living things

Fidel Castro

once he wins revolution for Cuba, he sets up social reforms to Cuba and improving the economy. But he was harsh and suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents, and tightly controlled press. Took over US owned sugar mills and refineries. United Fruit Company is unhappy. The US then embargoes all trade with Cuba and Cuba turns to the Soviets for help. 1961 US trains Cuban exiles in Miami who want Cuba back, and they invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but Castro defeats easily

Enlightened despot

one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects, Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Yamato

only imperial dynasty of Japan (the periods are where the capital is), the emperor claims divinity, turns feudal 1100 when central authority of Japan declines

Arabic

oral and written language throughout the Islamic empires, all must learn to read Quran, unify and helps trade

King Laibela

order 11 rock churches in 1200 in Ethiopia

Guild

orginization of individuals in the same buisness or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditoons of its members. Many types for many careers, regulate prices

Bubonic Plague

originated from fleas on rats in Gobi Desert. Spread on Silk Road trade, "Black Death", 1/3 Europe died. a deadly contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas

Millet System

ottoman, allow the empires diverse religous groups to run affairs in their own communities. Each millet presented their views to the sultan through a leader they had chosen

Zamindars

paid government officials under Akbar in the Mughal dynasty. Later given land grants rather than salaries and allowed to keep some of the taxes collected. Later personal armies

direct democracy

people decide on policy, initiative directly

Ghana

principle state of West Africa at the time of the Muslim's arrival, situated between Senegal and Niger Rivers, developed during 4th and 5th centuries while societies fought to protect themselves from raids of camel riding nomads. center for trade in gold that they get from South, control and tax gold. ivory and slaves, capital and principle trade site Koubmisaleh. Ahana=king who acts as religous leader, cheif judge, and military commander). trade with arabian musliums. between gold and salt, get gold from forests in W Africa and salt from Sahara, anamism, 1000 BC kings convert to islam, some stay anamistic. Islam increase literacy. taxtrade, camel caravans, security for trade. 1400 raids weaken from Sahara, Mali Empire take over. captial here koubmisaleh

Ram Mohan Roy

prominent Bengali intellectual who argued for construction of society based on Modern European Science and Indian devotional Hinduism. Drew on inspiration from Vedas and Upanishads. Tirelessly publish newspapers and societies to mobilize cause of social reform

Population growth of Ming

receive American food crops as a result of trade, sweet potatoes, peanuts, maize. Resulted in rapid population growth, pressure on resources. Trade impacts Chinese social and economic structure and demographics impact. Trade impacts China by blurring lines of gentry (noble/wealthy class), merchants were originally on the bottom of social latter. Merchants can now afford for tutors for civil service exams. Inflation of silver. Rapid population growth set stage for economic and social issues because agricultural production could not keep up with long term government.

Vietnamese geography

red river, swampy, hot, humid, similar to carribean

British Reform Laws

reforms toward greater human rights (outlaw slavery 1884) more representative government ( 1832 representation industrial towns, 1858 end property qualifications, 1911 restrict power of house of lords and make house of commoners supreme) universal suffrage (Catholics right to vote 1829, working class men vote 1867, law extended to most farmers and men 1884, women 1912) more rights for workers ( legalize trade unions 1825, limit child labor, regulate women and children work hours, regulate safety conditions in factories and mines, set minimum wages, provide accident and unemployment insurance) improved education ( 1870 local elementary schools run by school board, 1902 state-aided secondary schools and public universities)

Monsoon

required careful agricultural planning to avoid drought and famine, Southern India utilize dams, reservoirs, canals, and wells and tunnels to irrigate the land dependent on summer ________, used the winds from this for cross cultural trade, went away from shorelines with ______ predictability

Monsoons

required careful agricultural planning to avoid drought and famine, Southern India utilize dams, reservoirs, canals, and wells and tunnels to irrigate the land dependent on summer ________, used the winds from this for cross cultural trade, went away from shorelines with ______ predictability

St. Thomas Aquinas

resolve rational thinkings with Jesus being divine believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists

Trans-Saharan trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading. Bring salt, textiles, and metal goods south in exchange for gold and slaves

Chagatai Khan

rule the Chagadai Khanate in Central Asia

Monsoons

seasonal winds

Role of the Hindu Temple

served as economic and social centers, owned agricultural lands and provided employment, organized community agriculture, maintained surpluses, schooling for boys, kept order, delivered tax receipts to Chola, served as bankers and investors, i.e, crucial to economic health of India. Increased complexity of Caste System for foreigners and increased importance from powerful temples. Center of community, job, back, loans

Stalin

served bureaucratic position of general secretary and promoted socialism in one country. "Man of Steel". Completely trumped over his rivals in the party, clearing the way for an unchallenged dictatorship of the Soviet union. Leader of Soviet's after Lenin suddenly died. Ruled through terror and brutality. Responsible for 5-year-plan, collectivization of agriculture, and great purge

Casualties of WW1/The Lost Generation

several million soldiers died - the entire generation was wiped out

lost generation

several million soldiers died - the entire generation was wiped out

Galileo Galilei

showed that heavens were a world of change, flux, and many previous unsuspected sights. Looked to sky with telescope and report observations, like spots on sun and mountains on moon

Lydians

silver and coins make simper for merchants, popular, drew merchants for their measured coins

Chaldrian

site of the battle between Sunni Ottomans and Shiite/Shia Safavids in 1504. Ottomans temporarily take Safavid capital city. Ottomans use western firearms. Continue to fight over next 200 years

Nikita Krushchev

takes power of USSR after Stalin dies in 1953. He denounced Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens. Destalinization= purging the country of Stalin's memory. Responsible for missile crisis in Cuba

Parthenon

temple for Athena

The Blitz

the British term for the German air raids on British cities and towns during World War II

Shi'ism/Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad. Safavid is Shia

Royal Niger Company

the company that invaded Nigeria after Britain received permission from the Berlin Conference to take control. British company that gets treaties and trade with west African Kings along Nile Delta

Utilitarianism

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority. All should be happy, an ideal world. John Stewart Mills, Jeremy Bentham, Robert Owen

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam. World religion, 3% of India, don't cut hair

commercial revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Commerical Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Samurai

the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate. Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Nicholas II

the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution

Cathedral

the principal church of a diocese, with which the bishop is officially associated.

Kwane Nkrumah

led the independence movement in Ghana against Britain, gold coast

King Menelik

Ethiopian King who helped unite Ethiopia through marriage and avoided Italian colonization (Battle Adwa).

Containment

Truman adopted this foreign policy. Directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping expansion of communism

Roosevelt Corollary

US right to intervene in domestic affairs of nations within hemisphere if they demonstrate an inabilityWe to maintain security and deemed necessary to protect US investments

Adulis

on Red sea, port that attracted merchants in Axum, connect Africa, India, and Mediterranean. in axum

Shah Jahan

Mughal leader 1627-1658, Builds Taj Mahal as tomb for him and his wife. Use Mughal craftsman and builders with arts of Islam

Aztec/Mexica

(1431- 1521) start by migrating into mexico and settle at lake Texacoco. Women can have jobs, gender parallelism, marriage alliances, frequent rebellions, merchants increase wealth status, politically unified, capital Teochtitlan, conquest state, priests and rulers dependent, representative government, not hereditary monarchy. Join 2 other tribes and conquer together, emperor head and is elected, unstable conquering, city counsels, pyramids, human sacrifice, religious cults, polytheism, writing, local tribute collectors, slaves, canals, bridges, markets, cotton, craft goods, created Islands. Floating gardens = chinampas, trading, sun most important and needs blood to survive, literature. triple alliance for conquest, conqueror's labor and tribute, don't take conqueror's land. fear of raids to maintain order. kids from mom and dad equally. Male and female priests together. Local areas autonomy, religious cults, leader divine, less patriarchal then other parts of world. End Spanish conquerors.

Inca

(1438- 1532)South America, gender parallelism, men/women separate roles, men high positions, Andes mountain coast, bureaucracy, govern by taking local rulers hostage after conquering, send colonists, 80 Providences with governor, capital Cuzco, hereditary monarchy. Military with conquered people, labor from conquerors, trade, Quecha speaking, emperor divine, religious cults, alone in their conquest, bureaucracy, loyal Incan subjects to new land, Quetcha language and common culture to maintain order, quipu written language, girls belong to mom, boys belong to dad, male - sun- male priests.Female - moon - female priests. Take local rulers back to Cuzco, less revolt, capital. Marriage alliances, local areas autonomy, labor services, religious cults, leader divine, less patriarchal. End Spanish conquerors. Great Technology, universal creator is Veracocha, sun Inti, when they conquer mix their conquered people's gods with their own, rulers are the son of the sun god. Inca rulers absolute authority, living god, ancestor veneration, mummys. Alpaca, woll, llama, corn, tomatoes, peanuts, potatoes, coco plants, chocolate, coffee

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. Wrote 37 plays and is considered a part of Renaissance literature

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. Start British takeover of world

Bernardo O'Higgins

(1778-1842) South American Independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence, considered one of Chile's founding fathers. The chief revolutionary leader of Chilean independence. Established as supreme dictator. Coordinated with Simon Bolivar.

The Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Texas had declared independence and becomes a US state. Starts war between Mexico and US. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US takes 1/2 Mexican territory and pay 15 million

The Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize that they need to industiralize.

The Self Strengthening Movement

(1860-1895) Wants to bring back Chinese ideals. LOCAL LEADERS PROMOTED ECONOMIC AND MILITARY REFORM EFFORTS WITH IMPERIAL AUTHORITY, "CHINESE LEARNING AT THE BASE, WESTERN LEARNING FOR USE", CONFUCIAN VALUES & AGRARIAN SOCIETY. INDUSTRIALISM - SHIPYARDS, RAILROADS, WEAPONS, STEEL FOUNDRIES & SCIENCE ACADEMIES. EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI (1835-1908) DIVERTED FUNDS AWAY FROM THE PROGRAM (Builds marble boat).

Boer War/ South African War

(1899-1902) 1800s British come to South Africa where the Boer's are, in 1833 the British abolish slavery and the Boers are not okay with that. Boers move North and East to Zulu Territory (Warriors who resisted), British want this land later because of diamond mines there. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa that comprised of all the South African colonies.

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907) Tang Taizong was 627-649, capital Chang'an , Maintained transportation and communication network- roads, horses and even human runners, equal field system, bureaucracy based on merit with civil service exams, military expansion to Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, became tributary states. Conquered more land in central Asia that was usually a troubled area with nomadic invaders, strong military. Wu Zao Decline 150 years from rival forces, corruption, etc. patriarchal, foot binding, merchants bottom, gun powder, iron and steel metallurgy, long distance ocean travel, poetry, intro Buddhism, surge agriculture, commercialized, porcelain, printing, naval tech increase trade tributary states block prinitng

Xuanzang

(629 C.E.) Chinese monk who goes to India to find out about true Buddhism, brings back relic of Buddhism Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China

Chola

(850-1267), one of the regional Hindu Southern- India rulers with less warfare than the North. Navy and dominated trade in Indian Ocean; decentralized government led to collapse (local autonomy with tribute)

Song Dynasty

(960-1279), Song Taizu, financially weak - large bureaucracy drained treasury and peasants revolted at raising taxes. military weak - military decisions were being made by scholar-bureaucracy instead of military leaders, therefore nomads took over in the north (1st Jin pushed Song south of Huang He river so they don't have Chang'an, then the Mongols took over the entire empire) patriarchal, foot binding, merchants bottom, gun powder, iron and steel metallurgy, more ancestor veneration, intro Buddhism, neo-Confucianism, surge agriculture, commercialized, porcelain capital Huangzhou moveable type printing

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Greek Revolution

1812 Greeks on Balkan Peninsula sought independence from Ottoman Turks and the Europeans sympathize with them. With aid from Britain, France, and Russia they overcome the Ottoman and won independence by 1830. Nationalism

Mother Teresa

1910-1997. Roman Catholic nun who founded Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India in 1950. Ministered to sick, poor, orphaned, and dying for over 40 years. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2005.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Marxism = Theory that workers will violently revolt against Bourgeoisie and set up a communist classless society.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 president James Monroe issue proclaimation to warn Europe. Claimed Americas as protectorate and justify later US intervention in hemisphere affairs. 1867 US Purchase Alaska and 1875 claim Hawaii protectorate until they overthrow the last monarch Queen Lili Vokalani

Slavery in Rome

1/3 population, much less harsh in cities then in rural areas

NATO

10 western European nations joined with the US and Canada to form a defense military alliance after start of the Cold War. Attack on any member would be met with the armed forces of all member nations

Abolition

1803 Denmark abolish slave TRADE, 1807 Britain abolish slave trade, then US in 1808, France in 1814, Netherlands in 1817, and Spain in 1845. Slavery was completely abolished in 1833 in Britain, 1884 in French colonies, 1865 in the US, 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). Ibecause Ge was unable to pay for war debts from overburdened commoners and increased tax on nobility. Nobility dissagrees with this so he he summoned the Estates-General , but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Iran and Iraq

-After WWII Iran's leader Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi supports Western government and Western oil companies in Iran. Iranian nationalists don't like this or any foreign influence and assemble under prime minister Muhammad Mossadeq. Muhammad nationalized a British oil company and forced the Shah to flee. The US interferes to restore order and hopefully keep out Soviet intervention and returns the Shah to power -With US support the shah westernizes. Iran Muslim conservatives ayatollahs oppose. The leader of this opposition Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini spread his message and riots start. Shah flees again. Khomeini starts an Islamic state. Hates US. Takes 60 American hostages. Encourages radicals everywhere to overthrow their governments. Heightens tensions between Iran and territorial competitor Iraq - Iran and Iraq fight in 1980. US secretly aid both sides to keep balance of power. Soviet back Iraq. UN negotiates cease fire in 1988

Ottoman Empire

-Britain promises to let all tribes in the Ottoman Empire be free only if they revolted against the Ottoman Empire, they lied resulting in Ottomans joining the central power. -Gallipoli: peninsula in the Ottoman Empire, Winston Churchhill's plans to get weapons to Russia so they can fight on the Eastern front, fails Turkish resistance crushed them. British used English, Canadian, Australian, and NZ Soldiers who had the most casualties - Mustafa Kemal/Ataturk - Turkish officer who led the attack to Gallipoli, organized a national army drove out Greek, British, French, and Italian forces. Abolished the Sultanate. Creates the Republic of Turkey. Modernization with economic development and secularism. State intervention in the economy.

Other Peace Treaties

-Bulgaria accepted the Treaty of Neuilly -Austria-Hungary was broken down into two lands by the Treaty of St. Germain and the Treaty of Trianon The treaties decreased the size and population of Austria and Hungary dramatically -The Treaty of Sevres dissolved the Ottoman empireThe Treaty of Sevres was accepted by the government of Mohammad VI, but not by Turkish nationalists who were led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal pushed out the Allies and established the Republic of Turkey, which was officially recognized by the Allied powers in 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne

Hiroshime and Nagasaki/Japanese surrender

-Iwo Jima and Okinawa: The fighting on Iwo Jima and Okinawa was ruthless because of the US amphibious tactics and Japanese kamikaze warfare. Japanese refuse to surrender -The US dropped napalm fire bombs on Japan, very successful. Tokyo -US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6th and August 9th. 200,000 people killed. The soviet union declared war on Japan which caused Japan to surrender August 15th, 1945

Hitler's Nazi Germany

-Nazi eliminate all working-class and liberal opposition. Get rid all constitutional and civil rights. Outlaw all other parties, highly centralized, no trade unions, purge civil service, control police, remove enemies -Through tax credits, special child alliances, and marriage loans try to encourage marriage and procreation. Increased birth propaganda. Women with lots of kids receive awards -Nazi are Eugenics that sterile men and women who regime saw having "hereditary determined sickness". Abortion of racial aliens and kill people judged useless to society. Social Darwinism - Antisemitism. 1935 pass the Nuremberg laws that deprived German Jews citizenship and interaction with other Germans. Eliminate Jews from economic life and expropriate their wealth. Liquidate their businesses and lose their jobs. Through 1930 thousands Jews left Germany. Gain urgency after the Kristallnact (November 9th and 10th, 1938. Nazis destroy Jewish stores, synagogues, and murder Jews). Pogroms

Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny in the US

1803 Napoleon allows US to purchase Louisiana territory from Mississippi river valley to Rocky Mtns. Settlers move west for cheap land Manifest Destiny= US was destined (divinely ordained) to expand across North America to Pacific and beyond. Justify US anexations

Hitler's Germany/Acts of aggression

-Nazi eliminate all working-class and liberal opposition. Get rid all constitutional and civil rights. Outlaw all other parties, highly centralized, no trade unions, purge civil service, control police, remove enemies -Through tax credits, special child alliances, and marriage loans try to encourage marriage and procreation. Increased birth propaganda. Women with lots of kids receive awards -Nazi are Eugenics that sterile men and women who regime saw having "hereditary determined sickness". Abortion of racial aliens and kill people judged useless to society. Social Darwinism - Antisemitism. 1935 pass the Nuremberg laws that deprived German Jews citizenship and interaction with other Germans. Eliminate Jews from economic life and expropriate their wealth. Liquidate their businesses and lose their jobs. Through 1930 thousands Jews left Germany. Gain urgency after the Kristallnact (November 9th and 10th, 1938. Nazis destroy Jewish stores, synagogues, and murder Jews). Pogroms. Hilter doesn't listen to treaty and in 1935 says he wont listen to the limitations on his army. The League only gives him a mild condemnation. Hitler then also sends troops to the demilitarized zone that acted as a buffer between Germany and France, known as the Rhineland. Britian only responds with an appeasement, turning the tide in German favor. Convinces Mussolini and later Japan to ally with Germany to form Axis Powers Hitler wants to expand into Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich. Goes against German promise to not have Austrian/German alliance. Germany annexed Austria 1938 and France and Britain do nothing. Germany demands the German speaking part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland be given to Germany, Czechs ask France for help.

Ferdinand and Isabel

-Spanish Emperors -Ended Reconquista -Financed Christopher Columbus -Thrived on conquest -Use inquisition

Isabel and Ferdinand

-Spanish Emperors -Ended Reconquista -Financed Christopher Columbus -Thrived on conquest -Use inquisition

WW1 Technology

-machine guns - barbed wire - artillery -chlorine &mustard gas

Five Pillars

1) declare faith - one god, Muhammad is messenger 2) daily prayer- 5 times day, Muhammad told by god, Friday go to Mosque 3) purify - share 2.5% of assets with needy, paid like tax 4) Ramadan month fast- cannot eat or drink in daylight hours 5) Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, all must do at least once, 3 days from all over world

Different ways industrializing powers established transoceanic colonies

1) states with existing rule strengthened their control over their colonies (East India Company activity to direct English rule in India, Dutch in Indonesia) 2) European states establish Empires (British, Dutch, French, German, Russia) 3) European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa (Britain used diplomacy in West Africa for gold states, Belgium uses diplomacy to trick people of Congo) 4) Some European states established settler colonies. British in South Africa and French in Algeria 5) Other parts of the world industrialized states expand their influence only through economic imperialism (British and French influence in China)

Responses to Industrialization

1) workers organize themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages (unions). Some even propose radical other visions of society like Marxism. Also Utopian socialism and Anarchism. 2) In Qing China some members of the government resist economic change (Cixi) , while others (Guangxu) led reforms. 3) Governments promote their own state-sponsored vision of industrialization (Muhammad Ali development of a textile industry in Egypt) 4) Some governments involve in the economy to help worker life (Bismark state pensions and public health in Germany, Expansion of suffrage to men in England, Public education in many nation states (France)

Women in War

100,000s women in Great Britain and US joined armed forces or entered war industries. Banned women from engaging in combat, Soviet and Chinese women take up arms. Women participated in resistance groups. Women flew non combat planes, drove ambulances, and labored in food production. After the war, women warriors and workers returned to old duties.

Ghaznavid Turks in India

1000 Mahamud of Ghazni (Muslium Turk) led Afganiztani raids on northern India, by 13th century, controlled all of Northern India (Delhi Sultinate) , but never able to expand due to constant threat. Repressed Buddhsim and Hinduism, encourage Islam

Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine

1071 Battle of Manzikert Saljuq forces from Abbasid defeat the Byzantine army on Anatolia(Who's peasants saw it as liberation from Byzantine). Abbasid then gains more and more of Anatolia. Seljuq Turks fight for Abbasid in crusades. 1258 Mongols end the Abbasid. The Ottoman Empire is started by Turks in Anatolia after the fall of the Abbasid, they conquer Constantinople in 1453.

Ethiopia

1200-1500, center of Christianity in Africa, reflected through architecture, Coptic Christians, east Africa, great rift valley, not many building, tradition, King Lalibei order 11 rock churches in 1200, christian culture mixed with African music (syncretism)

Mali

1235 to 1400.Founded by lion prince Sundiata (1230-1255). controlled and taxed all trade passing through West Africa. Capital: Niani and other trade routes including Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne. Used qadi, sharia law, embracing Islam as organization. Rulers honored Islam and provided protection, lodging, and comforts for Muslim merchants from the north. Capital Niani with gold trade, honor Islam and encourage spread. architecture mosques with local building materials Mansa = emperor, Mansa Musa, SE of ghana, conquer and rule neighbors, known for law and order, founded by Mande-speaking people, more become muslium, reestablish gold-salt trade, some wood, clay, argriculture decline 1300s

Sundiata

1235-1255, 1st mansa of Mali, take over Ghana, reestablish gold and salt trade, move capital to Niani

Hong-wu

1368-1398, founder of Ming dynasty, drove Mongols out of China, build tightly centralized state. Use Mandarins (imperial officers who travel and oversee govt laws), put large trust in eunuchs. Effort to repopulate Northern China

Donatello

1386-1466, Renaissance metal worker, carved into Molds that were made into art pieces, show perspective

Songhai

1400-1591, monarchy with emperor, Western Africa, interior, Gao capital, conquer along Niger river, peoples of Gao, more Muslim them before, have horses, conquer Djenne and Timbuktu, Sunni Ali (1464-1492), cavalry and war canoe, 1486 capture Timbuktu Askia Muhammad(1492-1527), drove out Sunni Ali's son because he was not Muslim enough, set up efficient government and thrives decline because conquered by Moroccan troops with gun powder and cannons

Botticelli

1445-1510, Renaissance artist, show a throwback to Rome depicting Roman gods in him art like "The Birth of Venus" Painter

Sunni Ali

1464-1492, emperor of Songhai, calvalry and war canoe, 1468 he captures timbuktu

Michelangelo

1475- 1564, Renaissance sculptor, also painted Sistine Chapel but preferred sculpting

Raphael

1483- 1520, renaissance painter, show throwback to Greece and importance of learning in his painting "School in Greece",

Askia Muhammad

1492-1527, emperor of Songhai, drove out Sunni Ali's son because he was not Muslim enough, sets up efficient government and thrives

Iroquois

1500, women in charge of Villages and longhouse, men hunt, fish, war, settles communities with defense walls, agricultural, maize and beans, North America

Philip II

1527-1598, King of Spain, tries to force Elizabeth I of England to convert to Roman Catholic again with his Spanish Armada. Also angry with Elizabeth because she sided with sea dogs pirating Manila Galleons like Sir Francis Drake and supported the Dutch revolt against Spain. Fails when England sends fleet of unarmed blazing ships into the English channel, He was dedicated to the Catholic Church, he also oversaw the colonization of the New World and reaped the benefit of silver mines in Potosi. and he made Castilian the official dialect of Spain. Philip made Madrid the capital of Spain and ordered the building of a granite palace complex called the Escorial. The Escorial served as royal court, art gallery, monastery and burial site for the royal family of Spain.

Melaka

15th century, Kindgom, controlled trade, Hindu to Islam, Powerful navy and Mosques

Melaka

15th century, Kindgom, controlled trade, Hindu to Islam, Powerful navy and Mosques, Melaka

James I

1603-1625 James VI of Scotland was declared king of England by the last will of queen Elizabeth (1603). Superior to English Parliament and unaccountable to any but God. Belief in "divine right."

Kangxi

1622-1722, Qing ruler, Confucian and enlightened ruler, big reader and writer. Flood control and irrigation projects. Patronize Confucian schools. Conquer Tawaian and absorbs it into the empire. Conquest of Mongolia and C Asia extend almost to Caspian sea. His grandson Qianlong continue expansion of Chinese influence and wants to consolidate conquests in C Asia (Makes Vietnam, Burma, and Napal Vassal States)

English Civil War/ Puritan Revolution

1642-1649, English kings (Charles I) tried instituting new tax without parliament. Political tensions start. The kings support church with ornate ceremonies and bishop hierarchy but Puritans in parliament want to purify the church. Parliament and King Charles I cannot cooperate, both raise army, ends in King's beheading

Qianlong

1736-1795 Qing ruler, continue expansion of Chinese influence and wants to consolidate conquests in C Asia (Makes Vietnam, Burma, and Napal Vassal States). Height of dynasty, 100,000+ poems, painting, and caligraphy. Stable and prosperous reign, so much $ they cancel taxes 4 times. Toward the end of his reign less attention paid to affairs and delegate responsibility to eunchs. Reign entirely wealthy and organized

Stamp Act

1765; law that Britian placed on the American colonists that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Napoleon

1769-1821, supporter of the French Revolution and defended the Directory at the beginning. In 1796 he drove Austrian army from Northern Italy and establish French rule there. 1798 he invaded Egypt and threatens the British sea route to India but the British won. He returns to France in 1799, overthrew the Directory, and starts a new government called the Consulate. Brings political stability to France, makes peace with Roman Catholic church in pact called Concordat ( France keeps lands, state pay clergy, recognized as preferred faith, extend freedom religion to Jews and Protestants). Limited freedom of speech, established secret police, propaganda to manipulate public, public schools, patriarchy, ignored elected bodies, set up Dynasty. His armies conquer Iberian and Italian Peninsula, occupy Netherlands, defeat Austria and Prussia, sends relatives to occupy these lands and force ally w Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Leads an army to Moscow but his massive army ends up with shelter in winter and trip is unsuccessful. British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies converge on France and Napoleon is forced to exiled at Elba. One year later he escapes and restarts his army and for 100 days he rules France again until her surrenders to British at Waterloo.

British Settler Colonies in the Australia and New Zealand

1788 British fleet with 1000 settlers arrive at Sydney harbor and establish New South Whales in Australia. Later Voluntary migrants come also. Some communities in New Zealand. (fertile soil and abundant limbers). Small pox and measles devastate the indigenous population. Aboriginal and New Zealand Maori population decrease. Brutal military campaigns by British evict Aborigines from suitable lands and displace them. Reps of British gov't encourage Maori to sign "Treaty of Waitangi" which put New Zealand under british protection and caused long lasting opposition. New Zealand War: military confrontations between Maori and British groups.

Olaudah Equiano

1789 publish autobiography detailing his experience as a slave and a free man. He was captured at 10 in Behin, and worked as a slave in West Indies, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. He accompanied one of his masters in the 7 years war. Buy freedom in 1766

French Revolution

1789-1815, French rebellion that wanted to replace the ancien regime (old order) with new political, social, and cultural structures, but they lacked experience with self government National Assembly: the 3rd estate leaders the Bourgeoisie (business men) create this after seceding from the Estates General. It swore not to disband until there was a new French constitution. Parasian crowds storm the Bastille (a royal jail and arsenal) in search of weapons. Write constitution to deprive the king of legislative authority (constitutional monarchy in which men of property could vote to choose legislators) The Convention: reign of terror lead by Robspierre and Jacobins. Makes France a republic. Declares war on Austria and Prussia in April 1792 and later Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands. Use the guillotine in huge number of public executions. Committee of Public Safety = led by Jacabins, reinstate censorship of the press (lead to executions) , dechristianization, and start a new calendar. People live in state of fear of execution based soley on suspicion The Directory: oligarchy of men who seize power in France under new institution from 1795-1799. Constant challenges to authority and cannot agree. End in 1799 to Napoleon Reign of Napoleon/Consulate : brings political stability to France, makes peace with Roman Catholic church, extend freedom to protestants and Jews. Established a secret police, propaganda to manipulate public, ignore elected bodies, rule as supreme leader with dynasties. Civil code and public schools. Continental System = economic system where all French allies not allowed to trade with Britain. Armies conquer Iberian peninsula and occupy Netherlands, defeat Austria and Prussia. Leads an army to Russia because Alexander was not following the continental system but army ends up without shelter and unsuccessful. British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies converge on France and Napoleon exiled to Elba. One year later he escapes and returns. He rules France for 100 more days until he surrendered to British at Waterloo.

Otto von Bismarck

1862 King Wilhem I of Prussia appointed wealthy landowner Otto von Bismarack as his prime minister. Otto was a master of Realpolitik (only willingness to use force would actually bring about change: "Iron and Blood"). He unified Germany by expanding and reforming Prussian army, intentionally provoking wars w/ Denmark, Austria, and France and defeating them swelling German pride. 1871 the Prussian King proclaims himself emperor of Second Reich (Second German Empire) which embraced almost all German-Speaking peoples outside of Austria and Switzerland. It became a powerful and dynamic national state. The German States created a common culture through language and literature.

Terrorism in Russia

1876 group called Land and Freedom Party plot assassination of prominent officials to pressure government reform. The terrorist faction of it called "People's Will" tries to kill Alex II and fails. Assasin explodes bomb under his carriage and he is killed

Sino-Japanese War

1894-1895 Japan wants access to Korea for Coal, goes to war against China, Japan wins. Sparks need to reform which leads to 100 day reform.

Hundred Days of Reform

1895 LOSS TO JAPAN IN SINO-JAPANESE WAR SPARKED NEED TO REFORM, EMPEROR GUANGXU ATTEMPTS TO IMPLEMENT REFORMS, CONSITUTIONAL MONARCHY W/ CIVIL LIBERTIES, REMODEL EDUCATION, MODERNIZE MILITARY, STIMULATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (W/ FOREIGN HELP) EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI NULLIFIES REFORMS (She wants to keep her power) AFTER 103 DAYS, IMPRISONS EMPEROR IN THE FORBIDDEN CITY AND EXECUTES SIX REFORMERS

Battle of Adwa

1896, Battle in which the Ethiopians defeated Italian colonial forces; it inspired many of Africa's later national leaders.

The Spanish-Cuban-American War

1898 to 1899, anti-colonial tensions in Cuba and Puerto Rico (last places of Spanish rule) . US declare war on Spain after ship explodes. Defeat Spain and take PR, Cuba, Guam, and Philippines with colonial government. Filipino revolt against Spanish rule and US promised to support their independence in exchange for alliance with Spain but ends up with Philippines under US control. Filipinos rebel under Emilio Aguinaldo

Boxer Rebellion

1899 - SOCIETY OF RIGHTEOUS AND HARMONIOUS FISTS ("BOXERS") LAUNCH REBELLION TO RID CHINA OF "FOREIGN DEVILS", SUPPORTED BY CIXI (THOUGHT FOREIGN POWERS NOW AGAINST HER), CRUSHED BY COALITION OF EUROPEAN FORCES, CHINA FORCED TO ACCEPT STATIONING OF FOREIGN TROOPS AT EMBASSIES AND ALONG ROUTES. AFTER THE FAILED REBELLION, NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS GAIN WIDESPREAD SUPPORT THROUGHOUT CHINA

Russo-Japanese War

1904 Tensions cause Russia V Japan war over Korea. Japan overran Russian installations before Europe could help. Japan control over Korea and Liaodong peninsula, Japan major imperial power

Skyes-Picot Agreement

1916, secret agreement between France and Britain. Defined the spheres of influence that France and Britain would have over Ottoman land after WWI

Amritsar Protest

1919, Hindus and Muslims gathered to fast and pray in protest against British rule, organized by Gandhi. British General Dyer blocked the only exit and fire on unarmed crowd, 400 killed 1200 wounded

Lenin's NEP

1921 - New economic policy. It was Lenin's compromise with capitalism. War communism didn't work. New plan was that the state controlled banks, foreign trade, and large industries. Small businesses were allowed to open for private profit

Mao Zedong

1921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), early member and later emerges as leader

Mussolini

1926 Mussolini has total power as dictator (II Duce). Eliminate other parties, curb freedom of the press, no free speech or association. A Special Tribunal for The Defense of the State silences political dissent. Crush labor unions and prohibit strikes. Vague order of corporatism, where they believe society is an organic entity through which different interest in society under control of state. 1938 antisemetic laws, may be from friendship with Hitler. Pact of Steel starts alliance with Germany.

Franco

1936 army leaders follow General Francisco Franco to take over Spanish republic in favor of fascist government. Start 3 year civil war. Hilter and Mussolini send supplies to help his troops called "Nationalists". The Spanish elected government troops, "Republicans" collapsed and Franco became a Fascist Dictator

Spanish Civil War

1936 army leaders follow General Francisco Franco to take over Spanish republic in favor of fascist government. Start 3 year civil war. Hilter and Mussolini send supplies to help his troops called "Nationalists". The Spanish elected government troops, "Republicans" collapsed and Franco became a Fascist Dictator

Japanese invasion of China/ Rape of Nanjing

1937, Japan full out invasion of China, 100,000s dead. Bejing and other northern cities as well as Nanjing fell to the Japanese. Jiang Jieshi retreated westward to new capital Chongqing and Mao Zedong continued to fight Japanese

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

1939 Stalin and Hitler signed nonaggression pact and publicly pledged to never attack one another

Nazi-solviet non-aggression pact

1939 Stalin and Hitler signed nonaggression pact and publicly pledged to never attack one another

Hitler invades USSR

1941 Hitler invades Russia, Germany captures the Russian heartland. Leningrad was under siege and Germany reached Moscow

Axis Defeat

1943 German forces lost Russia and Soviets retook territory. 1944 Russia advances into Romania, Hungary, and Poland, reaching the Berlin suburbs in 1945. British and US forces attack Germans from North Africa and through Italy. D-Day. Germany's eastern front was disintegrating under the Soviet onslaught. April 31st, 1945, Hitler commits suicide and May 8th Germany surrenders

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Truman

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey. Drops atomic bombs

Burma

1948 Burma independent from British and officially named Myanmar. Its people struggled between repressive military government and pro democracy forces. In 1988 Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma and became active in the newly formed National League for Democracy. League won 80% of seats in the 1990 election. The military government refused to recognize the election and she was put on house arrest.

Afghanistan

1950s Soviet influence in Afghanistan began to increase. When a Muslim revolt almost gets rid of Afghanistan communist government, Russia invades. US supplies Afgan rebels (mujahideen) with weapons because it saw the Soviet invasion as a threat to Middle Eastern oil supplies. To protest invasion Jimmy Carter stopped grain shipments to USSR and boycotts the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

Great Leap Forward

1958. Mao's second five year plan. This plan called for still larger collective farms called communes. Peasants worked together on the land, ate in communal dining halls, slept in communal rooms, everything communal with no ownership. Peasants have no incentive and poor planning leads to failure and famine. After the failure, Mao reduced his role in the government and leaders moved away from his strict ideals.

collapse of détente

1979 Carter signs SALT ll but it falls apart when Soviets invade Afghanistan and congress then refuses to ratify SALT ll. Reagan then increases defense spending, and starts SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) to protect against enemy missiles.

Sui Dynasty

589-618, Yang Jian 1st emperor, rule all of China and regain order after Han, strong, centralized government, built palaces, granaries, walls, military forces to central Asia and Korea, high taxes, and mandatory labor services, Grand Canal built, revolts broke out when additional resources for Korea campaign were demanded, adapted to enviornment patriarchal, merchants bottom

Umayyad

661-750, stress political rather then religious, rule more like kings then caliphs, Arabic official language, minted Arabic currency, built roads, and establish postal routes. Jew and Christians were tolerated as people of the book but paid a tax, Shiite areas were discontent. Capital: Damascus, commercial city in Syria. Tightly centralized. Conquerors. Appoint members of this elite as governors and administrators of conquered land. Abbasid take then over, slaughtered at dinner

Abbasid

750-1258, anti-umayyad Arabs joined non Arab Muslims to overthrow the dynasty and have new caliph Abu al-abbas (descendant of Muhammad's uncle), Baghdad in Mesopotamia became the capital of the empire, more social equality - Persians dominated the bureaucracy, Turks dominate the army, and Arabs control religion, however many lands on the outskirts began to break free from the Abbasid Empire. Sunni Arabs, used Mesopotamian and Persian techniques to rule, devising policies, building capital cities, and organizing their territories with regional governors and bureaucracy. Officials-ulama Judges-qadis. Mongols kill caliph, power fall, Ottomans fill that gap.

Heian

794 - the Japanese established a new capital at Heian (later called Kyoto) Fujiwara family had a lot of influence Court life was the pursuit of beauty Wrote poetry & valued calligraphy 1010 - The Tale of Genji (Lady Shikibu Murasaki) - world's first novel Due to search for beauty, gov't tasks went neglected & rival landowners with private armies began to fight amongst themselves - leads to feudal govt set up emperor supreme leader, split with ruling family and agent of rule, literature imitate Chinese, business and records in Chinese, equal fields system fails

Cahokia

800-1250, rulers, clear elites, Mississippi, center of trading networks, mound buildings, corn based agriculture

Chaco/Pueblo

860-1130, warfare, internal conflicts, villages, NW New Mexico, largest town Pueblo Bonito, trade, astronomy, stone and adobe buildings, roads, turquoise, irrigation of maize, beans, squash, sunflowers, rabbits

Zheng He

A Chinese admiral and diplomat who voyaged overseas to promote trade and collect tribute, castrated male ( eunuch ), muslium so spoke arabic Chinese admiral who led seven voyages to trade cities throughout Asia and Africa

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Fight with Byzantine. Cause of the fall of constantinople in 1453

Apartheid

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. Racial segregation, reserved the best jobs, houses & school for whites. Blacks forced to carry ID books. Forced to live on crowded reserves, with each passing law, the segregation became more restrictive

Getulio Dornelles Vargas

A dictator of Brazil who turned his nation into an estado novo or "new state." Vargas and his government during the 1930's and 40's embarked on a program of industrialization that created new enterprises. The Vargas regime also implemented protectionist policies that shielded domestic production from foreign competition, which pleased both industrialists and urban workers. Suicide

Balfour Declaration (1917)

A document issued by the British that supported the creation of a Jewish state as long as the rights of the Palestinians were protected.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. Preformed by Gandhi

Nigeria

A former British colony that won its independence peacefully in 1960. Nigeria has three major ethnic groups: Hausa-Fulani who are mostly Muslim in the North, and the Yoruba (west - farming people with a tradition of kings) and Igbo(east - farming people with democratic tradition) who are mostly Christians, Muslims, or animists in the South. After independence Nigeria adopted a federal system (power is shared between state governments and a central authority). The Nigerians set up 3 states, one for each region and ethnic group. Ethnic minorities in each state resented control. The Hausa-Fulani, who did not trust the Igbo, attacked the Igbo. The survivors fled East and started a new nation called Biafra. The Nigerian country went to war to reunite the country. In 1970 Biafra surrendered. The military governed Nigeria for most of the 1970s. The government tried to stabilize a federal system with a strong central government and build a more modern economy based on oil income. In 1979 military handed power back to democracy. In 1983 the military overthrew the civilian government and a new military regime dominated by the Hausa-Fulani took charge. The army held elections in 1993 and the victor was Moshood Abiola, but officers declared the results invalid and a dictator, General Sani Abacha, took control. He banned political activity and jailed dissidents (government opponents). He died in 1998. In 1999 Nigerians elected their first civilian president Obasanjo. Obasanjo battled corruption and attempted to draw attention of the world to the need for debt relief in Nigeria. Nigeria still had violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger but was increasing its oil exports and experiencing economic growth

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War. Located in south Vietnam. They were against Diem and the US

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. Big companies don't want smaller competition and will start to eat smaller companies

Anti-Semitism

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

Vassal

A person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Zionism

A political movement that holds the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland. Journalist from Vienna Theodore Hertzel hears anti-semetic language in France and concludes assimilation will not solve problem for Jews. Published Judenstaat which said only defense against anti-semetism lay in the migration of Jews to their own land. He organizes Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland which started World Zionist organization. Declare Kingdom of Isreal at Palestine home for Jewish. For the next half century Jews move there and in 1948 won recognition for Jewish state.

Kabuki

A popular type of Japanese drama combined with music and dance, it is the type of theater in Japan(Played buy all male actors)

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine in the Reign of Terror due to her revolutionary ideas.

renaissance

A rebirth of classic Greek & Roman learning which produced new attitudes towards culture and learning. It had a new emphasis on individual achievement where men explored the richness & variety of human experience in the here and now. Started in Italy because Italy had central Mediterranean location, merchant trade, and Pax Romana ruins as a reminder of when Italy was at its strongest. Italy was full of city states like Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Papal States, Sicily, and Venice. The Medici family of Florence were prominent in banking business and textiles, Cosimo de Medici gained control of Florence in 1434 and puts a graduated income tax in place to improve the city. Lorenzo de Medici from 1469-1492 was a patron of the arts, philosophy, writers, and public festivals. Another patron of the arts was Pope Julius II, also known as Renaissance Prince. Renaissance architecture includes Central Dome of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice and transept and part of Peter's dome in Papal. Reinassace artists include Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Renaissance

A rebirth of classic Greek & Roman learning which produced new attitudes towards culture and learning. It had a new emphasis on individual achievement where men explored the richness & variety of human experience in the here and now. 1300s-1600s. Starts in Italy because Italy has central Mediterranean Location, Merchant Trade, and constant reminders of when they were awesome (Pax Romana architecture)

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

cottage industry/putting out system

A system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. Cotton was given to homes and then women would make them into goods, place them on their doorstep, and get paid.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. 1st permanent international security organization to maintain world peace. Every peace treaty had to accept this organization

Thabo Mbeki

ANC official Thabo Mbeki won the election in 1999 as president of South Africa. He faced large crime rates and high unemployment. About 60% lived below poverty line. He promoted a free market economy and encouraged foreign investment. He established free trade agreements. Faced huge AIDS epidemic.

Pedro I

After Napoleon invades Portugal 1 year government exhile in Rio. 1821 Portuguese King returns, he puts his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. Brazilian creoles call for independence from Portugal and Pedro agrees

Russia Provisional Government

After Nicholas II abdicates, Duma sets up the provisional government. Middle-class liberals planned to write a constitution and promise democratic reforms but continued the war which was an unpopular decision. The provisional government moderately implemented reforms and caused peasant unrest

Bloody Sunday

After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese war, peaceful marchers carry a petition for reform were shot down by tsar's troops on Sunday, January 22, 1905. It destroyed faith in the tsar and strikes and revolts spark all over the country

Israel becomes a state

After the Diaspora, a group called Zionists favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. British Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour in 1917 promoted the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine. At the end of WWII the UN voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestine state and the Jewish state. Jerusalem was an international city owned by neither side. All of the Islamic countries voted against the partition, and the Palestinians rejected it outright. Israel was formed May 14th, 1948.

Tang/Song achievements

Agriculture Fast-Ripening Rice from Vietnam enabled two crops per year New Techniques - iron plow, harnessed oxen (in north) & water buffalo (in south), used manure for fertilizer, extended irrigation systems (pumps & waterwheels) → artificial irrigation methods enable terraced mtns. Results - Increased population (115 million by 1200), Urbanization (Chang'an had about 2 million residents, Hangzhou about 1 million & many others over 100,000) Market-oriented cultivation (southern province of Fujian was growing cash crops of lychees, oranges & sugarcane for export to the north & importing its rice → gov't unhappy) Increased patriarchy - veneration of ancestors & footbinding Porcelain - lighter, thinner & more adaptable (glaze) => Chinaware & led to increased trade Iron & steel metallurgy for weaponry, agricultural tools & structures (bridges & pagodas) & coke for heating Gunpowder - Daoist alchemists - used by mid-tenth century in warfare (spread to Europe by late 1200s) Printing - Block-printing (stamp whole pages) & then moveable-type (individual, moveable symbols that could be rearranged to create pages) - Confucian & Buddhist texts, calendars & agricultural pamphlets Naval technology - sailed further using various ship techniques & the magnetic compass Chinese regions specialized in their production of goods w/ increased internal & foreign trade Copper coins (currency unique to China) became scarce → letters of credit, promissory notes & checks (borrowers lost life & fortune if tried to deny debt) → ultimately led to invention of paper money - used first by merchants & then by gov't (1024) Trade came by land (from Abbasid & Central Asia) & sea (Arab, Persian, Indian & Malay mariners) Imports → spices from SE Asia, feathers & tortoise shells from Vietnam, pearls & incense from India, and horses &melons from central Asia Exports→ silk, porcelain & lacquerware New religions introduced at a time when it seemed Confucianism had failed Nestorian & Manichaean Christianity (from SW Asia) and Islam present in cities, but little impact with the majority. Mahayana Buddhism gained popularity w/ Silk Road Monasteries important in the local economies (agriculture) Introduced chairs & refined sugar Chan/Zen Buddhism became very popular Syncretism of Buddhism & Daoism because of conflict w/ traditional Chinese thought - used Daoist terms to explain Buddhism & encouraged one son for monastic life instead of celibacy for all (explains Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India) Late Tang rulers tried to rid China of foreign faiths, but it was really an attempt to seize property Neo-Confucianism - Song attempt to encourage traditional Chinese traditions while still valuing Buddhist thought. Zhu Xi (12th century) - Family Rituals - provided instructions for various affairs llustrates deep influence of Buddhism in China & influenced east Asian thought long-term (Korea, Vietnam & Japan)

Seneca Falls

American woman Elizabeth Cady Stanton organize conference of feminists @ Sennaca Falls, NY in 1848. Passed 12 resolutions demanding lawmakers grant women more rights equivalent to men (right to vote, public schooling, professions, and participate in public affairs)

Surrealism

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images. Salvador Dali

Dadaism

An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art. Deliberately nonsensical world, dada artists used any available public forum to spit metaphorically on nationalism, materialism, and rationalism which they felt contributed to a senseless war. Reject prevailing art standards. "Fountain"

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Hanseatic League

An organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas

Where from

Anatolia: Silver, Timber SE Asia - spices, cloves, mace, cardamom, cinnamon China- rice, millet, ginger, cinnamon, silk India - Pepper, Cotton, exotic items, pearls, corals, ivory Indian, Arabia, SW Asia- sesame oil Central Asia- horses and jade Rome - glassware, jewlery, works of art, decorative items, perfumes, bronze goods, wool, linen, textiles, pottery, iron tools, olive oil, wine, gold, silver, bullion

Mochica

Andes, irrigation, trade and exchange networks, potatoes, llama, alpaca, maize, bean, squash, sweet potato, fish, cotton, economic zones, rely heavily on arms, moche river, painting on pottery, polytheism, women work, no writing

Peloponessan War

Anti-Athenians (Led by Sparta) against Athens because Athens used Delain league money for themselves, Athens surrenders. Sparta made deal with Persia to buy navy for Ionia

Lapita People

Austronesians in Pacific Islands, agricultural villages, pigs, chickens, yams, taro, breadfruit, bananas, fish, seaweed, pottery with geometric designs, extensive networks of trade and communication, self sufficient, obsidian, shell jewelry, stone tools, feathers, foodstuff, spouses, hierarchy, chiefdom passed from father to eldest son, aristocracy, irrigation for Taro, island hopping, chieftains and military chiefs who organize public life, led rituals, oversaw irrigation, eventually seen as divine/semi-divine

Blood Letting

Aztecs use human sacrifice to please the sun and give him strength

Powder Keg/Balkans

Balkan peninsula area was nicknamed this because so many conflicts broke out there. In the years leading up to WWI, three major powers vied for influence over the region and controlled large sections of Balkan territory: Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire.

Congo

Belgium granted the Congo independence in 1960. After years of civil war, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in 1965. For 32 years, he ruled the country he renamed Zaire. He was overthrown in 1997 by a rebel leader Laurent Kabila after months of civil war. Shortly after, the country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kabila promised a transition to democracy and free elections by 1999, but they never came. 2000 there was another civil war and in 2001 Kabila was assassinated

Afganistan

Britain fought 3 wars with the Afghans before leaving in 1919. Afghanistan declared itself an independent nation and set up a monarchy. In 1964 set up a constitution for a more democratic government but fails to develop. Neutral during Cold War but received aid from both sides. 1973 military overthrows government, and in 1980 a rival group with strong USSR ties seized control. Opposition to communism was the Mujaheddin who fought the government fiercely. USSR troops go into Afghanistan and conquer it. After 10 years fighting USSR withdrew its troops. The Taliban: conservative Islamic group emerged as the victor in Afghanistan. Extremist Islam. Provided refuge for Osama bin Laden. The US government demanded they turn over bin Laden, US army takes military action and bomb Taliban air defense. By December 2001 US had driven the Taliban from power. Afghans selected a new government under the leadership of Hamid Karzai

Economic expansion in the US

British Capital: British invest capital in US during early industrialization, spurr vast expansion of US industry, huge wealth for investors. After 1860, US made effective use of foreign capital to reunite post Civil War. US would depend on wage labor and commercial economy Railroads: linked all US reigons and helped create an intergrated nation economy. US had abundance of natural resources for industrial exploitation. Cheap transportation for agricultural goods, manufactured goods, and travelers. Grain, beef, and hogs from plain states. Cotton and tobacco from South. Lumber from NW. Iron and steel from Pittsberg. Finished products from east. Developed other industries. Increase sizes of businesses Space and Time: Westward expansion driven by railroad lead to broad scale land clearing and extension of farming and mining lands, suffering of indigenous people, and environment damage. Time controlled by sun made train schedules a nightmare, 1883 railroad companies divide North America into 4 time zones with same time called Railroad time. 1918 legally establish 4 time zones as official framework of time in the US Economic growth: New products invented and brought to market: electric lights, telephones, type writers, phonographs, photographs, and more

Chamberlain

British Prime Minister who made the Munich Agreement with Hitler. Appeasement policy

Churchill

British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power. She ended the East India Company because they were too greedy and took rule of India under her own personal direct rule - put a viceroy in place. Lin Zexu sends her a letter to stop the trade of opium by British merchants

Ghana

British colony of the Gold Coast was the first colony to achieve independence. Leader of the nonviolent movement was Kwame Nkrumah who starting in 1947 worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British. He organized strikes and boycotts and was often imprisoned by the British government. In 1957 they received independence and were renamed Ghana. Nkrumah became the first prime minister and president for life. New roads, new schools, expanded health facilities, industrialization. The expenses of these programs undermined the economy and strengthened his opposition. In 1966 the army and police in Ghana seized power and since then the government has been unstable. In 2000 the first open elections were held

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. Had diamond mines in Africa

Salt March

British say India can only buy British salt. On March 12th 1930 Gandhi walks 240 miles with crowd of thousands to sea and picks up sea salt. He and followers arrested and worldwide attention embarrassed Britain

South Africa and Kenya

British settler colonies

Kenya

British settlers resisted Kenyan independence but were forced to accept an African self-government. The government was brought about by the strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta and the rise of a group known as the Mau Mau (Used guerrilla war tactics that sought to push the white farmers into leaving the highlands). British grant independence in 1963 and Kenyatta became president. His successor was Daniel arap Moi who was less successful in governing the country.

Tea

British smuggled tea out of China into India at Ceylon and grow it in Ceylon. Knock down trees of rain forest to grow tea and meet growing demand in Europe for all social classes. Women work in tea fields, men indentured servants in other places

Mosaic

Byzantine art Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

Emperor Leo III

Byzantine emperor who promotes Iconoclasm = destroying reliogus images. Starts riots and protests

Cyril

Byzantine missionary that was sent to Russia to spread Orthodoxy; created Slavic Cyrillic script

U-2 Incident

CIA was sending secret high altitude planes over Russia to spy called U-2 planes. Shot down by Soviets and heightened Cold War tensions

Cambodia

Cambodia was bombed during Vietnam war. It became under siege of communist rebels known as Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot. Slaughters 2 million people to transform Cambodia to communist. 1978 Vietnamese invade and overthrew Khmer Rouge and put a less repressive government in place but withdrew in 1989. 1993 UN sets up democratic constitution with free elections

Caudillos

Caudillos are regional military leaders who come into power in much of Latin America. After independence they take the political stage, appealing to populist sentiments and exploiting the discontent of the masses. One caudillo named Juan Manuel De Roses ruled Argentina while it was badly divided between cattle herding/gauchos and urban elites. He uses his skills to subdue other caudillos and establish constitution in Buenos Aires. Violently put down rebels. Restore order with terror . Rules Argentina as despot with own personal army

Tenochtitlan

Capital of Aztec/Mexica

Cuzco

Capital of Incas

The Catholic/Counter Reformation

Catholic church creates the Council of Trent and Society of Jesus to go against the protestant reformation. Society of Jesus sought to extend boundaries of reformed Catholic church and focused on education. It was started by nobleman and solider St. Ignatius Loyola. Also witch hunting, Religious wars, and the 30 Years war which starts after the holy roman empire attempts to force subjects to return to Roman Catholic and ends up including Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian forces involved by its end

WWI Imperialism

Caused tension within in the Balkan, and created a power struggle among the European countries idk

Gupta

Chandra Gupta, decentralized with local administrators, decline white huns. Golden age with Chandra Gupta ll, literature, folktales, export gems, spices, cotton, teak, ebony. Hinduism official religion but religious tolerance. Advances arabic numerals, place value, 0, earth round, surgery, set bones, pie, solar year

Chinese Urbanization

Chang'an had about 2 million residents, Hangzhou about 1 million & many others over 100,000

Agrarian Revolution

Changed the methods of farming. Improved farm technology ( Dutch build dikes - a wall or bank built to keep back water and prevent flooding, using fertilizer to improve the soil, and Jethro Tull invented the seed drill to plant in rows). The Enclosure Movement involved taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers, it replaced the many small strips farms with larger fields. The Agrarian Revolution also led to rapid population growth from better diet, healthier women and babies, and improved medical care and sanitation to help people live longer

Ferdinand Marcos

Elected president of the Philippines in 1965. Authoritarian regime and stole millions of dollars from the public treasury. Imposed martial law from 1972 to 1981 to stay in power.

Hagia Sophia

Church built by Justinian of Byzantine Empire the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

American Revolution

Colonists resist when British attempt to reinvigorate imperial control. England had debts from the seven years war and taxed the colonies, this legislation was very unpopular. Colonists resent Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Townsend Act (1767), the Tea Act (1773, and the Quartering Act (1773). Colonists respond with "No taxation without representation", boycotted British goods, and physically attacked British officials. Boston Tea Party 1773. The colonists organized the continental congress in 1774 which coordinated colonies resistance to British policies. Battle @ Lexington first battle British V Americans. Declaration of Independence written in 1776. Political loyalties were varied based on region and communities (patriots support revolution, loyalists or tories were loyal to the British monarchy). British had a hard time fighting because supplies had to be shipped and European states who were enemy of Britain help Americans in their quest for independence. George Washington was a strong military leader for America. After win construct the United States Constitution which emphasizes rights of individuals based on popular sovereignty and individual freedoms but only to property owning men

Ming Dynasty

Confucianism as doctrine, Chinese replaced Mongols in gov't positions, New Law Codes (harsh), Reorganized tax system, Civil service system restored w/ even harder exam, Gov't offered free land in north to encourage people to move back there, Trade flourished, History & literature library compiled. Emperor Zhu/ Hong Wu, Forbidden city palace, Zheng He's expeditons 1368-1644, Chinese run dynasty that wants to bring back Chinese culture, destroy all of Kublai Khan's palaces in Bejing, control of Northern Territory, capital Bejing in north to Emphasize north control (forbidden city), Neoconfucainism doctrine, chinese replace Mongols in government positions, new harsh law codes, reorganize tax system, civil service exams harder, offer free land in north to attract, trade flourshing, history and literature complied, broze, Zheng He traveler, giant ship . Porcelain

Augustin de Iturbine

Creole who after Miguel Hidalgo is killed declares independence from Spain for Mexico. Declares himself emperor of Mexico but dosen't last long. Power and social order remain as they were before the rebellion began.

Latin American conflicts with Indigenous Peoples

Creoles push aside Indigenous people to claim land for agriculture and ranching. Most intense resistance in Argentina and Chile. 1870 passified the resistance and force indigenous to assimilate or retreat

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Dashing solider of fortune and nationalist and member of Young Italy who led the unification movement of Italy. Army of 1000 men called Red Shirts swept through Sicily and Southern Italy, out maneuvering government forces and attracting enthusiastic results. He was uninterested in ruling so in 1860 he met with King Vittorio E Manuele II of Pledmont and Sardinia in Naples and gave him rule to Southern Italy (People of Southern Italy voted on this decision). Over the next decade the new monarchy absorbs additional territorys including Venice, Rome, and surrounding reigons. Italy unified 1870.

India Act - 1919

December 1919, British attempted reform after Amritsar massacre. British governor-general shares power with Indian legislature, Indians had more say but British control foreign policy and national security

life expectancy during the Industrial Revolution

Decreases at first in working class due to horrible working conditions, goes back up after reforms put into place.

Four Modernizations

Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology. Eliminated communes and leased land to individual farmers, promoted private business ownership, welcome foreign trade and investment, change in culture.

Jiang Zemir

Deng died 1997. Jiang Zemir assumed the presidency. His government continued to repress democracy movements. China remained economically open but politically closed. Retired late 2002. Hu Jintao was his successor.

Laibela's Rock Churches

Designed in the shape of a cross. Oldest Christian church in the world. Carved out of volcanic tuff rock. Indigenous to the area, local traditions and customs blend to the area

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator of Mexico who was rebelled against but is not taken down. Try to industrialize (railways, telegrams, fast mail system, stricter punishment in laws) but is corrupt and lowers the standard of living

civil service exams

Done in China. only 300 could pass, 3 days, 2 nights, cramped rooms. Writing 8 legged literary essays composition on certain questions. Lots of competitions for degrees, not all degrees get government service, more who pass fewer opportunities for government positions (most become tutors). Those who pass metropolitan civil service exams position in imperial bureaucracy. Exams offer serious pursuit of formal education, opportunity for social mobility, guarantee of Confucianism as center of government and that Confucians would govern state

Arab Nationalism and Palestine

During WWI Arabs fought against the Ottoman empire and were promised independence. Instead, British and France carved up the area (mandates). Therefore, Pan-Arabism emerged after WWI and a feeling of betrayal by the West endured to this day. The Allies also promised the European Jewish Community in the Balfour Declaration that "a nation home for the Jewish People" should be set up in Palestine. At first the Arabs welcomed the economic boost, but when the Jewish people began to clear the land they brought from the Palestinians of all tenants that were living there and refused to hire Palestinian workers in their factories, tensions rose and remained ever since

Malaysia and Singapore

During WWII Japanese conquered, but the British returned in 1945. The British tried to organize the Malaya peninsula into one state and struggled to put down a communist uprising. Malayas were on the slight majority on the peninsula, while Chinese were the largest group on the southern tip the Island of Singapore. Separated Malayas and Singapore. Singapore became an extremely prosperous nation and Lee Kuan Yew ruled as prime minister from 1959 to 1990. Banking center and center of trade.

Enclosure

During the Agrarian Revolution, landowners begin taking over and fencing off land that once had been shares by peasant farmers. The purpose was to replace the many small strip farms with larger fields. This made farming more efficient, improving agricultural production. It also meant fewer farm workers were needed, leading to the Industrial Revolution

German Reunification

East Germany had closed their boarders entirely in 1989 and protesters demanded their right to travel freely and free elections. East German leader Egon Krenz gambled that opening the Berlin wall would restore stability. By the end of 1989 communism had failed. Many Germans began to speak of reunification. West German chancellor Helmut Kohl assured the world that German would stick to democracy. Germany was officially reunified October 3, 1990. Had to rebuild Germany's economy. Kohl raised taxes. Factories closed and unemployment was high. In 1998 Gerhard Schroeder was elected. Took an active role in European affairs but not much economic reform

Pakistan civil war

East Pakistan had a larger population but was often ignored by West Pakistan which was home to the central government. Demonstrations broke out in East Pakistan. On March 26, 1971 East Pakistan declared itself an independent nation called Bangladesh. Civil war followed between Bangladesh and Pakistan. Indian forces side with Bangladesh and Pakistan surrenders.

US involvement in WWI

Economic reasoning: economic recovery in the US became dependent on sale of war materials, mostly to Allies. Allies take loans mostly from American banks, so Ally victory would have the best outcome for Americas. Win would pay off debt with US participation in the war. Woodrow Wilson moved to war against Germany ("Warfare against mankind", "World must be safe for democracy"). Breaks the stalemate

Japan post WW1

Economy: During WWI Japan's limited role in WWI boosts economy, benefit from selling munitions and other goods to Allies in war. After WWI, there was a short lived prosperity since post war economy had inflation and labor unrest. Economic slump from the great depression. Plummeting industrial production, job layoffs, declining trade. There become public demands for sweeping political and social reforms. Murder prime minister Invaki Tsuyoshi Political: Militarists retake control in Japan after the depression and restored shogunate. Highly nationalist. Still keep emperor symbol of state power. Plan a pacific empire that included China to provide Japan with raw materials and markets for goods.

Simon Bolivar

Educated in Europe and enlightened about popular sovereignty. 1819 assemble army that crushed Spanish army in Colombia .Led army that helped to liberate Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru His goal was to weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederation. During the 1820s independent Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador formed a republic called Gran Colombia, and Bolívar attempted to bring Peru and Bolivia into the confederation. By 1830, however, strong political and regional differences had undermined Gran Colombia.

Domino Theory

Eisenhower's explanation for stopping communism. If one nation in Asia fell to communism the rest would follow. Justify interference in Vietnam for US

Russian goals aster WWII

Encourage communism in other countries as part of a worldwide workers' revolution, Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's industrial equipment and raw materials, Control Eastern Europe to protect soviet borders and balance US influence in Western Europe, keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war

US goals after WWII

Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of Communist government, gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries, rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for US goods, reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase the security of Europe

Hundred Year War

England and France battle on French soil, end of medieval. Edward iii claim French role, England uses longbow, no more chivalry. Ends with driving England out of France except for Calais. Series of wars between England and Europe over dispute of land and kingdom. 1337-1453

Glorious Revolution

England, Cromwell of the Puritan regime takes power but soon turns into a dictatorship and parliament returns to a monarchy in 1660. Parliament dispose King James II an invite his daughter Mary and her dutch husband William to have the throne who rule in cooperation with Parliament. Bloodless change of power

Henry VIII

English King. 1491-1547 After 18 years of marriage, Henry & his wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spain), had only one child, a daughter named Mary. He asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine in an effort to remarry and obtain a male heir (common practice during the time since the Catholic Church does not allow divorce) The pope refused Henry's request since the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was Catherine's nephew. 1534 Act of Supremacy: Created the Church of England, made Henry head of the Church (not the pope), kept Catholic doctrines & forms of worship. The reaction in England: devout Catholics opposed, 1535 Thomas More (Utopia) beheaded for treason, 1536-1540 Henry closed monasteries & convents and seized Church land. Henry has 5 wives after Catherine of Aragon, has male heir Edward with third wife Jane. After his death Edward (VI) becomes king at 9

Locke

English enlightened philosopher and physician. Wrote Two Treaties of Government in the 1680s. Believed social contract is necessary to ensure order. Natural Rights = right to life, liberty, and property. If a government failed to protect these rights, people had the right to rebel. Against absolute monarchy

Jethro Tull

English inventor who invented the seed dril

Cartwright

English inventor, invented the power loom

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616), writes 37 plays

William Wilberforce

English political in Parliament and philanthropist who attacks slavery on moral and religious ground. 1807 Parliament passes his bill to end the slave trade. Under British pressure other states ban commerce in slaves. However, there is still illegal slave trade today (Human trafficking)

Elizabeth 1

English queen. After Edward VI dies the crown goes to his protestant cousin Jane Gray. Jane was queen for 9 days until protests made Edward's catholic sister Mary queen. After Mary dies Elizabeth 1 becomes queen. Avoiding religious tension - she adopted the Act of Uniformity (a religious compromise of Protestant belief and Catholic practice that became known as Anglican: book of Common Prayer reestablished, the monarch headed of the Church, Latin was the language of the Church, and catholic hierarchy was kept.) England was firmly a Protestant nation. Elizabeth worked hard to keep England strong and to create a balance of power between Spain and France. She worked with Parliament in ways that helped all members of English society, particularly the underprivileged class. On her death in 1603, she left England without an heir.

Joan the Arc

Englishman Henry V suppose to get French crown after Charles VI. This pesant girl says she can hear saints and they said Charles's son should get the crown. Leads to French army to battle and Charles VII becomes king. She is captured by England and is killed because "witch"

Joan of Arc

Englishman Henry V suppose to get French crown after Charles VI. This pesant girl says she can hear saints and they said Charles's son should get the crown. Leads to French army to battle and Charles VII becomes king. She is captured by England and is killed because "witch", Inspired the French to victory with the support of King Charles VII at Orleans in 1429 (through divine guidance) Captured, accused of witchcraft & burned at the stake by the British in 1431 1456 found innocent posthumously 1920 canonized

Triangular Trade

Europe trade horses and manufacture goods (cloth and metal ware) exchanged for African slaves. Enslaved Africans to Caribbean and America. Merchants sell slaves 2x 3x price from Africa. Exchange for sugar, molasses, and other American goods. Take American goods to Europe

Slave Destinations

Europe, Mainland N America, British Caribbean, French Caribbean, Dutch Americas, Danish West Indies, Spanish Americas, Brazil, Africa

New Deal

FDR applied similar ideas to Keynes. Proposed legislation designed to prevent the collapse of the banking, to provide jobs and farm subsides, workers right to organize and bargain collectively. Guarantee minimum wages, social security in old age. Public works jobs

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. Wants professional revolutionaries in the form of proleterit dictatorship to lead the peasants through the revolution. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia.Followers = Bolsheviks party. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Hundred Year's War

France wants to get rid of England Territory (from William the conqueror who was a French Duke who got English crown and kept his French Territory) in France and they succeed 1337-1453

Allied Powers

France, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Soviet Union, China, US and its Latin American allies

Louis XIV

France, Louis XIII and Richelieu died in 1643 → Louis XIV is only five years old. His mother, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin ruled as regents until 1661 Mazarin signed two peace treaties for France in 1648 and 1659 . Mazarin was an advisory to Louis XIV> France becomes an absolute state: "I am the state" His symbol was the Sun. In 1685, Louis became a more rigid Catholic & revoked the Edict of Nantes (Put in place by Henry IV, Huguenots freedom of conscience, limited freedom of worship & political equality). Most Huguenots (French Protestants) fled the country into exile. By his death, Louis left his grandson and heir Louis XV, a country under stiff controls that was nearly bankrupt from war & spending. Builds Palace of Versailles in Paris,

Free class V slaves

Free class: artisan, craftsman, merchants, lower rank civil servants, preists, participate in religous ceremonies, women mostly textiles, marry as wish, cultivate, irrigation Slaves: prisoners of war, civilions who rebelled, subjects with high debt, cannot move/marry at will, servents/skilled in wealthy homes, there are state owned slaves

French Indochina

French Imperialists built a large SE Asian colony in modern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Intro European-style schools and establish close connection with native elites. Encourage conversion to Christianity, Roman Catholic church prominent`

Algeria

French West African settler colony

Montesquieu

French enlightened philosopher. Wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748. Had the idea of separating governmental powers. Came up with 3 equal branches: legislative who made laws, executive who enforced laws, and judicial who interpreted and judged laws.

Volatarie

French enlightened writer. Admired ideas of religious liberty and freedom of the press/speech. "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it". Wrote political satire Candide (1759). Against tyranny.

John Calvin

French lawyer 1530 converts protestant and leaves supressive France to Switzerland where he organized a protestant community called Geneva. Makes influential treaties that codify protestant teachings, emphasize power god, and believe in Predestination : god determines salvation before birth. Strict moral code of discipline, Calvanists dress simply, regular bible study, refrain from activities (dancing, playing cards). Geneva was a model protestant community. Make good missionaries

Chile

From 1964 to 1970 Chile had a Christian Democratic government. Seeking more radical reform, voters elected socialist Salvador Allende. He increased agricultural reform, purchased control of most banks, and continue nationalization of the foreign-owned copper. Shortages and inflation. 1973 military bomb and kill Allende. General Augusto Pinochet headed the new government, killed or detained Allende's supporters. Feared and hated for his violence

Argentina

From 1976 to 1983 a military government abducted, tortured, and killed left wing militants and anyone who claimed they were "subversives", including all political opponents. Stole and kidnapped babies. Madres start their own newspaper and promote democracy

Sri Lanka

Gained its independence from Britain in 1948. Three quarters population are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists. A fifth are Tamils, a Hindu people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka. Tamils have fought for a separate Tamil nation. Sri Lankan president Rajiv Gandhi tried to reached an accord in 1987, civil war continues to this day

Martin Luther

German monk and prominent in church who attacks sale of indulgences and soon attracts enthusiastic support. Was a writer and published against church using printing press that Jonannes Gutenberg invents. He advocates for closure of monasteries, translation of Latin bible, end to priestly authority including pope, and that salvation can be earned through good work and prayer. He argued humans could be saved only through faith in promise of god. Reject church hierarchy, mid 16th century 1/2 of Germany adopt Lutheran Christianity and reformers launch protestant movements elsewhere

The Battle of Britian

German planes dropped bombs on London and other British cities. British fought back and never gave up; after months of fighting, Hitler gave up his planned invasion of Britain.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Albert Einstein

German, has theory of relativity (1905) , that says there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe. It doesn't make sense to speak of space and time as absolutes, its all relative. Realized science had reached limits of what could be known with certainity

Gold/Salt trade

Ghana became most important commercial site. Center for trade in gold, in high demand. By controlling and taxing the precious metal, the kings both enriched and strengthened their realm. Salt was a crucial commodity in the tropics, not in large quantities. Gold from forests in W Africa, Salt from Sahara. Ghana is the trade site that provides security for these transactions and gets tax on all traded goods there.

Mansa Musa

Grand- nephew of Sundiata, increased inflation through distribution of lavish gifts (gold), he built mosques, sent promising students to study with distinguished Islamic scholars in north Africa, established religious schools and brought in Arabian and north African teachers, including four descendants of Mali himself, to make Islam better known in Mali. expand empire, 2x size, divide empire into Providences with governor, Muslim order building mosques, goes on Hajj and exposes Mali to Muslims in Mecca, buts Mali on map (literally)

Charles Martel

Grandfather of Charlemagne, deafeaded Muslium army that ventured into Frankish territory after Muslium forces had conquered most of the Ibeian Peninsula at the Battle of Tours in 732. Organize frankish armored horsemen AKA knights who knock over foot soliders

Vladimir

Grandson of Kievan princess Olga who converted to Christianity. He sent out teams to observe other religons, he decides to convert to Byzantine Christinanity, he baptises all citizes and looks to Byzantine for religous guidance, orthodox christianity

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Greek philosophers

Picasso, Guernica

Guernica is a large oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso completed in June 1937. he title 'Guernica' refers to the city that was bombed by Nazi planes during the Spanish Civil War. The painting depicts the horrors of war and as a result, has come to be an anti-war symbol and a reminder of the tragedies of war. Cubism = the essence of an object can only be captured by showing it from multiple points of view simulatenously

Marcus Garvery

He was a Jamaican Black Nationalist active in American in the 1920s. Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Boccaccio

He wrote "The Decameron" and was an Italian writer who lived during the black death. Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375)

Eisenhower in WWII

Head General, led D-Day

Mao Zedong

Head of communist party and national government of China until 1959. Determined to reshape China's economy based on Marxist socialism. Under the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, Mao seized the holding of landlords and divided the land among the peasants. Later turned to collective farms. Private companies were nationalized. In 1953 set up five year plan that set high production goals for industry

Hitler defies army promises

Hilter doesn't listen to treaty and in 1935 says he wont listen to the limitations on his army. The League only gives him a mild condemnation. Hitler then also sends troops to the demilitarized zone that acted as a buffer between Germany and France, known as the Rhineland. Britian only responds with an appeasement, turning the tide in German favor. Convinces Mussolini and later Japan to ally with Germany to form Axis Powers

Shiva

Hindu God, four-armed lord of the dancers, Shiva crushed a dwarf demon symbolizing ignorance. Destroyer

Vedas

Hindu books of knowledge, basis of Ayran religious practices, Sanskrit

sati

Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre. Akbar gets rid of this. Part of Hinduism

Ramayana

Hindu epic poem 24,000 verses

Mahabharata

Hindu epic poem, 100,00 verses

Vishnu

Hindu god considered the "creator", became cult deity that promised salvation. emphasis on him in the cult of Ramanuja(intellectual efforts less important than personal union)

Bhagavad Gita

Hindu writing that addresses dharma of each varna

Law of Manu

Hindu/Ayran, women should be respected by men

15 new nations

In 1991 the USSR collapsed, and 15 new independent nations emerged. Transcaucasian Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Central Asian Republics: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Have a hard time starting their own economy, dependence on a single crop (cotton) and Azerbaijan had oil. Ethnic hostility.

Djenne

Important trading city in Mali's empire City on Niger River, gold and salt trade another city that became a center of learning, becomes conquered by Songhai

ANC and Nelson Mandela

In 1912, the blacks of South Africa started the ANC (African National Congress) to fight for their rights. Organized strikes and boycotts. One leader was Nelson Mandela. By the late 1980s South Africa was under great pressure to change. Desmond Tutu led an economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations not to do business with South Africa and South Africa became isolated

ECSC

In 1950, the French foreign minister Robert Schuman an the West German Chancellor Konrad Adenau agreed to form European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to place these key industries under an independent international authority.

Algeria

In 1954 the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) announced its intent to fight for independence from the French. The FLN prevailed and Algeria gained independence in July 1962. The leader of the FLN Ahmed Ben Bella became the first president of the newly independent Algeria. He attempted to make a socialist state but was overthrown in 1965 by his army commander. Try to modernize but unemployment and dissatisfaction led to the rise of Islamic who wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state. The chief Islamic party the FIS won local and parliamentary elections in 1990 and 1991. However, the government refused to accept the elections and as a result, a civil war broke out

The Cultural Revolution

In 1966 Mao urged China's young people to "learn revolution by making revolution". Millions of students responded and left their classrooms to form militia units called Red Guards. The Red Guards led a major uprising called the Cultural Revolution. Its goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers which all were equal. The new hero was the peasant who worked with his hands, not the intellectual. Shut down schools, target anyone against regime, "purify" selves by doing labor, thousands imprisoned and executed. The chaos threatened production and by 1968 Mao admitted the revolution needed to stop.

Poland

In 1980 Polish workers went on strike demanding government recognition of their union, Solidarity. The government gave into these demands and union leader Lech Walesa became a national hero. Next year martial law is put in place and Solidarity is banned again. In April 1989 military leader Jaruzelski met with the Solidarity leaders and legalized it and opened free elections in Poland. Polish voters voted against communism and elect Lech Walesa and president. Walesa tried to revive Poland's bankrupt economy with shock therapy. Inflation and unemployment. Poles were unhappy with the pace of economic progress and elected Aleksander Kwasniewski. Kwasniewski led Poland in its drive to become a part of the broader European community. Poland becomes a member of NATO. As a member of NATO, Poland provides strong support in the war against terrorism. Kwasniewski pushed for democracy and free markets.

FW de Klerk

In 1989 white South Africans elected FW de Klerk their new president. His goal was to transform South Africa and end isolation. He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison. Over the next 18 months, the parliament repealed apartheid laws, and world leaders began to remove restrictions on South Africa. de Klerk agreed to hold elections where all races could vote in 1944. ANC won 63% of vote and Mandela was elected president. A new more democratic constitution was made with equal rights and a bill of rights

Transfer of Hong Kong

In 1997 Great Britain handed this former British colony and trading port over to China. China promised to respect Hong Kong's economy and political liberties for 50 years. After the first 4 or 5 years control of mainland China over Hong Kong tightened

Lithuania and the Soviet Union

In March 1990, Lithuania declared its independence. Gorbachev ordered an economic blockage of the republic. In January 1991 Soviet troops attacked unarmed civilians in Lithuania's capital. This assault and lack of economic progress hurt Gorbachev's popularity. People then turned to Yeltsin

Robert Owen

In Scotland set up a Utopian factory community. Living wages. Capitalism with Utilitarianism

Alfred Dreyfus

In military court in France this Jewish army officer is convicted of spying for Germany but found not guilty on appeal. Sparks debate in France on trusting Jews which was major push for Zionism

Siam

Independent country between French Indochina and British Burma. Buffer country

Zulu

Independent nation in South Africa where Boer's go after moving out of British Land, they were a war machine but still no match for European technology

Jawaharlal Nehru

India's first prime minister. Popular and emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization. Led newly independent nations of the world in forming an alliance of countries that were neutral during the Cold War. Reorganized states by language. Tried to elevate status of low caste and expand women's rights. Dies 1964

Indian National Congress

India's national political party. Members were mostly Hindus

Mauryan

India, established by Chandragupta Maurya, centralized, bureaucracy, Asoka, Brahmin superiority less meaningful because wealthy merchants and artisans, manufactured pots, textiles, iron tools, and jewlery. export cotton, aromatics, pepper and gems. Import horses from central asia, bullion from Persia, silk from China, spices from SE Asia. Indian ocean monsoons, direct trade with Rome for peppers, silk road

Pepper, Saffron, Sugar

Indian crops grown in Southern India

East Timor

Indonesia forces ruled East Timor land with brutal force since Suharto seized it in the 1970s. Jose Ramos Horta was an East Timorese independence campaigner who wanted to gain independence without violence. August 1999 East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence. Pro-Indonesians killed hundreds and forced thousands to refugee camps. UN intervened and 2002 East Timor celebrated independence

Hungary

Inspired by Poland, Hungary launched a reform program. Encouraged private enterprise and allowed a small stock market to operate. New constitution permit multiparty and free elections. Voted out communism. A socialist party and democratic party formed a collation to rule. Joins NATO

Mexico

Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) brought democracy to Mexico from 1929-2000. In 2000 Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN) was elected as president. 1994 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) end tariffs and trade barriers. The day NAFTA went into effect the Maya protest in armed confrontation.

Humanism

Intellectual movement of the Renaissance Focused on worldly, secular, subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers Studia Humanitas (study of the humanities): grammar, rhetoric, poetry and history based on Greek & Roman texts

Humanism

Intellectual movement of the Renaissance, Focused on worldly, secular, subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers, Studia Humanitas (study of the humanities): grammar, rhetoric, poetry and history based on Greek & Roman texts

IMF

International Monetary Fund - a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia eventually this barbarian group adopted Christianity and became farmers.

Fascist Corporatist economy

Involved management of sectors of the economy by government or privately controlled organizations

Persian Wars

Ionian greek cities rebel, confict with greeks, loss at Battle of Marathon

Iran

Islami (the Safavid hero) conquers most of Persia, pushed into Iraq, and soon conquered all of Iran and proclaimed the Shah (King)

May 4th Movement

It was expected at peace conference restoration of Chinese sovereignty, but peacemakers approve increased Japanese influence. Starts the May 4th movement, all classes protest foreign interference and want to establish national unity. Some interest in communism

Venice

Italian city-state- port city and manufactured glass in Renaissance Italy An Italian city that by 1000 C.E. emerged as a major center of Mediterranean trade.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian national advocate who formed a group called "Young Italy" that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian city state. Creates the push for unification, Nationalism, common Italian culture. Tries to revolt 1848 but fails and he loses respect. Austrian and Spanish authorities force him to exile but he used the opportunity to encourage the organization of national movements in new lands. Young Italy had inspired nationalist movements in Ireland, Switzerland, and Hungary

Pact of Steel

Italy and Germany allegiance signed May 1939, 10 year pact

Pearl Harbor

Japan wanted to destroy American naval capacity in Pacific and attack Pearl Harbor to clear way for South East Asian conquest and defend the perimeter. December 7th, 1941. A Day that will live in infamy

The Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China. Aerial bombing. Burn 1/3 homes

Comfort women

Japanese forcibly take 200,000 women as imperial prostitution service for soldiers.

Act of Seclusion

Japanese law enacted in 1636; severely isolated Japan; primary goal was to get rid of Christianity. Ships reduced to one small island of Deshima/Nagasaki for trade, Japanese Christianity converts had to renounce their faith. No japanese can leave country

People of the book

Jews and Christians as reguarded by Muslims, traced to the same book Tzipora

Chinese Civil War

Jiang Jieshi launched Northern Expedition to bring all Chinese under Guomindang rule. 1927 brutally turn against communist. Following year nationalists set up central government in Nanjing and declared official government. Jieshi military blockades the CCP Red Army and they begin the 10,000 km retreat. They established headquarters and Yan'an. 1000s die from hunger, disease, and enemy force, inspired many to join CCP.

Hindu Kush Passages

Khydren mountain pass (Afganistan and N Pakistan), Bolan pass (Toba Kakar range), mountain pass is a navigable pass through a mountain range or over a ridge. Helpful for travel

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Lords

King gives them land in exchange for loyalty and military service, they give some land called fief to Vassal. gives housing, farmland, and protection to serfs in return for tending of land, care for his animals, and maintaining his land

Lay Investiture

Kings lord appoint Bishops and Preists A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Antonian Movement

Kongo, begin 1704. Dona Beatriz says St. Anthony of Padua had possessed her and she was his communicator. (St. Anthony Padua was a Franciscan missionary). Portuguese introduce this cult to Kongo, Dona gives St. Anthony a reputation for miracles and curing disease. Promote African form of Christianity, says Jesus was a black man, Kongo was holy land, and heaven was for Africans

King Nzinga Mbemba/ Alfonzo I

Kongo, devout Christian and sought to covert all. Done for commercial and political alliance with Portugal

Choson/Yi

Korean Dynasty, (1392-1910) King Sejong - Hangul (phonetic alphabet) literacy increase 1392 General Yi Song-gye created a Confucian government after the mongols left Korea in 1350, 1443 replace the Chinese system of writing with Hangul-an alphabet which used symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean (completely different than Chinese)

Celadon

Korean blueish-greenish pottery

Koyru

Korean dynasty, (935-1392), Modeled central gov't on Chinese Confucianism, Civil service exam (only aristocracy), Celadon pottery & Buddhist wooden block prints, Mongols invaded & demanded tribute under 1392 Buddhism reached its greatest influence in Korea, inventors improved on Chinese wood blocking printing by using metal (sturdier), improved on porcelain by creating Celadon (blue green glaze) -lost when mongols invaded Mongols take over, most Buddhism influence

Shilla

Korean dynasty, 668-918 unified the peninsula with Tang help (tributary), built Buddhist monasteries, used Chinese characters, capital Kumsong tributary state of china, tang helps them unite Korea, Korea came to see China in Confucian terms (older brother), women became subordinate within the family, adopted the civil service system, but only aristocrats could take the test firsts unified

Impact of WW1 on Women

Lack of men in the labor force filled by women with patriotism and high wages. Women are nurses, physicians, and communication clerks behind battle lines. Women and children work making shells with dangers of explosion and TNT exposure. Middle and upper-class women say war freed them from older attitudes and gave women a sense of mission. Working class women less of the liberating feeling. Wages rise but still women/men wage gap. Eventually there is suffrage and more equality in Russia and China

Commercial agriculture of Rome

Latifundia concentrate production for export, specialization prompts trade

Latin American Economy

Latin American Investments: Latin America no industrialization or economic development. Open colonies to European trade. Elites (urban merchants and large landowners) retain control over local economies. Elites huge profits from European trade and little interest to seek economic diversification. Foreign investments have damaging effects British Investment: British have considerable control over Latin American economic affairs. European migrants labored i the new export industries and contribute to growth of Buenos Aires Attempted Industrialization: dictoral leader Diaz in Mexico create railroad tracks and telegraph lines that connect all parts of Mexico. Small steel railroad industry. Also glass, chemical, and textile industries. Mexico city has improvements. The profits of Mexican enterprises do not support industrial efforts and only go to the oligarchy and foreign investors with growing discontent working class leading to 1910 revolution. Latin American economies expand rapidly late 19th century. Copper and silver from Mexico, Coffee from Central, Rubber and Coffee from Brazil, beef and wheat from Argentina, Copper from Chile, Tobacco and sugar. Control over industry and exports remains in foreign hands. Decisions made to remain in interest of foreigners and unstable government cant do much, slow economic development

Migration to Americas

Latin Americans come to US for gold discovery, drew people to US and Canada. European and Asian migrants go to factories, railroad construction sites, plantations of America. Transform America's ethnic and cultural landscape. Industrial Migrants: European migrants go to factories in North America. Heavy labor and low wages. Increase factory profitability. Some move into Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys for cheap and abundant land and some to cities for Industrialization. Chinese migration grew rapidly after 1840. Qing allow indentured labor and approve migration Plantation Migrations: Workers who went to Latin America mostly work on agricultural plantations. Some Europeans migrants. 4 million Italians to Argentina, Brazilian gov't pay Italians to settle permanently, some known as golondrinas back and fourth. Chinese Indentured labor in Cuba , Indians in Jamacia. Chinese and Japanese in Peru and pacific where they tend sugarcane.

Kenyatta

Leader of Kenyan nationalist group Became the leader of Kenya. Gandhi of Kenya. Controversy about Violence used, African allegory In Kenya white settlers forced natives off the best land, natives were forbidden to grow the most profitable crops, British focred all natives to carry ID cards and restricted where they could live and travel. Forced to work on European-run plantations or in mines to earn $ to pay taxes. Farmers forced to grow cash crops

Stalin

Leader of Soviet's after Lenin suddenly died. Ruled through terror and brutality. Responsible for 5-year-plan, collectivization of agriculture, and great purge. Leader during ww2 and half of the cold war

Mandate System

League of Nation divided the Middle East into mandates. Gave these mandates to France, England, Russia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia. They divided Germany's former colonies into mandates of 3 classes based on development of the population and fitness for self government. Administration in the hands of the Allies. Germany angry and Arabs outraged because this violated British and French promise to Arabs during war and goes against promises to Jews for a new homeland.

Middle East Mandates

League of Nation divided the Middle East into mandates. Gave these mandates to France, England, Russia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia. They divided Germany's former colonies into mandates of 3 classes based on development of the population and fitness for self government. Administration in the hands of the Allies. Germany angry and Arabs outraged because this violated British and French promise to Arabs during war and goes against promises to Jews for a new homeland.

Mahmud of Ghazni

Led Muslim Turkish invasion into Northern India, this invasion sets up the Delhi Sultante.

Bolshevik

Lenin and Leon Trotsky headed a revolutionary socialist party called the Bolsheviks. Followed Marxism. Lenin suggested that an elite group of reformers (Bolsheviks) would guide the revolution in Russia. Promises of "Peace, Bread, and Land".

Bread, land, and peace

Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky's motto- appeal to the people. How they gained power

Timbuktu

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning a city in central Mali near the Niger river Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university. gold salt trade get reputation from Musa Hajj, university there, attract Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders and scholars

Asoka

Mauryan empire, conquered Kalinga, Buddhism convert, capital paliputra, bureaucracy, regulate prices, rock and pillar edicts, roads with amenities for travelers

Sigmund Freud

Medical doctor from Vienna, identified a conflict between concious and subconcious mental process that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. Interpret dreams. Psychoanalysis key to understanding all human behavior. Novels, poets, painters acknowledge Freud's influence, emphasis sexuality

Toltec/Teotihuacan

Mexican highlands, lakes, irrigation, pyramids, paintings and murals, polytheism, social classes, job specialization, orange pottery and obsidian tools, extensive trade and exchange networks, no defense walls and little military, all books destroyed, jaguars

Diego Rivera

Mexican that studied in Europe 1907-1921. Influenced by Renaissance and cubists, experienced turmoil and shifting political sensibilities in WWI. Vast murals that blend artistic and political visions. Rivera celebrated indigenous Mexican art and pre-Colombian folk tradition with radical political ideas. Paints history of Mexico on walls of National Palace and Ministry of Education in Mexico. Mexican communist party.

Mexican Revolution

Mexico bitterly divided liberal and conservatives. Juarez struggle to establish order. Juarez suspend loan payments to foreign powers and Europeans sought to recover and protect. Napoleon III to end Mexican disorder and recreate monarchy but unexpected victory at Puebla (Cinco de Mayo). Early 20th century Mexico divided. Mexican Revolution - Middle class join with peasants to overthrow Dictator Porfirio Diaz. Leaders of revolution Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Villa who organized massive armies fighting for land and liberty. They were unable to capture any major cities and didnt have as many resources as the Mexican gov't. Ends when Zapata is killed in 1919. Government forces regain Mexico and the Mexican Consitution in 1917 addresses the concerns of revolution with land distribution, universal suffrage, state sponsored education, minimum wage and maximum hours, and restrictions on foreign ownership.

Gandhi

Middle class Hindu background, studied law in Britain. 1914 returned to India and sought to improve political situation of the people and the lives of the untouchables.

Ethnicity, Industrialization, and Gender in Latin America

Migration and Cultural Diversity: Indentured labor from Asia bring their culture. Mostly intermarry and assimilate without much foreign influence. Indian migrants distinctive communities and spoke native languages. Diversity in Buenos Aires - Argentinian president Faustino Samiento despise caudillo rule and worked to establish European values. Thinks he needs to bring discipline to Argentina country side Gauchos: Argentina's cowboys. Ethnic egalitarianism. Pastorialists who herd cattle and horses on the pampas. Samiento admires them but thinks urban residents, not gauchos, should make societies decisions. Male Domination: Women cannot vote or hold office or work and manage estate without male guardian permission. Not strong women's movement but did begin to expand education to girls in mid 19th century Female Activism: In home and market space women have their own place. Women are labor in domestic realm to provide food for soldiers. Others become soldiers and officers and have major contributions to war (Soladeras)

Hegira

Migration, fled Mecca after 622 CE with his followers and went to Medina, 622 beginning of Islam calender

Ottoman Decline

Military Decline: reached limit of their expansions, army losses, lag behind Europeans in strategy,weaponry, tactics, and training. The Jannisaries became a powerful political force within the Ottoman and neglect military training and turn a bling eye to military advances. Become increasingly vulnerable to neighbors. Loss in military declines government effectiveness and semi-independent governors form private army and start working for own interest, depriving the state of revenue Territorial Losses: Maintain authority in Iraq and Anatolia. Russia take over territories in Caucasus and Central Asia, Austria take Western Front, forced to recognize Greece and Serbia (Black Hand Terrorism) as independent. Economic Difficulties: European textiles and manufactured goods flow into Ottoman Empire which causes considerable pressure on Ottoman artisans and craft workers who lead riots against foreign goods. There becomes a dependence on foreign loans to finance railroads, utilities, and mining that they are unable to pay back which leads to foreign administration and capitulations

Rabban Sauma

Mongol Ilkan of Peria plans to capture Jerusalem and crush Islam as a political force, dispacted this Nestorian Christian born in the Mongol captial of Khanbaliq but of Turkish decent, as an envoy to the pope and European political leaders. Sent to meet with Kings of France and England but did not succeed in in attracting their support, but the later Ilkan then converts to Islam so any posibility of an alliance with England or France was gone.

Genghis Khan

Mongol Khan (1162-1227) Named Temujin at birth, when 13 vowed revnge in Tartars who killed his father, Used the goal of defeating the Tartars to unite the Mongol tribues under him, Created the Yassa (code of conduct), Universal Leader, Broke up the old tribal system and reorganized on loyalty and talent, Karakorum capital with luxurious palace, Mongol overlords supervised local admin for tribute. Approx 125,000 soliders with superior equestrian skills, used psychological warfare, by 1220, conquered Jurchen in Northern China, Devastated Persian Cities and irrigation systems(qanat), after Salhuq successor, Khwarazm shah, murdered Mongol trade envoys- lasting impact of agriculture

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan traveler who visited the city of Kilwa in 1331 and reported that Muslim scholars from Arabia and Persia lived at Kilwa and consulted regularly with the local ruler Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records 14th century traveler who visited most of the Islamic world ONLY. Africa, middle east, Persia, Russia, India, China, and Spain where there are Musliums.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan traveler who visited the city of Kilwa in 1331 and reported that Muslim scholars from Arabia and Persia lived at Kilwa and consulted regularly with the local ruler Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records 14th century traveler who visited most of the Islamic world ONLY. Africa, middle east, Persia, Russia, India, China, and Spain where there are Musliums. Qadi and judged other Musliums

Suleymaniye

Mosque commissioned by Suleman I, known as "The Magnificent" in 1550-1557. Found in Constantinople/Instanbul

British Rule in India

Mughal state decline and British East India company took advantage . (Doctrine of Lapse = agreement Britain made with local Hindu princes. If they don't have a male heir the land goes to the East India Company). 1750 company officials embark on outright conquest of India and reduce Mughal to only small area around Delhi. by 19th century English East India Company annexed huge areas of India. Indian (Sepoy) Rebellion but Britain wins. Officially abolished Mughal Empire and exile emperor Muhammad Banadur Shan to Burma. 1858 Queen Victoria thought East India becoming too greedy and assigned herself responsibility for Indian policy for secretary of state for India. Put Viceroy to represent Britain royal authority (Direct Rule) and administered the colony through elite Indian civil service staffed by almost all English. Economics under East India Company: Britian exploited them for Opium, Tea, Cotton, and Coffee production. Deforestation and people starve from lack of food. Encourage export crops over local. Build railroads to transport raw cotton and ship raw cotton to England where it is weaved into textiles.

Timer Lenk

Muslim Mongol ruler who was ruthless- sacked the city of Delhi

Sunni

Muslim group that accepts legitimacy of early caliphs (traditionalists)

Moors

Muslims of Spain the group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Spain in the eighth century

Munich Conference

Mussolini proposes meeting between France, Italy, Britain, and Germany in 1938 in Germany. Agree to preserve peace by giving Hitler Sudetenland and Hitler pledges to respect Czech boarders. (appeasement) 6 months later Hitler takes Czech and Mussolini takes Albania. Hitler then demands to have Poland and they turn to Britain and France

Munich Conference

Mussolini proposes meeting between France, Italy, Britain, and Germany in 1938 in Germany. Agree to preserve peace by giving Hitler Sudetenland and Hitler pledges to respect Czech boarders. 6 months later Hitler takes Czech and Mussolini takes Albania. Hitler then demands to have Poland and they turn to Britain and France.

Benito Mussolini

Mussolini was convinced the war represented a turning point for Italy. Soldiers returning would spearhead transformation of Italian society. Advanced a political program that emphasized nationalism, repression of socialists, and strong political leader. 1919 establish Italian Combat Veteran League . By 1921 the league elect 35 fascist to parliament. Used violence against socialists by fascists armed squads called Blackshirt. 1921 Italy in civil war. 1922 Mussolini marches on Rome and rather than oppose King Victor Emmanuel III asks Mussolini to be prime minister and he creates a fascist regime

Assyrians

N Mesopotamia, army and cities, iron weapons, king Assurbanipal administrative techniques, code like Hammurabi, popular in heartland but unpopular elsewhere, rebellions bring down empire. They were army crazy with chariots and iron tipped arrows

Continental System

Napoleon's economic system which said all French allies were not allowed to trade with Britain

Meritocracy

Ottoman, a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement. government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability.

Societies in the US

Natives: Indigenous pushed onto reserves but settlers and railroads cramp territories. Policy designed to reduce native autonomy and assimilate to white way of life. Freed Salves: social and politcal Reconstruction (1867-1877) after civil war. Extend civil rights to freed slaves and provide black men with voting rights Women: Seneca Falls Convention, feminists issue a "Declaration of Sentiments" demanding equal rights Migrants: Intro new food, music, dance, holidays, sports, and languages. Increase cultural diversities. Migrations in own communities like Chinatown and Little Italy. Begin exclusion from overwhelming amount

The Holocaust

Nazi's annihilate millions of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, and others. Jews target of genocide. In 1941 Hitler dispatch Einstazgruppen to kill entire populations of Jews and Gypsies/Roma. Over 1 million Jews and 10,000s Roma killed. September 1941 "Final Solution", the attempted murder of every Jew. Round up Jews to concentration camps in Poland from ghettos, gassing, electrocution, lethal injections, flames, grenades, guns. Largest concentration camp Auschwitz.

Queen Nzinga

Ndongo, 1623-1663, dresses as a male warrior and lead troops. Referred to as a king. Mobilize central African people against Portuguese, ally with Dutch Mariners. Aim to drive Portuguese out of her land and expel Dutch, then create a vast empire. Unable to oust Portuguese. After her death, Portuguese face less resistance and extend and tighten control over Angola

Indira Gandhi

Nerhu's daughter elected prime minister. Challenged by threat of Sikh extremists. In June 1984, Indian army troops overran the Golden Temple and killed about 500 Sikhs and destroyed sacred property. Sikhs then assigned body guards to kill Indira Gandhi. Started a murderous frenzy and the deaths of thousands of Sikhs

Augusto Cesar Sandino

Nicaraguan nationalist against the National Guard and US Marines in Nicaragua. Killed by Anastacio Somoza Garcia

Chaldeans

New Babylonia, wealth in capital cities, defense walls, sophisticated absorbed by conquerers

Impacts of Industrial Revolution

New patterns of global trade integrate global economy further (need for raw materials and food in urban centers increases and need for new markets for factory goods integrates the global economy). Steam powered production in Europe and US increases their share of global manufacturing. Ottoman and Asia continue producing but their share declines from new competition. Global economy expands due to increased exchanged of raw materials and finished goods (India stops manufacturing cotton textile and exports raw cotton to England where they make it into textile with their machines). There was an increased need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production. Rising standard of living and improved transportation (roads and canals). Financial developers also developed and expanded financial institutions. New ideologies of economy emerges like Capitalism. Businesses (joint stock) all over world. Major developments in transportation and communication like railroads, steam ships, telegraph, and canals. Ways in which people organize themselves change, like middle classes and industrial class emerge, family dynamics (not eating together because of long hours and nuclear family because of movement to city), gender roles (men losing jobs to women), and demographics all change. Rapid urbanization

SALT

Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT treaty which limits their weapons

Communism

No ownership by anyone, everyone shares everything

Xiongnu

Nomadic warriors, Han paid Xiongnu not to attack them before Wudi, Wudi conquers them

Trans- Saharan Trade

Nomads who lived in deserts had dealings with the peoples settled on its fringes. Merchants occasionally organized commercial expeditions across the desert, although the value and volume of trade in the Mediterranean basin greatly exceeded that crossing of the Sahara. Camels quickened the pace and communication across the Sahara. A special camel saddle created during the late centuries BCE, took advantage of animals' distinctive physical structure. When Arab conquerors introduced Islam into North Africa during the seventh and eighth centuries, they also integrated the region into a rapidly growing zone of commerce and communication. Natural for Muslims in north to explore potential for trade across the Sahara. By the late eighth century, Islamic merchants had trekked across the desert and established commercial relations with societies in sub- Saharan west Africa. Long established trading centers: Gao (copper, iron, cotton textiles, salt, grains, and carnelian beads)

Tanzimat Era

Ottoman reorganization reform. New law codes, law equality, education system secular (no islam), No supremacy of one race over another. Enlightened though and constitutional foundations. Tanzimat reformers attack Ottoman law to make it European. Commerical code, penal code, maritime code, new civil code, guarenteed public trials, right of privacy, equality before law, primary and secondary schools. Opposition to Tanzimat: the religious say it is a threat to Islamic foundation

Trans-Saharan trade

Nomads who lived in deserts had dealings with the peoples settled on its fringes. Merchants occasionally organized commercial expeditions across the desert, although the value and volume of trade in the Mediterranean basin greatly exceeded that crossing of the Sahara. Camels quickened the pace and communication across the Sahara. A special camel saddle created during the late centuries BCE, took advantage of animals' distinctive physical structure. When Arab conquerors introduced Islam into North Africa during the seventh and eighth centuries, they also integrated the region into a rapidly growing zone of commerce and communication. Natural for Muslims in north to explore potential for trade across the Sahara. By the late eighth century, Islamic merchants had trekked across the desert and established commercial relations with societies in sub- Saharan west Africa. Long established trading centers: Gao (copper, iron, cotton textiles, salt, grains, and carnelian beads)

Sind River Valley

Northern India River Valley that is conquered by the Umayyad, Merchants spread Islam through settling in port cities.

Manchus

Nurahaci unite Manchus tribes into unified states. take Bejing after it is captured by rebel forces. Proclaim new dynasty called Qing, 1644-1911. Mostly pastoral nomads, traded with China since Qin. Late 16th century chieftain Nurhaci (1616 - 1625) unified Manchu tribes into centralized state, made code of laws, and organize powerful military force. Almost 40 years wage campaign against Ming loyalists, 1860 consolidate Qing hold. 1630 and 1640 Ming generals and Confucian bureaucrats abandon Ming bc of corruption and ineffectiveness. Outlaw Manchu-Chinese marriage and Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning Manchurian. Force Chinese men to shave head in Manchu style

Hungarian Revolt

October 1956 Hungarian army joined protesters to overthrow Hungary's soviet-run government. A popular liberal Hungarian communist leader Imre Nagy forms new government and promises free elections and demands soviets leave. Soviet tanks then enter Budapest and install a pro-soviet government

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962. Soviet leader Krushchev secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. Spy plane for US sees them. JFK calls for their removal and uses blockade to stop more from coming. Krushchev agreed to remove the missiles in return for a US promise not to invade Cuba.

1929 Crash/Black Thursday

October 24, 1929 wave of panic selling plummets pricing of stock prices. Lose life savings. Economic contraction spreads, no more demand, businesses cut back on production and increase layoffs. Unemployment increases, demand decreases. National income cut in half, 44% banks out of business. Ripple effect across globe. Nations that rely on exports suffer the most. Depression spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

Suleiman

Ottoman ruler during the Ottoman's peak. Overruns Hungary in 1526, 1529 tries to take Vienna but fails. 1522 navy captures island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Capture Tripoli in Northern Africa. Order construction of Mosques and forts. At Istanbul builds Suleiman Mosque/Suleymaniye. Law code based on Sharia (Islamic Holy Law). Absolute Ruler with centralzied bureaucracy. Patronized the arts

Mehmed II

Ottoman ruler from 1451-1481, established capital after his forces take Constantinople in 1453. Renames it Istanbul. Constructs Topkapi palace. His armies seized land around the edge of Black Sea, and move to Balkans in southern Europe. Strengthens the Ottoman navy and attack Italian city states. Forces Venice to pay yearly tax. Adds present Syria, Israel, Egypt, and Algeria to empire in the 16th century. Use devshirme system

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, met to increase the price of oil

Sultan Selim III

Ottoman Sultan who embarks to reorganize the Ottoman army like European forces, trained by European instructors with modern weapons. Threaten Janissary elites who revolt, kill new troops. 1807 Jannisarries take him down. His successor tries to revive military force but Jannisaries kill all males in the dynasty and save one named Mahmud II

Devshirme System

Ottoman, Christian boys subject to empire conquest forcefully recruited, convert to Islam, taught various skills. Most famous group Janissaries. Recruitment

Jannisaries

Ottoman, elite in army made up of Christian boys picked from the devshirme system. Received Muslim education, and could hold an imperial government position. Used Christians because Muslims could not enslave other Muslims. Recruits of devshrime system

New Zealand

Pacific Island Society, arrive by migrants mid 1st millennium, sweet potatoes very important because don't grow many other crops, Molori people = Indigenous Polynesian people

Tahiti

Pacific Island Society, linked to Hawaii, 2 way voyages, cheif, preists, languare, agriculture and fishing increase population, social divisions sharp, morea/heiau, mahaui tea = step pyramid

Hawaii

Pacific Island Society, sharp social distinctions, cheif based state, social changes promoted from long distance voyaging, adopt fishing style and words from Tahiti, increased food supply, heavily populated, temples = heiau

Papua New Guinea

Pacific Island Society, sporadic trade with aborigines, cultivate root crops, tornes straight, agriculture, pearls and shells from Australia, give flowers, clubs, trinkets, and iron axes to Australia.

Industrial Revolution

Period beginning around 1750 in which the means of human production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power. There was also the development of factory labor in a single location which led to an increase degree of specialized labor. Why England? Agricultural innovations help farming, rapid population growth from the Agrarian Revolution led to more available workers, and the enclosure movement led to fewer farm laborers needed. Britain had plenty of iron ore and coal needed for industrialization, they had many natural harbors for trade and was protected from invasion by island location (Napoleon) , they had rivers that served as a means of transport and a source of powers for factories. They had the scientific revolution which brought about an energy revolution in the 1700s. They also had a middle class from their success as an oversea empire with a strong economy that had the capital to invest in mines, railroads, and factories and the commercial and financial skills to manage investment.

Perisa to Iran

Persia greatly resented the sphere of influence Britain and Russians had over them. 1925 Reza Khan, an army officer, overthrew the shah and set up his own Pahlavi dynasty. Modernized to independence. Built factories, roads, railroads, and strengthened the army. Adopted western alphabet and forced Iranians to wear western clothes. Separated church and state and encourages women to participate to public life. Through these improvements, Iran won better terms with Britain in oil dealings

Abolition of Slavery

Planters and elite merchants resist efforts to alter the system. In Haiti slavery ended with the success of the revolution. In South America slavery ended with independence from Spain, SImon Bolivar frees slaves. Mexico abolised slavery in 1829 as a mechanism to stop influx of residents from Southern United States coming in with slaves to grow cotton. In 1833 Parliament provided twenty million pounds sterling as compensation to slave owners and abolished slavery throughout the British empire. Still not equal after, social political, and economic injustices. Other states followed the British example: Mexico abolished slavery in 1860, France in 1848, the United States in 1865, Cuba in 1886, and Brazil in 1888.

Black Man's Burden

Poem about how Africans were harmed by imperialism

Greek colonies

Polises could not produce enough grain so start colonizing. Trade olives and grapes for grain.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who published "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres", which argued the sun stands at the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun. Theorized much better with observational data, but not warm welcome because it challenged prevailing scientific theories and threatened cherished religious beliefs, also implies there might be other populated worlds in universe. Goes against Ptolemaic universe

Sweet Potato

Polynesian mariners went to western coast of South America and learn about cultivation of these, spread through Polynesia and beyond, prominent source of food in all the islands it reached.

Gregory VII

Pope who excommunicated Henry IV, was against Lay Investiture

Pope Julius II

Pope who was patron of Reniassance arts the "warrior pope"; tempered; hired Michelangelo to paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Rome

Ndongo

Portuguese brisk slave trade south of here at Angola. In the 16th century, Ndongo was a powerful regional kingdom and gained wealth from direct trade with Portuguese. Portugal small coastal colony 1575, which by 1611 steadily increase influence inland by allying with neighboring people. Queen Nzinga.

Angola

Portuguese colony in Africa

The Paris Settlement

Powers come to arrange the post war settlement. Many different views. George Clemence from France, LLoyd George from England, and Woodrow Wilson from US. Threaten war of means not met and come up with peace treaties

Egypt Interwar period

Pre WWI - nationalism grew from double colonization of Ottoman and British Lord Cromer tried to reform Egypt's economy, but the reforms only benefit foreign merchants, Turkish elite, small bourgeoisie in Cario and especially, the ayan (rural landlords who took advantages of British infrastructural developments to widen the gap between themselves & the poor). Mustafa Kamil Pasha - Egyptian nationalist trained as a lawyer. 1910 Egyptian and Khedive authorities increased censorship of the press

Proto-industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. Guilds, Joint-Stock companies

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry which was controlled by US and Britian

FDR

President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Lyndon B. Johnson

President who says North Vietnamese attacked US ships. Sends US troops to fight in Vietnam. Bombing strengthen opposition to South Vietnam government

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Priest who lead peasant rebellion in Mexico against Spain for independence for mezitos and indigenous. Creoles side with Spanish to put down rebellion. Social and economical warfare by the masses against elites of Mexican society. Creoles execute him but his rebellion continues. However, it is Augustin de Iturbine, a creole, who declares independence

Count Cavour

Prime minister to King Vittorio E Manuele II of Pledmont and Sardinia (Most powerful Italian city state located in Northern Italy). He was a cunning diplomat. Combines forces with nationalist activists and allys w/ French to expell Austrian forces from Northern Italy in 1859

South Korea aftermath

Prosper with foreign aid from US and others. Industry, foreign trade, free elections after constitution made. US still has troops there

Shi Huangdi

Qin, ruthless, 1st emperor, execution of those who critized, roads, administrative districts and providences, great wall, corvee (unpaid labor owned by lord), standardize many things, book burning, terra cotta warriors

Standard of Living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier. Increase after Industrial Revolution from the increase buying of goods

Radical/Reactionary

Radical - want radical change; lots of quick change Reactionary - want to go back to how it was before any change occured

da Vinci

Renaissance painter, painted Mona Lisa and show perspective in The Last Supper, also work on dissection and learning about anatomy, inventor also. 1452- 1519

Romanesque

Roman like architecture

Cierco

Roman thinker who adopts Stocisim

Mare Nostrum

Roman water lanes in Mediterranean, "Our Sea"

Peasants in Russia early 1900s

Russia had a rigid social structure. Landowning nobles, priests, and autocratic czar ruled society. Small middle class prevented from gaining power. Peasants were too poor to buy land and those with land too poor to provide for their family. Industrialization comes slow and some disliked it and wanted to go back to how it was before. Peasants who moved to cities for industrial jobs found low wages, long hours, disease, and spread socialist ideals. They never got the land they were promised and rioted leading to Bloody Sunday and then the March Revolution

Romania

Romania had a communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In December 1989 he ordered his army to fire on demonstrators. Started an uprising against Ceausescu and he was tried and executed on Christmas 1989. Romania then held general elections. Struggled with corruption and crime. Reforms to introduce elements of capitalism and encourage foreign investment

Czarist Rule

Romanov Dynasty, monarchy. Late 1800s Alexander III and his son Nicholas II sought to industrialize the country and build Russia's economic strength. However, they hoped to block out ideals of the French revolution. Russian liberals still called for a constitution and reforms to eliminate the government corruption. Alex and Nicholas used harsh tactics like the secret police to suppress the reform

Catherine the Great

Romanov, Russia, A German princess who took the throne from her weak husband, Peter III, Considered freeing the serfs, but changed her mind after a peasant rebellion. Expanded Russia's borders, Obtained a port on the Black Sea (defeated the Ottoman), Took land from Poland (So did Austria & Prussia which left Poland w/o territory until 1919)

Impact of WW1 on Russia

Russia was not ready to fight in a modern war. Soldiers lacked an adequate weapons and supplies, and Russia suffered a series of battlefield defeats. Food was scarce and many soldiers lost confidence in Russia's military leadership and deserted. Leads to March Revolution

Peter the Great (I)

Romanov, Russia, Peter seized complete control of the government (his brother Ivan remained a figurehead because he was mentally feeble). Wanted to make Russia a great European power. Reduced the power of the boyars (nobles). Modernized Russia towards Europe, centralized the gov't and brought the Orthodox Church under him. Kept nobles happy by giving them control over the serfs & exempted them from taxes. The Grand Embassy 1697 - journeyed for 18 months across western Europe, especially Holland and England. Traveled widely, disguised as an ordinary citizen, visiting factories, shipyards, hospitals, charities & museums. Worked as a carpenter in various European shipyards. Hired hundreds of craftsmen and technicians to teach their skills to the Russian people Built the first Russian navy. Wanted control of the Baltic Sea (dominated by Sweden) Declared war on Sweden (ruled by the sixteen-year old King Charles XII) Northern war. Sweden was also opposed by Denmark, Norway, Saxony and Poland. Obtained a port on the Baltic & established a city w/ Treaty of Nystad (1721). On May 16, 1703 the St. Petersburg fortress (Peter and Paul Fortress) was founded and that day became the official birthday of the city. St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia in 1712. After the war, Peter made his courtiers adopt Western dress and manners. They had to shave off their medieval beards or pay a beard tax. In spite of Peter's reforms, the peasants continued to live in poverty.

Aquaducts

Rome, bring fresh water to city

Paterfamilias

Rome, eldest man rules home, father of family

Bread + Circuses

Rome, grain and entertainment for unemployed in cities

Stocisim

Rome, universal moral standards, inner peace, virtue

Gracchi Brothers

Rome, want to limit the amount of land one can have, not successful, show constitution may not be suitable

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Tolui Khan

Rule mongol homeland (Mongolia)

Mongol Impacts on Russia (Golden Horde)

Ruled by Batu Khan, Mongols collected tribute from them, Influence Russian princes to centralize and reduce limits of power, Mongol's protect Russia from attack, Mongol's protect caravans on silk roads and add rest stations. Mongols isolate them from Western Christianty and cut them off from key transformations. Religous tolerance, and Moscow the seat of Orthodox leaders, Some Russian towns profit from Mongol trade links, force tax, Moscow profits from being the "Tribute collector" and then shifts to the defenders of Russia

Mongol Influence on Persia (Il-Khanate)

Ruled by Hulegukhan, Mongols held highest government positions, Persians serve as lower levels (as long as tax kept in order), direct rule. Religious tolerance until 1295- Ilkhan Ghazan converts to Islam - indicates absorption of Mongols into Persian Society

Mongol Influence on China (Yuan Dynasty)

Ruled by Kublai Khan, North China population decrease, eliminate civil service exams, social structure Mongols on top, second other central Asian nomads, third N Chinese, bottom Southern Chinese. Native Chinese not high positions. Confucianism in court adopted by Mongols. Keep provincial administration from China, More favorable attitude towards Merchants. Ortogh= Merchant associations. Increased trade with Eurasia. Golden age of Chinese theater, special theater at palace, greatest painter and wife get court position, artisans improve status, still Mongol rituals, Mongol Shamanism, traditional Mongol outfits, Islam supported, Captivated by Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity promoted, Khubilai Khan did not support Daoism, value artisans with better status and less tax, tax decrease and surplus given to pesants, employ Islamic financial administrators, increase in paper money, decrease tariffs on Merchants

Ivan the Terrible

Russia, Ivan IV was proclaimed tsar in 1547 after a 14 year regency, Secret police (oprichnina) & imperial guards named streltsi, Took power from the boyars (nobles) & relatives of possible opposition. Ivan gained the nickname grozny - the Terrible - for the violent repression of his enemies. Ivan vanquished the Tartars of Kazan and subjugated the Turkic tribes of Siberia. Founded the city of Archangel, the only Russian seaport at the time. Palace in Moscow = Kremlin Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed (colorful onion domes). Ivan supposedly blinded the chief architect once the cathedral was completed to prevent any other from hiring the master builder

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army. The guy who arouses people to have peseants revolt

Czar

Russian emperor, after Liberation from Mongols they pursue and empire

Byzantine Exports

Silk, Glass, Jewlery, Silver, linen and woolen textiles, gems, fine work in gold

Indian (Sepoy) Rebellion

Sepoys (employed by Britian in India as security for East India Company) are discontent in finding out rifle lube was made out of cow and pig fat, refuse to use and charged with mutiny. Sepoys join an anti-british revolution in C and N India with more who disliked British. Turns into full-fledged war against Britian, Britian upper hand and win

War in the Pacific

September 1940 Japan started to take over French-Indochina with the support of the Germans. The Japanese wanted the Dutch East Indies and British-controlled Malaya. The united states responded by freezing all Japanese assets imposing a complete embargo on oil. October 1941, minister general Tojo Hideki prepared for war against Great Britain and the United States. Peal Harbor. The Japanese had many other successful attacks in the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and British Malaya. The Japanese captured Borneo, Burma, Dutch East Indies, and Aleutian Islands. Midway turning point.

The Witte System

Sergel Witte prime mover behind Russian Industrialization. Minister of Finance. Railroad construction, trans-siberian railway, remodel state bank and encourage savings banking, support small businesses with high tariffs, loan from W Europe to finance industrialization. His plan works Discontent: peasant rebellion because Whitte system low standard of living. Serfs don't like factory work, urban class poor conditions. Russian business class benefit. Repression: 1873-1876 100s of anarchists and other radicals enlighten peasantry. Police arrest them and censor publications and sent secret police to break up organization. In Baltic regions Russian subjects use school and political groups as foundation for separatist movement from Russia. Sparks Russification where tsarists repress other languages but Russian. Jews target with frequent Pogroms (anti-Jewish riots) Jews migrate out

Delhi Sultanate

Set up by the invasion of the Muslim Turk Mahmud of Ghazni, in Northern India, decentralized, autonomy, tax local princes. Mostly local Hindu rulers who reported back to the Islamic government at Delhi (1206-1526).

Aurangzeb

Shah Jahan's son; Mughal leader known for expanding the empire and imposing his strict Sunni Muslim views on society. Wasnt as tolerant and too much area to control

Bangladesh

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the nations first prime minister. He cared about his own power more than helping the nation and soon took authority over all and declared Bangladesh a one party state. Military assassinate him 1975. Lately many weather disasters in Bangladesh. One of the poorest countries

Ka'ba

Shrines, large black rock considered to be the dwelling of the powerful deity, ruling elites persecute Muhammad after he wants to stop idolatry. Built by Abraham and his son Ishamel as a temple to god Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj.

Neo-Confucianism

Song attempt to encourage traditional Chinese traditions while still valuing Buddhist thought Zhu Xi (12th century) - Family Rituals - provided instructions for various affairs Illustrates deep influence of Buddhism in China & influenced east Asian thought long-term (Korea, Vietnam & Japan) In post classical China, a mixture of traditional Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

Funan

Southeast Asia Post-classical kingdom, Agricultural based and controlled trade, Hindu, Extensive irrigation system, Mekong Delta (Modern-day Vietnam). 1st-6th centurys

Nagasaki

Southern port of Japan, only place a small number of Chinese and Dutch merchants could trade under tight restrictions

The United Nations

Soviet Union and US and 48 others joined the United Nations. International organizations intended to protect the members against aggression

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader who with the Politburo (ruling committee of the Communist party) crushed all political disagreement and censored. Died in 1982

Warsaw Pact

Soviet response to NATO, included the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

Collectivization

Soviet state expropriated private owned land to create collective or cooperative farms units whose profits were shared by all farmers. Collectivization viewed as a means of increasing efficiency of agricultural production and insuring that industrial workers would be fed. Enforced ruthlessly on Kulaks (relatively wealthy peasants who rose up financially during NEP). Some places peasants outrages and slaughter own livestock and burn crops. Millions of farmers move to cities in search of works and taxing limiting supply of houses, food, and utilities. Peasants often starve to death and unable to meet quotas. Stalin halts collectivization in 1931. -large farmland worked by 100s of families. Given modern machinery, expected to produce more with fewer workers. Peasants were unhappy - farmland they finally received was being taken by government. Peasants protested the collectives (killed farm animals, destroyed tools, burned crops). Between 5 and 10 million peasants died as a result, others shipped to Siberia. The government confiscated the crops of farmers and shipped them to city. By 1938 90% of peasants on collectives

Spanish Conquest of Aztec and Inca

Spanish conquerors in the 16th century, brought disease to them. Cortés began to march inland towards the city of Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Aztec Empire. He conquered some cities along the way and made alliances with others. The Tlaxcalans became his closest allies. They hated the Aztecs because they had raided their cities for people to sacrifice to their gods. The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro invaded the Incan Empire in 1532, seeking riches. The Inca had already had some contact with Europeans, and many had died of European diseases. The empire was also weakened by a civil war between two ruling brothers.

Silk road travel

Spreads trade, missionaries, diploats, and the Bubonic plague

Five Year Plan

Stalin replaced NEP with ambitious plan for rapid economic development known as the 5 year plan. Transform Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power. Increased productivity in all spheres but emphasized heavy industry (steel and machinery) and expense of consumer goods. Stalin and party attempted to coordinate resources and the labor force on an unprecedented scale - Command economy (all aspects of production under government control - who worked, where, and for how long) - Secret police imprisoned/killed all who did not contribute - 1928 to 1938 = electricity increased each year by 800%, steel production increased from 4 to 18 million tons -wages low , goods scarce - large amounts of low quality good because so focused on quotas - planning inefficient (some areas had surplus, some scarcity)

Potsdam

Stalin's reluctance to allow free elections in Eastern European nations was a clear violation of those countries' rights. Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at Potsdam in July 1945. Truman pressed Stalin to permit free elections in Eastern Europe. Refuses

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

Started by Bismark of Germany, delegates from 12 European states + US + Ottoman devise ground rules for African Colonization. Agree each colonial power had to notify the others of its claims and each claim had to be followed by signed agreement or military conquest of their claim. No Africans present (Social Darwinism)

Bosphorus

Strait between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Physical location of the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Gothic

Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the Middle Ages

Mikhail Gorbachev

Successor of Brezhnev. Realized that economic and social reforms could not occur without a free flow of ideas and information. In 1985, he announced a policy called glasnost, or openness. Allowed churches to open and stop censorship/allow criticism. Introduced the economic idea of perestroika = economic reconstructing. He made changed to revive the economy. Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open small private businesses. Third new policy was democratization. Plan called for an election of a new legislative body. December 1987, he signed the INF treaty with Reagan to ban nuclear missiles. Nationalist movements and various nationalities in the Soviet union began to call for their freedom

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. Exploit resources and nationalist rivalries.

Mahmud II

Sultan who massacres the Jannisaries who don;t agree with the new European-Style army

Charles V

The Hasburg family w extensive dynastic holding in Austria dominate the Holy Roman empire and have rights and titles to so much land. Chalres V inherits authority over Hasburg's Austrian domains as well as Duchy of Burgundy and Spanish kingdom. 1519 Holy Roman Emperor and gains authority over Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, and parts of N Italy. Devotes much of his attention to Lutheran movement and imperial princes and taking advantage of religious controversy. Ruled each land according to its own customs and wealth out of rich lands for army to take out rebellions. Ottoman and French ally against him and encourage Germans to rebel

Muhammad Ali in Egypt

The Ottomans lose Egypt to the Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s who uses a power vacuum and he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt through adoption of a western model of government [bureaucracy, streamline economics, and develop a modern military, industrialization for cotton textiles]

EEC

The Treaties of Rome in 1957 established a customs union, the European Economic Community, to lower and ultimately remove tariffs among member countries. The treaties also established Euratom (common policies for nuclear weapons). In 1986, the twelve members of the EEC signed the Single Euroopean Act, committing themselves to the creation by the end of 1992 of an era without international frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, and capital is ensured. In 1991, the Treaty of Maasstrich proposed a union and paved the way for the creation of a European Central Bank (ECB) and a single European currency. When ratified in 1993, the treaty converted the EEC to the EU (European Union)

Soviet Buffer

The USSR ignore Yalta and installed or secured communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia. Lead to Potsdam

Civil War in Nicaragua

The United States supported the dictatorship of Somoza since 1933 in Nicaragua. in 1979 the Somozas were toppled by a group called the Communist Sandinistas and their leader Daniel Ortega. At first the Soviets and US supported him, however he gave assistance to other Marxist rebels in El Salvador. The US then supported Nicaraguan anti-Communist forced called contras/contrarevolucionarios. War lasts more than a decade. In 1990 Ortega agrees to hold free elections but in these elections Violeta Chamorro defeats him

Israel and Arab Conflict

The day Israel was formed 6 Islamic states invaded Israel - Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Israel seized half the land set aside for Palestine in fighting. 600,000 Palestinians fled, migrating from the areas under Israeli control. They settled in UN refugee camps. Arab nations begin to take Palestinian lands. The 1956 Suez Crisis: In 1956, Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser sent in troops to take the canal, which was controlled by British interests. The British and the French made an agreement to retake the canal. Israelis allies marched on the canal and defeat the Egyptians. Pressure from the US and USSR forced Europeans and Israelis to leave. In 1967 Nasser and Arab allies equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft felt ready to confront Israel. Israelis struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria. Israel defeated the Arab states in what became known as the 6 Day War. Israel gained control of the old city of Jerusalem, the Siani Peninsula, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank, a buffer zone for Arab attacks. Nasser's successor Anwar Sadat planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur. Inflicted heavy casualties and recaptured some of the territory lost in 1967. The Israelis under their prime minister Golda Mieir launched a counter attack and regained most lost territory. Both sides agree truce after several weeks Palestine Liberation Organization: In 1964 Palestinian officials formed the PLO to push for the formation of a Palestinian state. Guerrilla groups came to dominate the PLO and insisted that the only way to achieve their goal was through fighting. 1969 Yasir Arafat became chairman of the PLO and carried out attacks on Israel. Peace Efforts: Anwar Sadat moved to a quest for peace with Israel. He said in exchange for peace Israel would have to recognize rights of the Palestinians and withdraw seized territory from 1967. In 1979 the Camp David Accords were signed that ended hostilities between Egypt and Israel. Tensions Increase: Israel bombs suspected rebel bases in Palestinian towns. In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon in an effort to destroy Palestinian strongholds. Palestinians began to express their frustrations in widespread civil disobedience called intifada. Olso Peace Accords: In 1993 secret talks produced the Oslo Peace Accords. Isreal under prime minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to grant the Palestinians self rule in the Gaza strip and the West Bank

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church. The bishop of Rome

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Kilwa

The most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century. 1250, most important Swahili coast trading city

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire., increase trade

The Bolshevik Revolution/The October Revolution

The provisional government had lost the support of the people. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks led soldiers, sailors, and factory workers in an uprising that overthrew the government. They moved the capital to Kremlin in Moscow, ended private ownership of land, and new red flag with hammer& sickle. The Bolsheviks (now called communists) distributed land to the peasants and gave workers control of the factories and mines. They still faced the struggle to maintain control over Russia.

Brahman

The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism. A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Marxism

Theory that workers will violently revolt against Bourgeoisie and set up a communist classless society.

Heavy Plow/Moldboard

Tool that Europeans adapted and used for agriculture. Could plow through hard clay soil.

Excommunicate

To formally deprive a person of membership in a church. Pope issued this of a Byzantine Emperor

Meiji Restoration

Tokugawa shogunate and all shogunate is over. The emperor regains power and puts this restoration in place. Emperor Mutsuhito (Meji) takes power. Sends travelers Yukichi and Itirobumi to study governments of other leading powers. Reforms: Daimyo lands go to throne, central government, no more samauri class, covert taxes to fixed money, assess taxes on potential productivity. Start a constitutional monarchy with legislature known as Diet (nobles and elected lower house), emperor commands armed forces, names prime minister, appoint cabinet, and can dissolve parliament. Individual rights. Telegraph, railroads, steamships, abolish guild restrictions, international tariffs, primary and secondary schools, rapid industrialization, economic power in small # people (Zaibatsu) Costs: Pedants supply much of domestic capital to support reform, peasant uprisings. Meji put it down but does nothing to alleviate peasant suffering. No unions

The Meiji Restoration

Tokugawa shogunate and all shogunate is over. The emperor regains power and puts this restoration in place. Emperor Mutsuhito (Meji) takes power. Sends travelers Yukichi and Itirobumi to study governments of other leading powers. Reforms: Daimyo lands go to throne, central government, no more samauri class, covert taxes to fixed money, assess taxes on potential productivity. Start a constitutional monarchy with legislature known as Diet (nobles and elected lower house), emperor commands armed forces, names prime minister, appoint cabinet, and can dissolve parliament. Individual rights. Telegraph, railroads, steamships, abolish guild restrictions, international tariffs, primary and secondary schools, rapid industrialization, economic power in small # people (Zaibatsu) Costs: Pedants supply much of domestic capital to support reform, peasant uprisings. Meji put it down but does nothing to alleviate peasant suffering. No unions

Foreign Pressure in Japan

Tokugawa visited in 1841 by British, French, and US. Only trade at this time is Dutch at Nagasaki. US navy arrives at Tokyo in 1853 and american commander Matthew Perry traded his guns at Edo and demand shogun open Japan to diplomatic/commerical relations with US and they sign a treaty. Britian, Netherlands, and Russia later make similar treaties. Unequal treaties that open ports to foreign commerce and no control over tariffs & extraterritorial rights for foreigners. Foreign power causes collapse of Tokugawa shogunate

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

Nationalist Guard of Nicaragua

US had a long financial interest in Nicaragua economy. US helps to put down Nicaraguan civil war. US established and explains Guarda Nacional ( National Guard) in Nicaragua.

Good Neighbor Policy

US realized costliness and ineffectiveness of direct intervention in Latin America. US approve "sweetheart treaties" that guarenteed US financial control in Carribean economics (Haiti and DR). US marines provide training for indigenous police forces to maintain order. under FDR.

isolationism

US belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided. Congress pass 3 neutrality acts 1935

US and the Philippines

US granted Philippines independence in 1946. US insist the Filipinos approve the Bell Act, which would establish free trade between the US and the Philippines for eight years, followed by gradually increasing tariffs. Philippines approve the Bell Act. US also demanded a 99-year lease on its military and naval bases in the Philippines. US gave up their bases in 1992. After WWII the Philippine government was almost completely dependent on the US and their government looked for ways to lessen this. It welcomed Japanese investment and broadened its contacts

Yalta

US, Britain, and Soviet Union met at Yalta. There they agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by Allied military forces, Germany would have to compensate Russia, and Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan and also that Eastern Europe would have free elections.

EU

USSR former countries apply to the EU after the USSR collapse. The EU created a common market, no tariff, and common currency. Faces some challenges and the EU has become more of a loose association. It became more significant to elites

Unequal Treaties

Unequal treaties signed by China to lessen their power and authority. TREATY OF NANJING (1842) 5 PORTS OPENED TO BRITISH TRADERS (GUANGZHOU, SHANGHAI...)HONG KONG → BRITAIN, EXTRATERRITORIALITY TO BRITISH SUBJECTS, BRITAIN = MOST FAVORED NATION STATUS LATER, OTHER COUNTRIES MAKE SIMILAR TREATIES (FRANCE, GERMANY, RUSSIA, UNITED STATES, JAPAN) CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES THROUGHOUT CHINA

"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity"

these are the National Assembly's goals/slogan

Fast-ripening rice

Vietnamese, The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song periods was increased food supplies, allowed two crops of rice per year Song/Tang

Yaroslav

Vladimir's son, marries Western European for importaint trading alliances, makes legal code, Christianity prospers, library. He divides realm among his sons, sons fight, and Kiev declines

War in Korea starts/38th parallel

WWII ends Korea divided at 38th parallel. Communist North, with Soviet set up. Non communist south supported by Western. Soviets supplied North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money. North Koreans swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. Truman wants to help south korea resist communism

John Stuart Mill

Wants social reform in industrialization, wants factories but the workers should be treated humanly. Capitalism and Utilitarianism

Mussolini invades Ethiopia

Wants to avenge Italian loss to Ethiopia in 1890s. Massive invasion in 1935. Ethiopian emperor appeals to the League but they did nothing

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Indonesia

When WWII ended the Japanese were forced to leave and Indonesia moved to establish a free nation. Sukarno was the leading man in the independence effort. He proclaimed Indonesia's independence and named himself president. The Dutch attempted to regain control but they agreed to grant Indonesia independence in 1949. Sukarno attempted to guide his diverse nation into a parliamentary democracy. He was not able to manage the economy. Foreign companies refused to lend money, inflation soared, and junior army officers attempted a coup. A general named Suharto put down a rebellion and seized power for himself and killed up to 1 million Indonesians. Suharto became president 1967 and turned Indonesia into a police state and imposed frequent martial law. He was critizized for his annexation of East Timor and his human rights violations there. Little religous freedoms and bribery and corruption were commonplace. A crippling economic crisis caused him to step down in 1998. The country slowly moved toward democracy . Megawati Sukarnoputri elected in 2001 (Sukarno's daughter)

Pakistan/India partition

When WWII ended, British handed over power in India. Rioting between Muslims and Hindus broke out. Decided on a partition, where the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations. The Northwest and Eastern regions of India would become the new nation of Pakistan. Everything had to be divided and people had to decide where to go. India and Pakistan began battling over the territory of Kashmir, UN arranged a ceasefire.

Angola

When an independence movement broke out, Portugal sent in 50,000 troops. The heavy cost of fighting as well as growing opposition at home promted the Portuguese to withdraw in 1975. The communist leaning MPLA declared itself the new nation's rightful government. This led to a prolonged civil war. The major opposition was the UNITA which South Africa supported. For decades the two sides agreed and abandoned cease fire agreements. In 2002 warring sides agreed to a peace accord and the long civil war came to an end. *Cold War Proxy War*

Compass

a device that is used to find direction by means of a needle that always points north, invented by Chinese

Hanseatic League

a group of Northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade

Archipelago

a group of many islands in a large body of water, Japan

Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. Forced poorer farmers to sell their land because they could not afford fertilizers and pesticides.

Muezzin

a man who calls Muslims to pray from the Minaret of the mosque

Fascism

a political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society, developed as a reaction against liberals democracy and the spread of socialism and communism. Attractive to nationalists who denounce own government for failing in WWI. Want new nation-state and revival of allegedly lost national traditions. Ultranationalism, ethnocentrism, militarism. State is the center of Nation's life and history. Xenophobia (fear foreigners)

Negritude Movement

a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values

fascism

a political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society, developed as a reaction against liberals democracy and the spread of socialism and communism. Attractive to nationalists who denounce own government for failing in WWI. Want new nation-state and revival of allegedly lost national traditions. Ultranationalism, ethnocentrism, militarism. State is the center of Nation's life and history. Xenophobia (fear foreigners)

Crusades

a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land

Effects of the crusades

a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land, Europe becomes aware of the cool trading good west of them and gain interest in trading

Three Field System

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. Developed during the commercial revolution

Xerses

after Darius, difficult relationships with subjects, harshly repress rebellion and gain reputation for cruelty

Capitulations

agreements from Europe to Ottomans that exempt European visitors from the Ottoman law and European jurisdiction by own laws. European penetration by European tax-exempt banks

Jainism

ahisma (nonviolenve to other living things and their souls), ascetic life, purify from selfish behavior

Muslim League

competition for the Indian National congress, founded in 1906 to protect Muslim interests. Leader was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Insisted that Muslims resign from the Congress party and that the Muslim league would never accept Indian independence if it meant rule by a Hindu-dominated party.

Cash/Staple Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit a crop that is continuously in demand

Babur

descendant of tamerlane, conquest in N India under Mughal name, set up centralized government. Mughal government is Sunni Islamic, ruling over Hindu people, centralzied with Hindu princes. Elephants

Athens

descendants Mycenaeans, Attica, democracy

Sparta

descendants of Dorian, Peloponnesus, conquer and enslave neighbors, life revolve around army, 2 kings, assembly lead by 5, council elders

Bantu

as they established agricultural societies, cultivators and herders replaced many of the hunting, gathering, and fishing peoples who had previously inhabited sub- Saharan Africa and absorbed them into their societies. mastered iron metallurgy by 500 BCE. (yams and sorghum were dietary staples of peoples in south Africa, and Khoi adopted cattle raising before Bantu and Kushite inhabited the region.) Bananas provided nutritious supplement to Bantu diet and enabled Bantu to expand into heavily forested regions where yams and millet did not grow well.

William and Mary

asked to take English throne by Parliament in 1660, starting the Glorious Revolution. They sign English Bill of Rights

Andes Mtns

at first hunter gatherers, deer, llama, alpaca, squash, gourds, wild potatoes, agriculture establish cities and villages, states, cultural traditions, geography discourage communication, maize and squash, permanent settlements on coast, cultivate cotton, fishnet, textiles, marine life, beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, canal and irrigation, pottery, temples, chavin cult, public buildings, ceremonial plaza, quipu knots, terraced farming, alpaca domesticated

Iconoclast

destroying of religous images which is highly controvertial. Emperor Leo III says this and hat Jesus images are sinful

Apartheid

complete separation of the races put in place by the National Party in South Africa, which promoted Dutch South African Nationalism. The minority government banned social contacts between whites and blacks. Although blacks made up 75% of the population, 13% of the land was set aside for them. Whites kept the best land.

12 Tables

concessions to the Plebians, 1st set of laws framework for the social orginization

Reconquista

conquering Isabel and Ferdinand (catholic government) take over the Muslium government in Spain

Douglass MacArthur

commander of UN troops against North Korea in the Korean war

Plebians

common people of Rome, threatened to succeed, Patricians then grant them the right to elect Officials

Othrodox Christianity

correct teachings with New Testament

Commerical Revolution

changes in buisness practices in Europe after Islamic interactions, letters of credit offered, Venetian Merchants, moving away from Manor lifestyle, early capitalism

Protestant Reformation

church faces disapproval of its abuse, criticism came with growing demand for a more personal involvement with divine. Church efforts to eliminate pre-christian traditions and alternate types of spirituality intensify desire for people to have a devotion and connection more closely with god then church allows. Martin Luther attacks Church's sale of indulgences and soon attracts enthusiastic support (Lutheran Christianity). John Calvin creates Calvinists. English reformation = Lutherans and Protestants work to build a following in England but resistance from King Henry VII, Henry VII ends up making country protestant to divorce his wife and becomes head of Anglican church

Calicut

cosmopolitan centers of port city trade in Indain for Indian Ocean trading, Great spice port of India where da Gama landed and traded

Creoles and Political Instability in Latin America

creole elites establish republics with constitutions for newly independent LA states. They had less experience with self government because Spanish and Portuguese were more autocratic rulers. Enlightened values and republican ideals but had little experience putting these ideas into practice in government

Grand Canal

built during Sui Dynasty, enabled trade between North and South (rivers flowed east), linked Beijing in north with Chang'an in west (Huang he) and Yangtze River in south. N and S linked

Benito Juarez and La Reforma

caused political turmoil in Mexico and helped caudillo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna gain rule. After the defeat a liberal reform movement lead by Benito Juarez - President (La Reforma de 1850) aim to limit power of military and Roman Catholic Church and wants a rural middle class by trying to give land back to peasants from corportations. His land reform doesn't work because land ends up in large landowners. Constitution of 1857 set fourth the ideals of La Reforma, it lowers priests and military and had universal male suffrage.

Shang Dynasty

centralized, N China along Huang He, complex religous beliefs, written language, monopolize the production of bronze in the Yellow RIver. Chariots, military, large cities, Ao early capital, tombs

Maize

crop of Mesoamerica

Potatoes

crop of South America

Yang Jian

claimed mandate of heaven for Sui Dynasty, 589 rule all of China

Dravidians

clash w/ Ayrans, intermarried and interacted with them

Indo European Migrants

clash with Dravidians, use Hindu Kush passages

Chivalry

code says knights fight bravely in defense of three masters: feudal lord, heavenly lord, and chosen lady. Becomes a conflict with Lady and Lord. Most knights failed to meet these standards

Justinian Code

codified Roman law, added new provisions, Body of Civil Law The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.

Spanish Inquisiton

court held by church to supress views other than church

Ali

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammand, fourth caliph and prefered by Shia party

Code of Bushido

demanding code of conduct for Samurai, show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity towards those weaker than them. Dying an honorable death was more important than long life

Adam Smith

devoted special thought to the nature of early capitalist society and the principles that made it work. His book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth" championed free, unregulated markets and capitalist enterprise as the principal ingredient of prosperity, Smith's optimism sprang from his conviction that society as a whole benefits when individuals pursue their own economic interests

Quran/Koran

devout Muslims compiled this or "recitation" as the holy book of Islam. Definitive symbol of authority for religious doctrine and social organization

Sufi

dissatisfied with the worldliness of Muawiya and the Umayyad Dynasty, they focused on prayer, meditation, fasting, and religious writing. Most important Al-Ghazali, lack of concern for doctrine, emphasized devotion to Allah in their own ways from pre-Islamic customs

Llama

domesticated animal of South America

Shogunate

dynasty of Shoguns, real leaders of Japan. There are multiple of these (Families)

Hebrews

earliest pastorial nomads, settle in Mesopotamian cities, take some of Hammurabi code, Moses embrace monotheism (yahweh), palestine several small kingdoms, Assyrians conquer and Hebrews lose their identities, New Babylonia took South and destroyed Jerusalem, diaspora (spreading out), Torah = holy scripture, lay down Yahweh's laws), 10 commandments(Moses)

Crisis in Japan

early 19th century Japan declining agriculture, periodic crop failures, famines, harsh taxation, and starvation. Poor city conditions and urban class is poor. Samauri and Daimyo hardship because in debt and growing merchant class. Peasants protest

Shintoism

early japanese religon, Worship of the forces of nature"the way of kami" - spirit powers that are natural or divine Shrines are located in beautiful, natural surroundings (mountains, waterfalls & ancient gnarled trees), local gods, respect for nature and ancestory, Kami=spirits win kami favor through prayer and offerings, unite Japan

Mercantilism

economic system where the state interferes in free trade for the benefit of the country by high import tariff for foreign goods, colonies can ONLY trade with the mother country, tax colonists (same as regular citizens of country), cheaper raw materials for mother country, and colony is a market for manufactured exports from mother country. Also government approved monopolies that mother country gains tax on.

Sygman Rhee

elected as the president in South Korea just before the Korean War started.

Zemstvos

elected local rural governments allow some democracy without weakening the central government. Put in place as reform effort in Russia under Alex II. Deal with local issues

Juan Batista Sacasa

elected overall president of Nicaragua.

Isaac Newton

english mathematician, His work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" unite the heavens and the earth in a vast, cosmic system. Argued law of universal gravitation regulates the motion of bodies throughout the universe with precise mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movement of bodies on earth. Synthesize sciences of astronomy and mechanics

Kurds

ethic group without a homeland country in Turkey and Iraq. Oppressed and the UN stepped in. Recently gained political say in Iraq but still heavily oppressed.

Ethnocentrism

evaluate other cultured by preconceptions in own culture

Capitalism

everything owned privately, nothing is public

Russia

expands into Central Asia

paleolithic settlements

farming introduced, clear areas

United Providences of Central America

federation established in 1823, containing the present-day nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Break away from Mexico.

Wu Zao

female ruler during Tang Dynasty

Truman Doctrine

financial support for countries that rejected communism. $400 million to Turkey and Greece

Achamenid

first Persian empire

Aldof Hitler

first major appearance 1923 when he attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic. Hitler was put in prison but in 1924 he reorganized and determined to gain power through the ballot box. He attracted disillusioned people who felt alienated from society and frightened of socialist revolution. He targets people who blame German democracy and Treaty of Versailles. Germany has hyper inflation, Great Depression, and political parties fighting. Hitler promised to end all this with new order, radical doctrines, and antisemitism. Appeals to lower middle class. Fewer and fewer Germans willing to defend the German parliament they found corrupt. 1930-1932 Nazi largest party in parliament, President Paul von Hindenberg offer Hitler the chancellorship. Becomes a single party dictatorship

Roman Republic

forums, constitution, 2 councils who wielded civil and military power elected by patricians, powerful senate

Francis of Assisi

founder of the Franciscan order of friars, treat all as spiritual brothers and sisters. Women fransicians are called Poor Clares. Friars live in poverty and travel spreading Christianity

Shia/Shiite

group of Muslims who believed the descendants of Ali should rule

Revolution of 1905 - Russia

group of workers march to Tsar's winter palace and petition for elected assembly and more. Government fires killing 130 and leads to uproar throughout empire. Strikes and peasant uproars. Tsar then established the Duma (Russian parliamentary institution) with limited power and disorder continues

Alex the Great

from Macedon, invade Persia, Persian empire dissolves, burn Percepolis

William the Conquerer

from Normandy (descendants of VIkings with French language and culture), claims english crown and invades, battles with rival Harold Godwinston of Anglo-Saxon in battle of Hastings, he wins. He takes 1/5 of land for himself and gives others to 200 norman lords

steel

from iron ore, weaponry metallurgy in china

Judaism

go against Roman state cults, these rebels defeated in Jewish war

Moksha

goal, reunited with Brahaman Negura

Moksha

goal, reunited with Brahman Negura

Roman dieties

gods and goddesses intervene with daily life, adopt other dieties

Philip Macedon

good army and dominate over greece, son is Alex

Economic Nationalism

governments turn to economic nationalism in response to great depression. Imposing tariffs, import quotas, import prohibitions, hope to achieve economic self sufficiency. US passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930, which raised duties on most manufactured products to prohibit levels; other nations do same. Sharp drop in international trade

Augustus/Octavian

grandnephew of Caesar, defeats Mark Anthony, imperial government, monarchy disguised as a republic, eliminate problems with personal armies and place loyal individuals in local communities

Fujian Providence

growing cash crops of lychees, oranges & sugarcane for export to the north & importing its rice , government unhappy because merchants are low in society and the government wants them to focus on their own food. Tang and Song

Magna Carta

guarenteed certain basic political rights to all citizens, limit kings power, protect law, no tax without rep, trial by jury

Czechslovakia

had a conservative government led by Milos Jakes. In October, 1989 10,000 people protested in the center Prague and demanded democracy and freedom. Hundreds were arrested and police brutally attacked the demonstrators and injured students. On November 25th there were 500,000 protesters in Prague, Milos Jakes resigned and a new parliament elected Vaclav Havel the president. Economic plan based on shock therapy. Caused sharp spike in unemployment. Unable to agree on economic policy, the countrys two parts, Slovakia and Czech Slovakia broke apart. Havel was elected president of the Czech Republic, in 2003 Vaclav Klaus succeeded him. The Czech Republic joined the EU in 2004.

Constantinople

has defense walls, captial of Byzantine, was Byzantion but Constantine renames it, dominant commerical center. Russain, Scandanavian (Vikings), Egypt, Islam, and Perisa trade here. There was products from 2 lands over but not direct trade

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

head of National Guard of Nicaragua, Brutal. He kills Sandino and becomes an Ambitious president. Loyal to guard to keep up good neighbor status. Establish politcal dynasty for decades

Archduke Ferdinand

heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Slavic nationalists, and tensions started between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.

Machu Picchu

high in the Andes mountains, constructed by the Incas in the 15th century, sacred spot, 200 buildings, 8000 ft above sea, royal retreat or religous center, discovered 1911 by Yale archeologists

Hitties

horse carriages, iron metallurgy, spoked wheels, effective cheap weapons in large quantities, Indo European

Steppe Nomads

horses, pastoral, Indo European, little farming, no writing, nomadic raids, grain from agricultural lands

Kharma

how a person lives his or her life, determine next Varna

tributary states

independent states that must acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler self rule, but must give resources kept their own rules but had to pay tribute to the Tang emperor Tang Only, pay tribute to Tang and get protection Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam in Tang dynasty

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Conservatism

idealogy that arose during the French and American Revolutions; views society as an organism that changes slowly over generations. Condemns radical change

Liberalism

idealogy that took change as normal and welcomed it as an agent of progress. Want to manage change in the best interest of society

Technologies of Exploration

idk sorry

Military Exploits

if u figure this out pls text me bc at this point im done

Helsinki Accords

in 1975 33 countries including the US and USSR sign commitment to Détente

Samurai

in Japan, bodyguard of Lord, enforce Lord (Daimyo name of Lord in Japan) authority on territories and extend their claims to other lands. In return the Samurai gets surplus and labor of peasants under their control. they are free of household obligations and devote to fight

Baghdad

in Mesopotamia became the capital of the Abbasid empire

Daoism

in harmony with nature, not meddle in what cant understand, refrain from personal striving and advance education, less government, Laozi founder, Yin Yang. Started during warring states period

Daoism/Taoism

in harmony with nature, not meddle in what you cant understand, refrain from personal striving and advanced education, less government, Laozi founder, Yin Yang

Olympic games

in honor of Zeus, greek

Jonannes Gutenberg

invents movable type printing in 1439, friend of Martin Luther, allows Luther's pamphlets against catholic church to be more wide spread and popular

Expressionism

is a style in which the intention is not to reproduce a subject accurately, but instead portray it in such a way as to express the inner state of the artist

Maderias and Azores Islands

islands off the coast of Africa, sugar plantation

pastorial

just domesticate animals, no plants. nomadic

Leonid Brezhnev

leader of USSR after Khrushchev was removed for missile crisis. Adopts repressive policies, limit basic human rights, censors publishing, secret police arrest dissidents

Ho Chi Minh

leads Vietnam independence against France and later fights for a communist regime against South Vietnam

Quipu

knot writing system of Incas and others in South America

Gun Powder Empires

large multi ethnic states in SW, C, and S Asia that rely on fire arms to conquer and control territories. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal. All 3 artistic and architectural legacies. Muslim, nomadic/Turkish background, spoke Turkish language, take advantage of Mongol breakup, rely on artillery and cannons. Initial success from own military might, weakness in other regimes, and loose alliance with European nations fighting with selves

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

lawyer who lead Muslim league against a unified India. Proposed two states, India and Pakistan. Split hostility and ends up getting it and becoming president of Pakistan

Jiang Jieshi

leader of Guomindang after Yatsen death, did not want social revolution. Leader during Chinese Civil War and ends up getting Taiwan

Ivan the Great/III

leader of Russia decided not to pay Mongols circa 1500, stand off with Mongols marks their Independence

Ngo Dinh Diem

leader of South Vietnam. supported by US and France. Anti-communist. However, he was a dictator and not universally well liked

Schwedagon Pagoda

located in Myanmar, Shwedagon Pagoda is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda in Myanmar, as it is believed to contain relics of the four previous Buddhas of the present kalpa.

Reconquista

long effort by Spanish to drive Muslims out

Daimyo

lord of feudal japan who commands their local samurais

Huang He/ Yellow River

millet, floods often and destroys crops, loess builds up and raises riverbed, random floods. N

King Ezana

of Axum, invades Nubia Kush 350 AD and take over Ethiopia to red sea, convert Axum to christianity

Bureaucrats

official in a government department, educated

Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa

modern plumbing, grid planning, undeciphered language. decline? Indus change course? Overuse land? Natural disaster? Ayran invasion?. Indus River, sanskirt, vedas

Imam mosque

mosque in Safavid capital Isfahan. Shah Abbas's larges architectural movement.

Plantation societies

most slaves in tropical/subtropical plantations in the western hemisphere. Europeans find vast stretches of fertile land and soon began to get huge profits from plantations that satisfy European demand for sugar and other agricultural goods. Spanish first plantation in 1516 on Hispaniola island and extend to Mexico. 1530 Portuguese entrepreneurs have plantations in Brazil,. Early 17th century English, Dutch, and French plantations

paleolithic

old stone age, hunt and gather food, equal rights, small bands, agreements with neighbors about territory and marriages

Minoans

on Crete, aegean

Black Sea

on Kiev Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Baltic Sea

on Kiev an extension of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe that is connected with the North Sea

Compass

navigational instrument for finding directions sail further, magnetic. invented in china

compass

navigational instrument for finding directions sail further, magnetic. invented in china

neolithic villages and culture

near fields in permanent villages, Jericho, human predators. population increase allows more specialization, tools, pottery, metal weapons, and fibers. Social hierarchies - specialization allows some to gain wealth, social classes, patriarchal. tech - tools to help with cultivation and herding, pottery, and woven textiles

European boarders before/after WWI

new countries: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Finland - formed as a result of Self Determination

European boarders before/after WW1

new countries: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Finland - formed as a result of Self Determination idk

neolithic revolution

new stone age, better tools, areas of cultivation, planting and domesticating, steady supply

Saljuq Turks in Abbasid

no longer Nomads after moving into Abbasid, valued in Abbasid army, some get great power (sultanates), are the military of the Abbasid. 750-1000 lived on the boarder and traded, by 1000 many served in the Abbasid armies. 1050 overshadowed the Abbasid caliphs. 1055 Tughril Beg (Saljuq leader) called "sultan". In Persian territory. 1258 Mongols end Abbasid

Balance of Power

no ruler wanted to see another state dominate all other states, statesmen prevent the building of empires and ensure Europe would be independent competing states. Frequent war and balance of power diplomacy drain individual states but strengthen Europe as a whole. States develop expert military leadership and weapons, demand for weapons stimulate development of sophisticated armament industry making more lethal products like better cannons

Bedouin

nomadic peoples that kept herds, migrate throughout deserts to find supplies for animals, family clan groups, loyalty to clan

Nomadic Sinization

nomads have cultural changes to Chinese way

Mongols/Tartars

on horseback in central asia, brutal, travel across Asia Steppes into Europe, start empire, attacked and demolish Kiev, rule Russia for 200 years. Ask for obedience and massive amounts of tribute from Russians. Ivan III challeges their rule, armies face each other but neither make move and is considered Russian Liberation

Turks

originated from the Central Asian Steppe probably after the Xiongnu fell apart; clan information; linguistically similar; dominated society in S and SW Asia, pastoral peoples(steppe), mostly sheep and horses but also cattle, goats, and camels. Lived in movable tents called yurts off of animal meat and milk, limited agriculture and crafts, involved in trade especially silk roads. Social classes - nobles and commoners, nobles only intervened in clan affairs during wartime, nobility could be lost and gained through leadership. Religion- traditional belief in Shamans, but some conversion to Buddhism and Christianity. Most converted to Islam-originally as slave soldiers in the Abbasid, but then during the 10th century when the Saljuq Turkish group converted in hopes of Abbasid Alliance. Military led by "Khans", cavalry skills with bow and arrow - extremely mobile and disciplines.

Fulani

pastoral people in West Africa, settled cities, strict Islam. Led series of campaigns to establish Islamic states W Africa.

Nixon

people all over US protest the Vietnam war. Nixon began withdrawing troops from Vietnam. Vietnamization

Vietnam

people settled near the Red River During the Qin & Han dynasty, became subjugated under feudal warlord control Viets traded w/ China (silk in exchange for ivory, tortoise shells, pearls, peacock feathers, etc. Intermarried w/ other SE Asian ethnic groups (Khmers - Cambodia & Tais - Thailand) → separate spoken language, village autonomy, grassroots Buddhism, art & literature, nuclear family life, women greater freedoms (& cultural aspects → wore long skirts, watched chicken-fights, & blackened their teeth) -Sinification- Agricultural methods & irrigation systems Schools & administrative techniques (& Confucian exams)Gradually adopted extended family model & ancestorveneration. each village independent, live wiht just immediate family, people convert to buddhism and the rulers dont -Revolt Trung sisters (39 CE ) - children of a deposed local leaderBy 939, won independence from China Expansion Moved south & west once independent.

Confucianism

people want to be good, shame makes people good, Analects compiled teachings, started by Confucius, filial piety

confucianism

people want to be good, shame makes people good, analects = compiled teachings, Junzi = superior people with broad view of public affairs, Mencius = spokes men for confucian school, Xunzi = government administrator. Started by Confucius, filial piety, 5 relationships. Started during warring states period

Khoikohi and Xhosa

peoples who occupied Africa where Boers came. Competition lead to hostility and early 18th century warfare, enslavement, and smallpox. Boers enslave them. Epidemics lead to virtual extension of these two groups.

Persians Wars

persians conquer Ionia, Greeks revolt but Persia puts it down, Marathon Athens defeat Persians, Persians retreat

Fall of Han

policies economic strain, taxes discourage investment, pesant rebellion, poor debt, wealth by land from pesants, Wang Mang set limit on land but fails, Yellow Turban Revolt

Dollar Diplomacy

policies of William Howard Taft, 1912 argued US should substitute "dollars for bullets". In foreign policy, wanted to develop peaceful commerce and believed to avoid military intervention

Détente

policy of lessening cold war tensions. Under Nixon. Used realpolitik = dealing with other nations in practical and flexible manner. Nixon visits communist China

Feudalism

political system in which King gives land to lord in exchange for loyalty and military service, the lord gives land called fief to vassal in exchange for loyalty and military service. Serfs work on the land and cannot leave

Greek Dieties

polytheism, personify powers, myths

Pope Urban II

pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

Ban Zhao

popular statement on women's role, women inferior. Han

Pacific Island Societies

population growth, more specialized, distinct classes, ruling cheifs, campaigns to get other islands, agricultural and fishing, military, power of rule comes from gods, polytheism, marae temples, trade between islands. Trade axes, pottery, exotic items such as shells and decorative items, and yams. Cultivate taro, yams, sweet potatoes, bananas, breadfruit, coconuts, chicken, pigs, dogs, fish

Inter-regional Trade of India

regions were self sufficient with staple crops of rice, wheat, barley and millet but certain areas have specialty crops: Ganges Valley has iron, Deccan Plateau has copper, Coastal has Salt, South has pepper, saffron, and sugar. (War disrupts Northern Areas while Chola had stability).

Maroon Societies

run away slaves from plantation communities, gather and raid plantations. Military experience from Africa, communities flourished, some survive for centuries (Saramanka)

Mayan

sacrafices, blood letting, maize, ball game, city states, ceremonial centers, Tikal most importaint, mathematics/zero, war with each other constantly, Shamanism (unseen world of gods and demons), Cenotes(sinkhole for sacraficial offerings), calendar, mysterious decline because it seemed to be just abandoned. Astronomy, monarchs of city states. Popul Vuh = creation myth. Writing. Chichen Itza= state on Yucatan Peninsula, El Castillo steppe pyramid there. Social classes, polytheism, patriarchal, women in some activities, jaguars

Columbus

sailed to the Americas in 1492, backed by Spain

Jesus of Nazareth

savior of Christianity, powers, son of god, executed on cross, moral code, new testament

Hadith

saying attributed to Muhammad and the prophet's deeds The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.

Ottoman

started by Turks in Anatolia after the fall of the Abbasid, 1453 capture Constantinople and take Byzantine. Osman conquering in 1300 and his sons and grandsons conquer more

Scientific Revolution

scholars rely on observation and math to transform natural sciences in a process known as the scientific revolution, weaken influence of churches in W Europe and encourage development. Astronomers base theories on precise observation data and math reasoning, apply analytical methods to mechanics. Have reliance on observation and mathematics that transformed the study of the natural world and brought about the scientific revolution

Upanishads

section of Vedas that adresses mystical questions

Zhang Qian

sees Chinese goods in far markets, inspired Silk Roads

The Emancipation Manifesto

serfdom was an economic obstacle to industrialization. Alex the II in 1861 issues the emancipation manifesto which abolished the institution of serfdom and liberty to 23 million serfs in Russia

Spread of Islam

shortly after Muhammad death, Abu Bakr was selected to be caliph or deputy, chief judge, religious leader, and military commander. After Muhammad death, armies ranged beyond Arabia, carrying their religion and authority to Byzantine and Sassanid territories and beyond. Between 633 and 637 CE, Muslim forces seized the Byzantine Syria and Palestine and took most of Mesopotamia from the Sassanids. During the 640s they conquered Byzantine Egypt and north Africa. In 651 they toppled the Sassanid dynasty and Incorporated Persia into their expanding empire. In 711 they conquered the Hindu Kingdom of Sind in northwestern India and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, conquering most of the Iberian peninsula and threatening the Frankish Kingdom of Gaul. By the mid-eighteenth century, an immense Islamic empire ruled lands from India and the central Asian steppe land in the east to NW Africa and Iberia in the West

Dome of the Rock

shrine. Golden age of Muslim Culture, Umayyad, stone masonry, wooden roof, decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome, with multiple renovations, the highest point in old Jerusalem, and in the 7th century served as a testament to the power of the new faith of Islam... Muhammad ascended from Dome of the Rock after his death in Jerusalem into heaven (Byzantine and Roman empire arches)

The US Civil Wars

slavery and cultivation of cotton as a cash crop isolated southern states and they considered themselves sufficient. War ends in stalemate. Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in rebel states but not by states in union. 13th amendment completely abolish slavery in US. Northern states prevail at Battle Gettesberg. Stronger central government

Slavery in Africa

slavery common throughout Africa after Bantu spread agriculture. Slaves in Africa came from ranks of war captives, criminals, and those expelled clans. Once enslaved, no personal or civil rights. Owners could make their slaves do any work, punish, and sell them. Usually work as cultivators. but some administration, soldiers, or high advisers. African law does not have any private property, only land of communities. Wealth and power came from the possession of slaves. Slaves are private investment. Buy slaves to enhance family

slave revolts

slaves outnumber others and have potential to organize and overwhelm masters. Slave revolt was a major fear of plantation owners. French sugar plantation of Saint-Dominque the only slave revolt that abolished slavery, gets renamed Hati and starts self governing republic

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Vodun, Santeria, Candomble

some slaves Christians. a syncretic form of Christianity with West African interests and traditions form. No institutional structure. Vodou in Hati, Santeria in Cuba, Candomble in Brazil. All syncretic religions inspiration from Christianity, parish churches, personal salvation, holy water, candles, and statues. Associate African deities with saints, African rituals, supernatural powers

John I

son of Richard the Lionhearted, failed military leader, lost Normandy and N French land, he is cruel, lots of tax because need to pay for Crusades, alienates church. His nobles make him sign Magna Carta

Sumer

southern half of Mesopotamia, 1st cities, political and military authority, city states. 1st group of important men make decisions, 2nd monarchy. ziggurats center of cities, cuneiform, wheel, Epic of Gilgamesh. Calendar

Bantu Migrations

spread farming/agriculture through subsaharan desert, spread Bantu language and metallurgy

Spread Christianity

spread on Silk Road, Gregory wonder worker missionary from Anatolia, Nestorians (Emphasize human aspect of Jesus)

Spread Disease

spread on Silk Roads, epidemics, small poxs, measles, hesitant to bring foreign products

Spread Hinduism

spread on Silk Roads, rulers enhance themselves w/ honored religious traditions

Manicheaism

spread via Silk Road, blend Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Chrisianity

Melaka

straight to Indian ocean, allows China to trade with South East Asia

Jati

sub-castes of Hinduism often took the form of worker's guilds and enjoyed political and economic influence. More divided varnas

cash crops

sugars most lucrative cash crop, tobacco and rice rivaled. 18th century plantations concentrated on cultivating cotton and coffee. All plantations specialize in production of a high demand product. Plantations maintain gardens to produce food for local community but main purpose to export commerical crops

Colombian Exchange

the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners. Had consequences much more profound than did earlier rounds of Biological exchange. Involved lands with radically different flora, fauna, and disease. Links between biological zones set of a round of biological exchange that alter world's human geography and natural environment, 16th century indigenous people of America sharp decline from smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whopping cough, and influenza

Bataan

the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II

globalization

the process of interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different nations around the world

Christianity

the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus

Nuclear Proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability

Maoism

the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people. Peasants foundation of revolution

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down. US and Russia during the Cold War

Absolutism

theoretical foundation known as the divine right of kings. Kings derived their authority from god and served as god's lieutenants upon Earth. Kings make laws and determines policy. Noncompliance and disobedience led to punishment. rebellion considered going against god.

Koguryo (North), Paekche (SW), Shilla (SE)

three of Korea's kingdoms, all share same language and culture, often fought with each other, Shilla unites all of Korea in 668

Indo-European Migrants

through Eurasia, hunt horses, heading, domestication, horse military advantage, spread culture and language

Spread of crops through dar-al-islam

through Muslium trade route

Buddhism

through meditation reach nirvana, Kharma, dharma, ahisma, reject priests and rituals, monasteries. Siddhartha Gautama becomes the Buddha, 4 noble truths, Eightfold path

Buddhism

through meditation reach nirvana, karmaMinoans, dharma, ahisma, reject priests and rituals, monasteries. Siddhartha Gautama becomes Buddha/Enlightened one, 4 noble truths, eight fold path, Mahayana Buddhism = greater vehicle (Less strict)

Pax Romana

time of peace ending civil disturbances brought by Augustus, 2 1/2 centuries. Rome fantastic road builders, urgent travel at remarkable speed

Taj Mahal

tomb for Mughal leader Shah Jahan and his wife. India. Complex with a mosque on it

Patriachs

top 5 religous authorities, bishop Rome, Patriachs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria adn Constranitnople

New Guinea

trade and establish own communities, yam, taro, pigs, chicken, cultivate and keep animals, specialization and permanent settlements, pottery, craft tools

Post-classical India Agricultural advances

trade increases because agricultural production increases, use dams, reservoirs, canals, wells, and tunnels to irrigate land from the Monsoons, New ship Dhow.

Swahili Coast trade

trade on Indian ocean with wind monsoons, Africa to India in spring, India to Africa in Winter, people of the coast, revolve around Indian Ocean trade, Muslim, literate, merchants on Indian ocean trade, Borrow from Arabia and India, regard themselves as unique, trade on Indian ocean, trade was life, slaves traded (women and boys), not farmers, urban cities, ivory, gold, slaves form interior by caravan, abolition of slavery kills economy

Middle Passage

trans-Atlantic journey for slaves w filth and crowded ships. Travel below deck, cannot stand, chained. Some attempt to starve self and revolt. 4-6 weeks, heat, cold, disease. Morality can exceed 50% in the beginning. Start building larger ships for more slaves, more water, and more nourishment and morality declines to 5%

Lateen Sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Stalingrad

turning point of war in USSR. Hitler underestimated the USSR. Hitler had his army attack Stalingrad, but Stalin's army held him off.

Golden Horde (Russia)

under Batu Khan, did NOT occupy Russia, collected tribute, Mid 15th century Muscovite Russia free from Mongol control. 1237-1480

Il Khanate(Persia)

under Hulegu Khan, Mongols held highest government positions, but let Persians serve at all lower levels, direct rule, religous tolerance until 1295 - Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam-indicated absoribtion into Persian society.

Qanat system

underground canals of Achamenid

Panama Canal

united states canal across narrow stretch in Central American Panama. Under Theodore Roosevelt US support rebellion against Colombia to establish Panama in exchange for allowing canal to be built.

John Maynard Keynes

urged governments to play an active role and stimulate the economy by increasing the $ supply, thereby lowering interest rates and encouraging investment. Advised governments to undertake public works projects to provide jobs and redistribute incomes through tax policy and intervention to reduce unemployment and increased consumer demand

Theme System

used in Byzantine, army gets land on outskirts which allows outsiders to be protected from muslim and the free pesants contribute important taxes

foot binding

used in postclassical china, shows patriarchy, considered beautiful for women, makes harder to walk/more

Daimyo

vassal lord that Shogun have land to in feudal Japan. Daimyo gave promise to support with armies to Shogun in return

Fall W Rome

visigoths sack Rome, germanic general disposed Romulus Augustus

Inquisiton

want everyone in Spain to be Catholic, not Catholic leave or killed

Tibet

want independence from China, minority group

Modernism V Westernism

wanted to adopt new industrial technologies while keeping their own cultures/customs, didn't want to adopt western culture

Early Post-classical China

warring states, yellow turban rebellion, Xiongnu, fall of Han, not one empire over all of China, Buddhism spread to China by way of silk road, gain momentum Xuanzang, Sui and Tang restore order, Silk Road and trade further east (Korea, Vietnam, Japan)

Jawaharal Nehru

was a great Indian nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. He became first prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs. Leader of the Indian National Congress

Ivan the Terrible/IV

was proclaimed tsar in 1547 after a 14 year regency, Secret police (oprichnina) & imperial guards named streltsi, Took power from the boyars (nobles) & relatives of possible opposition. gained the nickname grozny - the Terrible - for the violent repression of his enemies Why was he so cruel: Witnessed his mother's murder, His wife died, Was verbally and physically abused by relatives. vanquished the Tartars of Kazan and subjugated the Turkic tribes of Siberia. Founded the city of Archangel, the only Russian seaport at the time (on arctic ocean so only could be used in Summer), Palace in Moscow = Kremlin, Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed (colorful onion domes),Ivan supposedly blinded the chief architect once the cathedral was completed to prevent any other from hiring the master builder. Massacred the citizens of Novgorod when they refused to pay taxes, even accidentally killed his son during an Argument

Greek Fire

weapon compounded of sulphur, lime, and petroleum. Launched at both fleets and forces on the ground. Burned even on water and created a serious hazard. Very hard to extinguish. Allows byzantine empire to remian a hold on Anatolia, Greece and Balkan Reigon

stalemate

when the soldiers from both sides had established really good defenses and no one could break each other's defenses Stalemate on the Western and Southern front reflected new technology. Barbed wire across no mans land(territory between opposing trenches). European countries were confident that they had the strongest militaries and that it would be a short war, however when they went to war it was evident that the other countries also had strong, industrialized armies. There is also a stalemate on the French-German boarder and the French's last hope is to bring in the US

Ring of Fire

where Japan is, A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean

Scandanavia

where Vikings are from

Mecca

where hajj and Ka'ba is, leading Arabian city, direction of prayer, Muhammad attacks here

Nile Cataracts

white water rapids of Nile, smaller boulders and stones, natural barrier for invasion

Justinian

wife is Theodora, born into a pesant family and was smart and disciplined, lavished resources on captial, Built church of Hagia Sophia. Justinian Code. Tries to reconquer west and got back good portion, could not maintain because not enough resources and cost too much money. Nika Revolt

Theodora

wife of Justinian, offers his advice on sensitive political, diplomatic, and theological issues. Contributes to the formation of a grand imperial court. Women's rights

Swahili Coast

women cannot go to mosque, marry only in Kinship, separate Arabs and Swahili when British colonize, east African coast, city states with own government, Somali to Mozambique, live in towns now, coastal villages form around mosque, not every city state same culture, never one government throughout, trade on Indian ocean with wind monsoons, Africa to India in spring, India to Africa in Winter, people of the coast, revolve around Indian Ocean trade, Muslim, literate, merchants on Indian ocean trade, Borrow from Arabia and India, regard themselves as unique, trade on Indian ocean, trade was life, slaves traded (women and boys), not farmers, urban cities, ivory, gold, slaves form interior by caravan, abolition of slavery kills economy

Serf

work on the manor and cannot leave land, harsh conditions an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

St Augustine

work to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Romans, persuade educated class