AP World History: AP Test Review(Complete)

Jizya

a tax on non-Muslims used in Islamic empires

Serfdom in Russia

abolished in 1861 comparable to the US slavery (1865)

"no man's land"

area of battle between 2 opposing trenches(Get your ass shot)

"No Man Land"

area of battle between two opposing trenches

Divine Right of Kings

belief that monarchs drive their power from god and are responsible only to god; scriptural support is often citied.

Propaganda

brainwashing and directing people to an end

Mesolithic Revolution(Middle Stone Age)

buildings of wood constructed, specialized tools: knives, axes scrapers, clay pottery along with the development of hunting and gathering of families. This was the emergence of gender roles, higher ocean levels and moderate temperatures.

Terra Cotta Warriors

built by Qin dynasty emperor Shi Huangdi (also started the Great Wall)

5 year plan

call to industrialize

Lenin's New Economic Policy

communism with a little capitalism like Deng in China

Capital Persepolis

comparable to Chang'an, Athens, Rome, Teotihuacan

European Nation States

develop maritime (sea based) empires

Americas(8000 BCE- 600 BCE)

developed isolation

Maya and Gupta

developed the concept of zero independently

Spanish

developed the new world

Lucy

discovered in 1974 by Leakey's, had 3 attributes making her more advanced than any other hominid(Bipedal ism, large brain core, and larynx).

Trojan Horse

element of a cunning plan by a thousand ships

Nelson Mandela of South Africa

good comparison with Kenyatta and Nkrumah as political prisoners who emerge as political leaders

Laissez-Faire

hands off non government intervention in economics.

Anti-Semitism

hatred of Jews and using them as a scapegoat

Geocentric Theory

held that the Earth was the center of the universe

Aristotle/Ptolemy

held that the Earth was the center of the universe or Geocentric Theory

Roman Culture

influenced by Greek cultural diffusion

Purpose of Taoism

inner harmony, peace, and longevity

Roman Law

innocent unless proven guilty by court

Afterlife

judgment followed by heaven or hell with hell being a temporary state( means you can get yourself out of a bad place)

Julius Caesar

killed (44 BCE), Octavian Augustus becomes emperor

Bay of Pigs

known in Latin America as Invasión de Playa Girón, was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961.

Domestication of plans and animals

leads to a food surplus

Food surplus

leads to a specialization of labor creating: Religion, writing, artisans and goods, merchants and trade, architectural advances, military and improved technologies (Ex. Wheel (3500 BCE), plow, iron)

Four Noble Truths

life is suffering

Women in Europe

mainly midwives and healers

Declaration of Rights, Man, and Citizen

modeled after the American Declaration of Independence and influenced by the enlightenment, it outlined the desires of the French people seeking Independence

Indonesia(Islam)

most populated Muslim country in the world today

Fall of the Mayan Empire

possible exhaustion of the environment

Justian's Law Code

preserved Roman law

Sun Yat-sen

promoted nationalism, more equality, land redistribution

Blank Check

provision forcing Germany to pay reparations to all countries harm for any amount they specified as reparations. France payed large amounts.

"Killing the Canary"

reference to the use of mustard gas or chemical warfare

Moksha

release from the cycle of life and death

Qing Dynasty

resists change and falls (1911)

Eightfold path

right conduct/meditation

Portugal

slave trade, sugar plantation (Brazil), control of Swahili city states and Indian Ocean -Power came from exploration and colonization -Set up trading centers in Africa

Cyrus the Great

starts the Achaemenid Empire (Iran)(Persian empire)

Roman Empire

stretches from England to Middle East

The Duomo

symbol of the Renaissance in Florence

Absolute Monarchy

system of heredity rules with a line of succession power of " heir" and Political Evolution of Europe.

Zoroastrianism

teachings of Zoroaster or Zarathustra, Persia, good and evil

"The Spark"

the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the Austrian heir to the throne

"The Powderkeg"

the troubled area of southern Europe (Balkans) which was created by the collapse of the former Ottoman Empire

Collectivization

took over farm land

Universals

world view in which an evil spirit Angra Mainyu is almost powerful

Creation of Adam- Michelangelo

" A focus panel which is part of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Biblical theme shows an all powerful God as creator reaching to bring Adam to life, " The Gap" between fingers is the key to the painting: an all perfect God is unable to directly touch a sinful man, Jesus Christ is the gap( intercessor) between sinful man and God.

" Guns, Germs, and Steel" - Jared Diamond

" Blessings of Geography"

Lassiez Faire

"Hands off" (non-government intervention in business... Industry and Trade regulated, but not owned or controlled by the government)

India

"Jewel of British Imperialism"

Mesopotamia

"Land between the rivers"

Neolithic

"New Stone Age" the last division of the Stone Age, immediately preceding the development of metallurgy and corresponding to the ninth to fifth millennial B.C.E. It was characterized by the increasing domestication of animals and cultivation of crops, established agricultural communities, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass" Nazi led mobs attacked Jewish synagogues and homes with hundreds killed and others taken to concentration camps

Glasnost

"Openness" Soviet reform to increase new freedoms like the west. (Example: Travel more freely)

Coup de Etat

"Quick seizure of power of force" is what Napoleon did to replace the Directory with a Consulate form of government which would make him dictator

Perestroika

"Restructuring" Soviet reform designed to revive a desperate Soviet economy

The Ottoman Empire

"Sick Man of Europe"

Peterhof

"The Russian Versailles"

Louis XIV

"The sun king" ( 72 year reign), L'etat, C' est moi ( I am the State), revoked the " Edict of Nantes", built Versailles ( center of world culture), mercantilism and expansion by Minister Colbert.

Symphony 5(Victory)- Beethoven

"Thus fate knocks at the door" it was written while Vienna was being conquered by Napoleon, Beethoven use of C minor as a special key created a heroic tonality, It regained modern popularity following the hilled victory WWII(V-day finger jest), Beethoven realized he was loosing his hearing while writing masterpiece symphony, and Beethoven's connections to number 5 are endless such as address, birth, age, and mastered Piano.

Zhou

(1100 to 256 B.C.E.) * China's longest dynasty Wu Wang as first leader kept the traditions and customs of the shang, mandate of heaven incorporated as a belief system, Feudalism, Bureaucracies designed to control, specialized and stabilize a hue kingdom

Iron Age

(1300 BCE)

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644 CE) Kicked out the Mongols and Chinese culture reemerges

Suleiman I the Magnificent

(1580) Ottoman Empire in the best shape under this person's rule -Patron of the Arts -Civil Service exam

Shang

(1600 to 1100 B.C.E.) Agricultural surplus lead to a trade centered civilization(with Mesopotamia), walled cities along the river with military utilizing chariots, were very isolated and viewed themselves the center of the world "All Under Heaven,ethnocentric focus believing themselves superior to other civilizations, key contributions: spooked wheel, pottery, silk, and decimal system, and strong patriarchal system.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) Comparison to Mongols (forbid Chinese to learn language and marry) Civil Service examinations expanded Controlled trade (Canton only port open to European trade) Tea, silk and porcelain traded for silver

Three Emperors' League

(1873-1879) An alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia; the league collapsed soon after a feud began between Austria and Russia. As the Ottoman Empire was weak, two independent states (Serbia and Montenegro) assisted the Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina in their revolt against Turkish rule. Russia entered the war because it wanted to control Constantinople and Pan-Slavism. Victorious Russia gained control of all Slavic speaking territories in the Balkans through the Treaty of San Stefano. The Treaty was looked at again in the Congress of Berlin.

Dual Alliance

(1879-1918) An alliance between Germany and Austria; a promise was made that they would assist each other if Russia attacked either one of them, and that if another country attacked either of them, the other would at least maintain neutrality.

Triple Alliance

(1882-1914) Italy joined the Dual Alliance, forming a new alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy.

Reinsurance Treaty

(1887-1892) Germany would not assist Austria in any initiative attacks on other countries.

Spanish-American War

(1898) As a result of this war, Spain was forced from Cuba and the U.S. established it as an informal protectorate along with Puerto Rico. The U.S. forced Spain to sell the Philippine Islands and Guam, and Germany bought the other Spanish islands in the pacific. U.S. dominated Hawaii for some time before the war and annexed it in 1898. Due to these acquisitions, the U.S. became a major imperialist power in the Pacific.

Boer War

(1899-1902): The British, with great difficulty, defeated the Boers and annexed the two republics

Entente Cordiale

(1904-1907) Britain ended its "splendid isolation" policy and made an alliance with japan; it also established closer ties with France by settling colonial differences. France was given Moroccan control and Britain with Egypt.

Triple Entente

(1907-1914) An informal, yet powerful, alliance between France, Britain, and Russia that stood in opposition to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

WWI

(1914-1918) Trench warfare, new weaponry (machine gun, submarine, tank) Soldiers from colonies fought (India, Australia) Arabs unite against Ottomans (Lawrence of Arabia)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsky

(1917) Lenin takes Russia out of WWI to save defeat by Germans and allows for Russian Revolution; GERMANY GETS 1/4 OF RUSSIAN TERRITORY!

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(1917) Lenin takes Russia out of WW1 to save defeat by Germans and allows for Russian Revolution; Germany gets 1/4 of Russian territory

Paris Peace Conference

(1919) Lloyd George(Great Britain) Clemenceau(France) Wilson(United States) Orlando(Italy) These people are known as the Big Four

Invasion of Poland

(1939) Hitler invaded Poland. This starts the second world war.

Berlin Airlift

(1948-1949) Causes: USSR blocked west Berlin to prevent reunion of divided Germany. Results: Americans and British airlifted supplies to Berlin for 11 months; USSR backed off

Korea

(1950-1953) Principal Combatants: Great Britain, and North Korea; South Korea, UN forces, and U.S. Causes: NK invaded SK; asked UN forces to intervene; China sent it's troops to support NK Results: Cease fire signed, borders set at 38th parallel; Korea remained divided

Space Race

(1957-1969) Principal Combatants: USSR; U.S. Causes: Race to develop the technology to control moon, explore space, and develop ballistic defense systems Results: USSR launched Sputnik, artificial satellite, first U.S. manned lunar landing; spin off technology

Cuba Revolution

(1959) -Fidel Castro -Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis

(1962) Principal Combatants: Cuba and USSR; US Causes: USSR elected missile sites on island of Cuba Results: JFK blocked Cuba and forced USSR Soviets to remove the missile bases

Vietnam War

(1962-1973) Principal Combatants: France; China and N. Vietnam; S. Vietnam and the U.S. Causes: Vietnamese sought independence from France; trying to limit Communism, U.S. backed the anti-communists regime of S.Vietnam Results: U.S. withdrew troops, N.Vietnam invaded the S.Vietnam reunited under communists; refugees fled, many to the U.S.

Afghanistan

(1979-1989) Principal Combatants: Afghan rebels; USSR Causes: USSR invaded to stop Muslim revolt against the Communist regime in Afghanistan Results: USSR became mired in a lo-vr guerrilla war; USSR forced finally withdrew

Bronze Age

(3000 BCE)

Polynesian migrations in oceania

(600 CE) -Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii, and New Zealand - Regional kingdoms established

Paris

(600 to 1450 CE) In which city of the world in the year 1450 might you LEAST want to live if you wanted to take advantage of technological innovations?

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) -Expands Chinese territory -Kowtow shows Chinese dominance over places like Korea -Second Golden Age of the Silk Road L-etters of Credit (Flying money) -Gunpowder developed -Champa rice from Vietnam fuels population surge

Umayyad Dynasty

(661-750 CE) Islam expands and the capital is Damascus

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) -Golden Age of Islam -Capital moves to Baghdad, Trade flourishes on Silk Road, Credit used by merchants -Accomplishments include: Arabic numerals, advancements in algebra, geometry and trigonometry, perfection of the astrolabe, astronomical observatories, optic surgery, medical encyclopedias, and literature like the Arabian Nights.

Neolithic Revolution(New Stone Age)

(8000 BCE- 600 BCE) Development of agriculture and pastoral ism, herding, cultural, diffusion- what humans acquire living and sharing together and the development of the river cities, trade, ceremonial rituals with art/ music and the development with civilization

Theme 2(Neolithic Revolution)

(Development and interaction between cultures) seen as Indus and Mesopotamians trade

Chichen Itza

(Guatemala) Mayans built this

Tikal

(Guatemala) Mayans built this

Theme 1(Neolithic Revolution)

(Interaction between humans and environment) seen with farming and irrigation

King Alfonso I

(Kongo) -Converts with Catholicism -Trades with the Portuguese -Wrote letter to the Portuguese to stop the slave trade - This would be ignored

Machu Picchu

(Peru) Incas built this

Atlantic Alliance

(Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Helmut Kohl) worked to reform the USSR(More freedoms )

Indo European migrations

(central Asia, horses, language)

Chinese Revolution of 1911

(end of Qing dynasty) -Led by Sun Yat-sen (promoted nationalism, more equality, land redistribution) -Successor to Sun Yat-sen was Chiang Kai-shek (nationalist)

Stateless societies

(kinship groups)

Universalizing Religion

(like Christianity and Islam)

Tanzimat reforms

(movement towards constitutional government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876

Nirvana

(peace/bliss)- comparable to Moksha in Hinduism

Animism

(spirits reside in ordinary objects) Africa, North America, Central Asia

Defeated by Greeks in Persian War

(this developed the concept of East and West) and finally defeated by Alexander the Great of Macedonia

Young Turks

(western educated, sought nationalistic reform)

Capitalism/Socialism

- An economic and political system characterized by a free market for goods and services and private control of production and consumption -A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Confucianism in China

- Developed during the Warring State period Emphasis on education, respect, reciprocity, virtue and order -Filial piety: Respect for elders, respect a child should show for parents -Five Relationships:Ruler to ruled, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend -Embraced by governments as ruler superior to ruled Civil Service Exam based on Confucian Analects Government bureaucracy based on merit Allowed for the possibility of social mobility Patriarchal society develops as a husband superior to wife -Eventually see foot binding -Eventually combines with Buddhism to form Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty

Mesopotamia

- Highlights include: -Epic of Gilgamesh, cuneiform, polytheistic, city states make them not as centralized, development of the wheel - Hammurabi's code shows strict laws and social stratification - Diffusion of iron/Hittites

Noteworthy groups of Period 1 (8000 BCE-600 BCE)

---------------

Imperialism in Japan

-1853 Commodore Perry arrives -Japan decides to westernize with the Meiji Restoration -Rapid state sponsored Industrialization -Railways, western education, samurais abolished -Differing response compared to China -$li Japan becomes an imperial power at the end of this time period

Effects of migrations:

-America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast -Asia, North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina -Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of 1901

Ho Chi Minh

-An educated enlightened political leader that sought independence like Kwame Nkrumah and Gandhi -Used guerilla warfare and the military to gain independence like Simon Bolivar of Latin America

Netherlands (Dutch)

-Banking and Business/Worked to monopolize the spice trade in Southeast Asia -VOC (Dutch East India Company)

Sub-Sharan Trade

-Bantus inspire trade -Connect Sub-Saharan Africa with East Africa and the Indian Ocean

Daoism in China

-Began here and is a counterpart to Confucianism -Harmony with nature -Influence on Chinese culture with chemists, botanists and astronomers

Women in Islam

-Better treatment under the Quran -Harem, 4 wives, testimony and veiling show patriarchal society

Safavid Empire

-Buffer between Mughals and Ottomans -Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran -Shia Islam and its impact today

Aztecs in the Americas

-Capital Tenochtitlan -Expansionistic, warriors prized -Chinampas showed agriculture advancement Like Mongols, collected tribute from conquered groups

Cold War

-Capitalism versus Communism (Iron curtain speech by Churchill) -Berlin Wall (1961) -Marshall Plan (US) versus Comecon (USSR) -NATO versus Warsaw Pact -Truman doctrine versus Brezhnev doctrine

Imperialism in China

-China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk, porcelain and especially tea -Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium to China which caused the Opium war -Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by Europeans

End of the Cold War

-Communist Yugoslavia shrugged off USSR just likeFrance did to the US -Communist governments fall in Poland (Solidarity), -Czechoslovakia (Velvet Revolution), and Hungary -Berlin Wall comes down (1989) USSR: -Reagan versus Gorbachev -USSR policy of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) -Democracy in USSR today (Putin, Medvedev)

North America(English)

-Compare race relations with indigenous vs. Spanish Americas -Much more confrontational and less mixed than Spanish Americas

Axial Age

-Confucius, Buddha and Laozi all around the same time Jesus around 400 years after these thinkers -Mohammed around 1000 years after these thinkers

Cold War in Africa

-Congo -Socialist Lumumba assassinated and replaced by Mobutu

Roman Empire embraces Christianity

-Constantine issued the Edict of Milan (stopped persecution) -Theodosius makes it official religion in 380 CE -Western Rome falls in 476 CE, Christianity will be a continuity in Europe (like Hinduism in India)

Encomienda system

-Crown granted Native American workers to Spanish landowners (encomenderos) -Natives treated harshly and eventually replaced by African slaves

Western Europe

-Decentralized -Franks most powerful group to emerge -Charlemagne attempts to bring back the Roman Empire in the 800's.

French Revolution

-Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to -------Declaration Independence -Much bloodier revolution than American revolution -Led to rise of Napoleon -Napoleonic code

India

-Delhi Sultanate -Islamic rule in Northern India -Hinduism remains a constant especially in Southern India

Christianity in the Middle East

-Developed out of Judaism Jesus -Crucified under the Roman Empire -Universalizing religion (like Buddhism and Islam) Offers a monastic lifestyle (like Buddhism) -Spread of Christianity -Paul, Roman roads -Spread through Mediterranean world through trade, war, migration

Globalization

-Disney, Rock n Roll, McDonalds, Coca Cola, Nike, Starbucks -Shell, Exxon

Byzantine Empire

-Eastern part of the Roman Empire -Highly centralized while western Europe is very decentralized -Hagia Sophia- Christian church -Justian's Law Code- preserved Roman law -Cyrillic Alphabet for Slavic conversion -Huge influence on Russia -Known for dynastic marriages and diplomatic alliances

Simon Bolivar

-Educated on enlightened ideas -Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) from Spanish rule -Saw himself as the George Washington of South America

Comparisons of Labor Systems

-Elites in the world still held the power -Europeans supplanted culture in the Americas but different results seen in North America compared with --Latin America (more multicultural mix) -Land (Russian, Ottoman) versus Maritime Empires (Spanish, English, Dutch) -Status of women virtually unchanged (exceptions of Isabella, Elizabeth, Catherine) -Ottomans and Mongols (rise, military, use of religion) -Reaction of countries to European expansion (India, China, Japan)

Slavery

-Europeans exported slaves from West Africa (replaced other labor systems) -16 million slaves taken (12 million survived the Middle Passage) from 1500-1800 -90% of the slaves end up in Latin America -Sugar plantations created the need (very harsh treatment) -Islamic slave trade exported millions from the East -------Coast of Africa -Effect in Africa -Women took on new roles, polygamy developed from loss of males -Population in Africa as a whole increased due to the high caloric food brought from the Columbian exchange (especially manioc)

Mehmet knocks out the Byzantine Empire in 1453 CE

-Fall of Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) -Hagia Sophia converted to mosque

Impacts of the Industrial Revolutions

-Financial (stock market, gold standard) -Transnational businesses (United Fruit company) -Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and unsanitary) -Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated -Advances in medicine like smallpox and sterilization made for longer life expectancy in industrialized world

Judaism in the Middle East

-First great monotheistic faith/ Influenced Christianity and Islam -Covenant with God -Founder Abraham -Follow the laws of Moses in the Torah

Mandate system in Middle East

-France in Syria and Lebanon -Britain in Palestine, Jordan and Iraq

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

-French take over Indo China (Vietnam) -Siam remains independent

International Organizations

-Humanitarian (Red Cross/Red Crescent, World Health Organization) -Economic (World Bank, World Trade Organization) -Political (United Nations, EU, NAFTA, OPEC) -Cultural (FIFA, International Olympic Committee)

Incas in the Americas

-In Peru -Machu Picchu -No written language (Quipu instead) -Expansionistic -Established a bureaucracy unlike the Aztecs -Like Romans, built many roads and bridges

Imperialism in India

-India the crown jewel of British empire -Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India -British occupied the highest position in Indian society but brought railway and telegraph lines to India -Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid India of British control

1750

-Industrial Revolution -Imperialism -Revolutions

Deng Xiaoping

-Introduces some capitalism into Chinese economy -Tiananmen Square -Women seem to have more rights in communist revolutions/countries

Japan becomes an aggressor

-Invades Manchuria in 1931 -Invades China in 1937 (Rape of Nanking)

Song Dynasty

-Iron manufacturing makes China manufacturing giant of the world at this time -Largest cities in the world -Golden Age of innovation with the compass and printing -Neo-Confucianism combines both Buddhism and Confucianism -Foot binding shows patriarchal society

Catalysts of Change during this time period of Islam's Rise

-Islam -Schism in Christianity -Manufacturing in Song China -Chinese and Middle Eastern technology -Mongols -Camels -Black Death

Islam in 600

-Islam bursts on the scene -End of the Post Classical Era -Trade dramatically increases

Al-Andalus

-Islamic Spain -Mosque at Cordoba, Spain great example of diffusion of culture -Center of Islamic learning with free education, medicine and preservation of Greek and Roman learning

Mongols

-Largest continuous land empire in world history -Facilitated the 3rd Golden Age of the Silk Road (Pax Mongolica) -Religiously tolerant - Never took Japan, Egypt and India

Haitian Revolution

-Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture -Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established

Mao Zedong

-Lenin and Marx used the industrial workers while Mao used the peasants -Used the Soviet Union as a model- both Mao and Stalin used collectivization -1950's Great Leap Forward (village based industrialization) -Failed as many died (30 million) 1960's Cultural Revolution (policy to erase all classes, erase western influence)

Nationalism becomes a strong force due to the industrial revolutions

-Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all contributed to intense pride -Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally diverse

Communism comes to China

-Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek fight both Japan and communists in China -Long March of communists led by Mao Zedong -Mao emerges as leader and proclaims The People's Republic of China in 1949

Ottoman Empire

-Osman founder (united Turkish tribes) -Mehmet knocks out the Byzantine Empire in 1453 CE -Fall of Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) -Hagia Sophia converted to mosque

"Gunpowder Empires"

-Ottoman Empire -Mughal Empire - Safavid Empire

Akbar the Great

-Patron of the Arts -Religious tolerant -Abolishes Jizya -Outlaws Sati -Widows can remarry

Suleiman the Magnificent

-Patron of the arts and Ottoman empire at its height -Used civil service exams and had a skilled bureaucracy -Control of trade forced Europeans to find new routes to the East -Strong army in the beginning -Janissaries and the process of recruiting them (devshirme) -Culturally diverse empire yet religiously tolerant -Jizya- tax on non-Muslims but able to keep religion

Social hierarchy in Latin America

-Penisulares (born in Iberian peninsula) -Creoles (European parents born in Americas) -Mestizos (mix between European parent and indigenous parent) -Mulattos (mix between European parent and African parent) -Indigenous and slave -Mix between African parent and indigenous parent (Zambos) -Eventually Creoles will kick out the Penisulares in Latin American revolutions and take their place at the top of the social hierarchy

Stages of Socialism

-Primitive Communism -Slave Society -Feudalism -Capitalism - Socialism -Communism

Imperialism in Africa

-Prior time period, Europeans stayed on the coast of Africa -Scramble for Africa -Berlin Conference (1884-85) set up the rules for -----------European countries to claim African lands -Only nations to keep independence were Ethiopia and Liberia -Belgians under Leopold claim the Congo -European made boundaries ignorant of ethnic boundaries create future conflicts in Africa

Cultural and Intellectual Changes in Europe

-Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, 1517 -Counter-Reformation - Scientific - Enlightenment

Queen Nzinga of Angola

-Protests the Portuguese -In the end, the Portuguese takes over.

Akbar the Great most famous Mughal ruler

-Religiously tolerant- got rid of the jizya -Outlawed sati and allowed widows to remarry

Vedas and Upanishads sources of prayers that guide Hindus

-Rig Veda -Baghavad Gita Patriarchal: -Sati -Women could not achieve moksha

Indian Ocean Trade

-Route linked India, East Africa, Middle East, Southeast -Asia and China in flourishing trade -Arab merchants and India early leaders of the trade -Knowledge of the monsoon winds vital -Lateen sail -Silk, salt, metals and spices a trading continuity Diffusion of beliefs: -Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia

Imperialism

-Scramble for Africa -British in India -Chinese and Japanese reactions differ as a result of European imperialism

Peasant Labor

-Serfs made up a large labor force in Russia -Peasants make up a large labor force in China (silk production) -Indian workers produced cotton fabric

Iranian Revolution

-Shah modernized and westernized Iran (land and education reform and women's rights had increased) Islamic fundamentalists were angered -1979- Shah was ousted by Ayatollah Khomeini (theocracy) -Iran/Iraq War -Comparison: Women gained rights in China after the revolution while women lost rights in the Iranian revolution

China

-Shang Dynasty (Oracle bones, bronze weapons, dynastic cycles) -Mandate of Heaven used to justify rebellions Longest lasting Chinese dynasty

Japan

-Shinto -Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe comparison -Shogun held all the power while the Emperor was a figurehead

Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal lose their empires)

-Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top, then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and finally slaves -Latin American Revolutions replaced the peninsulares with the creoles

Major Changes due to the Industrial Revolution

-Spain and Portugal lose their empires while the -----------Ottoman Empire becomes the "sick man of Europe" -Technologies develop in the fields of communication (telegraph), transportation (railroads) -Serf/Slave systems come to an end (Russia and America in the 1860's) -Revolutions and independence movements (Haiti)

Mali

-Sundiata -Mansa Musa (pilgrimage) -Mosque at Jenne

East Africa

-Swahili is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic language -Swahili city states thrived due to trade (gold, salt, ivory) -Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, Mozambique

Mita system

-System that was borrowed from the Incas by the Spanish -Forced but compensated Natives to work for Spanish primarily used in the mines of Potosi

Silk Road

-Three Golden Ages of the Silk Road -Started with the Rome and Han Tang/Song in China with the Abbasid dynasty Pax Mongolica -Silk a wanted continuity throughout the silk road -Facilitates diffusion of disease, technology, beliefs and ideas -Buddhism from India to China

Tokugawa Japan

-Tokugawa ended fighting in feudal Japan -Centralized authority in Japan -Capital in Edo (Tokyo) -By 1640, only Dutch and China allowed in Nagasaki -Emperor "reigned but did not rule" as shogun held the power

Big Picture snapshots of this time period(Industrial Revolution)

-Top events of this time period are Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Revolutions -Must know specifics includes: Opium War, Meiji Restoration, Simon Bolivar, Haitian Revolution and the Scramble for Africa The West dominates this time period

Big Picture snapshots of this time period of Islam's Rise

-Trade increases on the Silk Road, Indian Ocean and ----Trans Saharan -Trade impacts new cities (Swahili City States, Timbuktu) Islam dramatically effects history -Mongols -Western Europe turns feudal and is compared to feudal Japan -Byzantine Empire -China and its second golden age (Sui, Tang, Song dynasties) -Aztec and Inca comparison in the Americas -Mali in Africa

Spanish Empire

-Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between Spain and Portugal -Overseas maritime empire united by Catholicism Cortez (conquers Aztecs with the aid of smallpox, horses, guns, steel weapons and the Native Americans that allied against the Aztecs) -Pizarro (conquers Incas in 1533 in the same manner as Cortez)

Mughal Empire

-Unified India after the Delhi sultanate -Islamic rule in a majority Hindu India -Babur was the founder -Warfare and lack of central authority led British to take over

Maya in the Americas

-Warring city states -Tikal and Chichen Itza

Reaction to Imperialism

-White Lotus Rebellion, Taiping rebellion, Self-Strengthening Movement and Boxer Rebellion -Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911

Algerians

-fought for independence from France in 1962 -Large migrations of Algerians to Franc

Reasons for migrations:

-high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated regions -Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska)

Order from the Middle Ages to Modernity

1) Age of the Church( Roman Catholic pope control) 2) Renaissance( Italy and Northern Europe) 3) Age of Absolutes ( Kings and Queens) 4) Age of Revolution/ Constitutionalism 5) Age of Democracy/ Republic

3 Important principles of the Enlightenment

1) Confidence in the self-sufficiency of the Human mind 2) Belief that individuals possess natural rights that government should not violate 3) Desire to reform( change) society in accordance with rational principles

3 Areas of Enlightened Concern for Philosophers of the 18th Century

1) End to the despotism of Kings/Absolutes 2)A government that reflects the general will of the people 3)Religious tolerance to all people

Caravel/Improved Ships

1) Free sails( triangular and square) 2)Large cargo hold 3) buoyant 4) Strong Rudder

Characteristics of Socialism

1) Government ownership and control business 2) Egalitarian effort of spreading wealth in workers state 3) State to control the natural tendency of monopolies to dominate 4) "Workers of the world unite" call for the revolution 5)Marx's theory of History

Characteristics of Capitalism

1) Private Ownership 2)Lassiez-Faire "Hands Off"( non-government) intervention in business industry and trade regulated, but not owned or controlled by the government 3)Competition and free enterprise encouraged 4)"Invisible Hand" (supply and demand will promote interests in society)

Songhai

1450-1750 A islamic empire and its built in trade(gold and salt)

Ibn Battuta

14th century world traveler who gave great insights into the Trans-Sahara and Silk Road trade routes

Great Royal Road

1600 miles of roads comparable to eventual Roman road(Persian)

Great Trek

1834 and 1841 Dutch settlers in the British Cap Colony left the British-dominated areas to the south to establish their own control in the north

Opium War

1839-42 Was fought between Britain and China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals and particularly silk, porcelain, and tea

Boxer Rebellion

1899-1900 Grievances arose from resentment at Manchu's inability to safeguard the empire from foreign intrusions

India independence

1947

Creation of Israel

1948 Jewish state is Palestine and the internationalization of Jerusalem

Kwame Nkrumah

1957- Ghana first sub Saharan colony to gain independence

Sparta and Athens

2 leading city-states among many

Phoenicians

22 letter alphabet

Encyclopedia

25 volume collection that reflected that knowledge could be organized in a systematic scientific way.

Nobility

2nd Estate(French Revolution)

Maya

300-1100 C.E. Warring city states under one ruler (Tikal, Chichen Itza) Writing system-glyphs (comparable to Egyptian hieroglyphics) Developed zero as a placeholder like Gupta India Astronomical observations and development of calendar Steppe pyramids of Tikal (Guatemala) and Chichen Itza (Yucatan, Mexico) Compare with ziggurat in Mesopotamia and Egyptian pyramids

Masses

3rd Estate(French Revolution)

Leviticus

3rd book of the Torah. Freedom received much attention in this book

Peloponnesian War

431-404 b.c.e Sparta and Athens led two separate factions of city-states against one another and militaristic Sparta defeated Athens bringing an end to the Golden Age of Pericles.

Yellow Turban Revolt

A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.

TaNaKH

A Hebrew term for books of the bible that are written in Hebrew. Composed of the initial letters of the Torah (first five books of the bible)

Ptolemaic Egypt

A Hellenistic Kingdom after the death of Alexander ruled by Ptolemy and a dynasty of his descendants who influenced Egypt to be Greek.

Zoroaster

A Persian philosopher who taught a monotheistic approach to ethics and morals

Gulf War

A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq

Bodhisattva

A being of wisdom worthy of entering nirvana, but who chooses to stay on earth, or be reborn, in order to help others

Heresy

A belief that is not in agreement with, or even conflicts with, the official orthodoxy of its time and place.

What was the purpose of Hinduism?

A bondage to ignorance and illusion, but are able to escape purpose. Purpose is to gain release at rebirth or at least a better rebirth.

The Gulag Archipelago

A book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Told of the "chain of islands" of gulag camps in the Soviet Union. Goes into detail about life inside them.

Leviathan

A book defending absolute Monarchy

Agora

A central feature of ancient greek town planning.Its chief function was as a town market.

Ideogram

A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than its name. Languages such as Chinese use ideograms.

Plebian

A citizen of ancient Rome who was not a member of the privileged patrician class. Lower and Middle class citizens of Rome.

Bourgeoisie( Marxist context)

A collective noun designating the class that owns and directs the means of production. Them and the proletariat need each other, but they re also always in conflict over the distribution of wealth

Proletariat

A collective noun designating the working class that produces wealth

Mandate of Heaven

A concept in China: The ruler had moral authority so long as the heavenly powers granted it to him on the basis oh his good character. A well-functioning government was evidence that the ruler possessed the Mandate of Heaven. A poorly functioning government showed that the Mandate had passed away.

Wahhabis

A conservative Muslim sect, they railed around a Muhammad Ahmad, who called himself the Mahdi and resolved to not only resist the Egyptians but to launch a holy war

Nabob

A corruption of the title "Nawab," for an Indian Muslim ruler, referred to a British trader or administrator who grew rich in India

Banana Republic

A country dependent economically on a single cash crop and beholden politically to the company which controls the crop and to the countries which buy it

Furniture

A country wishing to practice mercantilism would be most interested in exporting...

Spanish Inquisition

A court established with the consent of the Vatican to search out and punish Jews who claimed to have converted to Christianity but were still secretly practicing the Jewish religion, which had been outlawed in Spain in 1492

Hard Times- Dickens

A critique of the Industrial in novel form imposing the impact of Urbanization, disease and the abuse of workers

Gulag

A department of the Soviet secret police founded in 1934 under Stalin, ran network of forced labor camps throughout USSR which millions of innocent people went to.

Diaspora

A dispersion of peoples. Most commonly used to refer to the dispersion of Jews among the gentiles, which began with the Babylonian captivity of the sixth century

Trade Diaspora

A dispersion over far-flung territories of a group of people who have a common bond. Usually, this is an ancestral bond, such as in the Jewish diaspora and the African diaspora. A trade diaspora refers to the network of international traders who relate to one another through the bonds of their trade

Line of Demarcation

A dividing line that is on the longitude line 40 North and South. This line divided into equal parts, east for Portugal and west for Spain

Ethnic Cleansing

A euphemism for genocides. The act of exiling or murdering minority groups from a given territory

Mantra

A formula of utterances of words and sounds that are believed to possess spiritual power, a practice of both Hinduism and Buddhism

Welfare State

A government that assumes responsibilities for the welfare of its citizens

Mudra

A hand gesture with specific meaning or significance in Indian classical sculpture and dance

Hoplite

A heavily armed foot solider of ancient Greece, whose function was to fight in close formation, usually n ranks of eight men. Each solider carried a heavy bronze shield, a short iron sword, and a long spear for thrusting.

Caste

A hierarchical ordering of people into groups, fixed from birth, based on their inherited ritual status and determining whom they may marry and with whom they may eat.

Aenid

A highly patriotic poem by the poet Virgil on the essence of being Roman.

Stamp Act

A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards.The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed this Act, a major victory for colonists.

John Calvin

A lawyer turned religious reform leader, brought the reformation to Geneva. Interested in extending the morality and discipline of the church to the secular government.

Dictator

A leader elected at a time of crisis by the Senate of Rome for s short term, usually six months, and vested with extraordinary powers to deal with the situation

Xia

A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres- Copernicus

A medieval scientific challenge of the traditional geocentric theory, it proclaimed a heliocentric theory based on the sun-centered universe as observed by the scientific method

Speaking in Tongues

A mode of praying and preaching emphasizing ecstasy and even an entering into trances, such that the words of prayer and preaching may not be understood.

Ramadan

A month( Lunar) were people don't eat during the day.

Bauhaus

A movement in architecture arising in Germany between the world wars

Revere the Emperor

A much more conservative position, urging rejection of almost everything coming from Western colonization

Pogrom

A murderous attack on a group of people--usually based on their ethnicity or religion--that is sanctioned by the government, either officially or unofficially

Transhumance

A pattern of seasonal migration

Golden Age of Pericles

A period of great artistic, scientific and philosophical accomplishment.

African Slaves

A person of African decent who was/traded into slavery and sent to the Americas for labor

Zambos

A person of mixed race in the Americas (Native Americas and African)

Mulatto

A person of mixed race in the Americas( European, and African)

Mestizo

A person of mixed race in the Americas( European, and Indians/Native Americans )

Neoplatonic

A philosophical system founded by Plotinus and influenced by Plato's theory of ideas. It emphasizes and transcendent, "One" as he ground of all existence and the source of an eternal world of goodness, beauty, and order, of which a material existence is but a feeble copy

Pictogram

A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept.

Facism

A political philosophy, movement, or government that exalts the nation over the individual, the antithesis of liberal democracy. It advocates a centralized, autocratic government, often in alliance with major business, led by a disciplined party and headed by a dictatorial, charismatic leader

Yurt

A portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of central Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt, or handwoven textiles arranged over wooden poles, simply furnished with rugs

Nationalism

A positive feeling of belonging to a particular nation, often including a desire to serve the nation, based on such elements as birth and ancestry

Kulak

A prosperous peasant in the late tsarist and early Soviet Russia. The leaders of local agricultural communities, they owned sizable farms and could afford to hire labor

Satrapy

A province or colony in the Achaemenidd or Persian Empire ruled by a satrap or governor. Darius 1 completed the division of the Empire into provinces, and established 20 satrapies with their annual tributes.

African Journals- Stanley and Livingston

A published account of these Scottish missionaries created interests and impermissive action on the part of European countries in Africa

Revolution

A radical change in the structure of government

Voudoun(Voodoo)

A religion of the Caribbean religion which blended religious practices brought from Africa with those of Catholicism brought from Europe

Taoism

A religion that is more of a suggested way of living than a religion.

Babur

A ruler of a petty kingdom in Central Asia, seized control of Afghanistan and then expanded his control over Northern India

Deme

A rural district or village in ancient Greece, or its members or inhabitants. The demes were a constituent part of the polis but had their own corporations with police powers, and their own cults, officials, and property.

Garden City

A self-contained planned town combining work, residential, agricultural, and recreational facilities, and surrounded by a rural belt

Eightfold Path

A series of right actions as a guide for living in the Buddhist faith

Punic Wars

A series of three wars with Mediterranean rival Carthage which ended up in Rome winning and complete destruction of Carthage forever

Durbar

A showy convocation of notables paying obeisance to, and receiving gifts from, the most powerful political leaders; a means of demonstrating and ratifying the relative position of each

Angola

A slave trading port in Africa for the Portuguese

Regent

A stand in monarch until a legitimate one can be found or a dauphin comes of age

Nation-state

A state occupying geographic territory, with its own government, and having a population with a widely shared language, religion, history, and ethnicity.

Client State

A state that is economically, politically, or militarily dependent on another state

Republic

A state that is not ruled by hereditary leader(Monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution.

Totalitarianism

A state that seeks total control of the economy, politics, media, and culture of the state, under a single dictator or party

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

McCarthyism

A strategy of attacking political opponents by labeling them unpatriotic or even treasonous (communists) named after Joseph McCarthy

Scorched Earth

A strategy of defensive warfare, in which everything that might be of use to an invading army is destroyed by the defending army as it retreats

Rapier

A sword that was used by conquistadors. Derived from the Spanish

Mandala

A symbolic circular diagram of complex geometric design used as an instrument of meditation or in the performance of sacred rites in Hinduism and Buddhism

Repartimiento

A system by which the Spanish crown allowed colonist to employ Indians for forced labor basically slavery

Cultivation System

A system of Dutch rule over Indonesian agriculture that forced peasants to devote 20 percent of their land to cash crops for export

Ziggurat

A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine on top built of blue enamel bricks, the color of the sky.

Social Darwinism

A theory stating that the best suited to a particular environment survived best in that environment

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail affixed to a long yard or crossbar at an angle of about 45 degrees to the mast, with the other free corner secured near the stern. The sail was capable of tacking against the wind on either side

Life of John Merrick- Merrick Diaries

A unique insight into early medical science and pushing for inclusion of all humanity

Natural Law

A universal Law, like physical laws, that can be understood by applying reason

Treaty of Versailles

A very unfair and flawed peace treaty signed with German to officially end WW1. Wilson(US) could not sign because of how unfair it was.

Tehran Conference

A war time conference held at Tehran, Iran that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. It was the first meeting of the "Big Three" and it agreed on an opening of a second front (Overlord), and that the Soviet Union should enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe. (Pic is a joke)

Cuneiform

A writing system in use in the ancient Near Eat from around the end of the fourth millennium to the first century B.C.E. the earliest examples are in Sumerian. The name derives from the wedge-shaped marks (Latin: cuneus, a wedge) made by pressing the slanted edge of a stylus into soft clay.

Syllabary

A writing system in which each symbol represents the syllable of a word

Enlightened Despots

Absolute rulers who tried to justify their power by claiming to embrace the interests of the people

Lebensraum

Additional territory considered by a nation, especially Nazi Germany, to be necessary for national survival or for the expansion of trade

Karl Marx

Advocate of a more militant form of Socialism called communism and author of The Communist Manifesto

Pragmatic Sanction

Agreement secured by the Australian Hapsburg's to protect Maria Theresa as an infant monarch, later violated by half of Europe.

Armistice

Agreement to stop fighting until a treaty can be drawn up

Why was Great Britain the first?

Agricultural advances, population, geography (coal and rivers)

Indentured Servants

Agricultural work, most from England

Battle of Britain

Air war between Britain and Germany with Brits winning out

Bin Laden

Al-Qaeda leader that planned 911 and other important attacks against the United States ; eventually captured and killed by U.S. Seal Team Six

Ecological Imperialism

Alfred Crosby's stating that the Crusaders remained aloof from the cultures they found in the Holy Land. That included the Latin Christmas. Societies that succeed in conquests create enduring political, social, and economical structures that affect all concerned. Such structures may be intended to favor the conquerors, but they allow upward movement for the conquered.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Alliance of Hitler and Mussolini as fascist dictators

Gallipoli

Allies fail to take strategically important Dardenelles, the key to Turkey

Gallipoli Campaign

Allies fail to take strategically important Dardenelles, the key to Turkey

Karzai

American backed leader of Afghanistan against the Taliban

Shamanism

Americas, Central Asia

Marshall Plan

An American program of economic assistance for rebuilding non-communist Europe after World War II proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall

Serf

An agricultural worker or peasant bound to the land and legally dependent on the lord. Had their own homes, plots, and livestock, but they owed the lord labor, dues, and services

Delian League

An alliance formed among many Greek city-states against Persian and other outside threats.

Goths

An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.

Cartel

An association of independent producers of businessmen whose aim is to control the supply of a particular commodity or group of commodities in order to regulate or push up prices

Catholic/Counter Reformation

An attempt to reform itself and reaffirm its theology in the face of the Protestant challenge.

Wedding March- Mendelssohn

An early Jewish-German romantic pianist-organist who hid his ethnicity as a child prodigy, it was originally written as small musical section of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Nights of Dream", he was a very decent artist specializing in sketches, cartoons, and water colors, Wagner despised his posthumous praise and german anti-semitisons limited his impact for years, and the Nazi's described his work as a dangerous accident, removed statues and probade his work

Capitalism

An economic and political system characterized by a free market for goods and services and private control of production and consumption

Mercantilism

An economic policy persued by many Europeans nations between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It aimed to strength an individual nation's economic power at the expense of its rival by stockpiling reserves of bullion, which involved government regulations of trade

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand

Free Market Economy

An economic system in which the means of production are largely privately owned and there is little or no government control over the markets

Moral Economy

An economy whose goal is providing basic necessities for all members of a society before allowing any particular members to take profits; in contrast to a free market economy

Conurbation

An enormous, complex city, made up of many parts, each of which may be a small town or city by itself - a megalopis

Iconoclast

An image breaker or a person who rejects the veneration of icons, on the grounds that the practice is idolatrous.

Sophist

An ininerant professor of higher education in ancient Greece, who gave instruction for a fee.

Myth

An interpretive story of the past that cannot be verified historically but may have a deep moral message.

Magistrate

An official elected by the Senate of Rome to administer the Republic under the supervision of the Senate.

Tetrabiblas- Ptolemy

Ancient summary of a geocentric earth centered universal teaching supported by the catholic church.

Atlantic Charter

Announcement of war aims by England and the U.S. united against Hitler

Bourse

Another name for stock exchange, especially in Europe

Polis

Another word for Greek city-states that began to develop in isolated pockets along the jagged coastline of the Peloponnesus into the Mediterranean Sea.

Hominid

Any of a family (hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals, which includes humans and humanlike species.

Buddhism and the Poor

Appealed especially to the poor since nirvana could be achieved in one lifetime

Descartes

Applied scientific method to philosophy, proposed mathematics to be the best model for clear and certain knowledge, applied theories of rationale and logic

Ghetto( ization)

Area originally in sixteenth century Venice where Jews or specific groups of people were segregated by government order in European cities by law force or choice

Agricultural Zones

Areas conductive to agriculture but not usually near trails or rivers; somewhat self-contained.

Route Zones

Areas near water supplies with venues making it possible to travel to other points of the zone, possibly beyond the zone.

Tundra Zones

Areas of little growth or vegetation;cold climate; not conductive to human habitation.

Che Guevara

Argentine Marxist who called for socialist revolutions throughout Latin America and the Congo in Africa Protested capitalism and neo-Colonialism

Rousseau

Argued men are born free and equal, that government should reflect the will of the people and revolution should occur when government violates the social contract.

Cartography

Art of map making

Martin Luther

As the leader of the Protestant Reformation, the impacted great change on the Christian church in the west and curtailed power of Roman Catholicism

Ottoman Empire Gone

Ataturk overthrows sultan and becomes first president

Classical Empire Capitals

Athens, Persepolis, Teotihuacan, Chang an, Rome)

Benghazi

Attack on the U,S, Embassy in Libya on the anniversary of 911 in 2012. The result was 4 Americans dead including .S. Ambassador Stevens. Criticism of the Obama administration and specifically Hillary Clinton as Sec. of State is ongoing

Prince Metternich

Austrian Prince who hosted the Congress of Vienna and sought the principles of Legitimacy

Hitler

Austrian-born Nazi leader, Chancellor of Germany 1933-45. A person with authoritarian or tyrannical characteristics: little Hitlers of the Trade Union movement.

Machiavelli

Author of the prince a harsh and hard nosed philosophy of government

Ayatollah Khomeni

Ayatollah Khomeni Iranian Mujtahid, revolutionary, politician, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran as the first Islamic government in the modern age and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran who was supported by the United States. Became Israel Supreme Ruler

Tenochtitlan

Aztec Capital

Israel

Balfour Declaration/ Zionist movement 1948- UN declares Israel as a nation Religious differences (comparison to India/Pakistan) Conflict/Violence 1948 Arab-Israeli War 1967- Six Day War PLO- Arafat Hamas and Hezbollah

Sub- Saharan Trade Cultural Diffusion

Bantu language " Africanity"

Talmud

Based on the 10 commandments a compendium of Jewish laws( expectations)

Indian National Congress 1885 and Muslim League 1906

Basically designed to get the British out of Africa

Kulturkampf

Battle of Civilization" German attempt to force Catholics to be loyal to nation over church

king Leopold's Ghost

Belgian King whose interests in the Congo created European desire

Polytheism

Believe in a number of deities, each God or Goddess typically has a responsibility for one area of life.

Polytheisms

Believe in a number of deities, each God or Goddess typically has a responsibility for one area of life.( ruled by more than one deity)

J.A. Hobson

Believed imperialism: benefited only a small number of private interests, diverted attention from much needed domestic reform, resulted from capitalists' search for profitable investments, and the primary motive for imperialism was economic.

Socialist

Believed that too much wealth was going into the hands of the owners and property and industry and too little to the workers who actually produced the wealth

Roman Empire

Best place in 1 CE

Abbasid Dynasty

Best place in 1000

Mongol Empire

Best place in 1250

Ming, China

Best place in 1450

Byzantine Empire

Best place in 500 CE

Spanish Empire

Best place in the 1500's

Dutch Empire

Best place in the 1600's

British Empire

Best place in the 1800's

Persepolis, Persia

Best place to be in 500 BCE

Asymmetrical Warfare

Between group armed and equipped very differently and often using different strategies

Tai Chi and Acupuncture

Big practices in the Taoism religion

Blood and Iron Policy

Bismarck's policy of using warfare against enemies as a mean of unifying his new nation OR the policy of any government committed to foreign warfare as a means of internal unification

Estates General

Body elect of the people in France which on the eve of the revolution was unfair with: 1st Estate: .5%- Clergy 2nd Estate: 1.5%- Nobility 3rs Estate: 98%- Masses

White/Reds

Bolshevik color of the revolution and revolutionary Soviet troops

Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks led by Lenin's call for Peace, Land, and Bread! USSR eventually established

Torah

Book of Moses, the first five of the old testament( different authors of the book)

Lliad and the Odyssey

Books by Homer chronicles the Trojan War and historians argue over where history ends and myth begins. Key characters and events in the heroic epic include The abduction of a Greek Queen Helen, The Trojan Horse, Fight between Hector and Achilles

Between WWI, and WWII

Boom in the 1920's/ Worldwide depression in the 1930's

Patrician

Born to a family with long-standing residence and prominence in Rome.Upper and Influential of Rome

Roman Slavery

Both Greek and Roman society heavily dependent on slavery (comparison to Chinese dependency on the peasants)

Alexander the Great

Brilliant son of Phillip ll of Macedon ho conquered most of the world by age 33. Conquered Greece and spread Greek culture (Hellenism) Empire facilitated interaction and spread of culture (Greece, India, Persia, and Egypt) Library of Alexandria in Egypt center of learning (good comparison to later Timbuktu, Mali) Geometry, medicine, anatomy, circumference of the earth, Pythagorean theorem, geocentric thought of Ptolemy

Seven Years War

Britain defeats France, in American history known as the French and Indian War

"Splendid Isolation"

Britain kept a distance and was not involved in great powers' matters. It did not make any alliances or initiate to expand or gain territory.

First Industrial Revolution

Britain: 1780-1850: -Textiles -Coal -Iron -Railroads

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister who led Britain through a difficult bought with Hitler in WWII

Yanks/Doughboys

British and European term for U.S. soldiers in WWI

East India Company

British company created to exploit Indian products for the west such as spices, textiles, tea, and indigo

Emmeline Pankhurst

British suffrage leader. Led movement to win the vote for women in Great Britain. Founded the Women Social and Political Union in 1903, which held public meetings and led protest marches to the House of Commons. Jailed several times between 1908 and 1913, and used hunger strikes to protest. World War I compelled her to stop her feminist campaigns and join the war effort.

Jingoism

British term associated with super patriotism. It was initially associated with British/Russian conflicts regarding the Dardanelles in the 1870s.

Global Warming

Broad scientific term describing the environmental debate over the impact of climate change as earth altering

China

Buddhism moves to?

Nirvana

Buddhist believe points to the extinction of all desires. " self extinction"

Shah Jahan

Built the Taj Mahal (Islamic architecture in India)

Outsourcing

Buying goods and services including personnel from sources far away from the place where they are to be used usually from overseas locations example is overseas call centers in countries where labor is cheap to service customers in places where labor is expensive like china

West Europe

By 1900, the largest cities in the world had shifted from East Asia to...

Indian Ocean Trade

By water from Canton in China to southeast Asia to India to Eastern Africa and the Middle East; monsoon controlled by the Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arabs, people on Africa's east coast. Pigments, Pearls, spices, bananas and other tropical fruits

William II

Came to the German throne at the age of 29; believed rule of divine right; wanted Germany to be like Britain as it was his maternal side's homeland--to do so, he would have to go against Bismarck's "no territorial expansion on the continent of Europe."; he did so in 1890 by dismissing Bismarck as chancellor.

Trans-Sharan Trade

Camel in first century BCE significant Camel saddle in 300's CE greatly increases trade across the Saharan Trade connects Sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa and Mediterranean

Mediterranean Trade

Carthage, Phoenicians, Greeks, Berbers, Romans and Egyptians all traded

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who attacked Rome by crossing the Alps in the 2nd Punic by elephant. This surprised the Roman legions who anticipated a southern attack-Hannibal was forced to leave Italy and defend Carthage when Rome sent legions to north africa.

Toledo

Center of Europeans sword making

Chagatai(Khanate)

Central Asia(Khanate)

Philosophes

Champion of free thought A group of 18th-century writers and philosophers, mostly French, who emphasized the supremacy of human reason as the key to progress.They advocated freedom of expression and social, economic, and political reform.

Silk Trade Central Diffusion

Chariot Warfare, the stirrup, music, diversity of populations, Buddhism, and Christianity, wealth and prosperity( Particularly important for central Asian nomads).

Exceptions to the river valley rule?

Chavin (Peru) and Olmec (Central America)

Maximilien Robespierre

Chief architect of the Reign of Terror and head of the committee of Public safet

People's Liberation Army

Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People's Republic of China

Pragmatists

Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.

Jongs/Junks

Chinese cargo ships, had multilayered hulls, two to four masts, two rudder and an oral capacity of 400 to 500 tons

Soviet

Chinese governing councils made up peasants, were modeled in part on Russian examples, but they focused on rural, rather than urban, administration

Daimyo/ Samurai

Chinese influences at court including skill at painting, poetry, and calligraphy, merged with the warrior ethic of the feudal lords and retainers to help spread a host of cultural practices, including Zen Buddhism and the tea ceremony, that are today firmly identified as Japanese.

Hagia Sophia

Christian church

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Cites of war production chosen as targets for the atomic bomb

Teotihuacan

City in valley of Mexico (later model for Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan)

Babylon

Code of Hammurabi( laws viewed as early influuence of modern day legal codes)

Effects of World War II

Cold war, nuclear age, establishment of Israel

Publicans

Collected taxes on behalf of the government, paying in a sum agreed upon, but keeping for themselves any surplus they could extort. The system was extremely oppressive to those who were taxed.

Intifada

Colloquial Arabic: the act of shaking off; uprising, rebellion

England

Colonization of North America, mercantilism system brings wealth and power

Mona Lisa- Da Vinci

Commissioned by a Florentine merchant as a portrait of his wife, smile is said to capture the essence of humanity, no eyebrows show the typical unfinished work by Da Vinci, hands are said to be masculine as evidence of Da Vinci painting himself in the picture, attention to great detail and the skill of the artist shows in the dress.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in China in 1949!

Economic Fuel for Capitalism

Competition, natural resources, commodities, markets as explaned by Karl Marx

Diderot

Compiled known knowledge in the Encyclopedia, a 25 volume collection that reflected that knowledge could be organized in a systematic scientific way.

3rd Punic War

Complete destruction of Carthage forever

Suez Canal

Connects the Indian Ocean to the Pacific; Important water route of stragetic importance connecting Indian Ocean and South Pacific with Europe

New York

Constantinople is to Istanbul as New Amsterdam is to...

Final Solution

Control and genocide of all undesirable peoples and german control of the world.

Deities

Controls an aspect of nature, reason, or emotion Take either a human or animal form. Some combine both Form personalities.

Berlin Conference

Convened by Bismark of Germany to settle European disputes over territory in Africa peacefully

Saul/ Paul

Converted Jew who journeyed to preach gospel and found churches author of many New Testament books

Constantine

Converted Roman Emperor to Christianity and other churches

Christopher Columbus

Convinced he could reach India sailing West, with financial baking of Ferdinand and Isabella he reached the new world

Thermidorian Reaction

Cooling down period of the revolution and proved to be more conservative

Henry VIII

Created Anglican( Protestant) Church of England to secure divorce, married 6 times in pursuit of a male heir , worked with Parliament for revenues to improve England's navy, and built costal fortifications

Persians

Created vast empire from Greece to Afghanistan...HUGE!!( From Greece to Afghanistan), and the Great Royal Road(1600 miles from Aegean Sea to the Persian Gulf).

Jose San Martin

Creole liberator of Argentina

Key Symbols Of Christianity

Cross and Fish

Harquebuses

Crude guns used that weren't meant for accuracy . It was a very smoky weapon.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.

Sumer

Cuneiform(Early form of writing spread through trade), credited the wheel, use of arch and columns, polytheistic(Worshiped many gods), and ziggurats dirt temple pyramids built to appease the gods.

1900

Cut off before World War I

Islam in 1450

Cut off before the world becomes globally connected

Pedro II

Declared Brazilian independence from Portugal

Athens

Democratic, free, open society emphasizing the rights of the individual.

"The empire where the sun never sets"

Describes the Britain Empire whose Imperialistic conquests could boast of controlling 1/5 of the globe and on every continent

Principle of Legitimacy

Desire to restore the ruling families of Europe(Monarchs) after 2 decades of Reolution

Caste System

Determined the quality of life.

Carbon-14 Dating

Determining the age of a pre-civilization by testing the decay of the carbon isotope 14 found in artifacts.

Geochronology

Determining the age of pre-civilizations by counting the layers created by melts of water from a receding ice sheet.

Louis Pasteur

Developed germ theory as the root of disease

Joseph Lister

Developed the "antiseptic principle" in performing surgeries. Diseases such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever were controlled

Jenner

Developed vaccine theory and answer to smallpox

Vasco Da Gama

Discovered an all water route to India discarding overland routes and increased excitement for profits

Scientific Revolution

Dramatically altered how society viewed the world and the role of man in society

Boers

Dutch settlers(farmers) who resented British rule and headed north to form two new republics(Orange Free State and Transversal)

Hinduism

Earliest polytheistic religion

Draco/Salon

Early Archon of Athens who led the creation of an intolerably harsh code of laws, Draconian it is a modern description for something harsh or excessive, and was an Athenian law giver that revised the code of Draco into a more humane and just law code.

Trojan War

Early conflict between the unified Greek states with Troy in Asia minor

Congress of Berlin(1878)

Early meeting to established boundaries for European Imperialism

Six Day War

East Jerusalem including the Old city captured by Israel and Jerusalem Unified. Golan Heights, Sinai, Gaza and West Bank also captured

Third World

Economically poor countries with ineffective governments or independent countries that proposed different development strategies of the U.S. and U.S.S.R

Neocolonialism

Economies of Latin America dependent on exports to industrialized nations (coffee, sugar, fruit, oil)

Nonalignment

Egypt (Nasser) and India (Nehru) played both sides during the Cold War

2 areas in Africa were Christianity was the last existing

Egypt and Ethiopia

Camp David Accords

Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David to end the war

Maginot Line

Elaborate and costly French line of defense built on common German border

911

Elaborate terrorist attack masterminded by Bin Laden/ Al-Qaeda directed at the World Trade Center, Pentagon and U.S. Capitol

Tale of the Genji

Eleventh century, the efforts of a court woman known as Murasaki Shikibu had produced the world's first novel

" Golden Speech"

Elizabeth's speech showing her devotion to England and her reasons for no marriage.

United States

Emerges as the the world leader after the war

Putting Out System

Employers provide employees with raw materials and the orders for turning them into finished products, which they then buy on completion

Treaty of Frankfurt(May 1871)

Ended Franco-Prussian War and saw Germany emerge as a united power of Europe(Preseason WWII) - A way for Germany to flex their muscle

Phillip II

Ended wars with France( Pyrenees), defeated the Turks at the " Battle of Lepanto" 1571, ruled during the " Golden Age of Culture: Cervantes, De vega, and El Greco, built the Escorial( Palace), and defeated by English and Dutch at sea

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.-

Mahabharata( " The Great Epic of the Aryans")

Epic Hindu story about the Aryan conquest and gave discourse on Dharma

Boyle

Established chemistry as a pure scientist, defined an element and attacked theories based on Aristotle 4 elements.

Covenant of Abraham

Establishes God's promise as the "Chosen People"

Religious Humanitarianism

Evangelism and Kipling': White Man's Burden

Untouchable

Everyone else not in the caste system

Angra Mainyu

Evil spirit that was almost powerful

Catherine the Great

Expanded Russian borders, dealt with serfdom, accomplished foreign policy( western), procurer of the arts

Moche of South America in the Andes (100-700 CE)

Extensive irrigation, complex culture

Al-Qaeda

Extremely violent Islamic based terrorist network based in the middle east with a global network intent targeting the U.S. and Europe

Causes of World War II

Failed Treaty of Versailles with article 231 put the sole blame on Germany. This put Germany into a economic crisis and led to the Nazi party to form.

Effects of the Industrial revolution

Family life, communication, transportation, technology, environment, growth of cities, populations, social classes, science, art.

Marco Polo

Famous Venetian world traveler who shared insights into the Asian Silk Road trade routes and largely responsible for Europe's connection to China and Asian goods

Reorganized governments:

Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (rise of Hitler)

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Jeremy Bentham

Father of utilitarianism and social reformer. He believed that all decisions regarding economics or politics should be made with underlying concern for what is best for the greatest number of people

Voltaire

Favorited limited monarchy, freedom of speech and press and religious tolerance; Candide ridiculed the Catholic Church and supported religious tolerance.

Berlin Wall

Fell in 1989

Pasteurization

Fermentation caused by growth of living organisms which can be suppressed by heating beverages

Females

Fertility goddess and oracles or priestesses give roles for this group.

Hanukah

Festival of lights celebrating victory over the Greeks by Judah Maccabee

Fall of Zhou Dynasty

Fighting and warfare between powerful feudal kingdoms

Pope Francis

First American head of the Roman Catholic Church selected upon the resignation of Benedict XVI. Great hope exists that a period of church reform toward more modern ideals will occur

Clergy

First Estate(French Revolution)

Liu Bang

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.

Sputnik

First satellite launched into space, by the Soviets

Bartholomew Diaz

First to sail around Cape of Good Hope Africa

Original Sin

First understood as the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden as they ate the forbidden fruit of the tree of Knowledge. Later understood as the sexual relations between Adam and Eve

Eurocentric

Focusing on European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world, simplicity regarding European cultures as preeminent

Daoism

Follow the way, harmony with nature, no concept of God

The Great Fear

Following the storming of the Bastille by Paris mobs, peasants rose up in the countryside against nobles, burned castles and old feudal records of the past.

Timbuktu

For trade -Islamic center

Karma

Force generated by actions

Treaty of Nanking

Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain and accept unfair trade

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

First Punic War

Fought over control Sicily which ended in Roman victory

Prince Henry the Navigator

Founded a school for marine and navigational school

Emir Osman I

Founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299, one of the longest lives of the Asian Empires and his innovative use of cannon and guns helped secure Mughal rule over southwest Asia from 1524-1857

Confucius

Founder of Confucianism

Laozi

Founder of Daoism

Lao- Tzu

Founder of Taoism

Economic Liberalism

Free market, capitalistic economy, with minimum government intervention

Huguenots

French Calvinist protestants that were persecuted

Olympe de Gouges

French woman who as an early feminist objected to women being ignored and pushed for a Declaration of Rights of Women

Renaissance

French word meaning "rebirth" and a period of artistic and cultural achievement from the 14th century

Eucharist

From the Greek eucharistia, "thanksgiving" The central sacrament and act worship of the Christian Church, culminating in Holy Communion

Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Europeans

From the beginning to beyond the end of this time frame, the correct chronology of the people who would control trade in the Indian Ocean would be...

Massive Retaliation

Full scale nuclear attack as a clear option for both superpowers

Egypt

Gained independence in 1922 but established a republic in the 1950's Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal

Salons

Gathering places for Intellectuals, usually in homes of the rich, for debate.

Salons

Gathering places for enlightenment intellectualls

Holocaust

Genocide in which approximately six million Jews were killed by the Nazi regime

Cavendish

German Scientist, she viewed the limits of man's ability to control nature.

U-Boat

German Submarine

Lusitania

German U-Boat sinks a British passenger ship with 129 Americans aboard.This is sunk by Germany

Nuremberg Laws

German laws that placed severe restrictions on the Jewish people regarding everything from marriage to basic citizenship

Von Shlieffen Plan

German plan to take France by avoiding the Maginot Line and going through Belgium

Winkelman

German woman astronomer who discovered several comets

Battle of Marne

Germans offensive halted within sight of Paris and trench warfare follows

Second Industrial Revolution

Germany 1850-1900 - Steel - Oil - Electricity -Chemicals

Zimmerman Telegram(note)

Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Trinity

God as three persons ( Father/ Son/ Holy Spirit)

Shiva/ Kali

God that is " the destroyer of the world"

Tao

Goes with the flow; essence of your being

Saharan Trade Western Africa

Gold

Mongol Khanates

Golden Horde- Russia Chagatai- Central Asia Persian Ilkhanate China- Yuan dynasty

Synoptic Gospels

Good news that Jesus taught in Parables

Sui Dynasty

Grand Canal

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, and United States(Comes in the end)

Allied Powers(WWII)

Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, and United States

Chinggis Khan

Great Mongol leader known for conquest that had great impact on Chinese and west Asian history by controlling the Silk Road and other important trade routes

Ride of the Valkyries-Wagner

Great composer of German nationalism with strong anti-semitic leanings, built his own opera house Bayreuth and viewed as one of the greatest composers of opera, Valkyries are norse mythological sisters who choose slain warriors for Verhalla or Norse heaven, the piece is often used in movies or war scenes of attack as Apocalypse Now, and Wagner was admired by Hitler and the Nazi regime with many of his works featured by Goebbels

Rome

Greatest achievements are law and engineering

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

Trireme

Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Ecumene

Greek word referring to the inhabited world and designating a distinct cultural historical community.

Greeks, Rome, and Han

Greeks and Romans much more dependent on slavery than the Han

Partisans

Guerrilla warriors fighting in the resistance against occupying armies

Cannon

Gunpowder advantage

Triangle Trade

Guns to Africa for slaves, Slaves to Americas for sugar, Sugar to Europe for money to start the process again

Zulus

Had a degree of immunity to the European diseases, and their warrior culture and large population made them formidable opponents

US as Imperial Power

Haitian revolution allows Louisiana to be sold to US Spanish American war makes US an overseas empire

Vodka Putsch

Hard line communist leaders in the USSR attempted to overthrow Gorbachev

The Blue Danube- Strauss

He represents the flowering of German romanticism in music accomplishment, violins and a horn spell out the Waltz theme answered by staccato wind chords in a subdued mood, Strauss was criticized and personally upset with the 3 minute code ending of waltz, It was first written for a carnival choir featuring key parts for a bass and tenor, and unofficial anthem of Austria when law demands it replayed midnight each new year

Erasmus

He was a prolific writer who criticized the morality of society and the corruption of the clergy and church.

Tokugawa leyasu

He wrestled political power from the Emperor of Japan an established an hereditary dictator ship in Edo. Shogun in 1603 that set up a hereditary military dictatorship and become Japan leader after upsurping the throne of the rightful infant heir

Four Noble Truths

Heart of Buddhist teaching regarding suffering, merely a list giving reasons for the miseries

Five Pillars

Heart of Islamic faith and practice. 1) Shahada/ affirmation: " there is no God but Allah" 2) Salat/ prayer: 5 times a day towards Mecca 3)Zakat/Alms: giving; wanted somebody to feel the giving 4) Siyam: observance of Ramadan( fasting for a month) 5) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca. A person is expected to in their lifetime.

Dauphin

Heir apparent to the throne

Potsdam Conference

Held to decide end of WWII, Germany divided into occupation zones, with Truman and Stalin in confrontation leading to Cold War included Clement Attlee and Harry Truman and Stalin

Silk Road and Buddhism

Helped spread buddhism

Brahmins

Highest in the Caste system( the priests, who as Purusha's Mouth speak( to gods), are at the top).(Caste System)

Egypt

Highlights include: - Hieroglyphics, godlike power of the pharaoh, highly centralized, pyramids, social stratification with priests and slaves, polytheistic - Old Kingdom (Menes, pyramids) Middle Kingdom (Nubians) New Kingdom (Egypt becomes more expansionistic) - Gave more rights to women than other civilizations (Ex. Queen Hatshepsut)

Indus River Vally

Highlights include: -Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan), indoor plumbing, writing not decoded yet, social stratifications (priests, better houses), seals show trade with Mesopotamia -Aryans: Indo Europeans invade, Vedas form the basis of Hinduism, caste system becomes embedded in Indian culture (Warriors, priests, merchants and workers)

Siddhartha Guatama

His reaction to poverty and existing Hindu customs led to the founding of Buddhism in 570 B.C.E

Hitler and Stalin Non Agression Pact

Hitler breaks pact and invades the Soviet Union in 1941( Could Compare this to Napoleon).

Yellow Aryans

Hitler's description of the Japanese as the master race of the orient

Qur'an

Holy book of Islam which is the holy scriptures translated of prophets who received the Qu'ran.

Jihad

Holy war that a individual goes through( personal connotations)

Trujillo

Home town of Pizarro

Paleolithic Revolution(Old Stone Age)

Hominids sheltered in caves, fire for light, food and heat also early clothing

Homo Sapiens

Homo, "human," is the genus in which modern humans are placed; sapiens means "wise."

Confucianism Practices

Honesty, politeness, loyalty to family. community and nation

Domestication of animals

Horses, cows, sheep, pigs, goats in Afro-Eurasia Llama only large domesticated animal of the Americas

Culture

How the society lives within a given civilization.

Population Revolution

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.

Greek Deities

Human Weakness which led to human repercussions.

Anthropogenic

Human caused environmental change began to accelerate in the world beginning around 1500, and the principal cause was global population growth

Purpose(Zoroastrianism)

Humans are free to do good or evil, must choose good

Casta System and Contingents of (5)

Iberian word meaning race, lineage or breed from peninsulares (natives or Spain in new world) to blacks

Astrolabe

Idea or concept that desires heredity monarchs Kings, etc that find trade routes. Also measures distance from the equator/ Compass( Magnetic)

Persian(Khanate)

Ilkhanate(Khanate)

Colonialism

Imperial system in which the territories outside the home country are controlled in a clearly subordinate manner

Causes of World War I

Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, alliances

Good deeds and Charity

Important Practices(Zoroastrianism)

Analects

Important text of Confucianism

Tao Te Ching

Important text of Taoism

Galileo

Improved telescope, established experimentation, set fourth laws of motion and falling bodies along identifying moons of distant planets.

Battle of Waterloo

In 1815, Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to rule France for 100 days which ended his defeat at Waterloo by a large coalition led by Great Britain

Brezhnev Doctrine

In 1968 the head of USSR government declared that USSR would intervene militarily to prevent any of its satellite countries from claiming independence which is called

Sacrament

In Christian theology, a rite or ritual that is an outward sign of a spiritual grace conveyed on the believer by Christ through the ministry of the Church

Tariqa

In Islam a generic term meaning path referring to the doctrines and methods of mysticism and esoterism

Sufi

In Islam, a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship that first arose in the eight and ninth centuries C.E.

Imam

In Islam, a title for a person whose leadership or example is to be followed

Tribune

In ancient Rome a plebeian officer elected by the plebeians and charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate.

Supply and Demand

In economics, the relationship between the amount of a commodity that producers are able and willingly to sell (supply) and the quantity that consumers can afford and wish to buy (demand)

Balance of Power

In international relations, a policy that aims to secure peace by preventing any one state or alignment of states from becoming too dominant

Balance of Power

In international relations, a policy that aims to secure peace by preventing any one state or alignment of states from becoming too dominate. Alliances are formed in order to build up a force equal or superior to that of the potential enemy.

Indulgences

In the Roman Catholic Church, the remission from the punishments of sin, obtainable through good works or special prayers and granted by the Church through the merits of Christ and the saints

Shaman

In the religious beliefs of some Asian and American tribal societies, a person capable of entering into trances and believed to be endowed with supernatural powers, with the ability to cure the sick, find lost or stolen property predict the future, and protect the community from evil spirits. A shaman may act as judge or ruler, and as a priest, a shaman directs communal sacrifices and escorts the souls of the dead to the next world.

Nirvana

In theravada buddhism, the blissful nothingness into which a soul which had lived properly entered after death, and from which there would be no further rebirths

Commercial Agriculture

In which crops are raised more specifically for sale at regional, national, even international markets, and foodstuffs are increasingly brought rather than raised by individual farmers Macro

Subsistence Agriculture

In which families raised what they needed with perhaps a bit of surplus for the local market Micro

Villacotcha

Inca god of thunder

Cuzco

Incan Capital

Genetic Engineering

Increased testing to clone, mutate and alter DNA linked life forms

Mexican independence

Independence from Spanish in 1821

Political Asylum

Individuals who fear that if they return to their countries they will be persecuted even murdered because of their politics

Urbanization

Industrial Revolution attracted workers to cities

Sunset Industries

Industries that are expected to be in decline in the near future

Sunrise Industries

Industries that are expected to be most profitable in the near future

Edwin Chadwick

Influenced by Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism, he developed the term "Poverty" and believed disease and death were it's causes. Became perhaps the most important reformer of the age. He was an advocate of the exploited poor, workers and led movements for improved public health.

CIA/KGB

Intel organizations for the U.S.S.R and the United States

Fall of Han China- (220 CE)

Internal - population increases, land problems, corruption, peasant rebellion called Yellow Turban (184 CE), disease External- conflict with nomadic Xiongnu

Gupta

Invasion by the White Huns- cost weakened state and eventually overrun

Total War

Involves all members of society

Trade

Is an economic relationship in which one nation exchanges goods, usually for money but sometimes for other goods, with another nation.

Canon in D- Pachelbel

Is the example of Baroque music which is very ornate, utilizes 3 key violins and a bass as an early form of charming, soared in popularity in 1970's as a song in most wedding and movies, Canon D is said to be the most smoothing and relaxing piece ever created in the human ear, vast majority of Pachelbel's composition were organ

ISIS

Isis Islamic terrorist group that targets Sunni and infidels which are people who don't believe in Shia

Ghana

Islam and Gold

Islam in 711

Islam reaches both India and Spain Spread by merchants, missionaries and conquering due to weaker surrounding areas

Sharia

Islam's body of law

Taj Mahal

Islamic architecture in India. Shah Jahan mother passed away here

Elba

Island where Napoleon abdicated to following the failed invasion of Russia

Netanyahu

Israel's youngest ever Prime Minister

Caesar Augustus

It was sometimes used in place of Octavian's given name.

Lullaby- Brahms

It was written to celebrate the birth of his son, He was paid highly for composing german-requiems, his work became popular with the public posthumously because he was such an perfectionist, enjoyed children more than adults often playing the role of St.Nick/santa, and he was labeled the old fashioned by Listz, Wagner, and the New Movement German Composers

Seasonal workers

Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific

Invasion of Afghanistan

Its public aims were to dismantle Al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in this country by removing the Taliban from power

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

Russo- Japanese War(1904)

Japan destroyed Russian Fleet and shocked the world that a "Western Power" was defeated and started taking over the pacific

State sponsored Industrialization

Japan: Meiji Restoration Egypt: Muhammed Ali Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad

Kana

Japanese writers had developed the syllable-based system, which used variations of simple Chinese characters to represent the 50 sounds of the Japanese spoken language.

Early settlements not "civilizations"

Jericho and Catal Huyuk

Counter Reformation

Jesuits, Mateo Ricci in China, Strong missionary work in Latin America

Abraham

Jewish patriarch whose seed was " Chosen" Jesus viewed of

Partition of India

Jinnah advocated for a Muslim state- Pakistan

John F.Kennedy

John F.Kennedy 35th President of the United States, only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

Bastille Day

July 14th, 1789; The masses stormed Bastille(armory) for weapons to start the French Revolution; now the celebrated day of independence

D-Day

June 6, 1944 Normandy beach landing known as military day on which an important operation begins - it reestablished an Allied Western Front to press forward to Berlin turning point battle for West

Indus

Khyber Pass trade connection to Mesopotamia(potters wheel and cotton), Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro(Huge planned cities over 100,000 population), polytheistic priest -kings(will later influence Hindu priesthood)

Bin Laden Killed

Killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1:00 am PKT[1][2] 20:00 UTC, May 1 by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six

Louis XIV(16)

King of France during the French Revolution who was captured, tried and beheaded by guillotine

Comparison of European and Japanese feudalism

Knight/Samurai Chivalry/Bushido Lords/Daimyo

Blitzkrieg

Known as Lightening War - German military tactic that brought great success

Yom Kippur War

Known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. Egypt's stated goal for the war was the destruction of the State of Israel.

David Ricardo

Known for his famous Iron Law of Wages which states that a workers wages can't fall below a subsistence wage because of the lives of the workers must be sustained

Dao

Known simply as the way it is the directive towards an appropriate natural way of living

Christianity

LARGEST TESTAMENT. It was the largest because this would constantly be looking for people to come join.

Indentured Labor

Labor performed under signed indenture, or contract, which binds the laborer to work for a specific employer, for a specified time, usually years, often in a distant place, in exchange for transportation and maintenance

Huns

Large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Battle of the Bulge

Last German counter-offensive attempt to break allied armies failed

Mikhail Gorbachev

Last Soviet leader who tried desperately to save the Soviet system with great reforms

Mikhail Gorbachev

Last leader of the USSR who sought massive reforms to save the soviet system, but a little too late. He was the reason why the fall did not come sooner.

Islam

Last monotheistic religion

Indian Ocean Trade Central Diffusion

Lateen Sail( flattened triangular shape) permitted sailing far from coast,created a trade class with mixture of cultures, ties, to homeland broken.

Hagia Sophia

Later after 1453, this will be converted into a Mosque

Simon Bolivar/ Jose de San Martin

Latin Americans that gained independence for their country ( Argentina and Venezuela) from Spain.

Pax Americana

Latin for American peace to designate the relative tranquility established within the American sphere of influence immediately after WWII

Ten Commandments

Laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai as a directive to the Hebrews for being God's chosen

Corn Laws

Laws that restricted the import of food into England. These laws favored rural agricultural producers at the expense of urban consumers. Repealed in 1846

Casta System

Lberian word meaning race, lineage or breed

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader for the free India which was achieved in 1946 using civil disobedience

Ashoka

Leader from the Mauryan Dynasty, and a Warrior.

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who wanted a communist revolution in Russia to replace the Czar

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian revolution

Quesnay

Leader of the Physiocrats and supported laissez-faire or hands off non government intervention in economics.

Extraterritoriality

Legal immunities enjoyed by the citizens of a sovereign state or international organization within a host country

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Stalin/Trotsky

Lenin's assistants who carried out brutal acts of terror

Liberation Theology

Liberation Theology Combined Catholic theology and Socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America (20th century).

Mfecane

Literally "time of troubles" the period in southern Africa from 1816 when Shaka took control of the Zulu kingdom, until 1841

Triumvirates

Literally, an association of three strong men. An unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.

Latin America

Little industrialization in Latin America rather the economies become dependent on export goods to Industrialized nations

"Big Four"

Lloyd George(Great Britain) Clemenceau(France) Wilson(United States) Orlando(Italy)

Nelson Mandela

Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid 1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country';s history.

" I am the State"

Louis XIV quote establishing him as French and the greatest of European monarchs

Alfred Nobel

Made Dynamite and explosive impact/construction/military/fusion

Michael Faraday

Made Magnets and Electrical theory/ the silent clean world power

Henry Bessemer

Made Steel production process and allowed for building up( Cuban Skyscrapers)

Jethro Tull

Made the Automatic seed planter and greatly increased agriculture production

James Hargraves

Made the Spinning Jenny/Loom and was the model for factory system

Henry Ford

Made the assembly line and advanced manufacturing processes

Samuel Morse

Made the communication code and telegraphic communcation/ early digitization

Thomas Edison

Made the electrical illumination and created concepts for modern grid system

James Watt

Made the steam engine and utilized water as a key for unlimited energy sources to date

A.G Bell

Made the telephone and precedent for modern telecommunications

Committee of Public Safety

Made up of twelve persons and led by Robespierre it had dictatorial powers and it's purpose was to protect te revolution which had foreign and domestic enemies

Gold and Salt

Major products in Africa.

Finance Capital

Manage the creation of a new industry. Marked the transition to an age of larger businesses than ever before

Quit India Movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Genocide

Mass murder on any society of ethnicity or race

"All Quiet Western Front"

Masterpiece anti-war novel by Eric Remarque, relates the useless loss of life in WWI, a whole generation

"Dark Continent"

Means Unknown; Descrition of Africa as a great unknown continent of rich resources to exploit

Dendrochronology

Measuring climactic change by viewing the thickness in the layers in branches and around the trunks. Comparative dating of trees in pre-historic settlements has resulted in being able to date the ages of these pre-civilizations.

Three Holy Cities

Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem( where Mohammad ascended to heaven

Buddha practices

Meditation, Mantras, and devotion to desires

Munich Conference

Meeting between Britain and Germany where Hitler gave false hope to British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain as a point of appeasement

Japan's Industrialization

Meiji Restoration

Vaisyas

Merchants, small landowner( Purisha's thigh)

Arab Spring

Middle Eastern political movement seeking independent elections and a political process that represents the will of the people instead of tyrants

Medieval

Middle Period Europeans of the Renaissance, who felt they were at last reconnecting with the glories of ancient Greece and Rome

Bourgeoisie

Middle class urbanite who over the nest three centuries, would eventually triumph over an aristocracy that had ruled for more than a thousand years

Al-Qaeda

Militant Islamic group guerrilla warriors mobilized by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan first to fight against Russian invaders and later to attack the United States and its allies

Ahmadinejad

Militant political leader of Iran who threatens to attack Israel with nuclear missiles

Fusion

Mixing of different forms into new ones used in food recipes and presentation as well as musical and art forms it is a greater range of imagination in creating the final product

Israel

Monarchial Kingdoms on eastern shores of the Mediterranean( King David)

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol rule in China (prejudice towards the Chinese )

Hebrews

Monotheism, Abraham, covenant with God

Confucianism

More a philosophy than a religion since the emphasis is on secular rather than spiritual behaviors and beliefs.

Exodus

Moses leading the Hebrews out of Egyptian slavery back to the Canaan( Book of Moses)

Arabesques

Mosques use of geometric patterns

Sun God

Most prominent god(Polytheism)

Vedas

Most sacred of Hindu scriptures a collection of prayers and hymns handed down around 1500 B.C.E.

Veda

Most sacred of Hindu sculptures

Mary( Virgin who was Pregnant)

Mother of Jesus through Immaculate conception

Solidarity

Movement of independence from USSR in Poland led by Lech Wilsa and the influence of Pope John Paul II

Zionism

Movement to create a separate Jewish state, today that is Israel

Pan-Slavism

Movement to unite all Slavic-speaking peoples, even those under the control of Austrian and Ottoman rule, under the protection of Russia

Balkan Nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Egypt's Industrialization

Muhammed Ali

Mansa Musa

Muslim emperor of Mali known as the richest and most noble king to establish the Trans-Sahara route.

Moors

Muslims of Spain which were expelled

Saur Revolution

Name given to the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) takeover of political power from the government of Afghanistan on 28 April 1978. The name is derived from the Dari name of the second month of the Persian calendar, the month in which the uprising took place

Fronde(Fr), Boyars(Rus.)

Names of nobility of various countries through out Europe

Suez Canal Crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration created by the U.S. to develop a space program that would eventually land a man on the moon and go beyond.

Zulus

Native African group who fought with Boers and with no decisive victor; however in 1859, the British destroyed the Zulu Empire

Ghost Dance

Native American ritual to protect braves from western bullets

Indians

Native Americans

Peninsulares

Natives of Spain in the New world

Gestapo

Nazi secret police used to intimidate those against Hitler

Cuban Missile Crisis

Near nuclear holocaust over Soviet attempt to put missiles in Cuba

Chaldeans

Nebuchadnezzar and the "Hanging Gardens" architectural showplace

Brinkmanship

Never backing down from a crisis even if pushed to the brink of war

Alba Madonna- Raphael

New Testament biblical theme common for the Renaissance with vibrant colors, Mary is dressed in contemporary Renaissance clothing, Baby Jesus holds a scepter of a cross as foretelling of his crucifixion, geometric development of the composition as a right triangle, James the brother of Jesus is shown looking at the Christ, NOT Mary

Hispanola

New world

Morisi

Newly elected Egyptian President supported by the Muslim Brotherhood replacing the former U.S. backed Hosni Mobarik

Morisi the Muslim Brotherhood

Newly elected Egyptian President supported by the Muslim Brotherhood replacing the former U.S. backed Hosni Mobarik

NATO/Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Alliance of free world countries against Soviet aggression and communism) and the alliance of Soviet Union and their satellite countries to counter NATO

Golden Mean

Nothing in excess, everything in proportion the very measure of Ancient Greek ideals.

Don Quixote

Novel by Cervantes that influenced western literature

Les Miserables- Hugo

Novel of redemption and hope for the suffering masses and all who are all oppressed

Second Triumvirate

Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus

Treaty of Paris 1783

Officially brings independence to America

Buddhism

Offshoot of Hinduism

Judaism

Oldest Monotheistic Religion which is very influenced by others, Small following because never seeks converts( 15 Million), Laws of the Torah have greatly influenced Western civilization, and Parent religion of CHRISTIANITY, and ISLAM.

Greek Culture

Olympics, mythology, epic poems of the Odyssey and Iliad, drama and comedy, development of philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

Industrial Revolution

Once defined primarily in terms of new technologies in Britain and Europe, now recognized also as a global phenomenon of unprecedented transformations in social organization and political/military power

Yahweh( Jewish god)

One god creator with suggestion of a purposeful universe

Minoans

One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.

Glasnot

Openness reform program aimed to open Soviet society by introducing increased freedoms of speech, travel and other political liberties

Ying Yang

Opposing parts; makes up unity

Seder

Order

Passover Seder

Order and Holiday of 8 days when Exodus story is retold

United Nations

Organization established 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict or any war

Theme

Originally a military unit stationed in one of the provinces of the Byzantine Empire, but it later applied to the large military districts that formed buffer zones in the areas most vulnerable to Muslim invasion

Praetor

Originally applied to the consul as leader of an army.

Hybridization

Originally used in cultural anthropology and now more widely to refer to the mixing of cultures to produce new forms

Spirit of the Laws

Outlined 3 branches of government and a system of checks and balances

Harvey

Outlined anatomy of the circulatory system, blood movement, and other systems.

Origin of the Species- Darwin

Outlines natural selection and the theory of evolution

Communist Manifesto- Marx/Engels

Outlines principles of Socialism and a worldwide revolution of workers for true equality

Wealth of Nations

Outlines the economic system known as capitalism

Wealth of Nations- A. Smith

Outlines the principles of capitalism such as competition and invisible hand.

Silk Road( from West to East or East to West)

Overland from western China to the Mediterranean Trade made possible by the development of a camel hybrid capable of long dry trips by the Chinese, Indians, Parthians, central Asians, etc.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850.

II Duce

Patriarchal description of Benito Mussolini the fascist dictator of Italy

Détente

Peaceful coexistence an American led easing of Cold War tensions

Tayson Rebellion

Peasant revolution in southern Victnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam.

Casta System( New Spain)

Peinsulares

Arnolfini and His Bride- Van Eyck

Perfect example of northern Renaissance painting, Work is a criticism of the Roman Catholic Church for not allowing the wedding, She is not Pregnant, the dress is simply marriage fashion, filled with symbolism: Dog= Fidelity Candle Smoke= Presence of God Arnolfini is thumbing his nose at the Church by having his friend Van Eyck paint his important day, Van Eyck is reflected in the mirror

Egypt

Pharaohs, dynasties, and kingdoms(reason why so successful), 3 kingdoms in one civilization, Pyramid tombs for the god- kings and social structure, grain, cotton, and gold, hieroglyphics, "Book of the dead, Egyptology:Rosetta stone, Howard Carter, and tomb of king tut

" God, Glory, and Gold"

Philosophical reasoning of competing European countries for overseas exploration and discovery

Legalism in China

Philosophy of Shi Huangdi and Qin dynasty (221BCE) Terra cotta warriors and great wall

Appeasement

Philosophy of giving into the bully (Hitler) as expressed by Neville Chamberlain

Humanism

Philosophy taken from the classical world of Greece and Rome that viewed humans as capable of achieving all things

Hangul

Phonetic writing system as an aid to mass the literacy in his kingdom. It is essentially the same system still used in Korea today.

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Article 231

Placed the sole blame of the war on Germany

Bubonic Plague

Plague that swept across Mongolia to Europe that brought misery and chaos and transmitted originally from diseased rats.

Biota

Plant and animal species indigenous to a given place or region

White Man's Burden- Kipling

Poem demanding involvement of so-called "superior" European cultures.

Bhagavad Gita

Poem that is the song of the lord. This is inserted in Mahabharata.

Saharan Trade

Points in western Africa south of Sahara to the Mediterranean; Cairo most important destination Camel caravans. Controlled by Western Africans, people of the Mediterranean Sea; Berbers most important agents of trade

Solidarity

Polish leader Lech Walesa leads workers to demand freedoms from Soviets and important visit by the Polish Pope John Paul II put extra pressure on the Soviets

Absolutism

Political system in which a ruler has total power

Rome and Han

Politically centralized but Han had bureaucracy based on merit Economically both used the silk road to exchange goods Religiously Rome later adopted Christianity (380 CE) while the Han relied on Confucianism and later adopted Buddhism

First Triumvirate

Pompey, Cassius, and Julius Caesar

Urban Stress

Poor living conditions, overcrowded dwellings( attics/cellars), opened drains and sewers, no public Transportation, rise in crime, and rise in epidemics(Cholera)

Obamamania

Popularity and election of U.S. President B Obama as the first African-American president from global Islamic-Christian roots

Slave Trade

Population in Africa still goes up after this which is surprising

David- Michelangelo

Portrays an Old Testament biblical theme characteristic of the period, imperfect( Hands/feet) attempt at classical sculpting techniques, David is portrayed as an Apollo Greek Figure showing antiquity

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portuguese exploration with Spain urging, the Pope drew a " Line of Demarcation" from the Cape Verde islands westward, dividing the heathen world into equal parts: East for Portugal and West for Spain

Realpolitik

Power politics, when wars were waged to increase national pride and strength

Development of technologies in the 20th and 21st century

Power: Oil (OPEC) and Nuclear Energy (Chernobyl) Science: Freud, Einstein, Big Bang, Quantum mechanics Medicine: Polio vaccine, antibiotics and transplants combine to give this period in history the highest life expectancy Population growth: -In this century, the population has doubled -Green revolution provided more food with chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides -Has led to environmental protests (Ex. Greenpeace) -China and India develop child policies Diseases: Spanish influenza, HIV/AIDS and Poverty diseases (malaria, cholera)

Pastoral Societies

Pre-civilized nomadic groups that kept and depended upon livestock for sustenance, developed.

Pre-civilization

Pre-urban form of living in which all members are involved with the production of, or securing of, the food supply.

Proto-Industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

Harry Truman

President after Roosevelt died, put the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan into affect, entered US into the Korean War, dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, "Fair Deal"

Ronald Reagan

President from 1980-1988 ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

John F. Kennedy

President who set the goal of a moon landing in a decade, opposed Soviet threats in Cuba and around the globe

Cecil Rhodes

Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, British citizen and diamond mine millionaire who wanted to extend the British African Empire from Cape Town to Cairo by rail

Margaret Thatcher

Prime minister of Britain; strong relationship with Reagan; supported NATO, allowed US to store missiles in England; one of the first Western leaders to act warmly toward reformer Gorbachev. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism

Privatization

Privatization The act of selling off government-owned enterprises to private business firms

Scientific Method

Process of observation, forming hypothesis and experimentation to find truth

Henry IV

Proclaimed the " Edict of Nantes", Policy of Colonial expansion, economic reforms under Minister Sully

Newton

Proposed theory of gravitation, developed calculus to prove his theories regarding planet movement.

Bread and Circuses

Provision by the government of free food and entertainment, designed to divert the masses, and especially the poor masses, from engaging in political action.

Blank Check Provision

Provision forcing Germany to pay reparations to all countries harm for an amount they specified as reparations

Frederick the Great

Prussia established military power, won Silesia from Austria, and Agricultural development/ commerce

Edict of Nantes

Put in place Henry IV as King of France to protect Huguenots from persecution, this edict is viewed historically as an enlightening effort at religious tolerating, it was later revoked by Louis XIV

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France during the French Revolution who was credited with saying: " Let them eat cake". When questioned about the needs of the French people. she was later tried and guillotined

Apartheid

Racial segregation that would remain in South America until Mandela(1990's)

Boston Marathon Bombing

Radicalized American Cheznian immigrants utilized pressure cooker bombs to kill several and wounded hundreds in Boston. Terrorist network connections and full motives are unknown at this time

Evil Empire Speech

Reagan speech at the Berlin Wall as a pressured encouragement to end Soviet control of eastern Europe

Atlantic Alliance

Reagan, Thatcher, and Kohl through an unprecedented common pressure forced by Soviets toward reforms

Spain

Reconquista under Ferdinand and Isabella, unify behind Catholicism, slave trade, control in Latin America (encomiendas and mita), and expelled Muslims and Jews

Baron Von Haussman

Redeveloped Paris as a worldwide model city: Wide boulevards(Champs Elysses), middle-class housing on outskirts(suburbs), demolition of slums, creation of parks, vistas and open spaces(Eiffel Tower Promenade), new fresh water supply separated from water waste, improved sewage and treatment systems, public transportation( electric streetcar 1890)

Syncretism

Refers to the mixture of different cultural traditions. The term is also used to refer to hybridity in other areas, such as art, music, philosophy, and religion

Cultural diffusion

Reggae music, Bollywood

Samsara

Reincarnation until gain enlightenment

St. Helena

Remote island where Napoleon was exiled to death in 1821

Talleyrand

Representative of the defeated France, who meditated to maintain France as still a great power

Filial piety

Respect for elders, respect a child should show for parents

Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, 1517)

Responsible for Anglican Church in England (Henry VIII) Ignited the 30 Years War in Germany

Perestoika

Restructuring aimed to revive the sagging Soviet economy by adopting practice of the free market west

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of ethical and political ideas of the Confucian school with cosmological concepts borrowed from Buddhism and Daoism. With relatively minor changes

Mexico

Revolution of 1910 (Zapata and Poncho Villa) Created a constitution based on land reform One party politics (PRI) from 1917 until 2000 election

Encomienda

Reward to conquistadores, a Spanish system of large plantations/estates or smaller haciendas which utilized natives as slaves for labor confession from the Spanish crown to a colonist permission to exact tribute from a specified number of native Americans living in a specific area

Candide

Ridiculed the Catholic Church and supported religious tolerance.

Dharma

Right living or conduct viewed as a key tenet of the Hindu Caste System

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

Saharan Trade Rome

Roman manufactured goods to west Africa

Crucifixion

Roman method of execution- Jesus was Crucified on the cross

Romans on the Silk Road

Rome traded precious metals with the Han for silk

Golden Ages Capitals

Rome, Han, Gupta

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose to power by Coup de etat

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's poem exhorted the British to bring Christianity to those nations, half sullen and half child.

Great Zimbabwe

Ruins of the former capital of the Monomatapa Empire, situated in Zimbabwe and occupied from around the thirteenth to the sixteenth century C.E.

Enlightened Despotism

Rule by a government that is not subject to democratic control, but nevertheless is efficient and humane

Maria Theresa

Ruled by the "Pragmatic Sanction" held empire during 7 years of war, and 16 children

Czar Nicholas II

Ruler of Russia who with his family was executed and replaced with a communist Soviet system

Five Relationships

Ruler to ruled, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend Embraced by governments as ruler superior to ruled Civil Service Exam based on Confucian Analects Government bureaucracy based on merit Allowed for the possibility of social mobility Patriarchal society develops as a husband superior to wife

Women received the right to vote

Russia and the U.S. were similar in the mid-to-late 19th century in all of the following ways except...

Golden Horde(Khanate)

Russia(Khanate)

Battle of Tannenburg

Russian Armies defeated by Germans in key turning point battle of the east

Saharan Trade South and West

Salt

Diaspora

Scattering of Jews 135 c.e. by Romans

Versailles

Schonbrunn(Aus), Escorial( Sp), Hampton Court( Eng), Hermitage( Rus)... Names for the various opulent palaces built bu European Absolutes

Pluto as a Dwarf

Scientific discovery that the last planet of the solar system is not truly a planet and the social fallout of such

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who authored Wealth of Nations which outlines the economic system known as capitalism

Stanley and Livingston

Search for a lost missionary which captured the intrests of European new readers

Causes of imperialism

Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution Nationalism and competition Social Darwinism White Man's Burden Cecil Rhodes

Elizabeth I

Secured the Church of England ( Protestant) against Catholic threats, crushed rebellions in Scotland, and Ireland, executed Mary Queen of Scouts( succession threat), defeated Spanish Armada and pushed exploration of North America, forced literary renaissance( Shakespeare), refused to marry: " God's death my Lord! I will have but one mistress ( England) and no Master." ( Brings the end to the Tudors), and left England in debt upon her death.

Roman Republic

Senate, Twelve Tables (comparable to Hammurabi's law code) Military domination and expansion with the Punic wars

Second Punic War

Sending elephants over the Alps border.

Russia's Industrialization

Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad

Homer

Series of books including Illiad and the Odyssey that describes the Trojan and Greeks History of their war and the Greeks going home.

Great Wall of China

Shi Huangdi built this during the Qin dynasty

Gift Ships

Ships bearing gifts to be presented to those nations that accepted Chinese superiority, sailed throughout the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Ships completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, proved the area Columbus discovered was not Far East, but whole new continent

Dome of St. Peters- Michelangelo

Shows the multi- talented abilities of the artist, one of several architectural achievement for Michelangelo, commissioned because of special relationship between Michelangelo and Pope Julius II, contains famous mosaic quote: " Here lies Peter and upon this rock I will build my church"

Occidental Slave Trade

Slave trade that developed in the 15th century between Africa and the New World.

Oriental Slave Trade

Slaves exported from Africa to Islamic countries in the east at least a century before the Atlantic slave trade began

"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity"

Slogan and Symbol of Revolution(French Revolution)

Venezuela

Socialist president Hugo Chavez nationalizes industries Brazil and Chile among fastest growing economies today

Hugo Chavez

Socialist president of Venezuela

Literate Societies

Societies that can read and write, and have a common language.

Jesus Christ( Immanuel)

Son of God and savior of the world( Virgin Birth)

Siddhartha Gautama

Son of a wealthy prince who practiced asceticism

Baghavad Gita

Song of the Lord and is an epic Hindu poem inserted in the Mahabharata

Songhai

Sonni Ali

Collapse of Soviet Union

Soviet Union breaks apart into 15 separate independent republics

Nikita Khruschev

Soviet leader who stated "America we will bury you" and countered Kennedy by pushing for nukes in Cuba

Stalingrad

Soviets decisive victory of the Eastern Front in Winter that dealt a major defeat to Germany and was very important key battle in changing point in war in East

Soviet

Soviets, governing councils made up of peasants, were modeled in part on Russian examples, but they focused on rural, rather than urban, administration. Founded during the revolutionary movement, they also provided guerrilla warriors for the campaigns(China) A council of workers, the primary unit of government in the Soviet Union at local, regional, and national levels, also adopted by other communist regimes(USSR)

H. Cortes

Spanish Conquistador who led the Spanish to defeat ad subjugate the vast Aztec Empire in the Americas under the leader Montezuma

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Conquistador who led the Spanish to defeat and subjugate the vast Inca Empire in South America under the leader Atahuallpa

Criollos/Creoles

Spanish people born in the new world

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers, conquers, or mercenaries in search for gold.

Hiameta

Spanish technique for horse riding that emphasis on control of way Spanish Conquistadors will ride their horse.

Mestiso

Spanish word for a person of part Native American, part Spanish ancestry. In French it is mètis

Dutch

Spice Islands (Dutch East India company)

Euro

Standard of currency adopted for economic alliance of European nations

Nationalism

State must have fixed boundaries that can be identified on a map and people within the borders must identify and buy into the idea of the state

Five Year Plan

State-directed plans, frequently prepared by communist governments, to control the economy and to direct its growth

Heliocentric Theory

Stated that the Earth rotated on it's axis around the sun

Copernicus

Stated that the Earth rotated on it's axis around the sun or the Heliocentric Theory

Second Industrial Revolution( Germany/elements from notes)

Steel, Oil, Electricity, and Chemicals

Zimbabwes

Stone-walled enclosures or buildings built during the African Iron Age in the region of modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The structures were the courts of local rulers. They have been associated with foreign trade, integrated farming and animal husbandry, and gold production.

Legalism

Strict conformity to a basic human moral code as expressed in Chinese philosophy

Aristotle

Student of Plato and mentor to Alexander the Great, he established an early form of the scientific method utilizing 4 key elements. Model of Greek thought by use of logic

Plato

Student of Socrates who wrote dialogue form and questioned the best form of government in his Republic

Sub- Saharan Trade

Sub- Saharan Trade Connected Africans south and East of the Sahara to come another, connected in the east of other trade routes by Diverse peoples in Africa Agricultural products, iron weapons

Bantu migrations

Sub-Saharan Africa, impact on language, farming, iron technology

Birth of Venus- Botticelli

Subject( Venus) has classical connection through mythology, painting said to be an adoration of womanhood, water background/ theme of women as life givers, Botticelli highly criticized for painting in older flat technique; figures just hang unattached in the painting, Leonardo was Botticelli's largest critic.

2 major Sects

Sunni( largest) and Shi'a( smallest and more militant)

Invisible Hand

Supply and Demand will promote interest of society

Kim Jong Un

Supreme leader or Dictator of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea.

Cholera Epidemic

Swept through Britain in the early 19th Century and spread to the rest of Europe. A sanitation movement that Chadwick and others had been calling for was finally implemented

Guild

Sworn association of people who gather for some common purpose

Terrorism

Systematic use of terror as a means of coercion, usually for political ends

Dogfighting

Tactical air battle between two aircraft(Not so big in WWI as in WWII).

Saharan Trade Central Diffusion

Tech. of the Camel Saddle( allowed domestication and use of the camel for trade

Lost Ten Tribes

Ten tribes of Israel were exiled from their homeland in 721 B.C.E. They totally assimilated into their new surroundings, lost their Jewish identity, and were lost to history

Reign of Terror

Tens of thousands of suspected counter-revolutionaries were denounced to the authorities and most received long prison sentences or execution Period of Mass execution in France when anyone suspected of treason against the revolution was executed by Guillotine and it spiraled out of control

Iron Curtain

Term introduced by Winston Churchill to describe the division of Europe by the Soviet Union -- Eastern Europe (communist) from Western Europe (free)

Rogue Nations

Territories or countries who are perceived globally as dishonest, scandalous, or evil

First Industrial Revolution( Britain/elements from notes)

Textiles, coal, Iron, And Railroads.

Gospel

The " good news" of the story of Jesus Christ

Socrates

The "Gadfly" philosopher of Athens who was known for his questioning method of teaching, he was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and died a martyr's death

Bourgeoisie( French historical context)

The French middle class

Socrates/Plato/Aristotle

The Gadfly of the great philosophers that taught in a questioning method.

Vishnu

The God of " The preserver of the World"

Antigonid

The Hellenistic kings that were said to have descended from Alexander the Great.

Atahuallpa

The Inca leader that was the " son of the " sun"

Universal, mandatory, educational program.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain for all of the following reasons except

World Systems

The Industrial revolution caused profound changes in the speed with which goods could be traded, in changing patterns in the world and this was sought by many different countries

"Golden Horde"

The Mongols in Russia

Millet System

The Ottoman Empire's system of rule through religious communities

Imperialism

The act of building an empire and that involves the domination of a stronger country over a weaker one

Genocide

The act of murdering an entire people

Neo Colonialism

The assertion of power by one country over another, usually through economic but without formal political authority

Domino Effect

The belief held by many American policymakers that if one country in region became communist other would follow one after the other

Iron Law of Wages

The belief that as incomes increased people would choose to have more children. By 1900 this reversed to As incomes increased, people choose to have fewer children

Polytheistic

The belief that god(s) can take many different forms

Hellenism

The blending of cultures created by the dominant influence of Ancient Greece, the period of history between Alexander the Great and Rome.

"Trains Run on Time"

The boast of Mussolini-that he made the trains run on time became the criticism of his democratic opponents. Both he and they saw the force of the police and military as the means of this accomplishment.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Militarism

The buildup of arms and desires for military gain

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The central document of the French Revolution, and a model for many later political movements

Hieroglyphics

The characters in a writing system based on the use of pictograms or ideograms. The symbols depict people, animals, and objects, which represent words, syllables, or sounds.

Columbian Exchange

The clash between old world and the New World and was both positive and negative results.

Congress of Vienna

The congress brought together diplomats from the leading countries of Europe to resolve issues raised by the Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath. It redrew national borders, and established a balance of power, and enshrined conservative government in Europe for about 30 years

Weimar

The constitution of the new German government after World War 1 was written in the city of Weimar. That government espoused democracy and cultural creativity, but was attacked from communists on the left and Nazis on the right, and was taken over by Nazis in 1933

Master Narrative

The conventional, widely accepted view of the historical record.

Asian Tigers

The countries in East and Southeast Asia that were doing extremely well economically in the last decades of the twentieth century

Defeat of Armada

The defeat of the Spanish lead to Britain's supremacy at sea

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Shakti/Kali

The earth mother and goddess of death

They both demanded service to the local government by a segment of the population.

The encomienda system was similar to the Mita system in the New World in the sense that...

Transparency

The equality of making public and clear the financial transactions of government or of private enterprise. Increasingly this is highly valued as a necessity for successful develpoment

Invention of a practical steam engine

The event generally assigned to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was the...

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of biological organisms between continents and the impact on Native America( Small Pox) Positives: Crops, Products, and improved quality of life Negatives: Small Pox, wildlife, etc.

Japan

The existence of a state-supported and state-financed industrial revolution was most prevalent in...

Innovation

The explanation that similar cultural traits, techniques, or objects found among different groups of people were invented independently rather than spread from one group to another.

Holocaust

The extermination of over 6 million Jews and other undesirable by the WWII's Nazi's

Red Scare

The fear that communists would take over the United States, especially powerful in the years just after the Communist Revolution in Russia, 1917

Sudras

The feet of Purisha. Labors and farmers who are the foundation of social order

Invasion

The forcible takeover of one civilization by another, often accompanied by the forcible imposition of one culture on another.

Mohammad

The founder of Islam(570 C.E.), a profit; Last and most important of prophets who received the Qur'an

Sphere of Influence

The geopolitical religion in which one external power is considered dominant and other powers keep hands off

Allah

The god(All powerful and mighty)

Taika

The government would be completely revamped along T'ang Chinese lines, complete with a Confucian/Buddhist civil service, ministries, conscription, protocol, and a permanent capital.

Paterfamilias

The head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

Monotheism

The idea that there is truly only one God

Dominance

The imposition of alien government through force, as opposed hegemony.

New Europes

The lands explored, conquered, and settled by Europeans, who brought with them Europeans institutions and ways of life: For example, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa

Dar Al-Islam

The literal meaning of the Arabic words is the abode of Islam. The term refers to the land of Islam that is, the territories in which Islam and its religious laws may be freely practiced

Mahabharata

The longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

Price Revolution

The massive inflation in Europe from the late 1400s to the early 1600s, caused in large part by the influx of silver and gold from the New World, but also by increased mining of precious metals in Europe, general population increase, and, in particular, increases in urban populations

Hijra

The migration or flight of Muhammad from Mecca, where his life was in danger, to Medina where he was welcomed as a potential leader in 622 C.E.

Paper Tiger

The mocking of the Chinese toward the Americans, who had vast arrays of conventional and nuclear weaponry but couldn't cope with with simply armed warriors

A global trade network

The most dramatic development of the 1450 to 1750 time frame was...

Homo Erectus

The most widespread of all prehistoric hominids, and the most similar to humans. Evolved about two million years ago and became extinct 100,00 years ago.

Protestant Reformation

The movement, in sixteenth-century Europe in which Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII, and others broke away from the Catholic Church

Assassination of Sadat

The murdering occurred on 6 October 1981. The President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr (1973), during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War

USSR

The name of the country formed from the Union of Russia and some fifteen other nations bound together under a communist government, 1917-1991

Ancient Regime (Old Regime)

The old social order in France in the feudal days

Ahura Mazda

The one god that is believed.

Twelve Tables

The original publically displayed laws of early Rome, characterized as few in number and strictly enforced.

The Nutcracker Suite- Tchaikovsky

The original work was quite long and unsuccessful but a 20 minute portion for ballet is masterpiece, he is perhaps the greatest Russian composer and champion of the age of Romanticism, his reverence for the Roocoo period is clear in the dance of the sugar plum ferries, his conducted the inaugural opening of Carnage hall in NY in 1891, and the Soviet Union refused to acknowledge his homosexuality and was strictly enforced by the law

Prague Spring

The period in the spring of 1968 when it appeared that two countries would achieve independence of control from USSR but was crushed by military of Soviets

Teleology

The philosophical study of final causes or purposes. Teleology refers especially to any system that interprets nature or the universe as having design or purpose. It has been used to provide evidence for the existence of God.

Great Leap Forward

The policy of the Chinese communist government in the late 1950s of building China's economy on the basis of small-scale, localized production in rural communities

Cultural Revolution

The policy of the Chinese communist government, 1966-76 of basing its economy on rural productivity and quelling the intellectual and cultural life of the cities subordinating freedom of thought completely in favor of communist ideology

Bastille

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

Containment

The postwar policy of the United Stated to encircle and contain Soviet Union communism advocated by George Kennan

Hegemony

The predominance of one unit over the others in a group, for example, one state in a confederation.It can apply to the rule of an empire over its subject people, when foreign government is exercised with their substantial consent.

Globalization

The processes by which people institution and nations are brought into unified networks of interaction around the globe refers to economic networks and integration, but cultural, political, and technological occurs

Meiji Restoration

The reforms effected in Japan in the name of emperor Mutsuhito, that restored the emperor to full power and made Japan a modern, industrial, militarized state

Social Contract

The relationship between an individual and the government

African Diaspora

The result of forced migration of millions of slaves, mostly from West Africa, and mostly to North and South America during the sixteenth to nineteenth century

Gentrification

The return of wealthier citizen to ares of cities that had become rundown and their new investment in restoring and revitalizing the areas

Green Revolution

The revolution in agricultural production brought about by the use of new hybrid seeds, with increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides

Asiento

The right granted to England by Spain to carry all the slave cargoes from Africa to Spanish America, and the additional right to bring one goods ship each year to Panama

Pax Romana

The roman peace that is the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the region of Augustus (27 b.c.e -12c.e.)

Scramble for Africa

The rush of European nations to colonize the parts of Africa that were assigned to them in the international negotiations at the Berlin Conference

Silk Road

The set of rough roads, transportation links, across central Asia carrying trade and cultural exchange as far as China, India, and the eastern Mediterranean. The routes flourished only when governments were strong enough to protect them and keep them safe

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. Probably the first populist President.

Centuries

The smallest units of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion.

Caliph

The spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community

Diffusion

The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another.

Demographics

The study of human populations in quantitative terms, usually considered a sub-field of sociology

Paleoanthropology

The study of the earliest humans and their enviroments.

Monophysites

The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.

Industrial Revolution

The sustained ability to mass-produce goods by the use of machines

Agronomy

The systematic concern with field crop production and soil management

Civilization

The technological, artistic, literary, legal, and ethical accomplishments of any given advances society.

Superpower

The term ascribed to both the U.S. and the USSR in recognition of their power, especially their military power greater than any other country in the world

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge originated in experience; the practice of relying on direct observation of events and experiences for determining reality

National Assembly

The third estate declared itself a true National Assembly of France and abolishing the Estates General

Duke of Wellington

The victorious British general who led the defeat at Waterloo

Eastern Ethics, Western Science

The watchword of Sakuma Zozan in Japan, urging the acceptance of Western science and technology but rejecting Western culture and ethics in favor of those in Japan

Medici Family

Their patronage of the arts exemplified the great wealth created as bankers and merchants

Sepoy Rebellion

They were Indian troops originally employed by the British East India Company who toke British arms and fought for their independence

Third Reich

Third unification of Germanic peoples under Hitler, said it would last 1,000 years

Priest

This class is very powerful(Polytheism)

Diffusion of bananas from Malaysia

This increased African population in East Africa

Silk Trade West to East

This trade got horses, alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts.

Silk Trade East to West

This trade got silk, peaches, apricots, spices, pottery, and paper

Burlingame Treaty

This treaty with China was ratified in 1868. It encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for U.S. railroad construction. It doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868 and 1882. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Taiping Rebellion

This upheaval against the Qing government from 1851 to 1864 was the largest human conflict in history until World War II

Marriage between the Chinese and Mongols

This was forbidding due to Mongol rules.

Hinduism and Caste System

This will survive through the fall of the Americas's empires

Eternal Life

This would be a gift of God

New foods imported from the Americas.

Though decimated by the export of involuntary human labor, the population of Africa increased during the 1450-1750 time frame because of...

Buddha's purposes;

To avoid suffering( caused by desires) and gain enlightenment( Cut desires) Attain a better rebirth by gaining merit

Confucianism Purposes

To fulfill one's role in society with propriety honor and loyalty( Wisdom to improve yourself)

Sparta

Totalitarian and militaristic polis.

Fascism

Totalitarian form of government in which the liberty of the individual is set aside for the interests of the state

Grand Canal

Trade routes from Hangzhou to Beijing. Cheap and efficient means of shipping grains

Mein Kampf

Translates "My Struggle" the book of hatred by Adolph Hitler

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik- Mozart

Translates as "A Little Night Music" when Mozart came to life, sleeping nearly to noon daily, he was a child prodigy and wrote his first composition at age 6, despite earning enormous salary sums for his talent he was etravagant and constantly bankrupt, he used billiard balls and table to measure timing while creating his compositions, and he was buried without a Funeral in a common grave and was not identified for years.

Buddha texts

Tripitaka and Mahayana

Ottoman Empire broken up

Turkey, Syria, Jordan and Arabia

Battle of Verdun

Turning point of WWI, tired Germans defeated because of fresh U.S. troops. The Germans had low supplies and that changed the tied.

Shogun

Twelfth century, court disputes over regencies for emperors and the power of the provinces forced the creation of the office which was the emperor's chief military and political officer which headquarters in the town of Kamakura

Persian Wars

Two wars fought between Greece and Persia over conquest of territory lasting 70 years.

Lady with Unicorn- Raphael

Typical aristocratic " coming out" renaissance portrait, filled with symbolism: Unicorn= innocence/ chastity, Pendant= from wealth, dress signifies desire for suitable marriage, pastoral background is in pure renaissance style.

Saddam

Tyrannical leader of Iraq who opposed the U.S. in the Gulf War. He was eventually defeated, tried, found guilty and executed

Vietnam War

U.S. effort to aid the former French colony overcome a communist revolution by the North

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

UN support

UN support independence of Libya and Tunisia

Demise of the Soviet Union

USSR dissolves in 1991 creating 15 SEPARATE INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS!

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority.

Depopulation of Native America

Unintended genocide of Native America by espouser to Europeans

EU

Union of European nations for common economic, defense, and foreign policy reason

Ferdinand and Isabella

United Spain, expelled Moors and Jews, curbed the nobility and Cortes( Parliament) and Sponsored vast exploration( Columbus)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Estates General

Unjust government of France before the revolution

Reincarnation

Until gain or enlightenment

Assyrians

Use of Iron, horse, and stirrup(cavalry) as military advantage, started taxing, and Nineveh established as the bureaucratic capital for the entire fertile descent.

Hittites

Use of iron weapons and military superpower( This Mesopotamian civilization did not last long)

Henry VII

Used " Courts of Star Chamber" to crush nobility( No trial by Jury), ignored Parliament, built England's commercial prosperity, avoided war, and used royal marriage to strengthen interests abroad

Kepler

Used math to prove planets orbit around the sun, thus supporting Copernicus

Last Supper- Da Vinci

Uses of " Vanishing point" or perspective draws focus to Christ, common use of religious theme, captures the exact moment of betrayal, geometric progressions shape the picture, Judas as low figure in the painting , and Da Vinci unjustly criticized for poor technique leading to decay

School of Athens- Raphael

Uses of classical theme and influence, Plato and Aristotle are the main focus in a painting that captures the great minds of Ancient Greece, features bi-lateral geometric balance and use of perspective, Raphael gives homage to his peers by painting a likeness of Leonardo as Plato

Court of Star Chamber

Utilized by Henry VII to curb the nobility in England

Cajamarca

Vally were the Spanish masqueraded the Inca empire

Key texts of Hinduism

Vedas( Sacred Sculptures), Bhaghavad Gita( Poem), Ramayana( Love story that is the relationship between a hindu man and woman that a hindu should follow)

Montesquieu

Wanted to limit the power of the Monarchy, wrote Spirit of the Laws, which outlined 3 branches of government and a system of checks and balances

Yalta Conference

War in Europe near end concessions were made to Stalin for assistance against Japanese in the Pacific and to determine the future of post-war Germany and Europe included Winston Churchill and FDR and Stalin

30 Years War in Germany

War in Germany that killed 1/3rd of Germany's population. This would set up another war on religion

Kshatriyas

Warriors and princes( Purusha's arms). (Caste System)

Hannibal

Was Carthaginian general in second punic war who attacked Rome by crossing the Alps on elephants and surprised the Roman legion who anticipated a southern attack.

Rape of Nanking

Was a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army As a result of the nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the war crimes, the controversy created surrounding the massacre remains a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations, as well as Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations such as South Korea and the Philippines.

Four Season-Spring- Vivaldi

Was a violin virtuoso in his own right and perhaps the great baroque composer, Johann Sebastian Bach said Vivaldi was greatest influence, Four Seasons is made of 4 Violin concerto's representing images of each other calendar season, images of flowing creeks and singing birds show the genius Vivaldi musical imagery in spring, and Vivaldi was ordained as a catholic priest before embracing music legacy.

Fur Elise- Beethoven

Was written as a dedication to a woman "Elise" for whom Beethoven had great feelings, it is a "bagatelle" or deemed a piece of no value to music historians, Beethoven who slowly grew deaf was suicidal and probably suffered from bipolar disease, known for his classic "Ode to Joy" most people prefer "Fur Elise" for it's beauty and east to play, and Beethoven is a key figure of transition between classical and romantic music age.

Both learned the languages and adopted the cultural patterns of the civilizations they conquered.

We can think of the Mongols and the Ottoman Turks as being multi-cultural in all of the following ways except...

Fall of the Roman Empire

Western Rome falls in 476 CE, East survives as the Byzantine Empire) Internal- tax revolts, poor leaders, division of empire, violent death of emperors, over expansion, decrease in trade, reliance on mercenaries, disease External- Huns and Goths

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia, built St. Petersburg as a " Window on the West", defeated Sweden at War, large stature and ruthless, and destroyed power of the Boyars( nobility)

Guillotine

What French used to execute people after they were denounced by at least two people, also "Instrument of Mercy" thought to be the most humane method of execution

" Nothing is permanent"

What did Buddha teach?

Saharan Trade Italy

Wheat and Olives

Mahayana

Wheel of Buddhism

Invasion of Russia

When Czar Alexander I of Russia withdrew from the Continental System Napoleon invaded Russia and met disaster with winter costing him 600,000 men and a 1,000 mile retreat of shame

Tacit Consent

When citizens sacrifice freedoms in support of government and laws

Enlightenment

When science, philosophy, and intellect influenced political theory and created a modern outlook on life

Tennis Court Oath

When the King locked the meeting hall of National Assembly which met at the tennis court nearby and swore not to disband until a constitution could be written

Battle of Austerlitz

Where Napoleon defeated Austrian and Russian armies and gained control of continental Europe with a Confederation of the Rhine

Battle of Lepanto

Where Phillip II defeated the Turks( Muslims)

Islamic movement into central Africa

Which of the following events did not occur in the 1750-1900 time frame?

Improvements in farming techniques.

Which of the following events most dramatically laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

Which of the following products would NOT be a major component of the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Pigs and Sugar Cane

Which one of the following pairs of products was NOT indigenous to the Americas prior to the Colombian Exchange?

The concept of armed conflict with other humans was a foreign concept to the Aztecs.

Which one of the following was LEAST a reason why the Aztecs were conquered by the Conquistadors?

The Indian Ocean

Which part of Asia was not a part of the Silk Road?

Industrialism and Imperialism

Which two events are most dramatically tied to each other in the 1750-1900 time frame?

Effects of World War I

Wilson's call for self-determination, mandate system in the Middle East

Continental System

With most of continental Europe under Napoleon's control he created an economic alliance to wage economic warfare against Britain by blockade, but it failed

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan, a book defending absolute monarchy, in which he states that people give up some freedoms for the necessary protection of a king

John Locke

Wrote Two Treaties of Civil Government, a book which states that government should reflect the general will of people, but if government fails the people have the right to replace the government by revolution

Vladimir Putin

Yeltsin's PM in 1999, then Russia's president from 2000 to 2008, Putin gained popularity by prosecuting Yeltsin's war on Chechnya, restoring economic and social stability and the power of the Russian state, he was also elected Prime Minister in 2008.

Key Practices of Hinduism

Yoga, Meditation( key), live according to one's Dharma( Purpose)

China(Khanate)

Yuan Dynasty(Khanate)

Impact Zones

Zones lying at the borders of other zones; Zones at which cultures meet; often points of recurring battles.

The Trojan Women

a Odyssey the 2nd Homeric epic chronicles the return home of the victorious Greeks who Troy encounter trials and tribulations of their own

Two Treaties of Civil Government

a book which states that government should reflect the general will of people, but if government fails the people have the right to replace the government by revolution

The Big Lie

a propaganda technique. The expression was coined by Adolf Hitler, when he dictated his 1925 book Mein Kampf, about the use of a lie so "colossal" that no one would believe that someone "could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously." Hitler asserted the technique was used by Jews to unfairly blame Germany's loss in World War I on German Army officer Erich Ludendorff.