AP World Chapter 17

What was the role of women and girls in a factory setting?

Young women were preferred workers: more likely to listen Women were pushed into the "scut work" / simple jobs by men After they were married, women left the workforce

Mexican Revolution

armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform Resulted in a new constitution, more suffrage, redistribution of land, less power to the Church, more rights for workers, restrictions on foreign property

What is the most extreme form of socialism?

communism

Luddites

group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery

middle-class values

hard work, self-discipline, thrift, honesty, aspiration, ambition, respectability

What was the (ideal) role of a British middle class woman?

"Respectability" Moral center of family Domestic work ( shopped for the family, etc ) A sign of status was employing 1 or more servants

Explain class divisions due to mass migrations.

"White" Europeans in Latin America gain power because of European background Segregation in United States between different races: "original" earlier immigrants looked down on newer immigrants

steam engine

A machine that turns steam into power. Marks the beginning of the Industrial revolution

What is socialism?

A philosophy (NOT technically a political system) that states that everyone should have "access to basic articles of consumption and public goods" ; industry is for the good of the whole ; useful goods and services are produced ; industry is owned by the state ; personal property (homes, etc) and public property (industry, etc - owned by the state)

Russian Revolution of 1905

After Russia was defeated by Japan in a naval war, workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg went on strike and created soviets

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

Agriculture was limited after the end of feudalism, so workers were without work and in debt Significant population increase Government support of merchants and trade, later shifts to support companies Naval protection of merchant fleet, colonization of India Religious Tolerance: welcoming of all skilled workers invites new people and new business Scientific Revolution linked science to business Had access to a huge power source: coal + iron Protection from Napoleon : island No revolution within Britain itself Imperial posession

What reforms did the czar make to Russia? What affect did they have?

Allows the Soviets (Social Democrats) into Russian Parliament (Duma) BUT basically ignores everything they say: no power No affect on the way things are run, but Russian revolutionary parties develop as a result

What is capitalism?

An economic structure with limited government intervention in industry, trade, and economics ; supports idea of a free market ; goods produced for the goal of gaining profit ; industries owned privately or by cooperations, not by the state ; dominated by private property

Who was the proletariat?

Anti-industrialist impoverished working class that had their land taken away.

What is the cause of the mass migration occurring during the industrial revolution?

As industrialization spread, so did the idea of settler colonies Australia founded for criminals: no more room in prisons British takeover of South Africa United States offered the opportunity to work and own land Former Russian serfs have no where to go so they move to Siberia for land Latin American people convinced poor Italians to move their to "European-ize"

Why did socialism not take root in the United States?

Business tycoons rose up from the bottom: national heroes US businessmen hated socialism Focus on skilled laborers Same types of workers stuck together, but no "class solidarity" Higher standard of living / socioeconomic status : opportunity for luxury Government supported businesses Mass production for a

Who took charge of Latin America after they achieved independence? What did they do to Latin America?

Caudillos (military leaders) took control as repressive and authoritarian leaders Natives and slaves pushed into poverty Only in Mexico did they stand up to the Caudillos : Mayans tried to get rid of European / mixed control in the Caste War of Yucatán

How was the industrial revolution divided?

Divided into 2 parts- development of new power sources 1st started with steam engine 2nd started with electricity

How does Latin America contribute to industrialization?

Does not actual industrialize but is connected to many industrialized countries Exports lots of important products (especially to US) in exchange for industrial goods

What was Robert Owen's idea about society?

Earliest experiment with socialism Created a "utopian town" with no class system and equality of the whole Basis for Marx's socialist ideas

dependent development

Economic growth in Latin America that was dependent on money from Europe and US

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Europe?

Europe had competition as a result of the spread of nationalism (nation vs. nation competing with new ideas) vs. rest of world in non-competitive empire form Government supported businesses: laws, funding, military influence Competition with goods from Asia: making same products but che Connection to the Americas Ability to get resources/other stuff from EVERYWHERE: contact, connection, spies

How did the role of a British middle class woman change throughout the Industrial Revolution?

First, shift to "respectability" Later, the ideal woman was in the workforce before marriage, some job opportunities available, slightly more freedoms

Karl Marx

Founder of socialism and communism

Progressives

Government should be involves in the economy

How did Russia industrialize?

Government started industrialization process: took complete control, politically repressive Very rapid industrialization

Why were working conditions not changed?

Government supported industry, so whenever laboring class would rise up, the military would intervene

What did Marx believe about capitalism?

He believed that it was unstable and would eventually lead to economic collapse and a working class revolution Afraid of capitalism's spread to Europe

How did the innovations made during the Industrial Revolution impact events that followed it?

Improvements in communication allowed countries to communicate during war or with imperial colonies Military/other technology (like the steamship or production of steel) allowed countries to imperialize and affected the major wars of Period 6 Demand for cotton as a textile caused Britain to find a new place to grow it - imperialism of India (because they couldn't get it from the US)

Why does Britain start to decline?

Industry has spread throughout the world, catching up to England Still using original machinery: outdated 2nd Rev starts in America

Latin American export boom

Latin America did not industrialize itself but began exporting many goods to Europe and the US that fueled industrialization Prompted dependences

Lenin and the Bolsheviks do what to Russia?

Lead the Russian Revolution during WWI Takes over and makes Russia a communist country : massive political shift

How was the idea of unions received in Latin America?

Lead to repression from military of the highly impoverished majority (especially in rural areas)

What drove the middle class?

Liberalism Wanted less control from the government and guaranteed rights

How did US industrial workers protest their working conditions?

Lots of strikes but no political organization (no equivalent to English Labor Party) Conservative unions formed: focus on skilled laborers

Caudillos

Military dictators (specifically in Latin America)

Why did the lower middle class increase in size?

New goods meant that people were needed to sell them (clerks, salespeople) Women gained a potential job as teachers

What is the Labor Party?

Party that rejected struggles/unity within your class Supported nationalism and a socialist democracy: hybrid between Marx's ideas and a traditional democracy

What happened to Latin America after they achieved independence?

Political instability : lots of wars and rebellions Conservatives (want to go back to Europe for help) vs. progressives (never going back to Europe) Idea of Americanos from Simon Bolivar dissolved

What affects did Industrialization have on Russia?

Politically repressive society Social conflicts: rise in middle class Use of foreign trade profits to fund railroads Development of radicals Social Democratic Labor Party Led to some small reforms and revolutionary parties Ultimately led to Russian Revolution

What were the living and working conditions like for the laboring class?

Rapid urbanization led to severe overcrowding and disease Poor water supply Dangerous, life-risking work: worst conditions in history if industry Routine, machinery, strict rules/fines, surveillance, long hours in cramped, cold, dark factories

How did Industrialization affect the aristocracy?

Remained wealth: land-owners- still needed to feed everyone) BUT overall decline in class power (royals) : no longer dominant ruling class

How does the United States impact Latin America?

Slow "colonization" by investing into Latin American Businesses (give $ and slowly goin control of economy - threat of taking away money - and run the country basically) Latin America becomes dependent on US / Europe through the creation of "banana republic" and similar businesses' Latin American elite want to become like Europe Intervene in Latin American wars - gain control of PR

What was Marx's idea?

Taking the ideas of equality (the economic and scientific pieces) from the French Revolution Wanted to make everyone completely equal Original intent was happiness

How did Latin America start to become like Europe?

The Latin American elite wanted to become like the European elite : only ones receiving economic benefit Urbanization led to the development of more modern cities European immigrants (poor Italians) "recruited" to Latin America (claiming that they would have land/power/etc)

Why did Europeans governments support the Industrial Revolution?

The government had previously struggled for money Funding business projects offered the possibility to gain a lot of $$ for the state

What did the Social Democratic Labor Party do to Russia?

The illegal party adopted Karl Marx's ideas and made them political: very radical socialism Causes a small revolution during Russia's preoccupation with the Russo-Japanese War Leads to very minor and reluctant reforms

How did trade unions come about?

The laboring classes realized how badly they were being treated Trade unions were a form of social protest to protect their rights

What did Marx fail to foresee when developing his socialist ideas?

The rise of a large middle class of workers who managed to better themselves : goes against his ideas Spread of nationalism: people rallied behind the idea of their country, not the idea of their class

How does Great Britain respond to Socialism?

They reform their policies for the food of the whole and embrace nationalism Do not allow Marx's ideas to take root in their country

How did the Industrial living and working conditions in Britain compare to those in the United States?

They were very similar Harsh, dangerous working conditions Overcrowded living conditions However, in the United States, Theodore Roosevelt passed new laws to end monopolies and improve conditions

How did trade unions impact businessmen?

Threat to business Losing money because of lost work hours To avoid this, they called on the government to put down the unions (until they were legalized) If workers went on strike, would hire new workers

Why did industrialization spread so rapidly in the United States?

Trade, communication Culture of consumption : need the newest thing (mass production) Government completely supported industry : monopolies, tariffs, unions, low taxes No reliance on others: have access to resources Industrial tycoons were national heroes (American Dream) Less pronounced class divisions

What did the British aristocracy do as a result of industrialization?

Turned to Imperialism British princes trying to colonize Africa : will have power there Brings about the railroad

What did the British middle class look like?

Very diverse group of people Upper: industrialists, businessmen, entrepreneurs (able to work their way up to wealth) Lower: clerks, salespeople, teachers (not paid well, but not laborers)