AP World History Exam

Ren

benevolent love for the people

Naval warfare

blockades used, German submarines (U-boats)

John Calvin

agreed with idea of faith over good works; promoted predestination; urged simplicity in dress, life, worship; reduced power of clerical hierarchy; created synods • Calvinism • Only needed faith • Predestination- people were born already destined to reach heaven no matter what you did on earth

who founded the Song dynasty

Zhao Kuangyin (renamed Emperor Taizu)

major accomplishment of emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty

construction of Grand Canal

the torah

deals with both social and religious commands and context

who was songhai defeated by

defeated by Moroccans in 1591 for not being "Muslim enough"

what group did athens create after the greco- persian war

delian league

who was muhammad's wife

he marries a wealthy businesswoman named Khadija

paleolithic age

first age of the ancient world

sumerians

first civilization to inhabit mesopotamia

Senior officials in egypt

governors who operate throughout the various places/cities throughout Egypt

mesopotamia mens

land between the rivers

Boyars

landlords/ russian nobility less powerful then in the west

what did Aztec kings represent

served as representatives of gods on Earth (Seen as divine entities)

What is traded across the silk road from china

silk; porcelain, paper, tea, Transmission of art and religion

where does the western roman empire spread to

spreads up to Britannia

Technological advances in the Zhou dynasty

started using iron weapons invented the crossbow and the iron sword improved roads which bolstered trade

who was songhai founded by

sunni ali

what was byzantine empire very connected with

the Greek Orthodox church

Astrolabe

measured latitude (Portuguese)

what did you need to do to qualify to take the civil service exam

must be recommended by scholar or attend government school (Enhanced social position of scholar-gentry provided basis for return to a highly centralized rule under an imperial dynasty)

why it was bad to live in mesopotamia

no natural land barriers to protect from attacks, unpredictable floods and famines

harems

originate with Abbasids, a household of life of women and concubines

economy of africa

varies by region but Africans exchanged abundant raw materials for manufactured goods (Iron, gold, salt)

soft metal

very brittle compared to other metals but compared to what the ancient people had it is a significant upgrade

what type of trade is the eastern roman empire involved in

very involved in Mediterranean and central Asia trade

corvee

the type of slavery used in ancient china Idea- subjects pay taxes to gov't in form of labor Used to build the great wall and canals

when the islamic empire goes to africa who is in power

the umayyads are

beliefs of Jainsim

very strong believers on non-violence (literally won't hurt a fly)

Porcelain

§ Can only be found in china § Became valuable export, now called china for its association with culture § Now called china

Mechanical clock

§ Machinery (driven by water) regulated movement, idea carried by traders to medieval Europe § Didn't last long

why did the east and the west dispute over the nicene creed

§ Proceeds from the father and the son- east § Proceeds from the father- west

Quarantine in WWII

§ Roosevelt's response to Japan's invasion of China in 1937 § Roosevelt called for peace-loving nations to act together to "quarantine" aggressors in order to protect the world from the "disease" of war

Manhattan Project

§ Secret research program dedicated to producing first nuclear weapons □ Led to the creation of the atomic bomb

Famous liberal movements/events:

§ Support for capitalism, laissez-faire; abandonment of mercantilism § Tanzimat reforms: move control away from Ottoman religious elites

Dwight D. Eisenhower

§ Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe § Oversaw both Operation torch (Invasion of French North Africa) and Operation Overload (Invasion of Normandy)

Douglas MacArthur

§ Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific Area § Oversaw the island-hopping campaign § Accepted Japan's surrender in 1945

Sudetenland

§ Territory of Czechoslovakia § Demanded by Hitler, granted by the Allies in an effort to avoid war

Czechoslovakia in WWII

§ The territory that Hitler promised he would not take after the Munich Agreement with Neville Chamberlain § Despite promising otherwise, Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia in isolation of the Munich Agreement

what government system did early greece have?

Originally oligarchic § Ruled by one group of people (rich land owners) § Over time poor people stop listening

what does the theme system do for the community

- Enables peasants to be able to earn freedom as a military (Serve certain time as soldier and no longer belong to the land) -Makes sure land owners can't become two powerful

Mongols in China

- Flipped the hierarchy (Merchants and Artisans were appreciated) - Appreciated trade (w/ money) - Silk Roads - lifeblood of the East; protection - Religiously tolerate (Except for Daoism)

Significance of groups of 10 for the mongols

10 men all from separate tribes, obligation to each other because if one gets captured they must get them or they cannot return home. Great for of team work

when did mali separate from ghana

13th century

what is the mughal empire

1526-1858) - Muslim state that exercised dominion over most of India § Extended to period 5 § Located in south Asia § Predecessor was the Delhi sultanate

the roman empire timespan

31 BC- 14 AC

Charlemagne

800, establish empire in France and Germany Pope's coronation of Charlemagne as first Holy Roman Emperor sets precedent that Church approval is necessary for Western political power 843: Treaty of Verdun (empire fragments into three kingdoms)

342: Warsaw Pact •

A defensive military alliance of communist nations designed to counter the collective defense formed by the democratic nations of NATO. • Original members: Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. • NATO and the Warsaw Pact provided the foundation for the Cold War.

228: Printing Press •

A mechanical device invented in the 15th century in Europe. • Johannes Gutenberg is credited with perfecting the process that pressed ink onto paper, printing his famous 42-line Bible between 1452 and 1453. • Knowledge of the press quickly spread across Europe and led to the mass production of books. • Producing thousands of pages a day, compared to the few that could be produced by hand, allowed for the spread of new ideas from humanist thinkers such as Erasmus and reformers such as Martin Luther.

why did nobility try to lower the status of free pesants

A- they want the land b- they don't want to pay the free peasants (Leads to a series of revolts)

where did the cordoba caliphate take place

Al andalus- Islamic Spain

Developments in the Paleolithic Era

Art, Religion, Ritual

Homo sapiens are not...

Not decended from Neanderthals

June 28, 1914

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Slav nationalist Gavrilo Princip (Black Hand)

capital of the abbasids

Baghdad

the silk road brought what religion to china

Braught Buddhism to china

leadership of Nelson Mandela

Broadened base of support Nonviolent civil disobedience: boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, burning of black African passes (passports severely limited the movements of black Africans) Mandela was arrested once for traveling outside S. Africa without a pass, then earned a life imprisonment sentence for sabotage against the gov't

33: Mayan Culture •

Built eighty large ceremonial centers, which included pyramids, palaces, and temples; large centers included Palenque, Chichén Itzá, and Tikal, the later with a population of approximately 40,000 people and the Temple of the Jaguar. • Approximately 800 C.E. people abandoned their cities, possibly as a result of civil war, internal divisions, invasions, or natural disasters.

when the buyids take over the abbasids what happens?

Buyids are Shi'a and reject the Sunni ideas of the Abbasids Abbasid caliphs became powerless and are controlled by sultans

African and asian independence social circumstances

By the mid-20th century, 2ndand 3rd generation Western-educated elites (mostly male) had arisen throughout the colonial world Familiar with European culture and aware of the gaps between its values and its practices Did not see colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples' progress Increasingly insisted on independence

colonies of Phoenicia

Carthage Genoa (where Christopher Columbus is from) Marseilles Utica

29: Chavín •

Chavín cult began after 1000 B.C.E., peaked in popularity 900 to 800 B.C.E., spread through Peru, and vanished approximately 300 B.C.E. • Cult probably arose when maize became an important crop in South America; it was needed to support a large population. The cult may have been designed to promote fertility and abundant harvests. • Achievements include large temple complexes, elaborate works of art, fishing nets, experimentation with minerals, techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy used in the creation of jewelry, and small tools.

Three Estates in Western europe

Church, Nobles, Commoners Rights according to estate in which someone was born

capital of the Inca

Cuzco, located in modern day peru

when does Byzantine decline

Decline begins after 1054 (the Great Schism)

why wasn't rome tolerant to christianity

Didn't recognize gods and emperor as a god Embraced Jesus as a God Romans see him as a threat (christians persecuted as a result)

Shu or the silver rule

Do not do unto others what you would not want done unto you

278: Muhammad Ali •

Emerged as the rule of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoléon in 1798. • Although Egypt was theoretically part of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent Ali from establishing an autonomous state. • His success served as evidence of the weakened state of the Ottoman Empire. • Modernized the nation by focusing on the military and industrialization.

Achievements of Qin Shihuandi

Expanded the empire Kept out invaders Chinese script, coinage, and weights and measures standardized Canals and roads built to improve trade Peasants given the right to own land

227: Caravels •

Oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century. • Europeans needed ships that could maneuver more efficiently in the Atlantic Ocean. • The ships were smaller than traditional European ships and provided sailors access to shallow coastal waters and to explore upriver. • The lateen sail was used, which gave the ships increased maneuverability. • The traditional square sail was also used; in combination with the lateen sail, it gave the caravel great speed. • This technology played a key role in European exploration.

strapas

Governors ruled small areas They would regularly report to Cyrus Regions they ruled called satrapies

Who was the Han empire lead by

Han Wudi

When did the trade on the silk road really pick up

Han dynasty

Two spiritual entities in zoroastrianism

Horomazda - Good god, good spirit Angrominu - Bad god, bad and evil spirit

Took control of egypt by using bronze

Hyksos (making use of composite or recurved bows) [small size, high power] and could even by used from horseback or chariots) took control of Egypt (through using bronze)

capital of the Cordobas

Iberia, spain

caliph

Islamic religious and political leader

what are the 3 abrahamic religions

Judaism Christianity Islam

what is the sassanid empire

Last pre-Islamic Heir to the Persian empire

Variations in struggles for independence in Asia and Africa:

Length of time: a few years vs. decades Approach: nonviolence vs. violent guerrilla warfare

First emperor of tang dynasty

Li Yuan, Duke of Tang (one of Yang's officials) becomes Emperor Gauzo of Tang

indian ocean trade

Maritime trade Revolves around the monsoon winds Dhow boat and lateen sail allow the trade to take place

Pogroms

Massacre of jews ® Mass exodus of jews ® Primarily western Europe and the Americas

Pan-Slavism

People are identifying themselves with their cultural background instead of their ottoman background

Important trading groups

Mesopotamia traded with the Indus River Valley Civilization and Egypt traded with Nubia

Homo Sapiens

Modern Man

what is an abrahamic religion

Monotheistic faiths of Middle Eastern origins that trace a common origin to Abraham.

hebrew god

YHWH or "I am who am"

Greek Fire

a fire that one can not put out with fire so it is very affective on the ocean

state

a political entity with a central authority or government

Caesaropapism

a way in which the emperor to rule as "Caesar" and "pope"

what was the economy of mali based off

agriculture and trade of gold (very wealthy empire)

Lateen sail

allowed sailors to sail against wind

Persia

also known as the Achaemenid empire was the largest empire in ancient history

what religious beliefs were practiced during the warring states period

animism and shamanism

maritime

anything in relation to the sea

egalitarian

applies to everyone in the same way, no one is above the law

Boyars

aristocratic Russians

Samauri

armed military troops • Follow a code called the bushido (way of the warrior) • Martial arts esteemed • Code of Bushido stressed family honor and ritual suicide (seppuku) rather than defeat

cultural contribution of the shang dynasty

calendar with alternating months musical instruments arts

Laws of Manu

called for respect towards women as long as they served their male counterpart

Chartism (1848)

called for universal male suffrage, annual elections; gained support from miners, industrial workers

Crisis (1585-1650)

cannon, lightweight firearms increased in use on battlefield § Janissaries are more important than the Calvary § Calvary men are now useless (Forced to go back home; No longer have a lifestyle) § Silver inflation, everything costs more money (Calvary people have no jobs; Don't have enough silver to pay for their land;Most go bankrupt)

goods exchanged from eurasia to america

cattle, sheep, pig, horse, honeybees, wheat, rice, barley, oats, citrus fruits, grapes, bananas, sugarcane, onions, olives, turnips, coffee beans, peaches, pears

government of the Han empire

central government embraced confucianism as dominant ideology

hagia sophia

church in constantinople built by Justinian

What is traded across the silk road from persia

dates, saffron, pistachios, rugs, tapestries

Vedas

earlies sacred books of Hinduism

cuneiform

earliest form of writing

animism

everything has a spirit

what do most people in ancient china do for a living

farm, fish, or herding

Samuel de Champlain (1609)

founded New France and Quebec, set up numerous trading posts used to export furs

who was gilgamesh

gilgamesh was the king of uruk and was on a vain quest for immortality

1909: "Young Turks"

group of military and civilian elites • Opposed tyrannical rule • Wanted a completely secular (non-religious) law code, rejected modernism • Supported continuing modernization based on European achievements • Viewed the Ottoman Empire as a "Turkish national state"

Overview of the Roman kingdom

had a Curiate assembly (Purpose to elect new kings and pass basic laws) there were Seven legendary kings of Rome Tyrannical 7th king overthrown (Superbus)

agriculture of the zhou dynasty

had iron plows drawn by oxen peasant farmers devoted labor to public work projects

Description of Homo Erectus

had longer legs and shorter arms

1st Battle of the Marne (1914)

halted Schlieffen Plan, led to stalemate, trench warfare (western front)

Li

how you should act based on the circumstances

Sternpost rudder

improved steering (Chinese)

when did songhai break off from mali

in the 1370s

South Africa

independent since 1910 Independence granted to the white settler minority Economically prominent: whites of British descent Politically dominant: Boers or Afrikaners (white descendants of early Dutch settlers from the 1600s)

goal of encomienda

indoctrinate natives into Catholic faith

the Hittites

initially a pastoral group that used bronze to conquer the mesopotamians, and where the first to incorporate bronze into the military

divination

inscribe writing on oracle bones and depending on how the bone broke is what the gods were saying

bronze age is replaced by......

iron age replaces it

what does the word Islam mean

it means submission to God

sumer means

land of the kings

Homo Habilis lived between

lived between 1.6 and 1.3 MYA

The epic of Gilgamesh

long poem depicting a king's heroic deeds

Golden age for india

marked by increased interregional trade (Cross cultural interaction between Europe and India As far west as Rome)

what was the capital of almohadas

north africa

Pax Sinica

period of peace, growth in economy and population (during the han dynasty)

monarchy

power in a family

Captain Swing" riots (1830)

prohibited employment of children under age of 9 in textile mills; limited working hours of children between 9-13 to 8 hrs./day, 14-18 to 12 hrs./day

Ottoman empire attempts a reform

• "defensive modernization" • Reforms began in the late 1700s with Sultan Selim III • Wanted to reorganize and update the army; draw from European advisors and techniques • Result: opposition from ulama (Muslim religious scholars) and the Janissaries • Future sultans crushed the Janissaries and brought the ulama under state control • Started the Tanzimat reform ("Reorganization"), 1839-1876:

Soviet

refers to a council that represents workers interest

code of chivalry

reinforced ideas that women were weak and subordinate

Polytheism

religion with many gods

Portuguese in the americas

• Began controlling Indian Ocean trade in 16th century (1500s) • Began establishing colonies in Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola), all of which were used to cultivate, process sugarcane

Spain v. Native People of the Philippines

• Conquest of Manila (1571) • Became only major outpost for Christianity in Asia • 1603: revolt led to death of 20,000 Chinese people • Islam gained strength in Mindanao, also in Philippines

Problems for the Kuomintang

• Constant opposition from the newly created Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • CCP Founded in 1921 • CCP Grew rapidly over the next three decades • Charismatic leader: Mao Zedong •1927: KMT chased CCP out of the cities • CCP's new strategy: appeal to Chinese peasants for support

Alexander I (1801-1825)

• Defeated Napoleon; created Holy Alliance • Attempted to improve conditions for serfs- Serfs remain property of the state

Martin luther

• Denounced the sale of indulgences; believed Christians could be saved by "faith alone," and that "good works" were not necessary for salvation; rejected authority of the pope • Luther drafted the 95 Theses, published in 1517 • Founded Lutheranism; catalyst for other reform movements • Luther's ideas spread through the use of the printing press, winning him support across Europe

potomoi

rivers

who is Prince Rurik

ruler of a large city of Kiev, first Prince of Kievan Rus'

mansa musa

ruler of mali

Government of the Zhou dynasty

rulers governed as they wished, people payed taxes to the king, FUEDALISM , came up with the mandate of heaven

Cyrillic script

russian alphabet

Gunpowder

sailors equipped w/muskets, pistols, cannons (Chinese)

What is traded across the silk road from india

sandalwood, jasmine, cloth

neolithic age

second age of the ancient world

Extraterritoriality

somebody from another country can come and live in the ottoman empire but don't need to pay the ottomans taxes

encomenderos

spanish land owners

Kongo

strong centralized state in central Africa by 1400s

list of golden age dynastys

sui tang song mongol ming

Stamp Act

tax on printed materials

Sugar Act

tax on sugar, molasses from West Indies

Moksha

the liberation from the cycle of suffering and rebirth

archeology

the study of human history through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

religion of the shang dynasty

they were polytheistic believed in veneration believed in divination

where were muhammad's visions written down

they were written down in the Qur'an

what sect of muslim were the abbasids

they where originally shia but converted to sunni

bronze sge

third phase of development of the people of the ancient world, it is a combination of copper and tin (alloys)

how did the ulama connect with Allah

through asceticism, meditation, songs, dancing or drugs

Mechanization

use of machines to do work previously done by hand

how was cunieform used

used for trade records, promoted wealth and cultural change

Sati

when a husband dies she was expected to throw herself in the funeral pyre, joining them in death

China has 2 major rivers

yellow and the yangtze

seas surrounding china

yellow sea, east china sea, south china sea

religion in mesopotamia

zoroastrianism

The French Storming the Bastille

• King Louis XVI sent troops to disperse the National Assembly • The citizens, afraid their voice would be lost, stormed the Bastille prison - July 14, 1789 • Uprisings and rebellions broke out all over France • The Great Fear swept across the country • National Assembly met in Versailles (just outside Paris) to discuss solutions to the panic

Rural Environments- North America

• Land seized from Native Americans, sold to farmers and logging companies • Settlers cut down forests, burned trees, spread westward • Cotton used up soil within few years

indian ocean trade

• Established market networks along coasts of Indian Ocean • Rivaled Arab control of Indian Ocean • Compasses used to increase accuracy in navigation

Famous imperialists:

• European powers between late 19th, early 20th century • Cecil Rhodes: expanded British Empire from S. to C. Africa • Leopold II: encouraged African exploration, ruled Congo Free State

Glorification of Stalin

• Portrayed himself as gentle and fatherly, Russia's greatest leader; pictures everywhere • Streets and cities named after him, children memorized his sayings in school

class inequalities in the french "Old Regime"

• First Estate (130,000 people)- Consisted of clergy, owned 10% of land • Second Estate (350,000 people)- Nobility, owned 25-30% of land • Third Estate (27 million people)- Bourgeoisie ("middle class" including merchants, bankers, public officials, doctors, lawyers, writers); Commoners (peasants, skilled workers, shopkeepers)

Nicholas I (1825-1855)

• Reinstituted iron discipline, suppressed modernity • No more reforms • Rejects all forms of westernization

Repartimiento system

• Replaced encomienda system • Means "distribution" or "partition," as in the division of labor among Spanish colonial landowners • Several months out of the year, natives forced to work on Spanish-owned plantations or in silver mines • Workers were poorly compensated, worked to death • Later replaced with incentives to work (fair wages, better working conditions)

Industrialization of Japan

• Government set up a number of enterprises and later sold them to private investors (zaibatsu) • Became a major exporter of textiles and inexpensive consumer goods for sale abroad • First Japanese industries exploited workers ruthlessly, just as in Europe, America

demands of commodore perry from the Japanese

• Humane treatment of castaways • Right of American ships to refuel and buy supplies • Opening of Japanese ports for trade • Wanted to do so peacefully but was willing to use force

Five-Year Plans

• Series of goals in which all aspects of economy were controlled •Heavy industries developed, consumer needs ignored

accomplishments of Wang Anshi

• Instituted reforms in attempt to save dynasty's finances (Tax reforms, bundled taxes) • Supported agricultural expansion • Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed ( So that the entire burden didn't go onto the lower classes) • Tried to begin a bureaucracy that stressed analytical thinking rather than memorization of classics

Cause #1 of loss of ottoman territory: European aggression

• Invasions from Russia, Britain, France, and Austria • These threats begin when Napoleon invades Egypt

Revolutionary Movement in Russia (1917)

• Key catalyst: World War I • Russian Revolution of 1917 sparked by: Hardships of WWI; Social tensions of industrialization; Autocratic tsarist regime

dangers to the French Revolution

• King Louis XVI captured while attempting to escape from France with his family and executed shortly thereafter • Monarchy abolished, republic established • Local government (the Commune) called for National Convention to become more radical • National Convention still not recognized by much of France • Other areas of Europe infuriated by execution; declare war on France

Mughal Decline

• The hybrid culture that flourished under Akbar disappeared with the intolerant practices of Aurangzeb, along with any chance for unity • After Aurangzeb's death, Mughal Empire declined through foreign invasion, rise of regional powers, and European encroachment § Mughal empire self-destruct § Europe tries to take it over • Eventually, British would assume control of Indian subcontinent; Mughal Empire officially dissolved in 1858

belief systems of Ming dynasty

• Used Confucianism to depict self as champion of civilization, virtue

concept of legalism

○ Human beings are evil by nature, incapable of being good ○ Rejects governance of superiority in favor of impersonal laws ○ Fear and punishment maintains stability and order

military after bushido era

○ Warfare became more brutal § Battles determined more by size and organization of warlord's forces than the outcome of ritualized samurai combat § Poorly trained peasant armies § Construction of castles

Fall of Ottoman empire

○ Local powers took advantage, decentralizing gov't ○ Loss of territory to Catherine the Great (Crimea, Black Sea), constant conflict with Safavids took toll on Ottomans § No longer have a Monopoly on Mediterranean trade

What's different about the end of these modern-day empires

○ Mobilization of the masses within the colonies around a nationalist ideology ○ Creation of a large number of independent nation-states following the empire's breakdown, each claiming an equal place in the world

Mongols in russia

○ Mongols (golden horde) terrorized Russia § Sacked and burned Kiev and Moscow ○ Mongols are ousted from Russia in 1395

Working Conditions in the industrial revolution

○ Most industrial jobs were unskilled, repetitive, boring ○ Long workdays, few breaks; no control over tools, jobs, work hours (14-16 hour days) • Women earned one-third, one-half the salary of men • Children often brought to factories, began working as young as 5 or 6 • Employers preferred children (cheaper, more docile, could access smaller spaces more easily)

Pan-Arabism

○ Reference to all Arab peoples, groups forming together to create one single entity ○ Former Arab colonies easily gain independence from their mother countries post-World War II ○ Desired the creation of creation and political unification of the Arab world (region with shared language, culture and history)

Changes under Stalin

○ Reign of Terror ○ Collectivization ○ Five-Year Plans ○ Glorification of Stalin

why were the Bourgeoisie disliked

○ Traditional aristocracy lost relevance, many fell into debt § They don't like the Bourgeoisie and nether do the lower class § Have no power anymore

258: "The White Man's Burden" •

Poem by Rudyard Kipling that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations. • Christian missionaries in particular were supportive of this moral duty, as they often sought only to bring Christianity to newly acquired lands but to "civilize" the native peoples.

what is important about the sahel

Point of exchange between North and Sub-Saharan Africa; important region of trade

125: Ghana •

Primary state of West Africa: located between the Senegal and Niger rivers c. 750-1250. • Ghana became increasingly important as a result of increased trans-Saharan trade (especially gold, which Ghana itself did not produce but acquired from the south). • Strengthened empire through taxation and control of gold trade; also traded ivory and slaves. • In exchange for gold, Ghana received horses, cloth, manufactured goods, and salt. • Islam spread to Ghana across trade routes.

who created legalism

Qin Shihuandi

who reunited china after the warring states period

Qin Shihuandi

Bushi

Regional war lords (many married into imperial family to control policies

Monotheism

Religion with only one god

Neo- Confucianism

Revival of pure Confucian thought and teachings

who founded the Roman kingdom

Romulus founds Rome Selected 100 of the highest nobility to serve as advisory committee

Nuremberg Laws

Said that anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent was Jewish and could not be a German citizen

Reciprocal obligations in manorialism

Serfs were obligated to give their lord a portion of their produce Lords protected serfs and provide everyday needs

Warring states period

Series of several prominent families that rise up these families try to get power Fallowing fall of Zhou, states wages war for power over china

punic wars

Series of three wars fought against Carthage After three wars, Carthage was sacked

chinese daoist architecture

Set in all of the nature The trees look just like the pagoda in the middle Very orderly and harmonious with nature Significant amount of diffusion between Daoism and Buddhism

Hawaii in WWII

Site of American naval base at Pearl Harbor, where the Japanese launched an attack (December 7, 1941)

Tokyo Bay

Site of Japanese surrender to Douglas MacArthur, end of WWII

87: Spread of Epidemic Diseases •

Smallpox and measles were the most pervasive; bubonic plague also broke out. • Problem: epidemics devastated communities because they had no immunities and no medicines to fight against them. • Smallpox devastated the Roman Empire—reduced population by approximately one-quarter during the 2nd century B.C.E. • The bubonic plague, or Black Death, started in China and spread to Europe along trade routes in the early 1330s. It killed an estimated 25 million people, or one-third of Europe's population. • Epidemics led to social change; trade declined, and people learned to be self-sufficient.

140: Sufis •

Sufis focused on a personal relationship with Allah rather than a strict interpretation of Islam. They allowed worship of traditional gods, whom they believed were manifestations of Allah. • Sufis succeeded in converting people in India, sub-Saharan Africa, and southeastern Asia to their mystic ways from 1000 to 1500. • Sufis hoped that a flexible, tolerant approach to Islam would make it more palatable and intensify its spread.

who founded mali

Sundiata

The first reich

The Holy Roman Empire

Who was the First European nation to engage in Age of Exploration

The Portuguese

the second Reich

The Rule of Otto von Bismarck Pre-WWI

158: Commercial Revolution •

The changing nature of trade and business in this period was known as the Commercial Revolution. • Beginning in Europe in the early 1500s, nations competed to expand their empires overseas. • The establishment of large colonial empires generated great wealth for many European nations and led to the establishment of new business practices, including joint-stock companies.

the third reich

The third great German Empire

food reasons for human sacrifice

They ate whoever they sacrificed

Religion of western europe

They were predominantly catholic

where does Emperor Gaozu of Tang expand the dynasty to

Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, Korea

who united the franks

United by Charles Martel in the 700s

Paddle-wheel steamboat

(Robert Fulton) • Inspired steamships that transported across Atlantic

Irrigation used in Egypt

They used basin irrigation

26: Zhou Dynasty •

Ruled by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws and justice. • Allied with Shang, adopted customs and culture, and then overthrew Shang king. • All power and loyalty transferred to Zhou dynasty. • Zhou theory of politics: Events of Heaven and Earth are closely related (see Mandate of Heaven) • Zhou cultural achievements: poetry, history, rituals, political essays, morals, religion, and philosophy. • Most writings lost, but Book of Songs preserved early Zhou literature.

85: Byzantium and Russia •

Russia created several trading centers, including Kiev along the Dnieper River. • In 989 C.E., Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity as a result of his exposure to Byzantium; his subjects followed. • Other Byzantine influences included the Cyrillic alphabet, writing, codified laws, and art and architecture (for example, onion domes). • After Constantinople fell, Russia named Moscow the world's third Rome—insinuating that they had inherited the imperial power, as the Byzantines had inherited it from the Romans. • Center of Orthodox Christianity shifts northward from Constantinople to Moscow.

374: Persian Gulf War (1991) •

Saddam Hussein's Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait and took control of its oil fields. • The U.S. response was initially a trade embargo because they saw this action as a threat to the flow of oil and to Saudi Arabia. However, with Middle Eastern nations pitted against each other, a coalition of United Nations' peacekeeping troops led by the U.S. were soon sent in to Saudi Arabia.

64: Greek Philosophy—Socrates •

Socrates developed a method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions; his student Plato recorded his thoughts in a series of writings called dialogues. • Socrates suggested that honor was more important than wealth and fame and stressed the importance of personal integrity: "The unexamined life is not worth living." • Charged with encouraging immorality, Socrates was tried by Athenian citizens in 399 B.C.E. He was sentenced to death and chose to drink hemlock, a poison.

162: Spanish Conquest of Americas •

Spanish conquistadores explored the New World, many in search of gold and other riches, others to convert the indigenous population to Christianity. • Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico in 1519 and within two years conquered the Aztec Empire. • In 1522, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire along the west coast of South America. • Cortés and Pizarro owed victory to technological advantages, including steel armor and guns, as well as their effective use of horses and the formation of alliances with hostile tribes. • Diseases to which the native people had no immunity, such as smallpox, decreased and weakened the population. • It is estimated that in 100 years the population of the former Aztec Empire decreased from 26 million to just over 1 million. • After conquest of the Incas and the Aztecs, Spain established colonies in the New World. • Dutch, English, and French explorers followed, hoping to establish their own colonies.

Railroads and locomotives

(George Stephenson) • Transported people and goods long distance at speed

Puddling

(Henry Cort) • Burned away iron impurities using coke, produced high-quality iron

Steam engine

(James Watt) • Better way of powering machinery, fired by coal (ships, locomotives) • Used first in factories and then in boats

The Reign of Terror

(Sept. 1793-July 1794) launched in effort to eliminate presumed enemies of the state, revolution • Yearlong effort to eliminate any enemies of the state and revolution • Instituted the guillotine, public drownings, death by cannon fire, grapeshot; arrested and imprisoned hundreds of thousands • Made terror a deliberate government policy

little ice age

(global temperatures dropped worldwide), leading to agricultural distress, famine, spread of epidemics

182: Abolition of Slavery •

The end of slavery took many years, beginning with the end of the slave trade. • Abolitionist societies in America and Europe appealed to governments and individuals to stop the practice; religious groups, such as the Quakers, were very active. • Freed slaves often spoke or wrote about the horrors of being a slave. • Societies shifted from agrarian-based activities to manufacturing, and factory workers were needed; capitalists discovered that paying factory workers was cheaper and more profitable than purchasing slaves. • At the turn of the 19th century, many countries began to ban the sale of slave, and by the middle of the century the end of slavery was well under way. The United States emancipated slaves as a result of the Civil War.

109: Feudalism •

Basic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs. • Established by European nobles in an attempt to protect their lands and maintain order during a time of weak central power and frequent invasions. • Local lords had the power to administer local affairs, collect taxes, mobilize armed forces, and settle legal disputes. • Land (called fiefs) was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals. • Characterized by a strong connection between local political and military authorities. • A feudal system was also instituted in Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate (independent of the European system).

34: Teotihuácan •

City built in central Mexico because of the abundant supplies of fish; developed agriculture by 500 B.C.E., rapid expansion after 200 B.C.E. • At height (approximately 400-600 C.E.) 200,000 people. • Two most important monuments: colossal pyramids of the sun and the moon. • Artwork suggests a theocratic government—priests were crucial to the survival of society—kept calendar and scheduled planting and harvesting.

208: Tokugawa Period: Political Change •

The unification of Japan in the late 1500s led to the establishment of a military government led by a shogun, which brought nearly 300 years of peace and stability to the nation (the Pax Tokugawa). • Their policies promoted isolation and regulated contact with foreigners. • Shoguns (supreme military rulers) sought to centralize their authority and maintain stability. • In prior periods, a decentralized feudal structure had allowed for the daimyo (landowning families) to gain power and rule independent of the emperor; shoguns centralized authority and thus took power away from the daimyo. • Daimyo estates were broken up, and attendance at the imperial court in Edo (modern-day Tokyo) was required; daimyo needed the permission of the shogun to marry and even to repair their castles.

Devshirme

Male children taken, placed with Turkish families and raised as Muslims; most trained to enter janissaries, top fraction served in gov't administration

goods exchanged from americas to eurasia

Turkey, tobacco, sweet potato, potato, squash, avocado, peppers, cassava, peanut, tomato, corn, beans, pumpkin, pineapple, cacao, vanilla, quinine

decline of the medieval world

- After 1300: overpopulation, severe famine; warfare, and disease - 1348: Bubonic Plague (Black Death) -Knights lose military purpose; become decorative

Agricultural revolution is the same as...

The same thing as Neolithic Revolution

Ruling styles of Qin Shihuandi

Tyrant, rules with an iron fist Very centralized state Legalism instituted, Confucian scholars persecuted, books burned

273: U.S. Open Door Policy •

U.S. foreign policy that sought equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for U.S. businesses. • Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 because the United States was one of the few imperial powers that did not have a sphere of influence in China. • Although it was never formally agreed upon, the policy was unchallenged.

what are the muslim faithful called

Umma

Samsara

constant cycle of rebirth (Hindus try to escape it)

Shah Jahan (1628-1658)

constructed Taj Mahal (1653) using imported silver; considered hallmark of Mughal architecture

what method was used to build the grand canal

corvée

was islam spread peaceful

mostly but it sometimes wasnt

where does the eastern roman empire spread to

spreads to Romania, Ukraine, and Russia

totalitarianism

§ Government has total control over every aspect of people live § The individual is a servant of the state § Books, radio, films and schools used to promote the government's philosophy

Results of Chinese population Growth

§ Growing pressure on the land § Smaller farms for China's huge peasant population § Unemployment § Poverty § Starvation and misery

Timespan of Gupta Dynasty

320-550 ce

terracotta army

7000 life sized soldiers found in the tomb of Qin

when did the Umayyad arrive in cordoba

756 CE

who created the caliphate of cordoba

An Umayyad survivor, Abd-Ar- Rahman, flees to the Iberian peninsula and creates it

Natural defences of egypt

Lots of hot desert that you would have to cross Navy populated the Mediterranean Sea Cataracts and waterfalls

two song dynasties

Northern Song: 960-1127 Southern Song: 1127-1279

appeal of christianity

Promise of eternal salvation Felt familiar and more relatable (roman Gods and goddesses had weird stories) Fulfilled the human need to belong (Need at least 2 to have a mass)

anthropology

comparative study of human societies and cultures of their development

what did indian trade depend on?

depended on the Monsoon Wind

caliphate

dynasty of Islamic caliph

Height of Ottoman empire

extended into southern and eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa under Suleiman ○ Initial maritime strategy of confronting the Portuguese in Indian Ocean, but faded as Mediterranean took priority ○ Empire rested on military and sultan, so changes to military structure weakened Ottomans

Jacques Cartier (1535)

first European to sail inland in North America, sailed into St. Lawrence River, claimed Canada for France

Fear of Communism in Germany

i. Germans feared a Communist Revolution due to a bad economy ii. Nazis promised to save Germany from Communism

Paleolithic timespan

lasted for over 95% of human time on earth

Serfs in Feudal japan

lost status and freedom, were treated as property of the local lord (turned to buddhism, it was successful in all classes)

ahimsa

no harm should be done to others

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

reinstituted many restrictions on Hindus; led to increased tensions § Brings back traditional Muslim beliefs and policies

United States in WWII

§ Allied power in WWII § Led by FDR, then Harry Truman

Battle of Midway

§ Decisive American naval victory § Turning point of Pacific War

Galileo Galilei

§ Development of the telescope § Allows people to discover people that were not visible with the naked eye § Able to determine that the first time that the moon has craters § First person to go public in Copernicus' heliocentric theory § Condemned by the Church, placed under house arrest for the rest of his life

Tlatoani

§ Each city state is governed by one § Make major decisions from tax to war § Increasingly considered a living god

Military Under Mussolini

§ Instituted a new form of drafting for the military □ Drafted men for 4 years of service followed by 11 years on reserve § Required military training in schools and Fascist youth groups

League of Nations

§ International peacekeeping body created from Wilson's Fourteen Points § Folded and replaced by the United Nations in 1945

United Nations

§ International peacekeeping organization that replaced the League of Nations § Formed in 1945, near the end of WWII

zionism

§ Jewish nationalist movement begun by Theodor Herzl in 1897 § Called for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine § Gained support after Britain released the Balfour Declaration (1917) § Following WWII, the United Nations divided land in Palestine roughly in half, granting 55% to Jews § 1948: Israel declares independence despite the rejection of Arab states

Eastern Front

• Did not use trench warfare • War involved constant changes in battlefield positions • Similar to Western Front, neither Germany nor Russia achieved complete victory • August 1914: Russia invaded eastern Germany, but suffered defeat, continued losing from 1914 through 1917

How did tang and Song brake up aristocratic estates

• Divided among peasants more equally (Kind of like communism)

where is the Qing dynasty from

• From Manchus (north of China in Manchuria, bordering Korea) invaded China, claimed Mandate of Heaven

time frame of the shang dynasty

1750-1122 BCE

Ashoka life time

268-232 BCE after his death the mauryan empire breaks up

197: The Enlightenment •

Also known as the Age of Reason. • The application of natural laws and reasoning led to new thinking in regard to human behavior. • In Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, thinkers began to reject traditional ideas and apply principles of reason and nature to government. • Philosophers such as John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Voltaire were among the most influential Enlightenment thinkers; their ideas caused people to question traditional forms of government, most notably absolutism.

accomplishments of the roman empire

Began a new system of governing, giving most authority to Augustus Established uniform currency, postal system; ordered construction of bridges, aqueducts, buildings; supported arts Ushers in the Pax Romana

literature and drama of the greek plays

Began as a tribute as a tribute to Dionysus the god of wine Bacchanals- festival where they got drunk to praise gods Began to draw crowd due to their spectacle Eventually evolved into plays with actors (all male) Culturally united city states First appearance of drama and theatre

aftermath of caesers deth

Caesars grandnephew Octavian returns to Rome Mark Antony and Octavian struggle for power, Octavian forces defeat Antony's Antony flees to Egypt and commits suicide with Cleopatra Octavian changes name to Augustus

capital of the Aztec

Capital is tenochtitlan located In lake texcoco

343: Geneva Conference •

Cold War peace conference held in 1954. • Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the seventeenth parallel, North Vietnam to be controlled by communist leader Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam to remain in the control of noncommunists. Led to U.S. support of the French war effort and South Vietnam. • President Eisenhower feared the domino theory would befall Southeast Asia (if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, they all would). • Geneva Agreement required elections, which would have resulted in the election of Ho Chi Minh. The United States advocated canceling elections and instituting a democratic government in South Vietnam—a violation of the Geneva Agreement.

379: Commercial Cellular/Mobile Phones •

Developed with radio technology from World War II, cell phones (as they are popularly called) are divided into four generations to mark changes/technological developments. • The first generation used multiple cell sites and transferred calls from one cell site to the next as the user traveled between cells during a conversation. • There have been three subsequent generations, each improving on the technological achievements from the previous generation in an effort to support increased demand by users to access data services.

who make christianity the official religion of rome

Emperor Theodosius did this in 391 CE

Homo Erectus discovered...

First discovered fire

Homo erectus was first discovered...

First discovered in 1891 in Indonesia

sumerians were the first to...

First to go from a hunting and foraging society to an agrarian society

256: Emancipation of Serfs in Russia (1861) •

Following a humiliating defeat by Western powers in the Crimean War, Russian czars sought to reform society through state-sponsored industrialization. • Following years of social unrest and demands to end serfdom on moral grounds, Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom in 1861. • Some emancipated serfs remained on the land, but their lives barely improved; many others moved to cities and became a new urban workforce in Russia's push to industrialize. • Although it was hoped that in setting the serfs free, agricultural productivity would be improved, there was little change; additionally, new social problems arose as a result of industrialization. • By the turn of the 20th century, the nation was on the brink of revolution.

who are the 3 grassland kingdoms

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

Zionism- definition

Jewish nationalist movement begun in Eastern Europe by Theodor Herzl who called for the establishment for an independent Jewish state somewhere in the world

black death

Kills ½ - 2/3 European population Started in China; travels along Silk Road

First -world

More well developed, democratic = the rich north

129: Traditional African Religious Beliefs •

No unified religious beliefs. Many were monotheistic, with a single divine male force who was both omnipotent and omniscient (seen as being responsible for setting the world in motion and providing it with order). • Lesser gods and spirits were associated with the sun, wind, rain, trees, rivers, and other forces of nature (animism). • Belief that the souls of dead ancestors had the power to intervene in a person's life, positively or negatively, depending on how the ancestors had been revered. • Rituals included prayers, animal sacrifices, and ceremonies marking birth, marriage, and death. • Religious specialists were believed to have the ability to mediate between humans and the spirit world; in times of despair, they were consulted and in turn consulted oracles and prescribed remedies (medicines, sacrifices).

131: Medieval Colonization •

Once regional states emerged to protect Europe, Vikings looked to colonize elsewhere. • Scandinavians, led by Eric the Red, established a colony in Greenland during the late 9th and early 10th centuries. • About 1000, Leif Ericsson established a colony in Newfoundland, Canada, for Scandinavia and called it Vinland—it had plentiful supplies of timber and fish. • Vinland was most likely occupied for several decades—ultimately settlers left or died there owing to a lack of resources. • The Vikings of Scandinavia, specifically Denmark, southern Norway, and southern Sweden, established colonies in Iceland and then Greenland.

Vietnam (French Indochina)

Over 1 million estimated dead due to the 1945 famine during Japanese occupation

what did the byzantine emperors see themselves as

Rulers saw themselves as roman emperors; government was seen as continuation of the roman empire

220: Ivan the Terrible •

Russian czar (r. 1533-1584) who continued to expand the empire and to consolidate the czar's absolute authority. • Sought to eliminate opposition to his authority by killing boyars (Russian nobles) he suspected of disloyalty and confiscating their lands. • His actions, while harsh and cruel, ensured that there would be few challenges to the Russian autocracy.

dualistic

belief in only two gods

the two rival groups in africa are fighting because...

both have different beliefs and want to be superior

polis

city states that were a center of power (established by early greece)

in the abbasid caliphate what did the increase of mercenary do

create social unrest and distrust of Abbasids because of the aggressiveness of the soldgiers

consul

held executive, legislative, and judicial power during peacetime; highest military commander in war

Laissez Faire

idea that gov't should refrain from interfering in economic affairs (literally "let them do")

Little Ice Age

led to decreased agricultural production, revolts, emigrations § Emigrations- people leaving

mass production

making of many identical items by breaking process into simple, repetitive tasks

what did clans often fight over

over pasturelands (needed for grazing lands) caused inter-clan rivalry's

concept of free will

people can choose whether or not they want to follow the law, god wants them to make certain decisions but is up to them as to whether or not they want to follow it.

Adam Smith: author of Wealth of Nations

published in 1775 • Argued that if individuals were allowed to seek personal gain, the effect would be to increase the general welfare (i.e. everyone would work to establish a system that would be beneficial to all) • Talks about why business should be able to do what they want without the government telling them what to do • Referred to as "the invisible hand"

Chinese junks

refined in late Tang and Song period, best ships in the world at their time

what happened after emperor Shenzong dies

reforms made by Wang were reversed by neo-Confucians and new emperor

how were internal problems solved in a stateless sociaty

resolved by allowing dissidents to leave and establish new villages

filial piaty

respect and duty

Yongle and the ming dynasty

seized power (1403-1424), returned capital to Beijing, completed construction on Forbidden City begun during the Yuan § Giant fortress/ empirical palace/ military barricade § Symbol of Chinese identity § Part fortress, part religious site, part bureaucratic center, part imperial residence • Restored commercial links, but made use of maritime routes, as hostile Mongols still controlled caravan routes § Lots of cyanates that are still in operation in the west Try to avoid contact with the Mongols

pictograms

symbols that represent words or ideas

Conquistadors

"conquerors" (Spanish soldier, explorer) • Come to the new world in waves • Wealth (gold, silver, and spices) • Power and prestige • Spreading of Catholic Christianity to natives □ Considered natives to be savage and pagan • Increased opportunities for Spanish trade • (Most famous: Cortes and Pizarro)

The Global South

"the Global South" - Formerly labeled "third-world" or "nonaligned" during the Cold War, now often referred to as "developing nations" or "majority world"

viking rade timeline

8th - 11th century

buddhist stupas architecture

A Buddhist religious site that contains relics, Ashoka made a ton of them and then spread them out At the top it is the void, what is among the skies Then wind, then fire, then water, then earth Contains things like bones of the Buddha, wood from the tree that he sat under when he reached enlightenment

58: Polis •

A Greek word meaning a city, city-state, and body of citizens. • Attracted large populations because it offered safety; became center of trade. • Levied taxes; took farming surplus from countryside to feed inhabitants. • Political models could include, but were not limited to, monarchies and tyrannical rulers.

174: Indentured Labor •

A system in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for their paid passage to the New World. • The system developed as the result of the demand for cheap labor for the large colonial plantations in North America, which by the 1600s were focused on the production of cash crops such as tobacco and cotton. • Unlike the Spanish, who had success in drafting the native population for labor needs, colonists in North America were unsuccessful in forcing natives to work on their plantations and thus needed an alternative labor supply. • Although this system lasted until the 20th century, plantation owners in the 17th century looking for an even cheaper supply of workers began to import African slaves.

276: Sino-Japanese War •

A war fought between China and Japan for control of Korea. • Korea became a target of Japan's expansionist policy (following rapid industrialization in the Meiji era). • In 1894, when a rebellion led by pro-Japanese reformists broke out in Korea, the Korean government asked China to send in troops to help restore order; Japan in turn sent troops and captured the Korean emperor. • Japan's modern army quickly defeated the Chinese troops, and in April 1895 the Qing signed the Treaty of Shimonoseku. • The Qing agreed to stay out of Korea, gave up rights to parts of Manchuria, and ceded Taiwan to the Japanese. • The war was a clear indication of Japan's imperial aspirations in Asia and a reflection of China's inability to keep pace with a fast-changing world.

overview of the catholic church in western europe

-Opportunities for abuse and corruption -Church sometimes owned large landholdings -Clear hierarchy of Church power like Roman government

who was the emperor in Japan's imperial age

5th c: Yamato clan emerged as emperors

378: Machine Gun •

A weapon invented by Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884. The Maxim used energy from recoil force to expel the spent cartridge and insert the next one. It could fire 400 to 600 rounds per minute, but it was heavy and cumbersome. Also, it required a team of men to operate it and needed a constant supply of water to prevent it from overheating and shutting down. • Despite numerous drawbacks, it was used as a defensive weapon during World War I. • It was used as an offensive weapon when mounted on aircraft, tanks, and other vehicles. • Improvements were made on later models, and by 1918 the machine gun was operated by one man and was portable.

359: Nelson Mandela •

A leader of the ANC (African National Congress), arrested for military protests against apartheid and sentenced to jail for life. • Became a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement and white oppression. • Released from jail by President F. W. DeKlerk in 1990. • 1994: Became first black president of South Africa following the nation's first free elections.

290: Chinese Revolution, 1911 •

A revolution in 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor of China and the end of the Qing Empire. • The overthrow of the existing government came as a result of the rise of revolutionary and nationalistic feelings across China. • Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a Western-educated reformer, led a revolutionary movement based on the Three Principles of the People and in 1912 declared a Chinese Republic. • Dr. Sun Yat-sen was president of the new republic, but the new government lacked stability and soon the nation was involved in a civil war.

216: Akbar the Great •

A ruler of the Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605), he clearly established the absolute authority of the emperor and a policy of tolerance toward the many religions in his empire. • Eliminated the jizya, a tax imposed on Hindus, and allowed Hindus to rise to positions of power in his government. • Modernized the army and encouraged long-distance trade. • Generous patron of the arts.

Human sacrifice

- Aztec expanded practice into a cult where military supplied war captives for sacrifice - Seen as honorable to be sacrificed

mongols in battle

-used horses -used bows and arrow, archery -very organized -focused on their goals -Strong, fast, persistent -THEY KILL EVERYONE

Europian feudal system

1- kings 2- nobles 3- knights 4- peasants

the caste system higherarchy

1. Kings and priests 2. warrior class 3. working job workers 4. menial job workers 5. untouchables

180: Impact of Atlantic Slave Trade in Africa •

Africans who participated in the traditional slave trade enslaved Africans in the interior regions and then sold them to the Europeans (Europeans lacked both the military strength and the immunity to diseases, such as malaria, to go beyond the coast). • The export of so many millions, particularly men (it is estimated that two out of three were men), impacted family life, and in many of the areas from which the slaves were taken there tended to be majority female populations. • Even with the export of so many Africans, the population did not decrease on the continent; the introduction of new food crops from the Americas helped to stabilize the population and may have even led to an increase. • This form of chattel slavery led to an increase in intertribal warfare and over time the dissolution of once powerful kingdoms, particularly those located along the coast.

266: Opium War: Results •

Britain's superior military led to a decisive victory over the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties. • The Treaty of Nanjing required China to pay for the cost of the war as well as the cost of the destroyed opium; China was forced to open additional ports to foreign trade, give up control of Hong Kong to Britain, and grant British citizens extraterritoriality. • These treaties weakened China economically, and other foreign countries took advantage of China's weakened state and established their own spheres of influence there. • The sustained presence of foreigners in the nation led to conflict within China; Chinese nationalists blamed the government for the presence of foreigners in the country. • In the second half of the 19th century, Chinese nationalism increased as groups worked to rid the country of foreign influence.

108: Decline of Carolingian Empire •

Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor from the pope in 800 but died shortly thereafter, in 814. • Charlemagne was succeeded by his son, Louis to Pious, who kept the empire together. Not as brilliant as his father, Louis subsequently lost control of his bureaucracy. • Louis's three sons fought over their inheritance—each got an equal portion (Treaty of Verdun, 843) of the now dissolved empire. • External pressures were a factor in the decline: Muslims from the south, Magyars from the east, and Vikings from the north.

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

Danish astronomer and his assistance Laws of Motion Able to determine that the Earth is not moving around the sun in a circular orbit but more of an elliptical shape

where is Jainism from

Emerged out of northern India

79: Germanic Invasions •

Ended imperial Roman power in Western Europe by 476 C.E.; power later shifts to Byzantium in the east. • Nomadic Germanic tribes—Visigoths, Huns (led by Attila), Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks—encountered little effective resistance. • Controlled the western half of the Roman Empire: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa. • Led to decentralized rule and to the establishment of the feudal system.

126: Mali and Mansa Musa •

Found trans-Saharan trade more beneficial than Ghana; controlled and taxed almost all trade through West Africa; connected to North Africa through huge caravans. • Important cities: Niani (capital), Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenné. • Mali rulers honored Islam. King Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca (1324-1325) and brought with a huge caravan of soldiers, attendants, subjects, slaves, and camels carrying gold. Built capital at Timbuktu. • Mansa Musa built mosques to honor Islam and sent subjects to study under Muslim scholars. • Established religious schools with Arabian and North African teachers.

who is responsible for the spread of Buddhism?

Ashoka

Blitzkrieg ("lightning war")

Germany military strategy using planes, tanks, and troop carriers to rapidly advance into enemy territory

3: Paleolithic Era—Economy •

Called Old Stone Age (c. 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago). • Greatest concerns were steady and plentiful food supply and clothing. • Stone and bone tools included spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots. • Humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers. • Predates agricultural societies.

Characteristics of Civilizations

Cities, Government systems, religion, social classes, writing system, art and architecture, Job specialization, public work

capital of byzantine empire

Constantinople

hellenism

Culture of ancient Greek spread by alexander Based in belief that world is rational symmetrical Strong emphasis on symmetry, proportion, idealism Evidenced in Greek sculpture and architecture

when did the Kievan Decline

Decline from 12th century

Vasco da Gama (1497)

first European to reach India by sea from Europe (meant Europeans no longer had to go through Muslim middlemen to access Asian markets) and first to set up trading post (Calicut, India); first voyage yielded 60x the original investment • Trade rout directly from Europe to Asia by sea • Sets up trading posts along the way • Marks a shift in a way that trading will be done in the future • Followed by English (India) and Dutch (South Africa, Southeast Asia) □ Origins of two major joint stalks companies

Ferdinand Magellan (1519)

attempted circumnavigation • Starts out with 5 ships and only one makes it back with 18 people □ He was not one of them • He sailed around the world

Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524)

first for France to reach Americas, explored east coast from North Carolina to New York □ Later eaten by people

The "Agency" Explanation of african and asian independence

focuses on particular groups or individuals whose deliberate actions brought down the colonial system Agency: deliberate initiatives of historical actors

Christopher Newport (1607)

founded Jamestown, grew tobacco □ Jamestown nearly fails at first (first permanent English settlement) □ Spent time looking for gold instead of farming □ Discovered tobacco

what did an Incan king have to do to prove that he was a worthy leader?

had to prove himself through military conquest (Conquered hears were taken hostage in Cuzco)

xia dynasty

has no concrete evidence that it actually existed

sericulture

has to do with the production of silk

why was Muhammad leave mecca

he Begins with a small following, quickly grows Merchant clans saw Muhammad as a threat and planned to kill him so muhammad flees to save his life

Louis XIV

hot shot, calls himself the sun king because he thinks the world revolves around him Enters American revolution, 7 years' war, French and Indian War

Janissaries

began as Christian POWs, evolved into a levy (tax) on Christian villages in the Balkans

bronze age began...

began before 3000 BCE in some areas (modern day greece and china)

what is the western roman empire governed by

by an emperor who leads with the assistance of the senate

how did ghana raise to power

by taxing on salt and gold

Francisco Pizarro (1532)

conquered Inca, built Lima in place of Cuzco; became part of Peru • Sailed into south America • Took over the Inca • Told the Inca if they wanted their emperor they needed one room of gold and 2 rooms of silver

what happens when muhammad returned to mecca

conquers the city; Ka'aba is now a Muslim shrine ( Once in mecca he removes all the polytheistic idols but leaves the black stone)

what was chinese money made of in the Zhou dynasty

copper coins

Moldboard

curved iron plate, allowed deeper turning of heavy soil

jus gentium

customs and laws shared by all sociaties

jus civile

customs and laws specific to each socaity

Ivan III

cut of Mongols after fall of Constantinople § Claimed byzantine double eagle as a symbol for absolute authority § Claimed Moscow the new Rome

iconoclasm

destroying any images or statues of holy figures

where most cities developed

developed near bodies of water

Fear of Communism in Italy

i. Italian workers started taking over factories ii. Italian peasants started seizing land iii. This is similar to how the Russian Revolution started that brought Communism to Russia iv. Fascists promised to stop the Socialists & the Communists v. Factory & land owners now supported the fascists

Appeal to Nationalism in Italy

i. Italy was upset that it did not get more land in peace treaties after WWI ii. Fascists said they would get more land and restore the Roman Empire iii. This appealed to the youth, veterans, and military people

Appeal to Nationalism in Germany

i. Many Germans were unable to accept defeat in WWI ii. Nazis pledged to tear up the Treaty of Versailles and denounce war-guilt clause iii. Demanded return of German territories and colonies iv. Defended Germany's right to rearm v. Claimed Germany had been "stabbed in the back" by Jews and Communists vi. Promised to create a powerful German Empire

what did islam do to the tribes

it united them and gave them a strong sense of community and a moral code

Agricultural revolution allows

permanent civilizations, pastoralism, domestication of plants and animals

Cyrus the great

persian ruler that conquered Babylonians allowed exiled Jews to return to Jerusalem. He also rebuilt the temple that the Babylonians destroyed

Bronze was first used by...

Hittites first used it

149: Porcelain •

A delicate, yet durable ceramic made of clay. • Although it was likely produced during the later Han period, it was during the Tang dynasty that production was mastered and it became a luxury product in high demand in the Islamic world. • The Tang had a complete monopoly as the world's only producer and supplier. • During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), a blue and white style was developed.

Lateen sail

sail in any direction (Alexander's time/Greeks)

Francis Drake (1577)

second to circumnavigate the globe; privateer and pirate who terrorized Spanish, defeated armada □ Spanish didn't like him □ He steals from the Spanish □ Reaches uncharted territories □ Defeats the "invincible armada" - marks a turning point where England has the best navy

Simony

selling or buying of church offices □ Positions in the church- bishops and priests □ Very prestigious to have these positions

Use of false relics

selling, promoting "relics" that were not certified People dressed as monks and sold weird things that supposedly related to Jesus

Traded objects along the silk road

silk (most valuable), spices, textiles, technology, science, and religion

who are the rightly guided caliphs

the 4 leaders that came after muhammad (Abu Bakr; Umar; 'Uthman; Ali)

who ends up winning the fight between the two rival groups in africa

the Almohads defeat the Almoravids

who created the first alphabet

the Phoenicians called the phoenician alphabet and our modern day alphabet is modeled after this (where we get the word phonics)

what was the encomienda system modeled after

the Reconquista (Spanish reclamation of Spain from the Muslim Moors/Almohads and subsequent imposition of Spanish culture upon the conquered Muslims)

Confucianism beliefs

the Universe was governed by a god Heaven was a real place People were capable of being good but could not do this by himself Contributions of others and fulfilling your responsibility to others

who established the caste system

the Vendism people established it

Dissidents

the easing of tension between countries (United States and Russia)

han dynasty happens at the same time as what?

the roman empire

divine athority

the ruler was a god or that the god gave the leader the right to rule

who was the rival to the islamic empire

the sassanid empire

who are the sudanic states

the sudanic states is another word for the grassland kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)

who ran the community in the Bedouin tribes

the women because the men were often gone because they were merchants

analects

the words of confucious

what were the abbasids stance on converts

they believed converts were equal to those of born muslims

what affects did the seljuk turks have

they conquered the buyids in 1055 and later, when they defeated the Byzantine empire, ultimately began the crusades

what happened when the christians took over jerusalem

they had control for a little but were not able to maintain control

how did Phoenicians trade

they traded mainly by water

what were the inca famous for

they were famous for their road building

when did Ming dynasty take control

took control in 1368 after Zhu Yuanzhang rebelled, assumed name Hongwu (1368-1398), moved capital to Nanjing on Yangtze § Originally a monk and the Mongols destroyed his monetary § Did not like the Mongols AT ALL

how long was the mandate of heaven used

used up until the 20th century

What was one's caste originally based on

was based originally on skin color

Persecution of the Jews in the Third Reich

§ Did not fit in Hitler's Aryan race § 1935: Nuremburg Laws passed § Placed limits on leaving Germany, ousted from their jobs, businesses and homes § Jews required to wear identification, gold Stars of David "Kristallnacht" (November 1938)

Ethiopia in WWII

§ During the Scramble for Africa, it was not claimed (although Italy tried and failed) § Mussolini invaded to make up for Italian failure during Scramble, succeeds in doing so § Allied forces did not intervene; part of the appeasement policy

Famous conservatives

§ Edmund Burke: change should take place as natural occurrence § Prince Metternich: leader of Congress of Vienna § Holy Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia repressed revolutionary ideas § Most Romanov tsars: sought to preserve traditions, failed to modernize § Empress Dowager Cixi: opposed foreign technologies, influence

Détente

§ Effort to reduce tensions between the two homogenies § Encouraged cooperation/working together in numerous arenas § SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) I and II § Helsinki Accords- Attempt to improve relations between West and Communist bloc § Relations worsened during and after the Soviet-Afghan War

difference between feudal europe and feudal japan

§ Europe: simply a land-for-loyalty exchange § Japan: based upon group/family identity and loyalty

• Japan and the Great Depression

§ Exports fell by 50% between 1929 and 1931 § More than a million urban workers unemployed § Foods scarce; families forced to sell daughters to brothels to become prostitutes so that they could afford to continue living ○ Many began to question whether democracy, capitalism could address Japan's "national emergency" ○ Radical Nationalism grew as a movement while democracy and capitalism are being questioned

Causes of World War II

§ Failure of the League of Nations § Appeasement § Invasion of Poland

Francisco Franco

§ Fascist dictator and leader of Spain § Staged coup that set off Spanish Civil War; supported by Mussolini and Hitler § Fascism ends up spreading to Spain because of the support Francisco Franco receives

The Division of Germany

§ February 1945: Yalta Conference □ One of the most important discussion points to come out of Yalta was how Germany would be divided/partitioned □ Germany, as well as Berlin, divided into four occupied Zones □ Controlled by France, U.K., U.S. and the USSR § By 1949, had effectively become a democratic Western half (Federal Republic of Germany) and a communist Eastern half (German Democratic Republic) § USSR sought to take total control of the German capital of Berlin, and force the Allies out completely □ 1948-1949: Berlin blockade

Battle of Guadalcanal

§ First major U.S. offensive against Japan, following Pearl Harbor (August 1942) § Ends up being a strategic Allied victory □ One of the first stops on the U.S. and Allied Forces' island-hopping campaign

magnetic compass

§ Floating magnetized needle always pointed north-south; helped China become sea power § Allowed them to be on the same stage as the Arabs

Maginot Line

§ France's defense position on the Western front during WWII § Germans bypassed and invaded through the Low Countries □ Ended up going around the Maginot Line and bypassing the strong fortifications for weak ones by going through Belgium, Luxemburg

Opium Trade political problems

§ Opium was illegal; trade disregarded Chinese law and led to the corruption of many Chinese officials who were bribed to turn a blind eye to the smuggling § Turned a blind eye to smuggle in opium

Yin and Yang

§ Opposite but complementary principals § Everything will become opposite, contains opposite § Goal: keep these sides in check

Iwo Jima

§ Part of U.S. island hopping campaign § First American landing in Japanese territory § American victory after 36-day struggle

"Peace, land, and bread"

§ Peace, land, and bread is all these people want § Rally behind this message and it further weakens the support for Nicholas

why did the Greco- Persian war happen

§ Persia attempts to take over Greece, but Greek city states fend them off

Scorched Earth

§ Policy by which a retreating force destroys any resources that might prove useful to the enemy § Used by Joseph Stalin whenever he lost a battle against the Nazis

what happened when patriarch Michael attacks catholic practices

§ Pope excommunicates Michael § Michael excommunicates the pope

Winston Churchill

§ Prime Minister of the U.K. § Rallied British resistance, moral support during the Battle of Britain

Lend-Lease

§ Program under which U.S. supplied Allied nations with food, oil, weapons in exchange for army and naval bases § Effectively ended U.S. neutrality □ Clear that the U.S. has taken a definitive stance on the war

Militarism of the third reich

§ Used draft to create a large army § Remilitarized the Rhineland § Shifted German industry to war production § Gave military training to youth in schools and youth organizations § This violated the Treaty of Versailles (signed following WWI), but the Allies did nothing to prevent it

Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)

§ Used for the first time effectively during WWII § Secret technology developed in WWII; vital during the Battle of Britain

Inca Socialism

§ Used forced labor for massive projects § Mita (rotational draft system, means "turn")

Total War

§ War using unrestricted weapons, targets and objective; all domestic production committed to war effort § Examples: Battles of Britain and Stalingrad, Atomic bomb, slave labor

why did the east and west Debate over clerical celibacy and use of icons

§ West believes that priests can't get married and in the east they believe that they can § West icons were accepted and they could use the icons to venerate saints, east believed we were venerating false gods

Nazi-Soviet (Nonaggression) Pact

§ a.k.a. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact § Germany and USSR agreed not to attack one another, allowing he Nazis to focus efforts on the Western front (France and Great Britain) § Treaty was broken when Germany attacked Soviet positions in 1941 □ This would be broken when Hitler decides to invade Russia in 1941

equal-field system

Kind of like communism Lowers taxes the government owns all the land and "leases it" to the people

1215: Magna Carta

King John recognized supremacy of written law; was forced by noblemen to adhere to it Granted basic rights to noblemen

Famous radicals

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: author of The Social Contract • Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety • Jeremy Bentham: laws should make as many happy as possible • Karl Marx: author of The Communist Manifesto • Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks: supporters of Marxism/Communism • Emiliano Zapata: leader of Mexican Revolution, seized land from rich

The Taiping Rebellion

• Led to many peasant rebellions and uprisings • 1850-1864 § Leading figure, Hong Xiuquan, proclaimed to be the younger brother of Jesus § Sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" in the world

Portugal v Native People of Indian Ocean

• Macao obtained through bribery, negotiations with Chinese forces • Rest obtained forcibly against small, weak states (e.g., Mombasa, Hormuz, Malacca) • Eventually became overextended, declined by 1600

politics of Ming dynasty

• Policies proved economically unfeasible, Ming gov't came to resemble Yuan (hereditary leadership, same provincial structure) § Became more like the Mongols § Leaders are chosen based on bloodline § No civil service exams § Economy begins to revive

what happens when the Bushido era died

Military division, social change, peasant violence

what is the delian league

Naval defense system organized by Athens to defend against Persian military forces Go around raiding Persian cities and collect money Getting money from tributes from other city states Use the money to make rebuild Athens Other city states are afraid that Athens is going to take its power to far (also made greek city states pay tribute or a protection tax)

210: Ottoman Empire: Rise and Expansion •

In 1453 the Ottoman Turks, nomads from Central Asia, captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul; Ottoman control continued until the 20th century. • Ottoman military success came from their command of gunpowder technology (diffused from China). • The Islamic empire quickly expanded as the Ottomans took control of much of the Middle East and then extended their control to the Balkans and the Crimean Peninsula, creating a multinational empire. • By the mid-1500s, the Ottoman Empire was the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

In 1967 extreme nationalists formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in an effort to combat the Jewish state

238: National Assembly •

In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the National Assembly. • Greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and the success of the American Revolution. • Under the banner "liberty, liberty, and fraternity," they wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, including the protection of private property, and stated the equality of all men and the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people. • A new constitution adopted in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, allowing the king to retain some power. • Unhappiness with this new form of government led to the creation of a new constitution and the end of the National Assembly.

366: Iron Curtain: Demise •

In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, allowing people to travel freely from east to west. Soon the entire wall was torn down, symbolizing the end of the Cold War. • With the end of the Cold War, democracy spread across Eastern Europe, and the Iron Curtain that had for so long represented the symbolic division of Europe no longer existed.

330: Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor •

In an attempt to destroy American naval forces in the Pacific, Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. • President Franklin D. Roosevelt called it "a date which will live in infamy." • Japanese pilots took off from six aircraft carriers and attacked in two waves; they disabled eighteen ships and destroyed two hundred others, the only exception being aircraft carriers not at the base at the time. • On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States; the United States responded by joining the Allies.

54: Jainism •

Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana Mahavira ("the great hero"). Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina ("the conqueror") and called themselves Jains. • Practiced ahimsa—nonviolence to living things or their souls (belief later impacted Hinduism and Buddhism). Extremists swept ground as they walked to avoid harming insects (souls). • Not practical, but attractive—because if all living things possessed a soul, there should not be rigid social classes (belief especially popular among lower classes).

314: Nationalist Movements (II) •

Influenced by Western ideas, struggling for self-determination and/or responding to European imperialism led to a rise in nationalism across the globe after World War I. • Across the globe, Jewish people looked to create a Jewish state in Palestine. • In India, the Indian National Congress led by Mohandas Gandhi brought about demands to the British for self-rule. • In China, the newly formed Chinese republic (1912) was unstable and rival groups competed to increase their influence in the hopes of taking control of the country.

313: Nationalist Movements (I) •

Influenced by Western ideas, struggling for self-determination and/or responding to European imperialism led to a rise in nationalism across the globe after World War I. • In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal led a Turkish nationalist movement that resulted in the overthrow of the Ottoman sultan, the expulsion of foreigners, and the declaration of Turkey as a republic, allowing him to focus on the westernization and the modernization of Turkey. • In Iran, Reza Khan overthrew the shah and set up his own dynasty aimed at modernization and westernization.

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy

Introduced feudal monarchy to England following Norman invasion in 1066 Declares that vassals must swear allegiance to him, not to lords

279: Steam Engine •

Invented in 1765 by James Watt; played a key role in industrialization. • Burns coal to boil water and create steam, which will force a piston to turn a wheel that will drive a mechanical device to perform work. • Replaced pumps powered by coal mines, which were not cost-effective. • By 1800, more than 1,800 steam engines were used in the British Isles. • Steam engines were also prevalent in the textile industry. The use of steam engines led to an increase in productivity and a decrease in price for the consumer.

326: Mukden Incident (Manchurian Incident) •

Occurred in Manchuria in September 1931, when Japanese troops blew up part of the South Manchurian Railway. • Japan accused China of sabotage and used the incident as a pretext to annex Manchuria. • By 1932, Japanese troops gained control of Manchuria and established a puppet state in the region. • The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions; Japan responded by withdrawing from the League. • Following its withdrawal from the League, Japan began to aggressively pursue a militaristic and expansionist policy and in 1937 launched a full-scale invasion of China.

Korean War (1950-1953)

§ Proxy War - A war that you fight through others § 1945: U.S. and USSR took control of Korea away from Japan, split at the 38th parallel § 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea with Soviet aid in hopes of uniting the peninsula under Communism; South Korea called to the U.N. for help § 1953: Armistice line drawn; demilitarized zone (DMZ) created

Positivism

• Developed by French count of Saint-Simon • Deplored hardships caused by industrialization, but asserted they could be fixed by technological advances, better policies • Solved by application of scientific method

results of agreeing to the treaties

• Loss of support for the ruling shogunate □ No longer relevant • Brief civil war □ Who should take power after the tocagauwa • 1868: political takeover by a group of samurai from southern Japan called the Meiji Restoration

103: Neo-Confucianism •

Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism. • Scholars of the Song dynasty combined their studies of Confucian beliefs with the writings of Buddhism; continuation of civil service examination staffed government positions. • Buddhism was appealing because it incorporated logical thought with such issues as nature, the soul, and the relationship between the individual and the cosmos. • Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200) wrote Family Ritual, a detailed set of instructions for weddings, funerals, and other family ceremonies, stressing appropriate personal behavior for social harmony. • Neo-Confucianism is important because it shows Buddhism's lasting influence on Chinese society and throughout East Asia.

19: Indo-European Languages •

During the 18th and 19th centuries, similarities between the languages of Europe, Persia, and India were noticed. • Ancient languages demonstrating these similarities are Sanskrit (sacred language of Aryan India), Old Persian, Greek, and Latin. • Explanation for similarities: Speakers of Indo-European languages were all descendants of ancestors who spoke a common tongue and migrated from their original homeland. • Development of individual communities—and lack of communication between them—explains the evolution of different languages and dialects.

Nuremberg Trials

§ Nazi leaders, tried and convicted for "crimes against humanity"

Qing dynasty

• Manchu adopted Confucian beliefs, applied to their leadership • Like Ming, ruled through highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats • Champions of the arts, increased trade with foreigners

Silk roads and nomads

• Many barbarian tribes became skilled at raiding traders • Tribal societies previously living in isolation along the Silk Road were drawn to its riches

195: Scientific Revolution: Scientists •

Galileo Galilei was a mathematician and astronomer who learned to build telescopes in order to observe the skies and found evidence in support of the heliocentric theory; he was put on trial by the Catholic Church. • Isaac Newton, a mathematician, used observation and math to prove his theories, including his theory of universal gravitation. • René Descartes was a scientist, mathematician, and philosopher who focused on the importance of reason and its essential role in the quest for truth. • The new approach to science was based on reason, observation, and experimentation and culminated in the Scientific Method: stating a problem, gathering data, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, and drawing a conclusion.

How did the Tang accomplish Goal #2: Rework Confucian ideology

Educated bureaucrats in Confucian classics like the analects and Emphasized importance of Confucian philosophy for an effective government (5 great relationships and filial piety)

Confucianism believed Society can only function if virtues were taught and lived

Education is essential Teaches these virtues of ren, li, and Shu

66: Hellenistic Philosophies (I) •

Epicureans suggested that individual needs could be met through reflection. • Epicureans said pleasure is greatest good; they defined pleasure as an inner peace that could protect them from the world's pressures.

339: Truman Doctrine •

Established March 12, 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, it was an economic and military program intended to help nations resist Soviet aggression and prevent the spread of communism. • Based on the theory of containment (limiting communism to areas already under Soviet control). • Developed in direct response to crises in Greece and Turkey. • Provided over $400,000,000 in aid to nations committed to the development of democratic governments.

248: Nationalism •

Feeling of pride in one's nation. • The sense of pride in one's national identity played a significant role in political movements throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, including during the French Revolution and the unification movements in Germany and Italy. • Nationalism was also a force outside of Europe, as evidenced by the Zionist movement, aimed at building a Jewish state, the creation of the Indian National Congress in India, aimed at gaining self-rule for the nation, and the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire, aimed at modernization and westernization.

328: Rape of Nanking •

Following Japan's invasion of mainland China in 1937, China experienced mass death and suffering; Japan began aerial bombing of major Chinese cities (especially Shanghai, where people died by the thousands). • Japanese troops fueled by racial superiority, extreme nationalism, and the fervor of war, unleashed an attack on Nanking. Over two months, Japanese soldiers murdered thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, raped an estimated 7,000 women, and burned a third of the homes. • An estimated 400,000 people were killed either by Japanese bayonets or from being machine-gunned into open pits.

221: The Romanovs •

Following a period of civil unrest in Russia, Mikhail Romanov's election as czar established the Romanovs as the new royal family. • They ruled Russia from the 1600s until 1917. • They continued the tradition of autocratic rule established by previous czars. • They encouraged Russification and allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

329: Blitzkrieg "Lightning War" •

Germans invaded Poland unannounced on September 1, 1939. Their strategy included a preemptive air attack, to weaken resistance, followed by land forces—Panzer ("armored") columns, which were fast and mobile. • German forces subdued enemies in the west within one month (at that time Soviets suppressed any problems in the east in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact). • The sudden success of Germany's blitzkrieg approach was a shock to the rest of the world (especially France and Great Britain).

164: Columbian Exchange •

Global exchange between the New and Old Worlds. • Plants, food, animals, people, resources, and diseases were exchanged. • Diseases brought over from Europe, including smallpox, influenza, and measles, caused far-reaching epidemics in the New World. • The peoples of Mexico (Aztecs) were greatly affected; over 90 percent of the population died within a century of the Spanish arrival. • The exchange of new food products led to a population increase across the globe; maize and potatoes arrived in Europe, Africa, and Asia; goats, chickens, pigs, and wheat arrived in the Americas. • Populations were forced to migrate, as was the case with many enslaved Africans brought to the Americas, or chose to migrate, as was the case with many Europeans who came to the New World seeking economic opportunities.

wazir

Head of caliphs inner councils Royal executioner Built administrative infrastructure

greek parthenon archecture

Hellenism Symmetry, the ideal form A beautiful structure set on top of the acropolis which is the nearest building to the heavens, reaching the ideal form

255: Crimean War (1853-1856) •

In the mid-19th century, war between Russian and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops broke out after Russia had threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeking to take Ottoman-controlled territory in the Balkans. • Britain and France allied themselves with the Ottomans because they feared a powerful Russian empire (i.e., a disruption of the balance of power). • Russia was easily defeated; the defeat was humiliating and evidence of the West's superior military and industrial strength. • In response to the defeat, Russian czars sought to reform the Russian military and economy. • Reform was selective and ultimately led to new problems for the Russian Empire.

251: Unification of Germany •

Independent German-speaking states in Germany united to form a single nation. • Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, the most powerful German state, led the drive for unification. • Under Bismarck's leadership, Prussia won a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France; Bismarck used these victories to bolster German nationalism. • By 1871, the independent states were united and the Prussian king, Wilhelm, was named the first leader of the newly united German states.

who were the Buyids of Persia

Independent kingdom whose aim was to supplant Abbasids

253: Italian Unification •

Independent states in Italy united to form a single nation. • A nationalist movement dedicated to unification was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. • Through a combination of war and diplomacy, Italy was unified by 1861.

291: Twenty-one Demands •

In 1915, Japan, at war with Germany, invaded German-held territory in one of China's provinces. • Despite China's request that Japan withdraw, Japan issued a secret ultimatum, the Twenty-one Demands, to the Chinese government in the hopes of securing control over China. • If accepted, the Twenty-one Demands would give Japan economic and military control over China. • Although China did not give in to all of the demands, in large part thanks to British intervention, China ultimately agreed to many of them, including giving control of the Manchurian railroads to Japan. • Although Chinese control was restored in 1921, it was clear that Japan's desire to establish hegemony in Asia was a goal they would continue to pursue.

285: Mexican Revolution: Results •

In 1917 Mexico adopted a new constitution that established land reform through the government policy of land redistribution and granted rights to workers and women. • Education and healthcare were improved. • Universal suffrage was granted. • Mexican nationalism encouraged the government to take control of industry and discouraged foreign-owned businesses.

38: Society in Classical Persia •

In the cities, free classes included priests, priestesses, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants. • Women worked in textile production and received rations of wine, beer, and sometimes meet for their labor. • Slaves were acquired through one of two sources: prisoners of war or civilians who tried to rebel against the imperial government. Either way, slave status deprived individuals of personal freedom.

191: King Louis XIV of France •

Known as the Sun King, he asserted his divine right to rule. • His chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, helped to build a centralized bureaucracy that ensured complete loyalty to the king. • Built a lavish palace at Versailles, just outside Paris; its grandeur came to symbolize his wealth and power. • Reflective of his absolute authority, the French nobility was invited to take up residence at Versailles while Louis and his ministers oversaw France's economic development, the making of laws, and the waging of wars. • At his death, France was one of the world's wealthiest nations, yet many in France were unhappy. • Louis never called the Estates General, France's lawmaking body; he revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had extended religious protection to France's Protestants; and his participation in many wars left France in debt.

Landscape of the Arabian peninsula

Landscape was dry and inhospitable, although coastal regions had extensive agriculture Located between Africa and Asia

military of Maurya empire

Large military and civilian bureaucracy Lead by the people who were appointed to government positions

The franks

Largest of Germanic kingdoms

Hyksos conquering egypt lead to...

Led to Egyptians to adopting new technologies, including chariots, and then drove the Hyksos out - now Egypt is all updated

homo erectus lived...

Lived between 140000 and 1.9 million years ago

9: Mesopotamia •

Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. • Knowledge of irrigation led to an increase in food supply and in population, and by c. 5000 B.C.E. Sumer was established. • The world's first cities emerged in this region, including Ur and Babylon. • Sumerian achievements included the development of the first form of writing—cuneiform. • Sumerians were polytheistic and built ziggurats, pyramid-like temples, to please their gods. • Sumer was organized into a series of city-states and each worked to maintain peace and stability. • Large public-works projects, such as canals and bridges, were undertaken to meet the needs of society.

327: Japanese Invasion of China (1937) •

Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China in the hopes of gaining control of China's extensive natural resources. • Japan quickly gained control of northern and eastern China. • The international community condemned the attack but was ill-prepared to stop it. • Japan faced little opposition in China until well after the start of World War II; with the U.S. entry into the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japan was forced to redirect its efforts to protect its empire throughout the Pacific.

190: King Henry VIII of England •

King who established the Church of England, thus voiding the pope's authority in the country. • The Act of Supremacy named the monarch head of the Anglican Church. • In severing ties with the Roman Catholic Church, the king gained control of the church's wealth. • Newfound wealth increased the power of the monarchy and encouraged future monarchs to rule with absolute authority.

78: Fall of Roman Empire •

Problems: internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne in just 50 years), generals struggled for power and died violently; empire was simply too large, epidemics. • Diocletian divided the empire into two districts: eastern (Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and Greece) and western (Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa). • Germans, migrating from the north, attacked the western half; especially powerful were the Visigoths. • Hun invasions, led by Attila, pressured other Germanic tribes to invade; Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks. • In 476 C.E., a German general defeated the last Roman emperor.

Capitalism

Proponents -Adam Smith ○ Relevant Club- The Wealth of Nations ○ Philosophy- Competition brings out the best in people ○ Resource ownership -Privately owned ○ Earning of wealth-Emphasis on individual prophet, motive for economic growth ○ Government interference- Laissez-faire; government rarely becomes involved ○ Pros/Merits of Economic System (What's Good) - Economic incentives motivate laborers; competition b/w businesses promotes growth ○ Cons/Demerits of Economic System (What's Not So Good) - Few gain power through exploitation of many; only those w/$$$ make more $$$

295: Paris Peace Conference •

The Allied nations met in Paris in 1919 to settle peace terms with the Central Powers. Five treaties in all were negotiated; the most significant was the Treaty of Versailles, between the Allies and Germany. • Wilson proposed his Fourteen Points, including an end to secret alliances, the promotion of free trade, decolonization, self-determination, and the establishment of a League of Nations. • Other Allied leaders, most notably David Lloyd George of Britain and Georges Clemenceau of France, sought to punish the losers, in particular Germany. • The negotiations resulted in agreement on several significant terms: The League of Nations was created; the Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up; new nations were created from the breakup of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, including Yugoslavia and Poland; and the Ottoman Empire was broken up, its lands put under the mandate of the French and the British. • The peace established was unstable. Within a generation, a world war was once again on the horizon, and many pointed to the weakness of the Paris Peace accords.

Alexander the Great

Originally from Macedonia (He is not Greek) his father is Philip II. Loves Greece and Greek culture Goal: conquer the Persians, avenge Athens In a span of a few years conquers from Greece, to Anatolia, to Egypt, to Levant, to Persia Responsible for Hellenistic kingdoms

20: Aryans •

Originally pastoral nomads who spoke Indo-European languages. • Migrated south through the Hindu Kush mountain range c. 1500 B.C.E. and established small communities in the northern India; replaced Harappan civilization. • Limited agriculture, depended on pastoral economy—prized herds of cattle. • Domesticated horses as means of transportation and devastating war machine when attached to chariots. • Literary and religious texts were memorized and passed down as oral histories. • Over time developed a complex caste system, in large part influenced by contacts with indigenous peoples and invaders.

18: Indus River Civilization •

Originated in the Indus River valley c. 2500 B.C.E. • Two main cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, provide archaeological evidence of this society's history. • The cities were well planned, fortified, and uniformly constructed. Brick size was uniform throughout the Indus Valley—indicates use of standardized weights and measures. • Extensive evidence of long-distance trade—Indus Valley pottery has been found in Egypt; products from Sumer, such as olive oil, were traded in the region. • Speculation as to why this civilization declined continues because the written language remains untranslated.

171: Repartimiento System (Mita System in Peru) •

Originating in colonial Latin America, the system forced native Indians to work several months a year, generally on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or on public works projects. • Natives worked intermittently and were compensated poorly, if at all, for their work. • The system was harsh, particularly in the mines, and over time it was replaced with more profitable labor systems in which workers were given an incentive to work (a fair wage and improved working conditions).

how was vedism made

Pastoralists from Eastern Europe and one such group made their way into the Indus River Valley and ended up establishing a dominance over the people that had been living there, brought a work of scripture with them

150: Woodblock Printing and Moveable Type •

Woodblock printing was invented in China, most likely during the Tang period (618-906). • A reverse image was carved on a block of wood in order to create an entire printed page. • During the Song period (960-1279), moveable type used cast bronze tiles that each had a single character (ideographs) that allowed for the type to be moved. • Moveable type made printing cheaper and books—and thus knowledge—more accessible. • In Song China, moveable type allowed the government to print books to prepare students for the imperial civil service exams.

Christopher Columbus (1492)

voyage sets colonization of "New World" in motion; sought shorter sea route to Indies • Originally trying to find a shorter rout to India • Found America instead • Believed the native Americans were Indians and claimed the land for Spain

Atman

a sense of your deepest self (Hindus spend their entire life to reach the point at which atman and Brahman are the same)

in the abbasid caliphate what happened when the caliphs built new cities and modernized old ones

because it was Very costly so there is fear that the Abbasids are misusing their money also Most people moved to larger towns which meant urbanization

why are Religions culturally and later even organizationally separate

because the once united country has different leaders so the religion changes to fit that leader

why did christians support the Islamic empire

because they taxed them less than the orthodox church did

Neolithic began...

began about 12,000 years ago

animism

belief that everything has a spirit, living, dead, and objects

shamanism

belief that people can communicate with the spiritual world

ancester veneration

belief that spirits spoke to the gods

meso

between

King Henry VIII

broke away from Catholic Church after pope refused annulment; became head of Church of England •founds Anglicanism • Originally catholic • He wanted to divorce his wife because she was ugly and didn't produce a son • Becomes the head of the church of England

trans saharan trade

brought about the domestication of the camel trade of salt, slaves, gold, ivory

silk roads trade

brought about the domestication of the horse

who did the russian revolution bring to power (1917)

brought to power the Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group • Led by Vladimir Lenin

city states architecture in mesopotamia

city states were made of mud bricks and were surrounded by great walls

States when hand in hand with...

civilizations whet hand and hand with it

Henry Hudson (1609)

claimed Hudson River Valley, Manhattan; led to founding of New Amsterdam; bought furs and tobacco

The Bourgeoisie

class whose wealth came from positions in these trades § New social class § People who make their money through manufacturing, finance, and trade § Made lots of money ○ Bourgeoisie used wealth to buy status, purchase titles of nobility from kings § Don't become kings but become the new aristocracy § Responsible for making nations rich

Concubinage

cohabitation without legal marriage □ Bishops and priests living with women who they are not married to

Nat'l Assembly

what the third estate called itself once it broke apart from the estates general • Despite being locked out of meeting place, Third Estate made the Tennis Court Oath, agreed to stay until they drew up their own constitution

inventions of the bronze age

wheel, ox drawn plow

what language was the vedas scripture written in

written in sanskrit

list of the ancient dynastys

xia shang zhou qin han

Kenya

§ 1952: violence between settlers, anticolonial fighters led to state of emergency declared by Britain, jailing of Kenyatta as well as a lot of the other nationalist leaders § Kenyatta eventually release and negotiates a constitution with the British § 1963: Kenya gained independence, Kenyatta elected as first prime minister

De-Stalinization

§ 1953: Joseph Stalin died § 1956: Premier Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin, accused him of abandoning Marxist-Leninist ideologies § Initiated social and political reforms, improving prison conditions, closing gulags (slave labor camps in Siberia), renaming cities and streets

Cuban Missile Crisis

§ 1959: Fidel Castro, with the assistance of Shay Giada overthrew Cuba's dictatorship, set up Communist government § 1960: Castro nationalized U.S. assets; U.S. imposed trade embargo with Cuba § 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion § 1962: U-2 spy photographed Soviet missile sites in Cuba; Kennedy § Khrushchev agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba if the U.S. withdrew theirs from Turkey § Closest the Cold War came to nuclear war, M.A.D.

Ivan IV

§ Adopted ancient title tsar (Caesar) § took power from Boyars- aristocrats □ Later kills many of them § Ask him to leave □ And he does knowing that they will want him back § Later they ask him to come back § Began the terror □ Execution of nobles, priests and anyone who can challenge his leadership.

Bombing of Guernica

§ Aerial attack during the Spanish Civil War carried out by German Luftwaffe § Lots of civilian casualties during this bombing § Portrayed in Pablo Picasso's famous anti-war painting of the same name

Island Hopping

§ Allied military strategy that targets poorly defended but strategically located positions in the Pacific Ocean □ Use that to reach other, more strategic locations throughout the Pacific, ending up getting closer and closer to Japan § Used to take Guadalcanal, Guam, and Solomon Islands, Okinawa

USSR in WWII

§ Allied power in WWII § Led by Joseph Stalin

England (Great Britain) in WWII

§ Allied power in WWII § Led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill

France in WWII

§ Allied power in WWII § Surrendered to Germany in June 1940; sight of Normandy landings on D-Day in June 1944

how did greece defend themselves against Persia

§ Army led by Spartans Spartan women's were very well respected Had a role to raise strong men § Navy led by Athenians

Germany in WWII

§ Axis power in WWII § Led by Füher Adolph Hitler

Italy in WWII

§ Axis power in WWII § Led by II Duce, Benito Mussolini

Japan in WWII

§ Axis power in WWII § Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1939) launched against Chinese in Manchuria § Launched surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, leading the U.S. to join WWII

Tehran Conference (November 1943)

§ Big 3 discussed Operation Overlord; broader international cooperation

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

§ Big Three met to discuss Europe's post-war reorganization § Required unconditional surrender, demilitarization and denazification of Germany § Discussed the status of Poland § Stalin agreed to enter fight against Japan § Nazi criminals would be put on trial for "crimes against humanity"

Burma and Malaya (Myanmar)

§ Britain granted independence in 1948

Jews in WWII

§ Hitler's scapegoat for why Germany lost WWII § 6 million Jews systematically exterminated in concentration, labor and death camps

Sir Isaac Newton

§ Idea of universal gravitation § Previously they had the concept that this does not happen everywhere; what was formerly believed that everything beyond the Earth did not apply § If gravity existed everywhere, the sun and the moon would plummet to the Earth like everything else doe son Earth § Said that this idea is universal, happens everywhere § Dependent upon distance and mass of these objects

Opium Trade social problems

§ Millions of men and women became addicted and could not function as productive citizens § A bunch of dead weights hanging in opium dens that are unable to function in society

government of the third reich

§ Nazi Party controlled everything § all other political parties outlawed § Under Heinrich Himmler, the Gestapo (secret police) brutally oppressed anti-Nazis § Brown Shirts: army members that are extremely loyal to Hitler § SS: Hitler's bodyguards who had powers of arrest and imprisonment without trial

Lebensraum ("living space")

§ Nazi goal of expanding into Eastern Europe to gain control of resources to feed Germans § Justified, displacement and killing of people not of the Aryan master race

Economy of the third reich

§ Nazi regime set wages, hours, and working conditions § Eliminated unemployment § Promoted public works projects like the Autobahn, bridges, canals, public buildings, etc. § Increased production of arms (weapons)

how did the agricultural revolution cause the industrial revolution

§ New crops, improved cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, consolidation of small holdings into large farms □ Improve the amount of crops and the quality of the food § Enclosure movement: rich landowners seized control of common land and introduced new methods (crop rotation, livestock breeding, soil improvements) at the expense of the rural poor, who moved to cities for work

Ghana

§ One of the major individuals responsible for Ghanan independence is Kwame Nkrumah: led nationalist movement to rid Ghana of British influence § Founded the Organization of African Unity § Became the prime minister of Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast), first British colony in West Africa to achieve independence in 1957

The Philippines

§ U.S. controlled the Philippines (earned it during the Spanish-American War back in 1898 and 1899) § U.S. grant independence in 1946

Egypt and the Americas

• Egypt benefited from American Civil War, making profits on cotton (America is not making cotton because of the civil war going on. Egypt begins producing way more cotton and selling it globally) • 1869: Suez Canal opened, which was constructed using cotton profits • When American Civil War ended, Egyptian cotton exports decreased • To avoid bankruptcy, Egypt sold shares to Britain, becoming an indirect colonial possession for 70 years (similar to India)

Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Enlarged, modernized the military • Made boyars dress, act Europeans • Supported new manufacturing enterprises- Wanted to industrialize • New capital: St. Petersburg, the "Window to the West"

why was the ottoman empire the sick man of Europe

• In the 1800s, the Ottoman Empire went from being a great power in the world to one of the weakest territories • Could no longer keep up with Western Europe • Unable to prevent region after region from falling under European control

Cause #2 of loss of ottoman territory: Nationalism and independence movements by different groups within the Ottoman Empire

• Independence achieved by: Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania (with help of European militaries) • Driven by nationalism

what is the eastern roman empire governed by

complex administration centered around the emperor and ceremonies

major schools of thought that emerged during warring states period

confucianism and daoism

Hernan Cortes (1519)

conquered Aztec, est'd New Spain, built Mexico City in place of Tenochtitlan, named it the capital • Burned boats • Made the emperor a puppet emperor • Established a colony called new Spain- capital Mexico city • Killed emperor

Triereme

created by the Phoenicians Boat with three levels of rowers Each person having a pair of rows. 30 sets of rows per row. rowers Rowed in sync. it was a Military war ship and Faster than any other ship. it Had a battering ram in the front made of bronze

Prince Henry

created maritime center, navigation school • Started making very good explorers • Allowed Portugal to be a power on the high seas

American Intrusion in Japan

• Since the early 1600s, Japan had deliberately limited its contact with the West- Europe and Americas • Early 1800s, European countries and the U.S. were "knocking on Japan's door" to persuade them to reopen contact with the West • 1853: U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry "opened" Japan • He was authorized to use force if necessary, but Commodore Perry approached the Japanese with gifts and a white flag • Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with the U.S. and different Western powers

Sans-culottes

• Small shopkeepers, artisans, wage earners ○ Lower class- Not quite peasants but minimum wage workers ○ Don't want a huge divide between upper and lower class- Want to get out of poverty • Wanted to prevent extremes between wealthy, poor • Supported Jacobins

First stage of revolutions

• Strains appear in existing system, seeds of revolution sown • Moderate reformers begin to take over

john locke

disputed such claims that monarchs were divine, arguing rulers derived authority from consent of the governed, were subject to law ○ If monarchs overstepped their bounds, citizens had right, duty to rebel ○ Locke's philosophy gained momentum during Enlightenment

Brahman

divine reality at the heart of all thing (everything)

African National Congress (ANC):

established in 1912 Association of educated, professional, and middle-class Africans Original goal: to be accepted as "civilized men" within the existing order, NOT to overthrow it Pursued peaceful and moderate protest for about 40 years: petitions, multiracial conferences, representatives appealing to the authorities It became clear that these methods were not working

Hijrah

event in which Muhammad flees from mecca to medina, Muslims recognize this as the start of the calendar and solidified Islam existence

Nepotism

favoritism in any industry (priests electing nephews)

Pedro Alvares Cabral (1530)

first European to settle Brazil; began clearing land for lucrative sugar plantations • This land is very good for sugar • They clear land to make way for sugar plantations

in the sudanic states what is the major religion

for the upper class and merchants it is islam but the lower class stayed with their polytheism/animism (those who are muslim blend in their previous religious beliefs to the islamic religion)

What is traded across the silk road from africa

frankincense, aloe, gold, salt, timber

where did russia barrow much of its culture

from Byzantium

confucianism in Ming dynasty

had major effect on women; more tightly controlled than ever, they were discouraged from remarrying; foot binding became almost universally practiced (not just among elites) § Women rights decrease § All women must do foot bindings

what was important about sundiata

he founded mali and made the first representative government, along with unifying africa

how did emperor Yang die

he was Assassinated by own ministers in 618

who was sunni ali's sucessor

his son who attempted to take away islam, lost favor of his people, and got taken over by the moroccans

Flying shuttle and spinning jenny

invented by John Kay and James Hargreaves • Made weaving on looms faster; produced yarn in greater amounts

technological innovations of the Han dynasty

invented paper First water powered mills Sophisticated calendar of 365.25 day Improvements to iron plow, ox yoke (that doesn't end up choking the ox)

Russification

involves people living in the Russian empire who are not ethnically Russian ® Opposite of what peter the great ways ® Making everyone Russian weather you are ethnically Russian or not ® All need to act dress and be Russian

what does the word cuneiform mean

it means wedge shaped

what happens when Emperor yang brings back Confucianism

it pushes aside the once dominant religion of buddhism

Inca Technology

○ Built a complex system of roads and bridges ○ Beautiful pottery, cloth, and metalworking ○ Masonry

Alliances in WWI

○ Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey (Triple Alliance) ○ Allies: Russia, France, Great Britain (Triple Entente)

inca economy

○ Unlike Aztecs, not a lot of trade ○ Primarily agricultural

agricultural/ pastoral

planting and taming of animals- intentional domestication

ziggurats

political and religious centers of the city states of mesopotamia and was topped with a temple for worship

estates general in france

represented traditional rights of clergy, nobility, and bourgeoisie (similar to English Parliament)

metallurgy

taking the chemical aspects of metals and mixing them together, seeing what come of it, bronze is a process

Tea Act

tax on tea; ignited "powder keg" of opposition (Boston Tea Party)

who do muslims believe visited Muhammad

the angel gabriel

monasticism

the art of having monks living in monasteries (Provided example of holy life to ordinary people Monasteries were pilgrimage centers)

what is the result of the curcades

the christians do not get the holy land, it stays in the hands of the mulsims

what were the outcomes of the crusades

the christians were unsuccessful in taking over the holy land New contact with Islam opened western Europe's eyes to new possibilities, especially trade (Sugarcane, spices, porcelain, glassware, carpets from East Unbalanced trade: West wants Eastern goods)

Eastern Question

the continuing decline of the Ottomans and the issue of who would gain territory from them should they collapse

zoroastrianism was the first...

the first attempt at making a religion monotistic

Nirvana

the goal of buddhists (the end of suffering)

what is the peloponnesian league

the group that sparta and corinth form to fight athens

Maya

the illusion that the world gives to you (everything has a false identity)

who is Chinggis (Genghis) Khan

the man who united the people of the Central Asian steppes to make the mongols

who took over the abbasids

the mongols 1258 CE - Last Abbasid caliph (37th) was executed when Baghdad was invaded by the Mongols

Who developed pictograms

the people of the shang dynasty

Imperialism

the political and economic control of one area or country by another

who did christianity appeal to the most

the poor and vulnerable

371: Feminism •

Women make up 40 to 50 percent of workforce in industrialized societies, 20 percent in developing countries. Jobs characterized as "women's work": teaching, clerical work. • Discrimination in the workplace was the catalyst for the women's movement. Women also fought for equality in all aspects of life, including control over their own bodies (birth control, abortions). • U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination based on sex or race. • China: Women have never gained full equality; although communist governments did grant them more rights, traditional Confucian values limit their ability to advance. • India: In the 1980s, literacy rate low among women (25 percent), with women counting for only 12 percent of the workforce.

who are the berbers

they are the people of the sahara who happened to convert to islam

why did jews migrate to the borderlands of western europe and middle east

to escape persecution (Jews where mainly persecuted by Christians)

364: OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) •

An organization of producers of oil, established in 1960. Member nations include Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. • Goal: To control the price of oil through cooperation. • Power lessened in the 1980s as a result of overproduction and the Iran-Iraq and Gulf Wars.

beliefs of the Ulama

Anything that is not Muslim is seen as secondary Downplay the success of other cultures while elevating the success of island Disliked Muslims utilizing Greco-Roman knowledge; associated it with the aggressive Crusader culture

the Contra party

an anti communism party

Alexander II (1855-1881)

• 1861: Emancipation of serfs (by Alexander II) • Shortly after, Alexander assassinated; successors reverted to repression

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

□ First Japanese city targeted by atomic bombings □ 14,000 people killed

England: King v. Parliament

- Charles I (1625-1648) went 11 years without summoning Parliament to avoid checks on his power ○ Finally did when rebellion broke out in Scotland; when House of Commons called for guarantee that he would never again ignore parliamentary rights, Charles attempted to arrest its members and civil war (1642-1649) broke out; parlament tells him he needs to stop being a dictator ○ Charles I was defeated and executed; monarchy replaced by republic led by Puritan general Oliver Cromwell, who expanded English presence overseas ○ Cromwell's death led to reinstallation of monarchy, but Parliament later exiled king in Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passed a bill of rights

what happened when the last Tang emperor resigned

- China appeared to be entering period of nomadic dominance, political division, social strife -Many groups fight for dominance

timespan of persia

550 BCE- 330 BCE

267: Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s) •

A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty. • The Taiping offered a new vision of China that included the redistribution of land, public education, and rights for women. • Although they were successful in gaining supporters and even captured Nanjing, the rebellion ultimately ended at tremendous cost of life. • The Qing organized a powerful army and had the support of the scholar-gentry, the class most threatened by the Taiping reforms. • Although the rebellion failed, the destruction and death it caused were massive and forced the Qing to make reforms; the most well-known was called the Self-Strengthening Movement.

204: The Great Wall •

A stone and brick fortification in the north of China built to protect China from outside invasion. • Although construction of a defensive wall began in the 4th century B.C.E. under Shi Huangdi, it was completed under the Ming (in large response to the Mongol invasion of the previous period). • The wall generally prevented attacks; only when the empire was suffering internally were outsiders able to go beyond the wall and invade.

138: Development in Oceania •

Aboriginal peoples of Australia, isolated from other societies, created trade and exchange networks with other hunting and gathering societies as far away as 1,000 miles. • Traded items such as stone clubs, trinkets, flowers, and iron axes (aborigines had no metallurgy). • New Guineans herded swine and cultivated root crops. • No contact with advanced societies until late 1700s.

6: Neolithic Era—Culture •

Agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population. • Permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and away from hunting and gathering. • Jericho, in modern-day Israel, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages. • Village life encouraged the development of specialized labor—everyone was no longer dedicated to food production. • Early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles. • Specialized labor encouraged the accumulation of wealth and eventually led to the emergence of social classes. • Sedentary agricultural societies saw the role and status of women diminish compared with that of hunting and gathering societies.

316: Mohandas Gandhi: Early Years •

An Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence from Great Britain. • After attending law school in London, he took a job in South Africa; his experience there working with the Indian population in their struggle against racial inequality laid the foundation for his efforts in India. • While in South Africa, he adopted the practice of nonviolence (ahimsa) and created Satyagraha, passive resistance, as techniques of fighting against unfair laws. • Upon his return to India, he found the Indian National Congress struggling to establish a nationwide nationalist movement aimed at gaining India's independence.

1: Hominids •

Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa. • Humanlike creatures called primates. • Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley. • "Lucy," an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974. • Three major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism (gives ability to walk upright), a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control), and a larynx (allows for complex speech). • Thought-processing ability led to alteration of the natural environment to suit human needs.

Battle of Talas

Battle of the Tang and the Abbasids, Defeated

Earliest fossils of homo Sapiens

Earliest fossils date back to 160000 years to east Africa

Holy roman empire

Emerges as one kingdom (Germany, Italy) from Treaty of Verdun Charlemagne is crowned HRE in 800 Position falls into disuse; empire falls into decline (provides a small amount of stability but power of emperor was limited)

Vendism

Formed in the indus river valley was the forerunner to hinduism

Ending Apartheid in South Africa

Freedom struggle in South Africa against an internal opponent, NOT an occupying colonial power

Mountains in china

Himalayas

301: Russian Revolution (March 1917) •

In February 1917, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne and ended nearly 300 years of Romanov rule. • His abdication was the result of decades of political, social, and economic unrest exacerbated by Russia's involvement in World War I. • The provisional government struggled to maintain power as the Petrograd soviet (revolutionary council) gained increasing influence across the nation. • The reforms enacted extended civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, to Russian citizens and promoted religious and ethnic tolerance but failed to address the overwhelming concerns of Russians: bread, peace, and land.

social and political changes by caesar

Julian calendar (missing July and August) Laws against extortion Set up or reformed welfare programs Established roman colonies in cartage, Corinth Appointed new governors, reduced taxes

184: Protestant Reformation •

Martin Luther found support following the publication of his Ninety-five Theses, and a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church followed. • The movement was widespread across Germany; many churches reformed their religious services to reflect Protestant doctrine. • The Reformation spread beyond Germany into England and Switzerland. • In England, King Henry VIII established the Anglican Church, naming himself as the highest religious authority in the land. In Switzerland, John Calvin founded a Protestant community. • The Reformation continued to spread across northern Europe, and in response Catholic authorities began their own reform, the Counter-Reformation.

Homo Habilis means...

Meaning able man or handy man

Homo Erectus means

Meaning upright man

what was traded food wise on the grand canal

Millet in north, rice in south

166: Christianity in the Americas •

Missionaries quickly followed European explorers to the New World. • Missionary activities, supported by the crown, were carried out by Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits. • Natives, who already had well-established religious traditions, were often resistant to conversion; missionaries sought to learn the language of the indigenous peoples. • It was not uncommon for natives to blend elements of their traditional beliefs with the new ideas introduced by the missionaries (syncretic beliefs emerged). • In modern times, the majority of South Americans are Roman Catholics.

Three-field system

Only 1/3 of land left unplanted

Emperor Taizu military accomplishments

Overcame all rivals but one: nomadic Liao dynasty in Manchuria (founded by Khitan nomads

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the U.S. during Great Depression and WWII

73: Roman Law •

Roman law was first recorded c. 450 B.C.E. The Twelve Tables were meant to provide a standardized system of law throughout the early empire. • Jurists worked together to standardize interpretations of the laws and develop a definition of justice. • Established basic rights of defendants: They were innocent until proven guilty and could challenge their accusers in court. • Power ultimately rested in the hands of the judge, who had the authority to set aside laws deemed to be unfair.

capital of the western roman empire

Rome

How does Yang, Son of Wen come into power

Takes over thrown by killing his father

what is the peloponnesian war

The Spartan army vs the Athenian navy

What do followers of Daoism seek to find

The way also known as the Dao

Civil Service exams

allowed you to find your career based on performance and not on heredity, national universities were made for training people for the exam

lay investiture

allowing rulers, nobles to select bishops, abbots □ Allowing rulers to select people to serve in religious objects

what is so important about the integration of the north and south

allows use of both rivers and of the natural goods that are able to be found in the north and the south

how did Sui lower takes

by using the equal-field system

Battle of the Somme (1916)

example of senselessness of war; 1.2 million casualties (western front)

what was the occupation of muhammad

he becomes a merchant

why we use government systems

keep people in check, someone to lead, protection, social order

Paleolithic

means old stone age

why farming farming in mesopotamia depended on the riverflow

used to irrigate and drain the crops

gentry

wealthy land owners

Gun pouder

§ Originally used for fireworks § Later used for weapons

similarity between feudal europe and feudal japan

§ political structure, social structure, code of honor

Allied Forces

□ USSR, United Kingdom, USA, and France

economy of the shang dynasty

based primarily on agriculture but had job specialization of pottery, ivory, and jade

how cuneiform evolved

became less representations of things or a drawings of source, less like drawings and more like actual writing, writing is symbolic of meaning sort of like how words are

39: Government in Classical Persia •

Sophisticated government led to the development of a new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in the daily affairs of the empire. • State-owned slaves provided labor for large-scale construction projects: roads, irrigation systems, city walls, and palaces.

30: Warring States •

Time of disunity for China (403-221 B.C.E.); many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for their rule. • Legalism helped the state of Qin to gain control and unify China. • Turmoil forced Chinese to become introspective in an attempt to bring peace and unity to China. • Development of three significant schools of thought—Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism. This period is also referred to as the Hundred Schools of Thought.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• Agreement between Spain and Portugal • Established line of demarcation • Spain could lay claims to anything west; Portugal anything east

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) sought to clarify church doctrine, reaffirm church teachings (including salvation through faith and good works, confession and penance, authority of pope), distance itself from Protestantism • Conservative catholic leaders want to distinguish them from the protestants • People need to understand what it means to be Catholic

Encyclopédie

(Denis Diderot) • Publication that spread knowledge of useful technologies (used diagrams) • Attempted to put all the world knowledge into one book • Not the first encyclopedia

Zamindars

(like boyars) collected tribute from peasants, but often kept tribute for themselves

restrictions of women in the abbasid caliphate

- Abbasid society was patriarchal: polygamous provided men can care for their wives equally -Women began to be veiled: shield women from gaze of men -Abbasid wealth generated large demand for concubines and female slaves

Emperor Xuanzong (713-756)

- ruled at Height of Tang power, but poor ruler - ineffective ruler - favorite concubine was very powerful -gave important positions to relatives (lead to succession problems)`

3 Groups that contribute to destruction of Byzantines

-Seljuk Turks (Battle of Manzikert) -Emerging independent Slavic states in Balkans (Bulgaria and Serbia) -Western crusaders

Two factors that lead to Kievan Decline:

1) Fall of Byzantine empire 2) Mongol invasions

Moscow

12th century § By 1300 has grown into a great city built around a fortress, the kremlin

English Civil War

1642-1649) checked growth of royal absolutism, while Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights of 1689 ensured England would be a constitutional monarchy § England becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

when does muhammad die

632 CE

250: Karl Marx •

A 19th-century philosopher, he developed a socialist theory with Friedrich Engels in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the Industrial Revolution. • He and Engels outlined their theory in The Communist Manifesto. • His ideas on class struggle and the evils of capitalism influenced reform movements throughout Europe and in the 20th century would form the backbone of numerous political parties, including the Bolsheviks in Russia. • Defined class struggle as the proletariat working to make money while the bourgeoisie obtained their income from the work of the proletariat, i.e., the bourgeoisie exploited the working class. • In 1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by V.I. Lenin, a Marxist, took control of Russia and made it the world's first communist state. • After World War II, a number of nations adopted Marxist ideology, including China and Vietnam.

225: Catherine the Great •

A Russian czarina (r. 1763-1796), she continued Peter the Great's policy of modernization while ensuring the absolute authority of the monarch. • Continuing to expand the empire, she gained land from the Ottoman Empire and took control of Alaska. • Gained access to a warm-water port, a goal never realized by Peter, and took control of Poland. • Known as an Enlightened despot, she built schools and hospitals and was tolerant of the different religions found throughout her empire, yet remained an autocratic ruler.

196: Deism •

A belief system that recognizes that a powerful god played a role in the creation of the universe but asserts that God simply oversees the world and allows it to function on the basis of natural laws. • Emerged in the wake of Scientific Revolution and has a clear focus on an orderly universe based on nature and reason. • Influenced many scientists and philosophers in Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries, for example, Thomas Jefferson.

283: Panama Canal •

A canal built through the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. • When the United States took control of the project, Panama was under Colombian control, and it failed to give its permission to build. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt offered Panamanian rebels the support of the U.S. Navy as an incentive to seek Panamanian independence. • In 1903, Panama declared its independence and soon granted the United States the right to build the Canal and the Canal Zone. • The Canal was completed in late 1913, opened in 1914, and quickly became—and remains—an important commercial waterway. • In 1999, control of the Canal Zone reverted to the Panamanian government.

60: Athens •

A city-state in classical Greece whose government was based on democratic principles. However, only free adult males could participate in government. • Debt forced many poor farmers into slavery; gap between rich and poor widened. Aristocrat Solon became a great mediator between the classes: aristocrats kept land, canceled debts, and forbade debt slavery for poor. • Pericles encouraged democracy, public works, and the development of science, philosophy, poetry, and the arts. • World's first democracy (women and slaves, however, could not vote—only approximately 40,000 of the 450,000 inhabitants of the polis were eligible to vote); had a great impact on the development of later governments.

59: Sparta •

A city-state in classical Greece—conquered neighbors and forced them into servitude. • Helots—bound to land, role—to provide food; outnumbered Spartans ten to one. • Spartans were characteristically simple, frugal, and austere. • Known for military talent; from age seven all boys lived in barracks and trained; served in military at age 20. • Women exercised regularly—physical fitness was associated with bearing strong children.

52: Mauryan Dynasty •

A classical Indian dynasty that developed out of a political world created by the failed invasions of Persian emperor Darius, it was subsequently controlled by the kingdom of Magadha for two centuries. • Flourished during the late 320s B.C.E., when Chandragupta Maurya took over and laid the foundations for a centralized, unified government that included all of India from the Indus to the Ganges rivers. • Ashoka (ruled 268-232 B.C.E.) conquered the kingdom of Kalinga through bloody battles, uniting the entire subcontinent; better known as a governor than as a conqueror. • Ashoka built irrigation systems for agriculture, constructed roads for trade and travel, supported Buddhism, and encouraged religious tolerance. • Ashoka's death to decline of the empire.

161: Joint-Stock Company •

A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. • Privately held, with government support. • Shares/stock were brought by individuals, and the shared investment was used to buy ships and finance trade. • Two of the most profitable companies were the Dutch East India Company, which established a monopoly over the spice trade (by securing trade routes to Indonesia), and the English East India Company.

192: English Civil War: Causes •

A conflict between supporters of the English monarchy and members of the English parliament, who sought a constitutional state. • James I was an absolute monarch who, asserting the divine right theory, felt no obligation to meet with Parliament. • James's son, Charles I, refused to meet with Parliament until it became necessary, when he needed money; Parliament forced Charles to agree to the Petition of Right, which limited taxation and forbade arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. • Charles ignored the petition and Parliament. He did not call upon them again until 1640, when he again needed money. • The Long Parliament met and sought to limit the authority of the monarch; Charles responded in 1642 by leading a group of soldiers into Parliament in an attempt to arrest his biggest critics; civil war quickly followed.

169: Encomienda System •

A feudal-like system that used forced labor was established by the Spanish in the New World to ensure a cheap labor supply. • An encomienda was the grant of Indians to an encomendero, a Spanish landowner. • In return for this labor supply, the encomendero was responsible for safeguarding the natives' health and safety, as well as encouraging their conversion to Catholicism. • The natives were treated harshly and were so overworked that the Spanish eventually had to import slaves from Africa to replace the diminishing native labor supply. • Christian missionaries, appalled at the system, unsuccessfully fought to end it.

186: Holy Roman Empire •

A fragmented empire centered in modern-day Austria and Hungary, controlled by the Hapsburg family. • Through alliances of marriage, the empire included Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, and northern Italy. • The empire declined as the result of invasions by the Ottoman Turks and the Thirty Years War. • The Ottoman Turks, threatened by the strength of the Christian empire, conquered Hungary in 1526. • Following the peace negotiated at the end of the Thirty Years War, the empire was significantly reduced and lasted, with no real power, until 1806.

240: Napoléon Bonaparte •

A general in the French army who gained control of France in a coup d'état in 1799, seizing control from the Directory, a small group of governing aristocrats. • He instituted a new constitution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. • His political and social reforms brought much needed stability to a country that had been in the midst of revolution since 1789. • His Civil Code extended political and legal equality to all adult men, and religious toleration was promoted. • His armies conquered much of Europe, and monarchs across the continent were replaced with Napoléon's family members. • His invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster when his troops were unable to continue fighting in the harsh conditions of a bitter cold Russian winter. • After his failure in Russia, Napoléon's enemies, led by the British, forced him into exile in 1814.

377: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) •

A group that has no connection to a government; not funded by a government. • United Nations (outgrowth of unsuccessful League of Nations): Created after World War II in an attempt to find solutions to global problems through mediation, economic sanctions, and other methods short of direct conflict. Led to the creation of other international organizations, such as the World Health Organization. • The Red Cross: International humanitarian agency, created to help prisoners of war, the wounded, and civilians in wartime; later extended to peacetime. • Greenpeace: Environmental organization. Goal: preserve Earth's natural resources and wildlife.

111: Manor Life •

A manor is a large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, domestic animals, lakes, rivers, and the serfs bound to the land. • In medieval Europe, manors were self-sufficient communities that maintained bakeries, mills, breweries, and wineries. Under the lord's direction, serfs produced most of the necessary iron tools, leather goods, textiles, and domestic utensils. • Small local markets (usually located near monasteries) provided manors with goods they could not produce themselves (examples: salt). • Lord of the manor (usually a political and military leader) established and provided government, police services, and justice for the manor. • Three-field system was used to rotate crops and preserve nutrients.

241: Congress of Vienna •

A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 in Vienna and attended by representatives of the nations that had defeated Napoléon Bonaparte. • The goal was to restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution. • Led by Prince Metternich of Austria, the representatives wanted to reestablish boundaries, restore legitimate monarchs, and negotiate a balance of power in the hopes of preventing any one nation in Europe from ever gaining too much power. • An unstated goal of the congress was to limit growing nationalistic desires, which had emerged as a strong new force after the French Revolution. • Although the balance of power would be subsequently tested, it was not until World War I that Europe would again be faced with a war that would have a lasting effect upon the entire continent.

264: Berlin Conference (1884-1885) •

A meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established: European powers had to notify one another of their intentions to take control of an area. • Occurred in response to the establishment of British and Belgian colonies in Africa as European nations scrambled to get a piece of the continent. • Africa's indigenous population was not represented at the conference. • The entire continent was completely divided up by 1885 with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia. • Before the conference, the European presence in Africa had been limited to coastal trading posts. • The drawing of new boundaries with no regard for the natives who lived there eventually contributed to numerous problems, including civil wars.

159: Mercantilism •

A new economic theory adopted by many European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance—whereby a country exports more than it imports. • European countries depended on raw materials and natural resources from their colonies; colonies were also viewed as markets for finished goods. • This policy encouraged competition among Europeans to establish more colonies. • Theory rejected in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).

325: Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) •

A nonaggression treaty signed between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations publicly agreed to avoid armed conflict with one another. • Secretly, another agreement was negotiated in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide the countries of northern and eastern Europe into spheres of influence; Poland was to be divided between the two. • World War II began with Germany's invasion of western Poland, followed by the Soviet's invasion from the east; soon states in the Baltic region fell under the control of the Soviet Union as Hitler systematically gained control of nations throughout Eastern Europe. • Germany violated the pact by invading the Soviet Union in June 1941 and quickly took control of the Soviet spheres of influence in the Baltic countries and Eastern Europe. • Ultimately, the Soviet Union was able to push back the Germans, and its goal of extending Soviet influence across Eastern Europe was realized after World War II with the creation of satellite nations.

203: Single Whip Tax System •

A policy put forth by the Ming in the 1570s requiring a single national tax and that all taxes be paid in the form of silver, including those taxes paid by tributary states. • This change in policy had global implications, as China now had to fulfill the demand for silver. • Silver made its way into China from both Japan and the Americas, resulting in enormous profits for both Spain and Japan.

41: Zoroastrianism •

A religion based on the teachings of Zarathustra, who left his family at the age of twenty in search of wisdom; after ten years he proclaimed that visions revealed to him the supreme god, whom he called Ahura Mazda ("wise lord"); this supreme being had chosen him to be his prophet and spread his message. • Major belief: The material world is a blessing; teachings of Ahura Mazda allow enjoyment of everything the world has to offer (wealth, sexual pleasure, and social status)—but in moderation. • Influence of Zoroastrian religion can be found in Judaism and Christianity; for example, the concept of good and evil and the concept of Heaven and Hell as reward or punishment.

261: Sepoy Rebellion •

A revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company (BEIC) in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions. • The BEIC had trading rights in the nation and employed sepoys, Indian soldiers, to protect their interests. • The sepoys' gun cartridges were greased in pig and cow fat, an insult to both Muslim and Hindu Indians. • Rebellion broke out, and although it was quickly put down, the British government took direct political control of India. • The Indian colony was the most profitable, the "jewel in the crown," of the British Empire.

89: Sternpost Rudder •

A rudder is used to steer a ship. • The Chinese mounted rudders on the sterns of their boats beginning in the 1st century C.E. • The use of the sternpost rudder spread across the Indian Ocean. • Europeans began to use the sternpost rudder in the 1100s C.E. • This technology played a key role in European exploration.

245: Toussaint Louverture •

A slave who helped lead a revolt in Haiti against white settlers. • He was educated and had knowledge of Enlightenment principles, as well as of the success of the American Revolution. • He organized an effective army made up mostly of rebelling slaves. • In 1798, the slaves were granted their independence, but Toussaint continued his fight, calling for Saint Domingue's independence from France. • In 1802, French troops were ordered to put down the rebellion and Toussaint was captured and eventually died in a French prison. • The rebellion continued after his death, and in 1804, Haiti declared its independence.

102: Technological Development of Tang and Song Dynasties •

Advances were made possible as a result of abundant food supplies. • High-quality porcelain—produced as a result of firing with glazes—became utensils and works of art; later diffused to other societies. • Metallurgical technologies: Iron and steel were made stronger by using coke, instead of coal, under higher furnace temperatures. • Military advances: Gunpowder (a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter, sulfur, and arsenic) was ultimately used effectively in military battles. • Printing technology: Thanks to movable type, texts were produced faster, cheaper, and in greater quantities.

275: Meiji Restoration •

After Japan ended its isolation, rebellion led to the overthrow of the shogun, replaced by an emperor, who initiated a series of social, economic, and political reforms. • A centralized government, established with a new constitution, set up a two-house system, although the emperor retained most control; the government successfully resisted imperial encroachment. • Fearful that Japan would experience the same fate as China, Meiji reformers sought to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing Western ideas. • The Japanese economy quickly industrialized with the support of the government, which built factories, railroads, and banks. This is known as state-sponsored industrialization. • Japan modernized its army and navy and improved health care and the education system. • Japan modernized quickly and by 1900 began to follow a foreign policy of empire building that would lead to conflict with its neighbors in the region and would establish it as a global power.

344: Korean War •

After World War II, Korea, which had been annexed by Japan, was occupied by both the Soviet Union and the United States—the Soviet Union north of the 38th parallel and the United States south of it. The occupation was to be for a limited time while the terms of uniting the country were negotiated. • Each occupied zone adopted the political ideology of its occupying nation. • In 1950, the communist leader of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, invaded South Korea. The U.S. policy of containment ensured U.S. intervention on behalf of South Korea. • The United Nations condemned the invasion, and under the leadership of the United States a multilateral force fought to push North Korea out of South Korea. China eventually entered the war on the side of North Korea. • A 1953 cease-fire agreement divided Korea along the 38th parallel; the nation remains divided by a demilitarized zone. • The Korean War, the first major armed Cold War conflict, led the United States to a more aggressive containment policy, extending military and economic support to nations throughout Asia.

340: Marshall Plan •

Also known as the European Recovery Program, a massive economic aid package, part of the containment policy, designed to strengthen democracy and lessen the appeal of communism (developed after WWII). • Over 13 billion dollars was sent to war-torn western European countries to help them recover from the war. • A U.S. offer of aid to Eastern Europe was refused by Stalin. Established by the Soviet Union, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), an alternative to the Marshall Plan, offered increased trade in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in an effort to supplement funds not being received by denying the Marshall Plan.

175: Songhay Empire •

An Islamic empire established in the 1400s (following the decline of the Mali Empire) and lasting until the 1600s. • The capital city, Gao, was commercially successful. Following a campaign of expansion led by Sunni Ali, the empire reached its height and included the city of Timbuktu. • Much like the West African kingdoms that preceded it, the kingdom of Songhay had control of the trans-Saharan trade routes, which allowed for the exchange of gold and salt. • Timbuktu was not only an important trading city but also a leading cultural center. • The emperors of Songhay, all Muslims, encouraged the building of mosques and schools to teach Islam to the citizens of the empire. • In the late 1500s, the Moroccan army, armed with guns, attacked and seized the unarmed Songhay Empire.

270: Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) •

An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence. • The Boxers had imperial support for their efforts, which included attacking and killing foreigners and Chinese Christians. • Following their attempt to gain control of foreign embassies in Beijing, foreign forces moved quickly to put down the rebellion. • The defeat of the Boxers allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from the Qing; China had to pay for damages to foreign-held property. • The rebellion further weakened the ruling family, who within a decade would be overthrown by Chinese nationalists.

religion of pre-islamic africa

Animistic and polytheistic religions

97: Influences on the Dar al-Islam (Persian, Indian, and Greek) •

Arabic tem referring to the "house of Islam" and the lands under Islamic rule. • Persian influences: administrative techniques; ideas of kingship (greatly influenced caliphs); Persian language, written and spoken, used in literature, poetry, history, and political thought (for example, The Arabian Nights). • Indian influences: mathematics, Arabic/Hindi numbers, symbol for zero, algebra, trigonometry, geometry. • Greek influences: philosophy, science, medical writings (especially Plato and Aristotle). Arabic libraries and museums held translated Greek and Roman works.

269: Spheres of Influence •

Areas of economic influence/control. • Several were established in China in the 19th century; at first foreigners took advantage of a weakened China and seized control of China's tributary states (for example, France took control of Vietnam in 1885). • Eventually Western powers, including Germany and France, gained exclusive trading rights within China. • In response to the presence of foreigners in the nation, Chinese nationalism increased as evidenced by increased internal rebellions, most notably the Boxer Rebellion.

260: Direct vs. Indirect Control (of Colonial Possessions) •

As European nations sought to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if rule was to be direct or indirect. • Direct: The colony, normally the result of conquest, was under express control of the mother country. • Indirect: The colony was given a degree of autonomy. • In Africa, the French tended to employ direct rule, while the British preferred indirect rule.

112: Holy Roman Empire •

As the Carolingian Empire ended, local authorities extended their power, including Otto of Saxony, who established himself as the king in northern Germany and invaded Italy in the name of peace and the church. • Ultimately encompassed Germany and at times Eastern Europe and Italy. • To thank him for reestablishing Christian authority in the region, Pope John XII declared Otto the Holy Roman Emperor in 962. • Impressive title coupled with a lifelong power struggle between the pope and secular leaders throughout Europe. • Germany: Pope Gregory VII's ending of the practice of lay investiture (by which emperors could select and install church officials) was challenged by Henry IV, who was immediately excommunicated; a rebellion by German princes led to reinstallation of Henry.

226: Serfdom in Russia •

As the result of unpaid debts, many peasants were forced into serfdom. • Serfdom provided a labor force for the agrarian-based economy. • Serfs were laborers who were tied to the land, although not slaves, they could be sold. • Czars passed laws limiting the rights of serfs, in large part to gain the favor of the nobility.

117: Education and Religion in the European Middle Ages •

Basic education was occasionally provided to the elite and their children in schools by monasteries or political leaders who brought scholars to their courts. • Curriculum had its foundations in the Bible, but by the 12th century the formal curriculum, based on writings in Latin, focused on liberal arts (literature and philosophy), and works by St. Augustine, St. Jerome, Plato, and Aristotle. • Schools organized in the cathedrals of Paris and Bologna (which became the first universities) attracted students from across Europe. • Faculty guilds entrusted teachers with the ability to award academic degrees (licenses to teach in other cities) and transformed cathedral schools into universities. • Reintroduction of Aristotle led to the development of scholastic theology—movement spearheaded at the University of Paris by St. Thomas Aquinas, who suggested that God's existence did not depend on faith but could be rationally proven.

how did the Seljuk Turks contribute to destruction of Byzantines

Battle of Manzikert- Engage with Turks and they defeat them easily, Byzantines loose a great amount of land and provinces to the east and to the west (Slavic states)

194: Scientific Revolution: Causes •

Beginning in the 17th century, scientists began to challenge the validity of classical ideas; the questioning spirit of the Renaissance and the Reformation reflected the growing secularization of European society. • Throughout the Middle Ages, it was generally believed that Earth was the center of the universe (the geocentric theory); this idea was supported by the church and based on classic Greek and Roman ideas. • In the mid-1500s, Nicolaus Copernicus, arguing in favor of a heliocentric theory, placed the sun at the center of the universe, and based his assertion on mathematical proof. • Although Copernicus's theory was widely debated and even rejected by the church, other scientists were inspired by his efforts.

157: European Exploration of Pacific •

Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Europeans, motivated by trade, explored the Pacific. • Few colonies were established in the Pacific; trade in the Eastern Hemisphere was conducted mainly through the Spanish-controlled city of Manila, established in 1571, which connected the Spanish colonies with Asian markets. • Contact with Europe brought some changes to the Pacific, including new diseases and missionaries, who followed explorers in the hopes of converting natives to Christianity.

Independence of India

British colonial rulers promoted a growing sense of "Indian" identity: British never assimilated into Indian society, unlike rulers in the past; had a sharp sense of racial and cultural distinctiveness India's many regions and peoples bound together by: British railroads, telegraph lines, postal services, administrative networks, newspapers, schools, and the English language

179: Atlantic Slave Trade •

By the mid-1500s, European demand for a cheap labor supply to work on plantations and in mines of the New World led to an extensive trade in African slaves. • Often called the "triangular trade" because it linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas; the majority of slaves were exported from west and central Africa. • It is estimated that at least 11 million Africans were enslaved and made the Middle Passage across the Atlantic to arrive in the Americas. • Slaves were sent to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, to Central America and Peru to work in silver mines, and to North America to work on plantation cultivating cash crops such as cotton and tobacco. • The last country to legally abolish the Atlantic slave trade did so in the mid-19th century.

causes of territorial loss

Cause #1: European aggression Cause #2: Nationalism and independence movements by different groups within the Ottoman Empire

252: Otto von Bismarck •

Chancellor of the German state of Prussia, he worked to unite the German-speaking states into a single nation. • Unified the states through his policy of Blood and Iron. • He successfully waged war against Denmark, Austria, and France, and with each success feelings of German nationalism surged. • It was largely due to his efforts that a Prussian king was named the new ruler of the unified German state.

53: Gupta Dynasty •

Chandra Gupta laid foundations for empire by making alliances with powerful families in the Ganges; he conquered many, while others chose to form tributary alliances with the Guptas. • Government, both policy and administration, was left to the locals; Gupta did not impose uniform laws; brought stability and prosperity. Decline caused by invasions by the White Huns (nomadic people from central Asia)—dynasty continued in name only.

chinampas

Chinampas were man-made floating islands 17' long x 100' to 300' feet wide. Aztecs built over 20,000 acres of chinampa

zheng He

Chinese Muslim eunuch, admiral who led Ming naval expeditions from 1405-1433 ( not yet in period 4) made 7 voyages out of china • Traveled with fleet of hundreds of nine-masted "treasure ships" (junks) equipped with magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, gunpowder rockets

Hanistic league

Commercial alliance between a lot of small cities in europe

365: Mikhail Gorbachev •

Controlled the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. • Introduced reforms glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring); led people to speak out against the Soviet state. • Backed free-market reforms, which were in direct violation of the communist economic philosophy. • Mid-1991: Communist hardliners attempted an unsuccessful coup d'état, which was followed by Gorbachev's resignation. • Agreed not to enforce the Brezhnev Doctrine, a pledge to maintain Communism in satellite nations, instead allowing Eastern bloc nations to determine their own political futures.

why did people convert to islam

Converts do not have to pay Dhimmi tax and there were No distinction between new converts and those who were raised in the faith

capital of the umayyads

Damascus

how was Confucianism founded

Developed by Confucius (551 BCE) Happened when the feudal system kept falling apart. He thought people were experiencing intellectual and moral declines

what type of government did Sui bring back to china

Dynastic control

358: Apartheid •

Established by the Afrikaner National Party in 1948 in an effort to maintain control over the black African majority. • Meaning "separateness," it was the policy of legal segregation imposed by the white minority government in South Africa. • 13 percent of the least-arable land (homelands) was reserved for the black and colored South Africans. • Nonwhites were segregated based on ethnic identities into a variety of subgroups in another effort to prevent organized black resistance. • The African National Congress (ANC) was the most vocal in its protest of this policy, and many of its leaders, including Nelson Mandela, were jailed for their efforts to end apartheid. • International pressure was eventually applied through the use of economic sanctions in the hope of ending the policy. • 1990: F. W. DeKlerk (National Party) became the president of South Africa. He released Nelson Mandela from hail and worked with the ANC to end apartheid.

11: Hammurabi's Code •

Established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators (c. 1792-1750 B.C.E.) in the city-state of Babylon. • Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery, and incest. • Civil laws regulated prices, wages, commercial dealings, marital relationships, and the conditions of slavery. • Relied on the lex talionis ("law of retaliation") and social standing; upper classes were favored. • Concept of a consistent written set of rules to govern society, rather than arbitrary rulers, impacted later civilizations.

5 Relationships

Father- son Elder Brother- Younger brother Husband- Wife Elder friend- Younger friend ruler- Subject

268: Self-Strengthening Movement •

Following the signing of a series of unequal treaties and a number of internal rebellions in the 19th century, the Qing enacted a series of reforms. • The reforms focused on the introduction of Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation. • The reforms had limited success; China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought.

354: European Community •

Formed in 1957, six founding member nations: France, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands; characterized by a common market and free trade. • Signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community (renamed the European Community); goal was to dissolve tariffs and increase free trade. • Treaties among member nations also created the Council of Ministers and European Parliament to achieve the long-term goal of political integration. • Maastricht Treaty of 1993 established the European Union—fifteen member nations who ceded some political power and adopted a common currency (the euro).

37: Persian Wars •

Fought between Greeks and Achaemenids (500-479 B.C.E.)—led to demise of the empire; began when Ionian Greek cities revolted against their governors. • Greeks believed the Persians were uncivilized. • Herodotus (born c. 484 B.C.E.), the great source of knowledge of the history of the wars. • Persian use of unlimited manpower and resources earned them the reputation as one of the greatest militaries in history. • Delian League (led by Athens) formed to discourage future Persian aggression. • Darius put down rebellions and reasserted Achaemenid power but ultimately lost to the Athenian army of 10,000 men at Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E.).

76: Early Christianity •

Generally defined as the time between the Crucifixion of Jesus (c. 30 C.E.) and the First Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.) • Christians would not worship Roman gods. • Worshipped a single God. • Appealed to the lower classes (urban dwellers and women). • Encouraged men and women to lead faithful lives that would, in turn, lead to their salvation.

November 11, 1918

Germans sign armistice, agree to end the fighting

Goals of the Bureaucracy

Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry (bureaucrats) Goal #2: Rework Confucian ideology

Ashoka

Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya (great warrior) mauryan empire breaks up after his death

137: Incan Empire •

Incas established an empire based on military conquest in modern-day Peru—settled around Lake Titicaca (mid-1200s); Pachacuti expanded the empire by engaging in military campaigns—empire stretched from Quito to Santiago (2,500 miles). • Government led by military elite; armies were made up of conquered peoples; forced people into submission by taking hostages. • Bureaucrats used a quipu (a variety of cords in different colors and lengths) to keep track of population, taxes, state property, and labor owed to government. • Capital: Cuzco was a center of administrative, religious, and ceremonial duties. • Two roads ran north-south and connected the empire. One went through the mountains, the other ran along the coast. Combined distance of approximately 9,500 miles—used for trade and to disseminate information quickly.

363: Globalization •

Interdependence and interconnection of world economies. • Goal: A global economy to facilitate the movement of goods and trade, associated with the term free trade (trade unrestricted by state limits as it crosses borders). • IMF (International Monetary Fund): Established in 1944 to promote free trade and increase growth rates of nations. • GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade): Concluded in 1947 to lessen barriers and promote free trade (there were 123 member nations by 1994); all agreed to form the WTO (World Trade Organization). • NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): Concluded in 1993—the United States, Canada, and Mexico created the world's second largest free-trade zone.

The Schlieffen Plan

Invade and capture France via Belgium, then turn around and face Russia

8: Bronze Age •

Metallurgy originated with the use of copper. • In the Neolithic era, copper was combined with tin to create bronze. • Bronze tools and weapons were first used in Mesopotamia c. 4000-3000 B.C.E. • By c. 1500-1000 B.C.E. craftsmen in Mesopotamia developed iron tools and weapons; this technology diffused throughout southwestern Asia over time.

what is Justinian's goal

Military gains and huge expansion to rebuild the original Roman empire

agricultural innovations of western europe

Moldboard, Crop rotation, Three-field system

152: Junks •

Oceangoing ships built in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279). • The ships used a magnetic compass and a stern-mounted rudder; they were equipped with gunpowder-propelled rockets. • Zheng He commanded an imperial expedition, a mighty armada of "treasure ships," that sailed from 1405-1433, reaching India, Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, and Somalia on the coast of Africa. • The fleet consisted of giant nine-masted junks—over 400 ft. long and 150 ft. wide—escorted by dozens of supply ships, water tankers, transports for cavalry horses, and patrol boats. • Crew 27,000+ • By comparison, the Santa Maria, Columbus's largest ship, was 90 ft. by 30 ft., with a crew of 90.

31: Olmecs •

Olmecs (means "rubber people") are named after trees from the region in which they flourished. • Centers of Olmec society: San Lorenzo, La Vena, and Tres Zapotes in Central America. • Adequate rainfall allowed for the construction of drainage; irrigation systems led to abundant harvests. • Authoritarian rule led to the creation of extensive public works projects, including altars, temples, pyramids, and tombs. • Famous sculptures: gigantic human heads.

130: Religious Reform Movements during the European Middle Ages •

Orders of mendicants ("beggars"): St. Dominic founded the Dominicans and St. Francis founded the Franciscan friars; both pledged to give up all personal possessions and beg for their food and other necessities from the people to whom they preached, and both worked to combat heterodox movements and bring heretics back to the church. • The Waldensians (active in southern France and northern Italy) supported a modest and simple lifestyle, in direct opposition to the Roman Catholic clergy, whom they claimed were corrupt and immoral. Believed in right of the laity to preach and administer sacraments. • The Cathars (Albigensians) took up the heretical teachings of groups such as the Bogomils, who advocated a pure, spiritual existence and who preached that the world was the scene of a larger battle between good and evil and that material possessions were evil. Gave up wealth and marriage and became vegetarians; saw the church as corrupt. • Pope Innocent III called for an "Albigensian crusade" to destroy the Cathars.

139: Development of Pacific Islands •

Owing to the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, trade networks did not develop easily, allowing for only limited contact with other societies. There was some cultural diffusion, such as the spread of sweet potatoes. • Settlements arose in Easter Island, New Zealand, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands. • Islanders in the Pacific grew yams, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, bananas, coconuts, and taro and domesticated pigs and dogs. • Fishponds added to the food supply in the Hawaiian Islands.

Bhagavad Gita

Part of an epic poem "A man shall reach perfection if he does his duty as an act of worship to the Lord"

Gandhi's support came from...

Peasants and the urban poor Intellectuals and artisans Capitalists and socialists Hindus and Muslims

Radicalism

Political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate basic injustices of society; favors revolutionary overthrow of the existing order

government of the sassanid empire

Power in hand of autocratic ruler who manipulated by wealthy landowning aristocrats

how was the Roman republic run

Power rests with citizens who vote for leaders to represent them (SPQR) Republic run by the senate

312: Benito Mussolini •

Responsible for the establishment of the world's first fascist state. • Emerged as a dictator in postwar Italy, a nation struggling to recover from economic depression. • His promise of economic recovery and the addition of land to the Italian empire gained him popular support. • As the leader of Italy, he suspended people's civil liberties and used fear and terror to enforce his will. • In 1936 he signed the Rome-Berlin Axis with Germany and in 1940 joined World War II on the side of Germany. • Italy experienced many losses, and Mussolini was stripped of his power; Germany remained supportive of Mussolini, who was in exile in northern Italy. • In April 1945, he was captured by the Italian resistance and executed.

72: Roman Roads •

Roman engineers developed an intricate process for building roads—they prepared a deep bed, edged roads with curbs, provided for drainage, and topped roads with large flat paving stones. • Main roads were 20 to 26 feet wide—allowing for two-way traffic; narrow roads through mountains were on average 6 to 10 feet wide to enable trade, travel, and military passage. • Milestones were placed along the road to facilitate the imperial postal system. • Linked all parts of the empire: one highway stretched over 1,554 miles and connected the Black Sea to the North Sea; another stretched over 2,983 miles and ran parallel to the coast of North Africa, with many run-offs to transport supplies, goods, and soldiers farther into Africa. • Linked with the Silk Road to create an intricate trade network, Roman roads connected Western Europe with the Far East.

Treaty of Berlin

Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro • They took these areas in the Balkans and made them independent countries

Major trade routes of india

Silk road and indian ocean

28: Silk Production •

Silk was first produced during the Shang dynasty (1750-1027 B.C.E.). • Silk was produced by raising silkworms on mulberry trees. • By the time of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.), silk was a luxury product in high demand, and thus its production was a highly guarded imperial secret. • In the late 500s, Byzantine monks visiting China smuggled silkworms back to their empire and soon Byzantine craftsmen were producing silk textiles.

67: Hellenistic Philosophies (II) •

Skeptics doubted the existence of absolute certain knowledge and so did not espouse strong political, social, or moral beliefs. They taught that people should abandon their search for certain answers and find an inner peace. • Stoics believed human beings were part of a universal family; people must help each other through difficulties and deal with stress and anxiety by finding inner peace.

178: Slavery in Africa •

Slavery was practiced across the continent of Africa and was a well-established commercial venture centuries before the arrival of the Europeans. • Slaves were most often prisoners of war. • Owning slaves was viewed as a symbol of wealth and power. • Muslim merchants traded African slaves across Europe, the Middle East, and India.

creator of Buddhism

Started in the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama

Manorialism

System of economic organization between landlords and peasant laborers (serfs) who live on estates (manors)

207: Tokugawa Period: Isolation •

The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543 and established a commercial relationship between the two nations. • New products, including tobacco and firearms, were introduced to Japan; their swords were no match for firearms. • Christian missionaries arrived in the mid-1500s hoping to convert the Japanese. • Fearful that conversion to Christianity would undermine the authority of the shogunate and aware that firearms would lead to instability, the shoguns banned both guns and swords and began to restrict contact with foreigners. • A series of seclusion acts were passed to ban missionary activities and ultimately the religion. • By the 1640s, foreign trade was forbidden except for very limited Dutch and Chinese trade; Japanese were forbidden to travel abroad, and very few foreigners were allowed into the country. • This period of self-imposed isolation was relatively peaceful and thus has come to be known as the Pax Tokugawa.

380: Internet •

The Soviet launch of Sputnik led to the U.S. funding technological research in many important areas, such as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the grandfather of a series of agencies that led to the creation of the Internet. • A "network of networks" linked by a broad range of electronic and optical networking technologies, the Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. • Opened to commercial interests in 1988. • The Web was invented by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. • Mosaic was the first popular browser. • The estimated population of Internet users was 1.8 billion as of December 31, 2009.

F.W. de Klerk's leadership led to:

The abandonment of apartheid policies The release of Nelson Mandela from prison The legalization of the ANC National elections in 1994 Brought the ANC to power Nelson Mandela became new president of South Africa

287: Immediate Cause of World War I •

The crisis sometimes referred to as the "spark" that started the war came on June 28, 1914. While on a visit to Sarajevo (in Bosnia) Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Almost immediately, Germany pledged its support to Austria-Hungary, who declared war on Serbia a month later. Russia mobilized forces against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia and then on France. Following the German invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany, and world war was well under way. • The "isms" of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism combined with the new reality of entangling alliances ensured that this war would involve the entire European continent.

104: Early Japan •

The earliest inhabitants of Japan, nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia, came with their own language, culture, and religion. • An agricultural society inspired by Tang China; instituted a series of reforms to centralize power. Nara was built as a replica of Chang'an. • Japan fused their traditional Shinto beliefs with Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. • Heian period—centralized power in the Fujiwara family. Based on Chinese values, only boys received a formal education though women contributed to Japanese literature (Lady Murasaki's Tale of Genji, for example). • Decline resulted from a failure of the equal-field system; land became concentrated into the hands of a small group of the wealthy elite.

306: Age of Anxiety •

The period after World War I when doubt was cast upon previously existing ways of life. • Feelings of uncertainty were reflected in science, art, architecture, and psychology. • Novelists, such as Ernest Hemingway, wrote about the destruction of war. • Pablo Picasso and other artists, experimenting with new art forms, moved away from realism and toward freer forms of expression. • In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud and others questioned traditional thinking on morality and values, and developed new approaches to explaining human behavior.

62: Hellenistic Empire •

The period during the reign of Alexander the Great and the subsequent division into three large states is known as the Hellenistic age (after Greece, or Hellas). • Greek culture spread to areas from Greece to India and affected them politically, socially, and economically. • Egypt (under Ptolemy), the wealthiest of the colonies), maintained organized agriculture (irrigation), industry, and tax collection. • Capital of empire, Alexandria, with a pivotal location on the Mediterranean, could harbor 1,200 ships; home of world's largest library. • The Hellenistic Empire was built on the former Persian Empire (led by Seleucus), impressive because of its size—reaching to the Indus River—its common law and trade practices, and its culture.

201: Ming Dynasty: Social and Cultural Changes •

The revival of the civil service exams encouraged the creation of an extensive scholar-bureaucrat class, which was responsible for much of the governance of the empire. • The restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the subordination of women, and in many ways women's lives were even more tightly controlled than previously. • Widows were strongly discouraged from remarrying, and foot binding became increasingly more popular and filtered down to the lower classes. • The Yongle Encyclopedia collection of Chinese philosophy, literature, and history was recorded. • The Chinese novel's gain in popularity led to an increase in literacy.

buddhist oasis town architecture

Traveling across vast expanses of desert, Depend on oasis to get your supplies Buddhism was spread as a result of these towns - merchants would be exposed to Buddhism, sometimes would already be Buddhist Transmission of belief systems across the Silk Road - Buddhism was the primary one

Neo- Confucianism response to buddhism and Daoism

Two religions that are considered to be dangerous

368: Nuclear Arms Race since the Fall of Soviet Union •

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the United States and Russia dramatically reduced their nuclear weapons spending. • India and Pakistan, two nations with a violent history of territorial disputes, raced to develop nuclear weapons. • Today only five other nations have successfully tested nuclear weapons.

181: African Diaspora •

With the forced migration of millions of Africans to the New World, African culture spread throughout the Americas. • African traditions blended with those in the Americas, such as in the areas of storytelling and music. • Various languages spoken by the Africans were combined with European languages to create new languages or dialects.

Patriarchy of hinduism

Women were expected to direct affairs within their home but had no business outside of the household. Not allowed to remarry and you shouldn't expect much out of life after your husband dies

prophets

acted as advisors and spokespeople for God

Iron age began where

began in the middle east and china

why do vikings stop raking

convert to Christianity and become setteled people

Agricultural Revolution

deliberate cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

accomplishments of the shang dynasty

developed first urban sites bronze tools strong military major urban centers

when was the epic of gilgamesh discovered

discovered mid 19th century and is the oldest known story on earth

why do cities develop

efficient farming= food surplus food surplus= population growth= villages= cities

who declared an official tolerance of christianity

emperor constantine did in 313 CE, this is also known as the edict of milan

2nd Battle of the Marne (1918)

final German attempt on Paris; Americans proved deciding factor, pushing Germans back and forcing their surrender (western front)

John Cabot (1497)

first Englishman to search for Northwest Passage; claimed Newfoundland south to Chesapeake

Bartolomeu Dias (1488)

first European to round southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

iron age

fourth age of ancient world

nomadic

hunting and gatering lifestyle

hebrew monotheism

judaism

Paleolithic lasted until...

lasted throughout 8000 BCE

bronze age lays the foundation for...

lays the foundation for civilization

what did the Incas uses to transport goods

llamas and alpacas

where were the inca located

located on the Andes mountains

Jenne and Timbuktu

major cities of commercial trade located on the niger, Attracted Scholars, craft specialists, and foreign merchants, Timbuktu was famous for its library and university

Karma

moral law of cause and effect

eveloution of human lifestyle

nomad to agriculture to civilizations

capital of the fatimids

north africa

what happened to the mongols after death of Genghis Khan separated into four khanates

separated into four khanates

civilizations

settlements and self sufficient lifestyle (complex culture with highly organized social order)

why did the peloponnesian war happen

sparta and other city states believed that athens were taking the power that they got from the delian league too far

anatta

the belief that there is no soal

what did farming in mesopotamia depend on?

the riverflow of the tigris and euphrates rivers

what happened once the song could not defeat the Liao dynasty

the song payed tribute so that they wouldnt attack, but the song did not claim it was tribute

Built Uruk, Eridu, and Ur

the sumerians built these communities

hebrew law

the torah

who were usually the merchants

the upper class, merchants were elites

how did the encomienda system work

worked like feudalism in Europe • Natives paid tribute in exchange for protection, religious instruction • Tribute was in the form of gold, silver, and forced labor

Stalingrad

§ Largest and bloodiest battle in human history § 2.2 million personnel used in this battle, 2 million casualties § Turning point of European theatre □ Nazis ended up being unsuccessful in this battle

why did the east and the west Dispute of what type of bread should be used

§ West used unleavened bread § East used baked bread

Constitution of 1793

• Adds additional rights • Popular sovereignty (authority of gov't is created, sustained by consent of the people) ○ Government gets its power from the consent of the people • Freedom of association (choice to join groups, parties) • Right to employment • Free public education • Right of rebellion

england, france, and dutch v. the native people of the americas

• Settlers frequently displaced native hunter-gatherers • Fighting among settlers just as common as with Native Americans • Little intermarriage as opposed to Latin America

Heian period

○ 794: Capital moved from Nara to Heian (later Kyoto) (Chinese influence declined) ○ 838: Japanese embassies to Tang China halted (focused on local development)

Russian Civil War (1917-1922)

○ Civil war broke out between Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti-Communists (Whites) ○ Lenin formed Cheka (secret police) as way of eliminating anti-revolutionaries, instituted the Red Terror, placed severe restrictions on the Orthodox Church ○ As part of Red Terror, between 10,000-15,000 executed in Russia; 50,000 in Ukraine ○ Lenin and Reds won the war, took absolute control

army of the ottomans

○ Controlled the Dardanelles (strait between Europe and Asia) at Istanbul (not Constantinople) § Taken over by Ottomans and renamed ○ Army combined skilled cavalry archers, Janissaries (military slaves), gunpowder to devastating effect § Able to use all 3 of these to take over lots of Europe, Asia, and Africa ○ Ottomans successfully attacked Christians in Greece, Balkans; toppled Byzantines, forced Venice to pay tribute; conquered Egypt, Syria § Never actually take over Italy

Nationalism

○ Derived pride from having a common culture ○ Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation (community defined by common culture, history, and territory); served as a force for unity, sense of pride

how did the spread of civilization reach eastern europe

○ Eastern Europe influenced by Byzantine conquest, Christian missionaries and conversion efforts, and trade routes ○ Byzantine Christian missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) helped bring Orthodoxy northward into Russia and the Balkans

Court life in the Heian era

○ Extremely refined; based upon codes of behavior ○ Emphasis on aesthetic enjoyment (Everything was about pleasing the 5 senses) ○ Literary Golden Age: poetry, love notes, stories ○ Women and men took part in literary production *regional lords with more militaristic orientation took control of japan*

when was the ottoman empire founded

○ Founded around 1300 CE in NW Anatolia by Osman; most powerful state in Europe, Islamic world by 1520s § Gets the name Ottoman from Osman § Byzantines are in Constantinople before the Ottomans § Seljuk Turks have most of the soon to be ottoman land § Force to be reckoned with

who founded the Inca

○ Founded by Quechua-speaking clans, ayllus, living near Cuzco c. 1350 ○ Inca (ruler) Pachacuti expanded the empire from 1438-1471

end of the Safavid Empire

○ High military costs, silver inflation, and surroundings (Ottomans, Russians, Mughals) led to downfall

Socialism

○ Proponents- Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels ○ Relevant Club- The Communist Manifesto ○ Philosophy- Cooperation is the best way for people to coexist ○ Resource ownership- State owned ○ Earning of wealth- Emphasis on equity; profits shared equally by workforce ○ Government interference- Fully involved to ensure equity is maintained ○ Pros/Merits of Economic System (What's Good)- People given an equal chance to succeed; everyone's basic needs are provided for ○ Cons/Demerits of Economic System (What's Not So Good) - Hard work not rewarded; lazy employees enjoy equal level of benefits

How did feudal Japan come to be

○ Regional lords (bushi) administered small kingdoms, collected taxes, and built up private militaries, had samauri as loyal warriers to them

Baron de Montesquieu

○ Sees that this can be dangerous if the government ○ Devises that the government should be broken into branches, separate groups § Legislative Branch - Makes laws § Executive Branch - Enforces the Laws § Judicial Branch - Interprets the laws ○ Separation of powers ○ This is where the concept of checks and balances is derived from

Weak Government After WWI in Italy

i. Could not solve Italy's problems ii. No political party had a majority in the Parliament

Crop rotation

leave half of land uncultivated each year to restore soil, but limits productivity

safavid empire

(1502-1722) - Kingdom and Shi'ite state in Iran • Iran had grown in isolation from other Muslim powers except for Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire; separate from Mamluks (Egypt, Syria), Ottomans

Suleiman the Magnificent

(1520-1566) expanded empire in Balkans, eastern Mediterranean made it as far as Vienna (siege was unsuccessful) § Grow the empire all the way out to the Balkans and to Vienna § Never took over Vienna

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895): gained colonial control of Taiwan and Korea; forcing China to pay indemnity

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905): gained a territorial foothold in Manchuria; first Asian state to defeat a major European power

society of Jesus

(Jesuits), Ignatius' religious order (1540), took vow of absolute obedience to pope, used education to spread their message and engage in "conflict for God" • Reestablish the authority of the Pope- Use education to spread Christianity

1514: Battle of Chaldiran

(Ottomans v. Safavids) was decisive win for Ottomans, whose Janissaries and gunpowder seriously outmatched Safavid cavalry

Water frame

(Richard Arkwright) • Spun many threads at once, led to the creation of cotton mills • Uses river power and the wheel will turn because of the water • He is the greatest entrepreneur of the industrial revolution

Slavophiles

(Russian intellectuals who took pride in traditional peasant values and institutions) favored resisting western European influence, while Westernizers saw it as unavoidable and necessary if Russia were to progress

England V. Spain

** First Anglo-Spanish War: 1585-1604** • Part religious part commercial • Catholicism (Spain) v. Protestantism (England) □ Differing views on Christianity • Commercial disputes (privateering of Francis Drake) □ Lead to a meeting between the 2 armadas • Led to defeat of Spanish Armada, rise of English Navy ** Second Anglo-Spanish War: 1654-1660** • Later joined with larger Franco-Spanish War • Led to battles in Europe, Caribbean theaters • Very little is accomplished

influence of islam on the grassland kingdoms

- Islam provided universal faith and fixed law - Rulers reinforced authority through Muslim ideology - Many Sudanic societies were matrilineal and did not seclude women - Slavery and slave trade was prevalent from Muslim influence

Charles V

- Lead the Holy Roman Empire -Sought to repel the Muslims, defend Roman Catholicism from the Reformation, and contend with France for dominance over Italy - is successful of keeping muslims out of vienna § Takes a stance against the German princes who are pushing for Protestantism § Fights over Italy of France to control the papal states § Pushes them into Debt - gives power to his son in 1556

where was mesopotamia located

located between the tigris and euphrates rivers

How did the southern song dynasty occur

-Khitan Liao independence encouraged others to invade borders of Song China - make a empire that grows to rival the song and they invade, causing the song to flee to the south

location of the Aztec empire

located in modern day Mexico city

who are the Seljuk Turks

-Muslim nomadic invaders from Central Asia (A little bit north of Persia) -Sunnis who eliminated the Shi'a Buyids officials and any Shi'a influence the Buyids had caused

Free pesants

-higher on the social scale than peasants -Have a contract with land owners - Pay rent for the land that they work for - Main source of tax

1073-1085: Gregorian Reform with Gregory VII

Separation of secular and religious spheres Tried to free church from interference from states Proved Church is superior to state Quarrels with HRE Henry IV over investiture

Magnetic compass

lodestone always pointed north (Chinese)

Interaction and exchange with nubia

1. Adopted egyptian Gods 2. Build monumental buildings shaped like pyramids 3. Copied egyptians hieroglyphics 4. Divine origin of political structure

Lack of Democratic Tradition in Italy

i. Democracy had not been a part of Italy's history ii. People were more concerned with making ends meet, not defending democracy

Lack of Democratic Tradition in Germany

i. German heritage was an autocracy, not a democracy Autocracy meant success and democracy meant failure

• Factors Explaining the Fascist Rise to Power in Italy and Germany

1. Economic Distress 2. Fear of Communism 3. Appeal to Nationalism 4. Weak Government After WWI 5. Lack of Democratic Tradition

Economic Distress in Germany

i. Germany had to pay reparations of $35 billion after WWI to France and Great Britain ii. Government printed more money to do this, causing inflation iii. Nazis promised to save the economy and return Germany to its former glory

reasons for decline and fall of the roman empire

1. Military instability, wars, foreign invaders 2. Cycle of emperors 3. Farm failures, less access to raw materials 4. Diocletian (rome was split into different empires) 5. invasion

Battle of Verdun (1916)

longest battle of war (6 months), 500,000 deaths (western front)

Economic Distress in Italy

i. Inflation and high prices ii. Heavy taxes to pay for war costs iii. Widespread unemployment iv. Returning war vets couldn't find work v. Fascists promised to improve economic conditions

Class system formed by Neo confucians

1. Scholar gentry 2. Peasant farmers 3. Artisans 4. merchants

224: St. Petersburg •

Located on the Baltic Sea, it was established as the capital of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great. • Served as a visible symbol of Russia's efforts to modernize, as well as of the absolute authority of the czar. • Also known as the "window to the west," the city welcomed western Europeans and their knowledge of science and technology.

most famous ruin of the Inca

Machu Picchu

great accomplishment of Ashoka

Made use of Buddhist moral values, erected stone columns with Buddhist edicts and promoted peace through diplomacy

why did islam spread quickly

Mainly because they didn't want to pay taxes Mainly among the upper class traders and merchants also brought it to the people

responsibility of the senate in the roman republic

Make laws Enforce laws Advise the leader of society

nile river

longest river in the world, starts in lake victoria and flows into the mediterranean

353: Jomo Kenyatta •

A Kenyan nationalist leader who led a movement to gain independence from Great Britain. He was jailed in 1953 by the British government in its effort to suppress all nationalist movements. • As resistance to colonial rule increased, the British responded by increasing military strikes with artillery and jet fighters. • 1956: Resistance was crushed and 12,000 Africans and 100 Europeans were dead as a result of the conflict. • Kenya ultimately gained independence in 1963; Kenyatta was elected Kenya's first prime minister.

Geography of mesopotamia

low rainfall, unpredictable floods, mountains with snow that melt in the summertime

Transregional trade happend between...

1. egypt and nubia 2. mesopotamia and the indus river valley

reasons for the collapse of the maurya and gupta empire

1. states failed to command loyalty. 2. frequent invasions. 3. caste system encouraged loyalty.

stages of hinduism

1. student 2. householder- marriage 3. retiree- leave your career behind and extend your religious exploration renunciate- you leave your home and rely on others for you basic needs

4 noble truths

1. to live is to suffer. 2. suffering comes from desire. 3. to end suffering end desire. 4. release from suffering is possible and can be attained by following the eightfold path.

Caravel

three-master, faster, harder to capsize, faster, harder for the boat to tip (Portuguese)

first English Parliament

1265- Served as check on royal authority; collaboration between king and vassals

Aztec religion

128 major deities Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec tribal patron and patron deity of the cult of warfare and sacrifice

Inca timeline

1400- 1550

127: Ibn Battuta •

14th-century Muslim traveler. • Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world; an Islamic scholar who kept a record of his travels throughout the Dar al-Islam. • Traveled to India, the Maldives, the Swahili city-states of East Africa, and the Mali Empire. • Worked in government positions everywhere he went, usually as a qadi (adviser); supervised monetary affairs of the mosque and heard cases of law—strictly enforced Muslim standards of justice. • Through his various posts he promoted the proper observance of Islam in societies new to the religion and its beliefs; he was unsuccessful in persuading island and African women to meet Islamic standards of modesty in dress. • Displeased with the syncretic nature of Islam (i.e., how it blended with native beliefs).

360: Iranian Revolution •

1941: Muhammad Reza Pahlavi declared himself shah. Backed by the United States and Britain, he modernized and westernized Iran. • Pahlavi's reforms were in direct opposition to conservative Muslim beliefs. An opposition party quickly rose against Pahlavi, led by an Islamic fundamentalist—Ayatollah Khomeini, who believed in Islam as both a religion and a foundation for government. • 1979: Pahlavi fled Iran; Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. • New government overturned all of Pahlavi's reforms: banned Western movies, books, and music and instituted strict adherence to conservative Muslim traditions. • As leader of Iran, Khomeini worked to establish Islamic republics throughout the Middle East.

chinese culture in japan

6th -7th c § Significant impact on evolution of political and social structure

259: Social Darwinism •

A theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection. • According to Darwin, man evolved from apes over a period of millions of years and all species compete in order to survive. • Social Darwinists, such as Herbert Spencer, used this concept—the survival of the fittest—to explain why some businessmen are more successful than others; it later served as justification for European capitalist powers to control other nations.

217: Taj Mahal •

A tomb built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, who died giving birth. • An excellent example of Islamic and Hindu architecture. • Design elements include a large dome, minarets, a reflecting pool, expansive courtyards, and the use of symmetry.

115: Hanseatic League (Hansa) •

A trade network that developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400s-1600s); encompassed the commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube rivers. • Traded grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch. • Frequency of trade led to the adoption of credit and banking systems, which made trade possible on a large scale. • Commercial partnerships further increased the volume of trade in Europe. • Impact on class structure of northern Europe made social mobility possible.

88: Lateen Sail •

A triangular-shaped sail that improved upon the traditional square sail. • By the 500s C.E., the lateen sails had extensively replaced the square sail. • The sail was easily maneuverable due to its ability to "catch" wind on the sides, as well as from behind. • It can be traced to the early Roman Empire and was used in the Mediterranean Sea. • Knowledge of the sail spread to Southeast Asia and India in the 100s C.E.; the sail was used in Indian Ocean basin trade. • This technology played a key role in European exploration.

mediterranean trade

Alphabet, trireme, colonies mare nostrum (Rome) What the roman empire used to refer to the Mediterranean

Operation Overload

D-Day in Normandy, France

128: East African Cultures •

Bantus migrated to the eastern coast of Africa—bringing agriculture, cattle herding, and iron metallurgy—and developed complex societies governed by small, local states. • People living along the coasts supplemented Bantu advances with ocean fishing and maritime trade—builders of Swahili society. • The Swahili controlled the eastern coast of Africa from Mogadishu to Kilwa and the Comoro Islands and Sofala; spoke Swahili and supplemented it with Arabic. • Eastern coast of Africa attracted attention from Islamic merchants, who brought wares (such as pottery, glass, and textiles) from Persia, India, and China in exchange for local products (tortoise shells, leopard skins). • Important cities for trade: Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala.

what was the cultures that were the first civilization of the arabian peninsula

Bedouin cultures

first emperor of the roman empire

Caesar Agustus

95: Trade within Eastern Hemisphere •

Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road (perpetuated by Muslims). • Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by Muslims, provided quick and efficient travel through the Dar al-Islam. • Overland trade was conducted by camel caravan (camels are better suited to deserts than horses or donkeys). • Caravansaries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling merchants and their animals. • Technological advances, such as the compass, the lateen sail, and the astrolabe, led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean. • Abbasids encouraged larger-scale trade by reinstituting letters of credit—sakk (checks, an idea later used in Europe).

Wang Anshi

Confucian scholar, chief minister of Song, supported by emperor Shenzong

Anti buddhist backlash

Confucians supported taxation of Buddhist monasteries and decried property given to monasteries; tried to convince Tang rulers of loss of money (tried to undermine buddhism) did not like buddhism because it wasn't from china.

Capital of the eastern roman empire

Constantinople

military of Emperor Yang

Continued conquests, resisted nomads (Drives back nomads from northern border) Defeated Champa (Vietnam) 611-614: Attacked Korea, failed

end of the republic government

Counsels- King like magistrates Senate- Oligarchic group of Rome's leading families Increasing plebeian power after strife with patrician class, senate

How did the Tang accomplish Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry (bureaucrats)

Created large bureaucracy of loyal, well-educated officials to govern vast empire that revolves around confucianism Established levels from Imperial Palace to small district (like a watchdog system)

44: Daoism •

Daoism came up with an alternative solution to end the Warring States period—contrary to Confucian beliefs, Daoists reflected on natural principles that govern the world to achieve harmony with nature. • Central concept: dao ("the way" or "the way of nature" or "the way of the cosmos")—like water, it is soft yet can also erode the strongest rocks. • Humans should stop trying to achieve personal goals and live very simply in order to achieve harmony with nature. • Wuwei: Important moral trait whereby people remove themselves from worldly affairs—translates in political affairs as "less is more." • Ideal societal structure would consist of tiny, self-sufficient communities.

234: Factory System: Economic Impact •

Developed as a way to house large and expensive machines in a single location, near a source of power, in order to mass-produce goods. • Mass production saw a significant increase in the development of interchangeable parts (parts that were uniformly produced and thus could be easily replaced and fixed) and the creation of the assembly line. • Competition among factories encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production.

who developed daoism

Developed by Laoz

who were the earliest states lead by

Earliest was often headed by kings who were the top of an administrative hierarchy, and whose source of power was thought to be divine

124: Ottoman Empire •

Established by Osman when he declared independence from Seljuk sultan and began to build a state out of the declining Byzantine Empire in 1299—followers became known as Osmanlis, or Ottomans. • Turks first arrived on horseback in the Middle East in the 11th century. • Created multinational, centralized bureaucracy. • Established foundations for empire in the Balkan Peninsula; delayed by Tamerlane when he destroyed Ottoman forces in 1402, but after Tamerlane's death Ottomans reestablished power. • 1453: Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. • By 1480 Ottomans controlled the remainder of the Byzantine Empire, Greece, and the Balkan region.

341: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) •

Established in 1949 as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression. • Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. • Goal: to form a military alliance to maintain peace through collective defense in postwar Europe. • Admission of Germany in 1955 led to the Soviet formation of the Warsaw Pact. • Although the Cold War is over, NATO still exists today.

367: Fall of Soviet Union •

Failed invasion of Afghanistan contributed to the decline as resources were strained to support an unpopular and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to expand Soviet influence. • Gorbachev's reforms: Glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) led people to speak out against the Soviet state. • 1989: The fall of the Berlin Wall was a sign that East Germany no longer was backed by the Soviet Union. • Solidarity movement in Poland, led by Lech Walesa, was outlawed by Soviets but ultimately successful. • 1991: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania regained independence, and other Soviet republics followed.

overview of the middle ages

Fall of Western Rome (5th c.) - decline of Europe's feudal and religious institutions (15th c.) Early Middle Ages (5th-10th): period of decline High Middle Ages (10th-15th): period of slow emergence

309: Rise of Fascism •

Fascism emerged in both Italy and Germany in the interwar period; both nations were faced with economic depression and in desperate need of strong leaders. Powerful dictators emerged, greatly influenced by fascist ideology. • Fascism was characterized by extreme nationalism and state control over all aspects of life. • In Italy, Benito Mussolini emphasized the state over the individual and transformed the nation into a totalitarian state. • In Germany, fascism was promoted by the National Socialist German Workers' Party, with added elements of militarism and anti-Semitism. • By the early 1930s, the Nazi Party had control of the German parliament, and by 1934 Adolf Hitler emerged as Germany's new leader. • The Nazis severely limited people's civil liberties, outlawed all other political parties, and took control of the police force.

when did the abbasid caliphate lose control over their empire

mid 9th century

diet of the people in the shang dynasty

millet, wheat, rice, and barley

where is phonoecia

modern day Syria, lebanon, and palestine

Homo Habilis was...

First ancestor known to use stone tools and possess opposable thumbs

101: Song Dynasty •

Followed the Tang dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of distrust of military leaders—focused on civil service exams (based on Confucian philosophy), industry, education, and the arts. • Financial problems faced by the Song: bureaucracy too big. • Military problems: scholar-bureaucrats' limited military experience led Song to military failures.

106: Frankish Empire •

Franks built a society based on agriculture in Europe's northern region (France, Germany, and the Low Countries) and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas. • Clovis (strong political and military leader) led successful campaigns; one campaign finally ended Roman authority in Gaul and established the Frankish Empire as the most powerful and dynamic of new states in Western Europe. • Clovis (and thus the Franks) converted to Christianity and thereby gained the support of Christians from the former Roman Empire, the pope, and the hierarchy of the western Catholic Church. • Frankish unification of western Europeans made Muslim defeat possible at Tours in 732.

118: Influence of Christianity in Europe •

Franks solidified Christianity as a foundation of the empire when Clovis converted; Charlemagne continued the commitment to Rome. • Italy worked to spread Christianity north, as did Charlemagne; by 1000, Christianity was the accepted religion in most of Western Europe. • The pope was established as the single most important figure, providing the church with a sense of direction. • Pope Gregory I protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives.

The Partition of India

Gandhi and the INC agreed to partition India when the British declared their intention to leave after WWII 1947: colonial India became independent as two separate nations Hindu India Muslim Pakistan (divided into West and East Pakistan)

reason for The Schlieffen Plan

Germans wanted to avoid fighting war on two fronts

12: Assyrian Empire •

Government consisted of a combination of administrative techniques (first used by Hammurabi) and a powerful and intimidating military machine. • Officers in charge of standardized military units were appointed on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery rather than noble birth and family connections. • Used horse-drawn chariots to conquer standing armies. • At its height (8th and 7th centuries B.C.E.), the Assyrian Empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, as well as much of Anatolia and most of Egypt.

36: Achaemenid Administration •

Government relied on a balance between central administration and locally appointed governors. • Darius divided the empire into twenty-three satrapies—administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps—in which he regularized tax levies and standardized laws (he did not push direct rule on the subjects). • To ensure local provinces did not become too powerful, each satrapy was assigned a group of military officers and tax collectors who checked the satrap's power and independence; imperial spies, trained as watchdogs for the king, conducted surprise audits. • Darius built extensive roads: Persian Royal Road (1,600 miles)—from Ephesus on the Aegean to Sardis in Anatolia to Susa in Iran—facilitated trade. • Organized a courier service and built postal stations approximately every 25 to 30 miles along the Royal Road.

107: Carolingian Empire •

High point for the Franks came under Charlemagne ("Charles the Great," ruled 768-814). He quelled disputes between local leaders when he reclaimed centralized imperial rule. • Charlemagne—very intelligent, multilingual, and gifted in diplomacy—extended the empire into northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and Italy, as far south as Rome. • Without the funding for a bureaucracy, Charlemagne wielded power on his own and traveled throughout his empire during most of his reign. With help from aristocratic deputies or counts, who had political, military, and legal authority over local issues, the legitimacy of his empire was pronounced by the Roman Catholic Church. • Charlemagne established a new group of imperial officials in an effort to increase control of central government; missi dominici ("envoys of the lord ruler") traveled to all local jurisdictions annually to oversee local authorities.

Hermann Göring

Hitler's second-in-command, founder of the Gestapo (before he transferred control over to Heimlich Himmler) and Commander-in-Chief of Luftwaffe (German air force)

2: Homo sapiens •

Homo sapiens, modern humans, emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. • Earliest variant, the Neanderthal, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago. • More advanced was Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age. • Both used advanced tools, wore clothing, created semi-permanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups. • Spread from Europe to Africa and Asia.

375: Asian Tigers •

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan enjoyed rapid growth rates and were major economic powers by the 1980s. • Competed economically with Japan, even though they suffered from limitations (lack of natural resources, overpopulation, and shortage of capital), and they successfully produced quality consumer goods for export. • Later joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia.

24: Yellow River Civilization—Xia Dynasty •

Huang He means Yellow River and refers to the light-colored loess soil that it picks up and deposits on the riverbank. • Unpredictable flooding led to its nickname, China's Sorrow. • Regular rains and fertile soil eliminated the need for an extensive irrigation system and, instead, water-control systems were developed. • Xia dynasty first attempted to organize public life on a large scale—it established the precedent for hereditary monarchial rule in China. • Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government.

280: Interchangeable Parts •

In 1778, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc produced some of the first firearms with interchangeable parts. He demonstrated that his muskets could be assembled from a pile of parts selected at random. • In the U.S., Eli Whitney saw the potential benefit of developing "interchangeable parts" for U.S. military firearms. He built several guns and disassembled them before the U.S. Congress. The problem remained, however, that these guns were hand-made by extremely skilled workmen and were, therefore, very expensive. • Mass production was first achieved in 1803 by Marc Isambard Brunel with Henry Maudslay and Simon Goodrich, with contributions by Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector General of Naval Works at Portsmouth Block Mills for the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic War. By 1808 annual production had reached 130,000 sailing blocks (pulleys).

300: Bloody Sunday •

In 1905 a peaceful demonstration at the Russian czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg turned violent when the czar's guards opened fire on the unarmed crowd. • The protesters, led by a priest, wanted to present a petition to Czar Nicholas II asking for a representative assembly; instead many of the protestors were killed. • Unrest broke out across the country, and soon soviets (local councils) were organized, seeking to organize strikes and gain political rights. • The czar responded by creating the Duma, Russia's first parliament. • The czar was able to restore some level of stability to the nation, but many lost faith in the Romanovs, and the stage was set for the end of imperial rule.

133: Results of the Crusades •

Increased cultural diffusion—Europe was reintroduced to Greco-Roman culture, which had been preserved by the Byzantine Empire, and, in addition, discovered eastern goods such as silk, rice, glass, and coffee. • Led to the development of the High Middle Ages as demand rose for "new" goods and ideas and led to increased trade; people moved off of manors to towns and cities; power of kings increased. • Byzantine Empire, feudal nobles, and papal power and the church were weakened. • European technology improved.

"Kristallnacht" (November 1938)

Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues destroyed □ Burned and broke the windows of Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues □ Similar to in Russia where it was part of the idea of Russification, anti-Semitic demonstrations where they would kill and torture Jews leading to a massive migration of Jews out of Russia and to Western Europe and the U.S.

75: Jesus •

Jewish prophet and teacher whose major teachings were proper worship of God and love for fellow man. • His message "The kingdom of God is at hand" challenged Roman civic life because it did not allow for worship of Roman gods. • After the Crucifixion, devotion to Jesus grew rapidly; he was called the Christ (Greek for Messiah, or "the anointed one"), and his followers were called Christians.

198: Enlightenment Thinkers •

John Locke was an Englishman who believed in natural rights possessed by all human beings, including the rights of life, liberty, and property; Locke argued that governments had the responsibility to protect these rights and that if they failed to do so, the people had the right to revolt (consent of the governed). • Baron de Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers and argued that there should be three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, so that no one person or group would have too much power (checks and balances). • Voltaire believed in the concepts of free speech and religious toleration. • Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, argued in The Social Contract that in forming governments, people must give up their own interests for the good of all (the common good).

206: Qing Dynasty •

Manchus from the north, non-Han peoples, invaded China and claimed the "Mandate of Heaven" in 1644 and ruled until 1911. • Manchu rulers were taught Confucian beliefs and applied these principles to governing China. • The Qing, following the political example of the Ming, ruled through a highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats. • The Qing were great patrons of the arts and also were responsible for expanding the empire. • Under the Qing, trade with foreigners increased, particularly as demand for Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain increased; in this period, the Qing were able to maintain a favorable balance of trade.

231: Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society •

Mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, and the resulting increase in demand encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production. The standards of living rose. • The working class developed as a larger group of people who worked in factories in mines. • Rapid urbanization occurred as people moved from the countryside to the cities in search of work. • Urbanization led to the building of tenements to accommodate a growing workforce; overcrowded conditions led to the spread of disease. • Women, who in agrarian societies worked on the farm, saw their roles change, as men became the wage earners. Although many women did work in factories, a large number now stayed at home, especially as the size of the middle class increased. • A new middle class emerged.

second world

More well developed, communist

63: Olympics •

Most famous of Pan-Hellenic festivals. • Trade between Greek poleis (plural of polis) fostered a stronger sense of community and shared traditions (gods, language, and games). • Different areas, including Crete, claimed they were responsible for the inception of the games, but the first written records of the games were from 776 B.C.E. All parts of Greece sent their best athletes to compete in contests of speed, strength, skill. • Events included foot races, long jump, boxing, wrestling, javelin tossing, and discus throwing; they took place every four years for more than 100 years and then disappeared. • Winners received olive wreaths at the games and hero status at home.

Who is Justinian

Most significant Byzantine ruler

7: Bantu Migrations •

Movement of Africans across the continent of Africa (3000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.). • Niger-Congo related languages, and compilations, spoken by Kru, Wolof, Ibo, Mande, and Yorba, all part of the Bantu family of languages. • Possession of iron metallurgy; tools were used to clear land for agriculture (basis for society) and herding throughout Africa. • Bantus reached their limits by 1000 B.C.E.; established decentralized governments—"segmentary societies"—that governed through family and kinship groups. • Each village (usually 100 people) was ruled by a council, made up of male heads of families, and a village chief; a group of villages formed a district (usually the highest form of government). • Increased conflict among Bantus led to the formation of organized militaries and formal government institutions.

114: Establishment of Nation-States in Western Europe •

New strong nations with centralized authority emerged after the feudal period in Italy, Spain, France, and England. • Two essential components to state building: capital (taxes) and a large standing army. • Process began in Italy as a result of papal influence and large flow of post-crusades capital from trade. • After the Hundred Years' War, France and England raised armies and levied taxes. • Spain's state building peaked when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile to unite two previously independent Iberian regions.

16: Hebrews •

Nomads who originally settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt. • Developed the world's first monotheistic religion—the worship of Yahweh. • Hebrew Bible contains experiences and practices of Israelites during this period. • About 1300 B.C.E., led by Moses, went to Palestine, where they established a kingdom, under David and Solomon. It extended from Syria to the Sinai Peninsula. • Used Mesopotamian law and politics as a guide—however, devotion to Yahweh, religious texts, and righteousness distinguished Hebrews from others. • Ten Commandments: Religious teachings that also serve as an ethical code of behavior.

Nonalignment

Nonaligned" referred to nations affiliated neither with the U.S. or UUSSR § Also called "Third world" countries § Typically more developing nations § Nonaligned nations often played both sides, earning privileges such as grants, loans, investments § Under Aswan, Egypt looked to USSR to help build Aswan Dam; nationalized Suez Canal to help offset costs § After losing war with Israel in 1973, Egypt then aligned with the U.S

growth of examination system in Tang dynasty

Number of educated scholars rose Examination system greatly expanded Expand the system so much that they don't have enough government jobs for those who passed the exam

222: Westernization •

Occurs as societies are influenced by Western culture and assimilate and/or adopt Western ideas. • In this time period, the West (Western Europe) impacted numerous societies around the world. • Some regions responded by isolating themselves, as was the case in Japan and to a lesser degree in Russia (although during its Meiji Restoration, Japan borrowed many Western ideas).

importance of the black stone in the Ka'aba

it is supposed to be a meteorite that landed on earth during Adam and eve and was once white but turned black by absorbing the sins of everyone who touches it.

45: Legalism •

One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period. • Based on the goal of expanding and strengthening the state at all costs—it is described as ruthless and efficient. • Strict laws with harsh punishments lessen the number and severity of crimes. • Notable people: Shang Yang (contributor to The Book of Lord Shang) and Han Feizi. • Government strength lies in its agriculture and military—therefore, these two areas demand the highest number of recruits; government should discourage other career paths (merchants, educators, poets, philosophers). • Community has a collective responsibility for the law—people should watch each other closely. • Used by the Qin dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, to end Warring States period.

Guilds

Organizations that grouped people in the same business or trade in a single city- Stress financial security

352: Pan-Africanism •

Pan-African movements first emerged in the United States and the Caribbean and then spread to French West Africa as a movement known as Negritude ("Blackness"). • Negritude strove to revive African culture and traditions—African pride was expressed by poets and artists. • Negritude was coupled with a movement to remove foreign European influence. • A new class of African elite arose to lead the movement for independence.

142: Bubonic Plague •

Plague spread form southwestern China (1300) to Europe (1348). Fleas on rats and squirrels transmitted the disease. Probably spread in conjunction with Mongol military campaigns and trade. • Killed a third of European population (about 25 million); disrupted trade. • Physical effects of the plague: inflamed lymph nodes (neck, armpit, groin), internal hemorrhaging caused discolored inflammations (buboes); 60 to 70 percent of those who contracted the disease died, most within days of noticing symptoms. • Did not spread to Scandinavia in any appreciable number—cold winters did not foster the spread of pathogens; did not have a negative impact on India. • Population recovered through regeneration within 100 years.

plebeians in the Roman republic

Plebeians threatened to withdraw from roe if not given political power Frequently uneducated people Very large group used mostly for military defense Implications: no more labor force, dysfunctional Rome

355: Détente •

Policy adopted by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War in an effort to reduce tensions between the two superpowers over the arms race and control of developing countries. • Encouraged cooperation in the following areas: environmental research, space explorations, health research, and cultural diffusion. • Assisted in the signing of SALT I and SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) in 1972 and 1979, respectively. • Deteriorated as U.S. relations with China improved and after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan.

Laoz wrote the daodejing

Political handbook for rulers Religious guidebook

Reformed papacy

Pope Paul III established Reform Commission (1537), who blamed church's problems on corruption of church leadership

population reasons for human sacrifice

Population is way too big, let's find a way to get rid of people

145: Renaissance •

Renaissance: "Rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture (arts and intellectual pursuits) that lasted from 1300s to 1500s. • Humanism: Focus on things of this world, a departure from medieval thought and designed to work in conjunction with an urban-based society. • Reflected the spirit of individualism and encouraged a split from religious-based thinking and a focus on things of this world (secularism). • Artists such as Donatello and Michelangelo studied muscle structure, and their work accurately reflects the natural form. • Architecture mimicked the simple and elegant structures designed by Greco-Roman builders with the addition of the dome. • Humanist scholars concentrated on morals, literature, and history based on a deep commitment to Christianity.

347: Nonalignment •

Represented a "third path," an alternative to allying with either the United States or the Soviet Union. • Nations did not take a side during the Cold War. • Nations that remained neutral included India, Yugoslavia, and many African nations. • Goal was to avoid involvement in the Cold War and maintain and increase economic progress (by accepting economic aid from both sides).

what was special about cuzco

it was shaped like a puma because they placed the animal on a pedestal (metaphorically speaking).

310: Adolf Hitler: Rise to Power •

Rose to power in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. • Leader of the Nazis, the National Socialist German Workers' Party, Hitler attempted to gain control of Germany in 1923 but failed and was arrested. • His book, Mein Kampf, which outlined his political views, including anti-Semitic beliefs, became popular among Germany's Nazis. Nazism had broad appeal, especially with its message of restoring the nation to the greatness it had before World War I. • More and more Nazis won seats in parliament, and in 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of the nation. • He built a totalitarian state, allowing only one part, using fear and terror to silence opposition, and nationalizing businesses. • Germany experienced military and economic growth under his leadership; he created jobs and increased the standard of living. • Under his leadership, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were systematically ignored; he built up a military and aggressively took control of foreign lands. • The Nuremberg Laws instituted anti-Semitic policies.

mit'a

Rotational labor draft, used for armies, buildings, farming, care for old and ill

223: Peter the Great •

Russian czar (r. 1682-1725) best known for centralizing his authority and bringing Western ideas to the Russian Empire. • In an attempt to modernize the empire, he traveled to the West and brought back new ideas about science and technology. • Russians were sent abroad to learn modern military and industrial techniques. • He introduced many reforms that changed Russia economically and socially, yet he remained committed to autocracy and divine right. • He modernized the army and navy. • Socially, women were extended more freedoms and society in general was encouraged to "look" more western—laws required men to shave their beards and wear Western clothing.

roman colosseum architecture

Says that Rome is powerful and strong The bigger the better We are going to build the greatest thing the world has ever seen Concrete - strongest material out there

47: Shi Huangdi •

Self-proclaimed "first emperor" of China—reigned fourteen years; established centralized rule through large-scale political organization. • Central bureaucracy—run from capital at Xianyang—was divided into administrative provinces and districts, each headed by an officer appointed by the emperor. • To centralize power, disarmed local military forces; built roads to enhance and expedite communication and movement of armies; standardized laws, currencies, weights and measures, and Chinese script; and built defensive walls, including linking sections of the Great Wall. • Executed anyone who criticized his regime—burned 4460 Confucian scholars alive for their critical comments.

50: Later Han Dynasty •

Separated from the former Han, as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 C.E., the later Han lasted from 25 to 220 C.E. • Moved capital from Chang'an east to Luoyang. • Ignoring the problem of inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and rebellions led by disgruntled peasants. • In the Yellow Turban uprising (rebels wore yellow headgear), government used the military to suppress rebellions but the collective efforts of peasants weakened the Han dynasty—factions developed in courts that affected the central government. • This internal weakness led to the downfall of the empire, which was divided into several large kingdoms.

61: Macedonian Empire •

Supplied Greeks with grain, timber, and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine, and finished products. • Alexander led an army of approximately 37,000 to invade the Persian Empire. • By 331 B.C.E., Alexander controlled Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. • When Alexander died, the empire was divided among his top three generals.

Manorialism

System of economic organization between landlords and peasant laborers (serfs) who live on estates (manors) (Serfs were obligated to give their lord a portion of their produce, Lords protected serfs and provide everyday needs)

what does Justinian do with the roman legal code

Systematizes roman legal code § Made people go through all the roman rules in different places and put them all in one massive book § Sets the standard for any other law code in Europe §Reduces legal confusion; united and organized the new empire

why did tang need to rebuild the Bureaucracy

Tang monarchs needed to rebuild and expand imperial bureaucracy since it had fallen apart after collapse of Han (Sui establishes civil service exam but not bureaucracy )

119: Genghis Khan •

Temujin, a prominent Mongol warrior, accrued power by allying several clans. Showing personal courage in battle, he brought all Mongol tribes under a single confederation in 1206 and was proclaimed Genghis Khan ("universal ruler"). • Broke up Mongol tribes, forced men of fighting age to join new military units with no tribal affiliation, and gave high military and political officials positions on the basis of talent and loyalty. • Built a luxurious capital at Karakorum; valued the army above all else. • Used equestrian skills honed by hunting and competitive horseback games; cavalry was the backbone of the army. • United central Asia and attacked Tibet, northern China, Persia, and the central Asian steppes.

242: Latin American Independence Movements •

The American and French Revolutions and the ideals of the Enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America. • Beginning with a successful slave revolt, Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to declare its independence (1804). • Creole leaders, resentful of the power and privilege of the peninsulares, spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies. • The majority of Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained their independence in the early 1800s, taking advantage of Napoléon's invasion of Europe. • Notable independence leaders included Miguel Hidalgo, who gathered together the indigenous and mestizo populations of Mexico, and Simón Bolívar, a Creole who fought against Spanish rule in South America. • Although most of Latin America had independence by 1825, power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the elite, a combination of Creoles, caudillos, and military leaders, a trend that continued through to the 20th century.

golden age of athens

lead by Pericles Institutes democracy (People elect rulers) used money collected by Delian league to rebuild Athens Construct public works and Fund exploration of art, science, and lit.

356: Vietnam War •

The United States intervened and the conflict on the side of noncommunist South Vietnam after the French were defeated. • Military involvement increased under presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson; in 1968 more than 500,000 troops were engaged in Vietnam. • U.S. public opinion pressured President Nixon to vow to end U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, and he subsequently adopted a policy of Vietnamization (strategy of turning the war over to the South Vietnamese). • 1973: U.S. phase of the Vietnam War ended with the Paris Peace Accords; two years later the agreements were thrown out, and North Vietnam and the NLF (National Liberation Front) waged war against South Vietnam until they achieved their goal of unification in 1976.

230: Industrial Revolution: New Machines •

The advent of mechanization revolutionized the production of goods. • Key inventions included the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny—designed to make cotton spinning quicker and more efficient. • At first machines were powered by wind and water (thus most early factories were located along rivers), but by the late 1700s, the steam engine was powering machines, as well as making changes in the transportation industry. • The first steamship was built just after the turn of the 19th century, soon followed by the first steam-powered trains. • Advances in steam power and steel production (for example, the Bessemer process) revolutionized the transportation industry. Steamships and railroads were used to transport cargo. Rail lines connected industrial centers to mines and ports.

331: Dropping of Atomic Bomb •

The war in Europe ended in May 1945 but waged on in the Pacific. • U.S. General Douglas MacArthur gained ground with his island-hopping campaign; the fall of Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa gave U.S. bombers access to Japanese main islands. • President Truman issued a vague warning and then dropped the world's first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. When Japan did not surrender, he dropped a second on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. • Meanwhile, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945. The result of these combined efforts was the surrender of Japan, announced by Emperor Hirohito on August 15, 1945, and the subsequent U.S. occupation of Japan until 1952.

370: Genocide •

The killing of a specific group of people based on specific ethnic, religious, or racial characteristics. • Holocaust, led by Hitler in Germany, included a plan called the Final Solution to eliminate the Jews and produce a "pure" Aryan race. • Ethnic cleansing, led by Slobodan Milošević in the Balkans, was an attempt to eliminate Bosnians. • Ethnic conflict in Rwanda led to a mass killing of Hutus and Tutsis as they wrestled for control. • Genocide was committed in Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Armenia. • 1948: The United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states the rights that all human beings are born with. The UN has put on trial those who have violated the declaration.

294: Armenian Genocide •

The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks. • As the Ottomans attempted to reform society in the hope of preventing the empire's collapse, nationalism increased. • With an increase in nationalism, the government, which historically had been tolerant of the many religious and ethnic groups living in the empire, began to distrust its citizens. • In the 1890s, the Turks targeted Christian Armenians, believing that they were supportive of Russia and no longer loyal to the empire. • Genocide ensued, and millions of Armenians were killed over a 25-year period.

result of The Schlieffen Plan

Unsuccessful - Germany slowed and depleted in Belgium, giving Britain time to send assistance and Russia time to mobilize

corvée method

Use conscription, get people to give time instead of pay taxes (people worked instead of paying taxes)

saladin

leads Muslim opposition to Crusaders in Holy Land (12th C.)

296: Treaty of Versailles •

The peace settlement negotiated by the Allies with Germany at the end of World War I focused on ensuring that Germany would never again be a threat to the security of Europe. • Terms included a war-guilt clause, in which Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war; a significant loss of German territory, including Alsace-Lorraine, which was given to France; the establishment of the Rhineland, the border between France and Germany, as a demilitarized zone; the loss of overseas colonies; reparations; and disarmament. Germany was forbidden to have any battleships, heavy artillery, or submarines. • This peace plan was viewed by many as too harsh. In the years immediately following the war's end, Germany faced economic depression. • Instability in nations also led to the rise of totalitarian governments.

who laid the foundation of democracy in greece

The tyrant solon laid foundations of democracy His job is to reform a problem and after the problem is fixed the tyrant gave up power Not full blown democracy, oligarchy still has ultimate power Made quasi democratic reforms

132: Crusades •

There were crusades against the Cathars and other heretics in the Balkans, but the term usually refers to the series of five holy wars declared by Pope Urban II in 1095 against the Muslims in an effort to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem. • Fervent Christians formed religious/military orders: Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights. • When the pope declared a crusade (holy war), warriors would "take up the cross" and fight on behalf of their faith (wearing crosses sewn onto their backs as a symbol of their faith). • Peter the Hermit traveled throughout Germany, France, and the Low Countries in an effort to increase support for the Crusades; he was successful in organizing an untrained, ill-prepared group of poor knights and eager peasants who failed to recapture the Holy Land but who generated popular support for the cause.

77: Silk Road •

Trade route that connected the Han and Roman empires in classical times. • Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease. • Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded silk and spices west to consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman Empire. • Spices were important because they had numerous purposes (food preservation, flavoring, and pharmaceutical). • Central Asia traded horses, jade, and magic potions west. • Following the fall of the Han and Roman empires, the route was revived in post-classical times, first by the Tang and Song and later by the Mongols.

160: Trading Post Empires •

Trading posts, built to establish commercial relations, resulted from the control of trade routes. • The Portuguese built the first trading posts; Vasco da Gama built one in Calicut. • With increased exploration, more trading posts were established. • The Portuguese had trading posts along both coasts of Africa and throughout Asia. • The English and the Dutch, following the lead of the Portuguese, also built trading posts. • The English established posts throughout India; the Dutch from South Africa to Southeast Asia.

role of women in western europe

Traditional roles: wife and childcare provider, patriarchal No property rights but could trade and belong to some craft guilds

46: Qin Dynasty •

Used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period. • Gave peasants land rights to farm remote territories, a practice that weakened traditional social hierarchy. • Qin Empire expands, attacking one province at a time and unifying China. • Great achievements: standardized weights and measures, scriptwriting. • Short-lived because of strict laws and harsh punishments.

Trench warfare

Used on the Western Front, led to war of attrition; Massive loss of life; Way to win is to wear the other side down

249: Socialism •

Utopian socialists believed that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal. • Over time, utopian socialism was abandoned for what was seen as a more practical application of socialist ideals, encouraging workers to take control and create a classless society; this theory of socialism was best articulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. • Marx and Engels sought to put the means of production in the hands of the people. • According to Marx's Communist Manifesto, following a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the proletariat would gain power and create a classless society. • Marx's socialist theory was adopted by the Bolsheviks in Russia, and the Soviet Union would become the world's first communist nation.

Other groups that believed independence held promise in africa and asia

Veterans of the world wars Young people with some education but no job opportunities Urban workers aware of their exploitation Small-scale traders resentful of European privileges Rural dwellers who lost land or suffered from forced labor Poor and insecure newcomers to the cities

288: Total War •

When all of a nation's resources are dedicated to the war effort and both the civilian and military populations mobilize to defeat an enemy. • A significant consequence is the purposeful targeting of civilian populations and the cities they live in. • The ability for civilians to help soldiers defeat the enemy was emphasized, and efforts were mobilized on the home front. • Rationing, propaganda, and the increased number of women in the labor force visibly indicated the many ways in which ordinary citizens sought to contribute to victory. • Although nations had large standing armies, conscription became essential, and by the end of World War I, more than 70 million men had been drafted.

185: Counter-Reformation •

With much of Europe impacted in some way by the spread of Protestant ideas, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Catholic Reformation aimed at reforming the church, stopping the spread of Protestant ideas, and possibly winning back converts. • Assembled members of the clergy met at the Council of Trent in the mid-1500s seeking to reform the Catholic Church and to clearly define church doctrine. • New religious orders were founded and dedicated to the doctrines of the Catholic Church and the newly established reforms. • Groups such as the Society of Jesus (better known as the Jesuits) played a significant role as missionaries, helping to stop the spread of Protestant ideas and promote Catholicism across the globe. • The Roman Inquisition was given the authority to arrest, imprison, and/or excommunicate Catholics in an attempt to end heresy.

113: Feudal Monarchies •

With strong central power uniting Western Europe after the fall of Rome, regional monarchies developed in France and England. • France: Hugh Capet succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their influence. • England: Norman dukes built a tightly knit state in which all power disseminated from them. • The papacy and Italian city-states: Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Florence, and Venice. • Maintained order, provided relatively stable and effective government, later provided impetus for ocean-going explorations.

292: Technology of World War I •

World War I was the world's first truly modern war: new weapons revolutionized warfare. • With the use of machine guns and heavy artillery, combatants no longer charged onto the battlefield; instead, new fighting techniques were developed. Trench warfare emerged. The resulting stalemate (neither side making any significant advances) led to the development of more new weapons and strategies. • Poison gas grenades, first used by the Germans, were a great fear of soldiers in the trenches and necessitated the invention of the gas mask. • Although armored cars were used early in the war, by 1916 the British used tanks to advance against German trenches. • Aerial combat was first introduced during the war, but for the most part, planes were used for reconnaissance. • Submarine warfare was the domain of the Germans, who used U-boats to destroy British naval ships. • On the civilian front, Paris and other cities were bombed. • The new technology was deadly: Estimates of military deaths (not civilian) go as high as 10 million.

56: Hinduism •

World's oldest organized religion, originated in India. • Spoke to needs and interests of average people. • Bhagavad Gita ("Song of the Lord"), a brief poem composed by many unidentified authors, outlines what Hinduism expects of individuals and the path to salvation. • Salvation is achieved by individuals who meet responsibilities by obeying laws of their caste, not material success. • Hindu ethics: dharma—righteousness (obey religious and moral laws), artha—wealth (to uphold dharma and provide for family and society), kama—desire (take pleasure in social, physical, and sexual activities), moksha¬—salvation of the soul. • A person is reincarnated on the basis of behavior into one of the four castes (and later a fifth, untouchables). • Limited spread beyond India.

twelve tables

Written law code posted publicly for all to see Harsh but assured "equality" for all under the law

who is in power when sui dynasty collapses

Yang, Son of Wen

Virtues of women

virginity for girls, fidelity for wives, chastity for widows

Bloody Sunday, Revolution of 1905

§ Workers are still working long hours with low pay § Unable to keep up with the modernization of other countries especially japan § Bloody Sunday- the people wrote a petition of everything wrong with Russia, they go to the tsars palace to peacefully protest, Tsar Nicholas leaves St. Petersburg, the military open fires on the crowd § Led to creation of constitution, Duma § Bolsheviks believe that Russia isn't going to change so they need to overthrow the government

The "Spark" That Ignites the Powder Keg

• Austrian leaders rightly believed Serb officials had secretly helped • Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, setting off a chain reaction • Russia defended (helps) Serbia, began mobilizing military • Germany backed Austria, declaring war on Russia • Britain and France honored alliance with Russia

developments in agriculture in the song dynasty

• Better irrigation and terrace farming • Develop the first 1 wheel, wheel barrow • new seeds

International circumstances that led to the end of african and asian empires

• Both world wars weakened Europe, discredited any sense of European moral superiority • U.S. and Soviet Union, the two new global superpowers, opposed the older European colonial empires • United Nations served as a platform from which nations could express anticolonial views

Russian Serfs

• Bound to their masters' estates, subject to sale, greatly exploited □ Exploitation cannot be higher at this point □ Can be bought and sold

Coke

• Coal from which impurities had been cooked out

England V. Netherlands in north america

• English forced Dutch to surrender New Amsterdam ○ English forced them to give it up ○ Not a single shot is fired • Renamed New York

Defeat of Napoleon

• Forced to retreat from Russia during wintertime • Loses 90,000 more men to starvation, cold • After Napoleon's failure in Russia, other European powers combine to overthrow him • Restored old French royal family in 1814 • Louis XVIII granted subjects charter guaranteeing people of France basic civil rights, nat'l legislature

1836: Chinese emperor decided to crack down on opium use

• Millions of pounds of opium seized from traders and destroyed without compensation (Very similar to the Boston Tea Party) • Western merchants expelled from the country • British response: sent naval expedition to China • Result: First Opium War

Nationalism in WWI

• Old rivals: France, Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia • Newcomers: Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, and Rumania (Pan-Slavism)

1847-1848: Potato famine in Ireland

• One quarter of the Irish population died, another quarter immigrated to England, Americas • Today Ireland is still not up to pre famine population

Famous imperial movements/events:

• Opium War (1839-42): British defeat China, impose Treaty of Nanking, opening ports and ceding Hong Kong to Britain • Meiji Restoration (1868): Japan centralizes, industrializes, imperializes • Berlin Conference and Scramble for Africa (1884-1914): European countries agree to divide up Africa, control all but Ethiopia, Liberia

European interaction with ming

• Portuguese arrived in 1513, not permitted trading rights until 1557 • Macao became Portuguese base, while Spanish conducted trade from Manila (Philippines), both Spanish and Dutch had posts in Taiwan (then called Formosa) • Dutch East India Co. (VOC) later displaced Portuguese, came to dominate spice trade, became favorable trade in East Asia as well • Trade accompanied by missionaries seeking to convert Asian populations to Christianity • Despite efforts, conversion of Chinese was mostly unsuccessful; Christians would later be expelled or persecuted

Goals of the Meiji Restoration

• Save Japan from foreign domination • Transform and modernize Japanese society by drawing upon Western achievements and ideas

Quipu

• Strings with knots on it • Its how you counted • Depending on the color, number of knots, and place of the knots

Reasons for exploration of spain and portugal

• Success of Hanseatic League (stability and trade) • New, efficient trade routes as a result of Crusades • Emergence of new technologies • Economic competition - access to luxury goods, desire for direct route, rise of nation-states • Political goals - increasingly organized under strong leaders • Renaissance ideology - man can affect destiny, looks externally

After 1905 Revolution

• These limited reforms did not tame the radical working class or bring social stability to Russia • 1907: Tsar Nicholas II dissolved the Duma • Limited political voice even for the privileged classes • Many felt that revolution was inevitable and necessary if real changes were going to happen

US entry into WWI

• U.S. officially neutral, but sympathetic to Britain and France • Isolationism: Keep affairs of other countries at a distance

Imperialism in Japan

• U.S. sought to develop new markets in Asia • Meiji Restoration: Japan adopted Western ways to escape European domination

Famous nationalist movements/events:

• Unifications of Italy and Germany • American Revolutions: colonies seeking independence • Revolutions of 1848: successful overthrow of French monarchy, attempts to do so in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary (all failed) • Meiji Restoration: Creation of the Indian National Congress: aimed at gaining self-rule • Tanzimat Reforms: modernization, westernization of Ottomans • Zionism: support of establishment of Jewish state in Palestine

what happened when the ming stopped mining for metal coins

• Unintended consequences: high prices for metal tools (bad for farmers), techniques for making high-quality bronze and steel weapons declined, Japan surpassed China in sword production • Shipyards and ports shut down, fleets fell into disrepair

More Indians began to join the INC after:

• WWI: the British had promised Indians more self-governing institutions if they helped in WWI • British attacks on Ottoman Empire in WWI: upset India's Muslim population • Flu epidemic of 1918-1920: millions of Indians died • Repressive actions by British rulers

Jacobins (bourgeoisie)

• Wanted strong central government centered in Paris • Supported temporary government controls to deal with war, economic crisis (deal with the war in france and nowhere else) • More willing to listen to economic, political demands of sans-culottes • Rises to power because of the support of Sans-culottes

Joint- Stock Companies

• Works like a modern-day corporation • Investors purchase shares of stock in a company • Money pooled together, wealth combined for a common purpose • Returns were great (Ex: da Gama), but so were risks (Ex: Dies) • Individuals only paid small amounts, so if voyage/colony failed, investors only lost their small share

Japanese Imperialism

• Yamagata Arimoto (Meiji oligarch) believed Japan had to define "sphere of influence" to protect from Western powers • Done through vigorous military industrialization, culminating in the construction of battleships • Japan led successful wars against China and Russia:

Pochteca

• special merchant class which specialized in long-distance luxury trade • Special merchant class • Specialized In long distance trade with gold, metals, and jewels • Go as far as modern day Arizona

Final stage of revolutions

•Radicals replaced by moderates • Moderates may be replaced by return to old order, with some concessions made to reform

Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)

□ Allied response to Soviet blockade □ Sent supplies to West Berliners by plane ("air bridge"); 2.3 million tons in all □ Berlin Airlift was a way in which to supply West Berliners supplies □ Motivated the creation of NATO

1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion

□ Anti-Castro rebels trained by CIA landed in Cuba, immediately captured □ Within a day, they surrender to the Cuban forces □ Khrushchev (USSR) gives Cuba weapons in order for them to defend themselves from the US.

building projects of Emperor Yang of Sui dynasty

□ Built new capital at Luoyang, completed Grand Canal, rebuilt Great Wall, constructed palaces □ Use conscription, get people to give time instead of pay taxes (corveé)

Space Race

□ First to send a satellite into space: USSR (Sputnik I) □ First to send living creature into space: ISSR (Laika the dog) □ First to send a human into space: USSR (Yuri Gagarin) □ First to send a woman/civilian into space (Valentina Tereshkova) □ First to send a human to the moon: USA (Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin)

Axis Forces

□ Germany, Japan, Italy

Political/religious purposes of human sacrifice

□ Give to the sun god □ Allows the sun to rise every morning □ Keeps surrounding people in check

1948 in israel

□ Israel created, despite rejection of Arab League □ Tensions get really big in 1948 when Israel declares its independence; the Arab League was very much against this □ Immediately invaded in order to try to stop Israel from forming □ Go to war against the Arabs and win, taking more land until we get what today is the present-day/modern-day state of Israel

what happened when emperor yang attacked Korea

□ Loose men, war, money, and land □ Bankrupted empire, led to revolts

NATO (1940)

□ North Atlantic Treaty Organization □ U.S. and Western nations aligned for security against and containment of communist □ Seeking to keep the Soviet presence from spreading □ Eastern Bloc form their own military alliance

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

□ Second city targeted □ Six days after it was bombed, Japan announced its surrender

timeline of the Aztec

○ Aztec (Mexica) migrated to Lake Texcoco in central Mexico c. 1325 ○ Founded city of Tenochtitlan in 1325 ○ Empire started in 1434

causes of the industrial revolution

○ Population Growth ○ Agricultural Revolution ○ Trade and inventiveness

Before the Bourgeoisie

○ Traditionally, wealth was inherited through family lineage (aristocratic) ○ Aristocracy controlled land, peasants who worked it, paid knights for protection ○ In 1500s, complexion of elite began to change ○ Europe's cities grew in response to expanding trade, rising profits ○ Urban wealth came from manufacturing, finance, and esp. trade

accomplishments of emperor yang of the Sui dynasty

-Created milder legal code (lesser than his fathers) -Supported Confucian education -Scholar-gentry reestablished

Responses by the South African government:

Increased repression, including shooting at unarmed demonstrators Banned the ANC Imprisoned ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela Banned all other major political parties

initially in islam where women supposed to cover their heads

no, this began in the abbasid caliphate

755: An Lishan Rebellion

-General An Lishan led mutiny and declared himself Emperor in Northern China -Xuanzong fled to Sichuan province - weakened tang significantly

Government of the Aztec

- City-states ruled by a speaker chosen from the nobility - The Great Speaker (Tlatoani), ruler of Tenochtitlan, was in effect an emperor - Conquered peoples maintained some autonomy if they paid tribute

feudalism in western europe

- Social relationships Strict class structure; positions could not be changed - Economic relationships; Most people lived on manors (lord's house, peasant huts, fields for planting); Lord passed laws, imposed taxes, acted as judge; Serfs bound to land, had no voice in most matters - Political relationships King, nobles in control (nobles often fought among themselves, challenged king's authority); Civil wars frequent, nobles often grabbed for the throne

what happened in the 8th century when Tang get invaded by nomads

-internal rebellions, military weakness -Hence the great wall that doesn't really work -Nomadic groups want the prosperity that china has -China pays tribute to the groups to stay out -Groups apply pressure so that the Chinese pay tribute

Emperor Wuzong and buddhism

-persecuted buddhists - Shrines and monasteries destroyed - Lands redistributed to peasants -Confucianism emerged as the central ideology as Buddhism weakened

Partition of India accompanied by severe violence:

1 million people or more died in the communal violence About 12 million refugees moved from one country to another to be with their religious allies 1948: Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist

Social Pyramid of Egypt

1- Pharoh 2- Vizeir, senior, officials, high priests, nobles 3- Scribes 4- Skilled artisans and craft people 5- Peasant farmers 6-Servants and slaves

the sumarian goverment

1. Regulated economic and political activity 2. Constant fighting among city-states 3. City state each wanted sovereignty over the others territory

When did the Scientific revolution take place

16th, 17th and 18th centuries Takes place primarily in Europe

sumerian time frame

5400 BCE- 1750 BCE

362: Deng Xiaoping •

1976: Replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms but little extension of individual political rights. • Four Modernizations: In an attempt to promote trade and contact with the West, Deng introduced reforms in the areas of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense. • Deng reformed land distribution and allowed private ownership after government needs were met. Private businesses helped China's economy but also led to an increasing gap between rich and poor. • Deng encouraged foreign investments of technology and capital. • Tiananmen Square (1989): Chinese students peacefully protested lack of political freedoms. On Deng's orders the government opened fire on defenseless citizens and killed or wounded thousands. This was a demonstration of the importance that government placed on maintaining order; Deng, as a moderate leader, was willing to make economic reforms, but not political ones.

361: Iran-Iraq War •

1979: Saddam Hussein became the leader of Iraq and seized control over a disputed border area. • Hussein used power to invade Iran in 1980; his goal was a quick victory over Iran and a pan-Arab movement throughout the Middle East. • War lasted eight years and killed one million soldiers. • The United States got involved when both sides attacked oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. • Persian Gulf War followed: In 1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized control of oil fields. The United States, leading a coalition of United Nations' forces, intervened and liberated Kuwait.

when did the kingdom of Ghana happen

4th- 11th century

Timespan of the roman republic

509-27 BCE

319: Mao Zedong •

A nationalist leader in China, he successfully defeated the Kuomintang in a civil war in large measure because of the support of the peasants. • Influenced by Marxist ideology, China became the world's largest communist nation, and Mao sought to make it a modern, industrialized nation. • The Great Leap Forward was a five-year plan aimed at increasing industrial production and agricultural output; communes and production quotas were established. • The Great Leap Forward failed: quotas were not met, products were of poor quality, and little incentive existed to work hard; agricultural output actually declined. • Next Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution, aimed at renewing/restoring communist loyalty following the disaster of the Great Leap Forward. • Mao created policies to improve the status of women, including banning the ancient practice of foot binding. • After Mao's death in 1976, a new, more moderate leader emerged.

91: Magnetic Compass •

A navigational tool that determines direction; the magnetic compass does this by using the magnetic poles of Earth. • Its origin is hard to date, but it is certainly a Chinese invention that was in wide use during the time of the Song dynasty (960 C.E.-1279 C.E.). • The Chinese used a magnetic needle floating in water. • Knowledge of the compass spread from China across the Indian Ocean; used by Arab and Persian sailors in the 100s (C.E.). • Europeans began using the magnetic compass in the 1100s (C.E.). • This technology played a key role in European exploration.

55: Buddhism •

About 537 B.C.E. Siddhartha Gautama, a Hindu of the Kshatriyan caste, left his family to live as a holy man. • After meditating 49 days under the Bodhi tree, said he understood the problem of suffering and how to eliminate it; became the Buddha ("the enlightened one"). • Dharma is the principle or law that orders the universe according to the teachings of the Buddha. • Four Noble Truths: nothing is permanent; all life involves suffering; desire causes suffering—eliminate desire and you will eliminate suffering. Follow the Eightfold Path, the fourth Noble Truth: right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, right meditation. • Goal: to achieve Nirvana (a state of spiritual independence). • Appealed to lower castes because it de-emphasized class distinctions. • Cultural diffusion responsible for spread of ideas—in Japan developed into Zen Buddhism; in China, Mahayana Buddhism; in northern India, Theravada Buddhism.

centuriate assembly

Adult, arms bearing men who elected counsels, higher officials to the senate At first voted in groups of 100 men Later, voted in groups according to class

10: Nile River Civilization •

Agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 B.C.E., but Egyptian history begins when King Menes united Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt. • Society was ruled by a pharaoh, considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the Nile. • Many cities were built during the Middle and New Kingdom periods, and an economic network developed. • Women were responsible for handling household finances and educating children. • A woman had the right to divorce, receive alimony, own property, manage a business, and become a priestess. • Hatshepsut, female pharaoh of Egypt. • Elaborate polytheistic religion based on concept of life after death—subject of religious text the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Chief deity, Re, sun god. • Worshipping dead led to mummification and the building of tombs/pyramids. • Achievements: written language (hieroglyphics), papermaking, field irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, 365-day calendar, monumental architecture (pyramids, temples).

144: Zheng He •

An Islamic eunuch admiral who led seven exploratory voyages for Ming China from 1405 to 1433, commanding an extensive naval fleet. • Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast, where he established tributary relationships. • Brought porcelain and silk from China; luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included animals from Africa, which went to the Ming dynasty zoo. • Ming emperors abruptly pulled funds from Zheng He's expeditions because the government was concerned about domestic problems and frontier security. • They did not trust Zheng He and thought the funds would be better spent on agriculture and protecting themselves from Mongol invasions from the north. They destroyed his nautical charts and allowed ships to fall into a state of disrepair. • Zheng He's voyages demonstrated China's ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean.

298: Mandate System •

An article in the covenant of the League of Nations stated that colonies and territories needed assistance as they prepared for self-government and that more advanced nations would act as guides for the less experienced ones. • Influenced by the idea of self-determination, a principle originating in U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points at the end of World War I. • Self-determination: the idea that a nation should have the right to determine its own future. • Mandates were established in the former German colonies and in territories once belonging to the Ottoman Empire. • France and Great Britain took control of most of the Middle East, including Iraq and Palestine; France gained control of Syria and Lebanon. Arab nationalists had hoped that the British and French would make good on promises of independence for the former Ottoman territories.

during the byzantine empire what parts of the world that had not been controlled by any major civilization

Balkans, western Russia

156: Christopher Columbus •

Christopher Columbus, an explorer from Genoa, proposed heading west to reach Asia through an all-water trade route (lack of knowledge about the Americas made this seem feasible). • Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Columbus was given three ships to traverse the Atlantic. • He finally landed in the Bahamas in 1492. • Columbus returned without gold, silk, and spices from Asia, but he insisted that he had reached islands off the Asian mainland. • In three subsequent voyages, Columbus never admitted he had not reached Asia; his "discoveries" led to other expeditions in the Caribbean and the Americas, and the lands were claimed for Spain.

297: League of Nations •

Created after World War I, the League of Nations was the first permanent international organization dedicated to maintaining peace. • The league was first suggested by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson in an address to Congress, in which he outlined a fourteen-point peace plan at the end of World War I. • The formation of the league was one of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, and member nations included France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan, but not the United States. • The league sought to pressure member nations to settle disputes with diplomacy. Failure would result in economic sanctions. If sanctions did not work, theoretically, the league would respond with force—however, the league did not have a military force under its command. • The viability of the league was put to the test following the end of World War I. • The league experienced a few successes, such as negotiating an agreement between Finland and Sweden in a dispute over the Aaland Islands, but overall it was unable to prevent war again. • The league was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations.

accomplishments of persia

Created royal roads, enabling speedy communication Created the first charter for human rights Punished those who mistreated religious, and social minorities; made slavery illegal Takes away seizure of farmland

289: Fall of the Qing •

Despite the Qing's enacting of a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China. • Nationalism had been on the rise, and following the death of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the nation was poised for revolution. • In 1912, the last Qing ruler abdicated, and Chinese nationalists called for a new government. • Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary leader who envisioned a China free of foreigners and based on republican rule, was poised to take control.

5: Neolithic Era—Origins •

Earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates to between 10,000 and 8000 B.C.E. • Called New Stone Age (8000-5000 B.C.E.), the origins of agricultural society. • Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops. • The earliest method of cultivation was slash-and-burn agriculture. • Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia; Mesoamerica and East Asia most likely developed agricultural techniques independently. • People settled down and developed complex societies.

Major thing emerges in bronze age

Emergence of specialization of labor also occurs during this period that we did not see before, earlier

27: Mandate of Heaven •

Events on Earth and in Heaven are directly connected. • Power to rule comes from heavenly powers; this "Mandate of Heaven" is granted to an individual who is deserving, known as the "son of Heaven." • Ruler, a link between Heaven and Earth, has duty to maintain order and dispense justice; as long as things go smoothly, he will remain in power; if he fails, the Mandate of Heaven will be bestowed upon a more deserving candidate; this idea was often used to justify rebellions and revolts. • Relates to European concept of divine right. • First used by Zhou to justify their takeover of the Shang.

336: Iron Curtain: Creation •

First articulated in a 1946 speech by English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the term refers to the symbolic division of Europe after the end of World War II. • Eastern bloc nations were under the influence of the Soviet Union and communism. These nations, including Poland and East Germany, originated new alliance systems (for both economic and military purposes), notably the Warsaw Pact. • The nations to the west of the curtain developed and maintained market economies. The majority of these nations were allied with the United States. • The Iron Curtain symbolized the emerging Cold War and the "peaceful competition," as articulated by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, between capitalism and communism. • In 1961, the construction of the Berlin Wall, built to reinforce the border between East and West Berlin, became a visible symbol of the curtain and thus the Cold War.

348: Arab Nationalism •

Former Arab colonies easily gained independence from their mother countries post-World War II. • A key ideological goal was the creation/political unification of the Arab world (a geographic region with language, culture, and history in common). These new Arab nations included Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan. • Superpowers quickly attempted to fill the void created by the vacuum of power—attractive because the region is rich in oil and had strategic military bases for Cold War operations. • British mandate in Palestine was intended to protect basic rights of resident population while promoting the development of a Jewish homeland, as mandated by the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and the League of Nations. Competing Jewish and Arab nationalist claims led to the Arab-Israeli conflict. • In 1967 extreme nationalists formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in an effort to combat the Jewish state.

232: Political and Economic Effects of Industrialization •

Governments passed legislation protecting workers (for example, the establishment of a minimum wage). • Unions were formed to protect workers' rights. • Industrialization caused many to reconsider the ownership of production and of products. Adam Smith articulated his laissez-faire philosophy in The Wealth of Nations, while Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels condemned capitalism and promoted socialism. • Industrialization led to a rise in the global demand for products such as cotton and indigo used as raw materials in factories.

Commonalities in struggles for independence in Asia and Africa:

Gradual involvement of ordinary people, not limited to just the leaders and educated few A highly contested process Efforts were rarely cohesive movements of uniformly oppressed people Conflicting groups and parties Different classes, ethnic groups, religions, regions, etc. Struggled with one another over leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material gains

Congress of Berlin

Great Powers, Ottomans, and Balkan states met to determine the fate of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78

49: Emperor Wudi •

Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education. • Established an imperial university to educate government officials in 124 B.C.E. • Although the government was based on Legalist principles, the university focused its instruction on Confucianism out of necessity—it was the only Chinese belief system developed enough to establish a curriculum. • Enrollment began at 3,000 students and rose to more than 30,000 students during the later Han dynasty. • Policy of imperial expansion led to invasions of northern Vietnam and Korea (which then had to pay tribute to Han China) and battles with the Xiongnu, nomads from Asia. • The Han conquered everyone they challenged.

Mandate of heaven

Idea developed during conflict between Shang and zou Sets up a social contract between ruler and his subjects

212: Millet System •

In the Ottoman Empire, millets were legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims. • Millets were permitted to maintain their own traditional religious beliefs. • Major millets were composed of Jews, Greeks, and Armenians, who promised not to undermine the sultan's authority.

167: Colonial North America •

In addition to the Spanish, the French, the Dutch, and English explored and claimed land in North America. • Colonies were founded by the French (in modern-day Canada), by the English (Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay), and by the Dutch (in modern-day New York City). • Unlike the colonial empires founded by the Spanish and the Portuguese, North American colonies were founded by private investors. • In Latin America, there were large agrarian-based empires, but in North America explorers encountered numerous smaller societies, such as the Algonquians and the Iroquois, who still relied on hunting and gathering (although they cultivated some crops); as a result, many Europeans seeking the fertile land of the native population displaced the natives and claimed the land. • Conflict often resulted as natives and Europeans fought for land control, but just as often there were conflicts among settlers. • Socially, Europeans and natives tended not to mix; in Latin America, however, classes reflected the mixed ancestry of the people.

308: New Deal •

In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt proposed legislation aimed at economic recovery. • Laws essentially fell under one of three categories: relief, recovery, or reform. • Laws were enacted to protect the banking industry, provide jobs, guarantee a minimum wage, and establish a social security system. • These reforms represented a significant shift in U.S. domestic policy, highlighting the federal government's responsibility to provide for the social and economic well-being of its citizens. • Many new agencies were created to oversee the implementation of reform, including the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

272: Spanish-American War (1898-1899) •

In response to the destruction of a U.S. ship in Havana's harbor and under the guise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the United States declared war on Spain. • The United States quickly defeated the Spanish and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. • The United States emerged as an imperial power.

105: Medieval Japan •

Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. • Characterized by decentralized political power in which regional warlords (daimyo) controlled land and economy (Chinese-style bureaucracy was abandoned). • Valued military talent and discipline. Samurai (mounted warriors) played an important role in Japanese society; they observed bushido (the way of the warrior), which emphasized the importance of loyalty to the warrior's lord. • Medieval period ended by Tokugawa dynasty, which centralized power and unified Japan in the 16th century. • Similarly, European feudalism also valued warriors (knights) and their conduct (chivalry—although in Europe this took on more of a societal code).

Two advantages

Increased productivity and lowered consumer prices

81: Justinian's Code •

Justinian (reigned 527-565 C.E.) was a very important emperor during the early Byzantine Empire; his wife, Theodora, advised him on political, religious, and diplomatic issues. • Great public works built, including the Hagia Sophia, a cathedral that became a mosque following the Ottoman Turks' conquest of Constantinople; exemplified architecture past and present. • After a systematic review of all laws of the republic, Justinian codified Roman law, keeping legal principles of ancient Rome. • Published Corpus iurus civilis (Body of the Civil Law). • Justinian's Code has remained an inspiration for civil law codes.

Goals of hinduism

Karma. (pleasure) Artha. (economic security and power) Dharma. (social and religious duties or responsibility) Moksha (liberation of release from samsara)

Benifits of fire

Keeps away predators, destroys harmful bacteria, cooks food, breaks down carbohydrates, neutralizes toxins, gives warmth, allows societies to form

what improves in the islamic golden age

Math: algebra, trigonometry, geometry are strengthened Science: Improved astronomical instruments, medicine, hospitals Papermaking literature and art Architecture: minarets were built atop mosques

Neolithic

Means new stone age

Homo Sapien means...

Means wise man

134: Toltecs •

Migrated to central Mexico, settled Tula during the 8th century. • Irrigated crops of maize, beans, peppers, tomatoes, chilies, and cotton from the Tula River to support 60,000 people at peak. • Army maintained a tightly knit empire. • Important center of pottery and weaving; imported turquoise, jade, animal skins, and other luxury goods from Mesoamerica. • By 1175 problems between different ethnic groups and emerging nomadic tribes from northwestern Mexico destroyed the state.

141: Agricultural Diffusion •

Muslim travelers introduced new foods (citrus fruits, rice) and commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane) to sub-Saharan Africa. • European crusaders were first introduced to sugarcane and brought the sweetener back to Europe. • Sugarcane plantations sprang up in Sicily, Crete, Cyprus, and Rhodes—infused local economy and introduced slave trade to the region because sugar is a labor-intensive crop.

70: Julius Caesar •

Named himself dictator of the Roman Empire (for life, not six months as was the past precedent). • Sought to build a sense of community in Rome after civil war; spent large sums of money on gladiators, huge armies, and large-scale building projects employing Roman citizens; extended Roman citizenship to outreaches of empire (Gaul); and consolidated government. • Aristocratic conspirators, upset by lows of power and wealth, plotted to execute Caesar in 44 B.C.E. in an attempt to restore the republic. Thirteen years of civil conflict followed. • Octavian (later called Augustus) defeated Mark Antony and became sole ruler. He ruled as an emperor while retaining republican forms.

305: War Communism •

Nationalization on a massive scale. • All major businesses were put under the control of the government, the government made all planning and production decisions, food was rationed, and private ownership of businesses was prohibited. • Implemented by Lenin in Russia.

333: Jewish Holocaust •

Nazi regime killed over 6 million Jews and an additional 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, and other "undesirables"—a human disaster on a previously unknown scale. • Genocide was assisted by an historic acceptance of anti-Semitism in Europe. • German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 opened the door for release of SS Einsatzgruppen ("action squads"), which killed entire populations of Jews in newly acquired territories; in six months the squads had killed 1.4 million Jews. • The Final Solution, a plan to kill all Jews in Europe, was discussed by leading Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942. All remaining Jews were to be evacuated to death camps in eastern Poland. • Camps at Auschwitz, Belzec, and Treblinka used methods such as gassing, electrocution, flamethrowers, phenol injections, machine guns, and hand grenades. • Nuremberg Trials were held after World War II to try Nazi war criminals for crimes against humanity.

43: Confucianism •

One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought, it attempts to create social order through loyalty and respect. • Does not address philosophical or religious questions or the structure of the state. Just wanted to end the Warring States period by finding a balance. • The best way to promote good government is to hire people who are well-educated and conscientious—focused on the formation of Junzi ("superior individuals"); Junzi looks at public affairs from many different angles with unclouded judgment and, thereby, would be able to bring order and stability to society. • According to Confucius, Junzi possessed personal qualities such as ren, li, and xiao. • Ren—courteousness, respectfulness, diligence, loyalty; li—a sense of propriety, traditionally appropriate behavior; and xiao—filial piety, respect by children for parents and other elders. • Learning was important, but Confucius also stressed the importance of moral integrity and fair judgment.

373: Intifada •

Part of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the struggle for control of Israel that began as a result of UN Resolution 181, in which the United Nations created Israel from lands claimed by Palestinians. • The first intifada (uprising), launched in late 1987 by young Palestinians, included attacking Israeli soldiers civilians with homemade bombs and rocks. It lasted about six years. • Crackdowns on violence by the Israeli government only fueled further conflict, including the use of suicide bombing. • A second intifada stated in late September 2000 and lasted about five years, a time that saw little movement toward peace in the Arab-Israeli conflict.

321: Red Guards •

Red Guards were mostly young students trained in Marxist thought who sought out opposition to Mao and his policies. • Red Guards were given the authority to rid China of opposition during the Cultural Revolution. • A common target of persecution was China's elite—the intellectuals, educators, and professionals—because of their perceived bourgeoisie leanings and foreign sympathies.

what was cultural production of russia dominated by

Religion ( Art (icons, illuminated manuscripts), literature (using Cyrillic) No interest in philosophy or science)

100: Tang Dynasty •

Restored peace and stability after the fall of the Sui dynasty. • Second emperor, Tang Taizong (627-649), saw himself as a Confucian ruler. His successes led to the belief that this period was unusually prosperous and peaceful. He built impressive capital at Chang'an. • Maintained the empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. • Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept property out of the hands of wealthy elite. • Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examinations. • Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea, and the northern part of Vietnam.

90: Dhows •

Sailing vessels with lateen sails. • Lateen sails were used on the ships and were most often made of palm leaves or cotton. • Origin is hard to date, but records of their construction exist in the Roman Empire. • These boats were used extensively by Arab sailors in the Arabian Sea and late, during the post-classical period, in the Indian Ocean by Indian, Arab, and Persian sailors; helped spread Islam. • They functioned as both cargo and passenger ships and were constructed of sewn planks.

4: Paleolithic Era—Society •

Social groups: Extended families grew into clans; clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organization, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures. • Organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows. • Worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifices to gods, goddesses, and spirits. • Expression through art and music; examples include cave paintings and flutes. • Division of labor assigned by gender: men hunted, women gathered.

213: Janissaries •

Soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that trained to protect and serve the sultan. • Many of the soldiers were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan regions and forced into the sultan's service. • They were forced to convert to Islam and pledge absolute loyalty to the sultan; in return, they gained great privileges and honor. • Over time, they sought to gain influence and control of the government.

96: The Qur'an and Women •

The Qur'an helped and hurt women. • Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides (not husbands). • Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property. • Both the Qur'an and sharia emphasized male dominance: descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by male guardians. • Social customs were influenced by Islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to four wives (polygamy), women were veiled in public.

349: Creation of Israel •

The Zionist movement, which originated in Eastern Europe during the late 19th century and was formally organized in 1897, called for the restoration of the Jewish national homeland in Palestine. • Created by the United Nations in 1947 as a result of UN Resolution 181. • Divided Palestine (a British mandate) into an Arab state and a Jewish state. • Jews accepted the plan: the United States and the Soviet Union recognized Israel as a nation, but Arabs refused to recognize it. • In 1948, Britain withdrew; fighting began and continues today. • Major wars include the Arab-Israeli War (1948-1949), the Six-Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973).

302: October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) •

The second part of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Part. • Lenin, a student of Marxism, put forth the idea that the proletariat (working class) would rise up against the bourgeoisie (owners). • In October 1917 the Bolsheviks gained control of the Petrograd soviet and overthrew the provisional government in a bloodless coup. • With the Bolsheviks in control, efforts were made to transform the political and economic landscape of the nation; Russia pulled out of World War I, and legislation was passed that redistributed land to the peasants. • Russia, renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the world's first communist nation.

Warsaw Pact (19___)

Two weeks after West Germany's admittance to NATO, the USSR formed alliance with the nations of Eastern Europe; became known as the Eastern Bloc (Communist Bloc [known as Satellite States])

pre-Islamic mecca

major trade hub; important city for trading and site of religious shrine (Ka'aba) for polytheistic worship

positive impacts of agriculture

more reliable and abundant food supply, leads to specialization of labor, improvement of agricultural production, trade, and transportation

1598: Shah Abbas

moved capital to Isfahan; modernized army; engaged in silk, carpet trade ○ Makes the army use gunpowder ○ Engage in silk and carpet trade

Theme system

offered peasants freedom in exchange for military service, limited amount of land any one landlord could own

plebeian tribune

open to only plebeians, looked after plebeian interests

mandate of heaven

originated in china in the shang dynasty (by zhou to prove that he is fit to rule china) and stated that the emperor was given the right to rule by god

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited employment of women, boys under age 10 underground

role of Calpulli

redistributed land, organized labor gangs and military units, maintained temples and schools

Where do most people live in china

East china plains

time span of early greece

(1600-1100 BCE), last phase of the bronze age

First trade union

(1834): lobbied for an 8-hour workday

what happened to the byzantine empire after justinian

- they focused on not being concurred by the Arabs -Strength of empire is reduced -Economic burdens and loss of territory from Muslim wars -Increase taxes; increase in wealth for upper class -Poor people are getting taxed -Weak emperors

accomplishments of Emperor Gauzo of Tang

- used military to unite china -intermingled turkish nomads into the army - expands empire to places china has never been before -repairs great wall -integrates north and south (not happened since han dynasty)

why did the Kievan Decline

-Central Asian invaders chip away at territory -Fall of Byzantium reduces Russian trade and wealth -Mongols (Tatars) invade in 13th century

Important factors in Byzantine culture

-Creativity in architecture (Formation of domes) -Richly colored religious mosaics in a distinct byzantine style -Icon paintings (of saints and religious figures) - Blending of Hellenism and orthodox Christianity

reasons for the Great Schism

-Debate over clerical celibacy and use of icons -Dispute of what type of bread should be used - Should state control religion (east)? Should religion control state (west)? -Nicene creed -West translates Greek bible into Latin, east feels that this isolates them -1054: patriarch Michael attacks catholic practices

Yaroslav (1019-1054)

-Developed, issued unifying law code -Arranged marriages with central European royalty -Legitimized the Kievan Rus' as a country -Translated religious literature from Greek to Slavic, promoted education

empress Wu of tang

-Endowed monasteries (50,000 monasteries by 850) -Tried to make Buddhism the state religion (fails even though buddhism thrives) - commissioned buddhist sculptures

why did russia barrow much of its culture from Byzantium

-Fascinated with byzantine empire -Loved how rich it was -Loved the rituals -Attracted to ceremony and luxury of Byzantium -Peaceful and trade-oriented relationship between Byzantium and Kievan Rus' helped to facilitate cultural exchange

sunni ali

-Great military leader; extended rule over the entire Niger River valley - Ended up drowning in the Niger river -Practiced Islam but wasn't a fan- only had an Islamic name

greek orthodox influence on russia

-Ornate churches, filled with icons and incense -Monasticism developed, stressed prayer and charity -Fervent religious devotion (Emphasis on almsgiving)

Vladimir I (980-1015)

- ruler of the Kievan Rus' -Chose to become a Christian so he could drink alcohol -Converted to Orthodoxy on behalf of all his people; organized mass baptisms and forced conversions with military pressure -developed Russian orthodox church

Caste system in relation of the god Pursha

+Head is Brahman- knowledge (Priests and intellectuals) + Arms are Kshatriya - defense (Warriors) + Body is Vaishya- sustenance (Trade and agriculture) + Legs are Sudra- serve the twice born (Service) +Untouchables are not worthy to be apart of Pursha

religion in the tang dynasty

- Despite Tang government's support for Confucianism, Buddhism gained wide acceptance - Mahayana Buddhism popular among commoners in era of turmoil (Less traditional then Theravada ) - Chan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite (They meditate)

what did the Bureaucracy of the Byzantine empire do

- Helped to organize empire, politically, socially, and economically -Provincial governors appointed -Controlled economy via regulation of food prices, trade, and silk production

Neo- Confucianism beliefs

- Libraries established, old texts recovered (copied down and redistributed) -Stressed personal morality (5 great relationships) -Importance of philosophy in everyday life

Philip II

- Son of Henry V - also inherited the throne of spain and portugal ○ Engaged in war with Ottomans, northern European Protestants, rebellious Dutch subjects, draining his treasuries and left Spain unable to defend its dominance in the Atlantic against British, French, and Dutch ○ Spain was further hurt by inflation, border closings, expulsion of foreigners

Mohandas Gandhi

1893: accepted a job with an Indian law firm in South Africa Witnessed overt racial segregation for the first time Organized Indians (mostly Muslims) in South Africa to protest these policies of racial segregation Developed a concept of a free India that included Hindus and Muslims alike Developed political philosophy called satyagraha (truth force): confrontational, though nonviolent, approach to political action

Unequal taxation in France

3 main groups, less than 1 million are in the first 2 rich groups and they don't get taxed. More than 27 million in the last group and they get all the taxes

phoenicia time span

3200 BCE- 332 bce

mayura empire

326-184 BCE, led by Chandragupta Maurya, eventually conquered all of the indian subcontinent and land from Greeks and Persians

Greco-Persian war timespan

492-449 BCE

when does the roman empire split

4th century CE

when and to whom was muhammad born

570 CE: Muhammad was born into a prominent and respected clan

when does muhammad flee from mecca to medina

622 CE

when does muhammed go back to mecca

629 CE

when did the muslims conquer the sassanid empire

651 and last ruler is assassinated by the muslims

How many crusades were there

8 in total

69: Rome: From Republic to Empire •

87 B.C.E.: invasion and subsequent occupation of Rome led by Marius until his death. • Sulla took over, labeling state enemies and encouraging slaughter; civil war and a reign of terror ensued, which lasted five years and resulted in over 10,000 deaths. • Sulla died in 78 B.C.E. and left as his legacy a conservative legislature that weakened the power of the lower classes and returned power to the wealthy. • Latifundia—land conquered by the Roman Empire, controlled by wealthy elites, and organized into plantations—increased tensions between rich and poor.

243: Simón Bolívar •

A Creole from South America who led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule. • Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the success of the American and French Revolutions. • For over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish, ultimately winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. • Together with José de San Martín, he gained independence for Argentina and Chile. • Hoped to unify the independent regions into a single state, Gran Colombia, but was unsuccessful.

183: Martin Luther •

A German monk often credited with sparking the start of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. • In 1517, he wrote the Ninety-five Theses, a list of arguments directed against the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences (the pardoning of sins). • Believing that faith in God alone would allow people to get into Heaven, that no authority on Earth could pardon people for their sins, and that the Bible was the only source of religious truth. • Although he was excommunicated from the Catholic Church, his ideas spread across northern Europe, in large part due to the printing press. • The founder of the Protestant denomination called Lutheranism.

200: Matteo Ricci •

A Jesuit scholar from Europe who journeyed to the Ming court in the late 1500s. • Representative of Western efforts to bring Christianity to the East and the hopes of missionaries to win the approval of the Chinese emperors. • Missionaries brought new scientific and mathematical knowledge to the imperial court, for example, the mechanical clock, which was well received. • Ming emperors generally welcomed missionaries, yet the missionaries were overwhelmingly unsuccessful in gaining converts.

Jomo Kenyatta

A Kenyan nationalist leader who led a movement to gain independence from Britain

282: Telegraph •

A communication system that transmits electric signals over wires from location to location and translates them into a message. • In 1828, the first telegraph in the U.S. was invented by Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes. • In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), sent an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet that caused a bell to strike. • In 1835, Samuel Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper: the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it was not until five years later that Congress (reflecting public apathy) funded $30,000 to construct a 40-mile experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore.

188: European Balance of Power •

A concept originating after the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia as a result of the fear of sovereign nations that any single nation in Europe might come to dominate the others. • Alliances among nation-states were formed (and reformed as necessary) in response to perceived threats in the balance of power as nations sought to limit the power of any one nation. • Pursuit of the balance of power led to frequent conflict in Europe as nation-states competed with one another for control and influence. • This concept led to the formation of alliances that played a critical role in the start of World War I (see 1900-present).

318: Chinese Civil War •

A conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist parties. • The Qing dynasty had been overthrown in 1911, and Sun Yat-sen emerged as the leader of the new Chinese republic. • Sun Yat-sen's party, the Kuomintang (the Nationalist People's Party), promoted the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and livelihood. • In 1934 the communist retreated; during the Long March they traveled over 6,000 miles before settling in northwestern China, spreading their ideas along the way. • During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the communists. • During World War II, the civil war was suspended in an effort to fight the Japanese invasion. • After World War II ended, the civil war resumed and the People's Liberation Army, the army of the Communist Party, quickly seized control. • On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China, a communist nation; the Nationalists fled to nearby Taiwan. • China remains a communist nation; the Nationalists still control Taiwan.

187: Thirty Years War •

A conflict centered in Europe and fought between 1618 and 1648, resulting from the attempts of the Holy Roman Emperor to force his subjects to return to the Roman Catholic faith. • Much of Europe participated in the conflict, including Spain, France, and the Netherlands. • The Peace of Westphalia negotiated at the end of the war left a weakened Holy Roman Empire. • German states were given their independence; Prussia quickly emerged as the most powerful. • Switzerland was given its independence, and France added new territories to its land. • The most significant aspect of the peace was the beginning of the nation-state in Europe; sovereign states were given the authority to govern themselves.

265: Opium War: Causes •

A conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China. • China maintained a favorable balance of trade; Europeans demanded Chinese goods, including silk and tea, and paid for these products in silver. • In the late 1700s, the British East India Company began importing opium into China, where they traded it for silver and thus threatened the trade balance. • In 1839, Lin Zexu, a Chinese government official, ordered the confiscation and destruction and destruction of opium and took British merchants hostage. • In response, the British took military action against the Chinese.

254: Zionism •

A nationalist movement that emerged in the late 1800s with the stated goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine; led in large part by Theodor Herzl. • Jews began to settle in Palestine, especially after World War I, when the land became a mandate of the British; migration had significantly increased after the British issued the Balfour Declaration, expressing their support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. • After World War II, Zionist goals were realized. Following years of conflict between the Arabs of Palestine and the more recently arrived Jews, the United Nations took control of the region, and in May 1948 the state of Israel was proclaimed a Jewish state. • The creation of the state of Israel led to the Arab-Israeli conflict, a conflict that continues to this day; since 1948, Zionists have continued to support the country and the efforts of its Jewish population to maintain Israel's security.

262: Indian National Congress (INC): Origins •

A nationalist group formed in British India in 1885 by upper-class Hindus. • Although most members were middle- and upper-class Hindus, the INC sought to serve all Indians. • Initially a forum to express concerns to colonial officials on taxes and other such subjects, by the turn of the century, the INC was calling for Indian self-rule. • Fearful that Hindus did not have Muslim best interests at heart, Muslim leaders created the Muslim League. • In 1906, the INC joined forces with the All India Muslim League, and together the two groups gained limited rights for the Indian colonists. • The INC and the Muslim League partnered to lead a mass movement to gain self-rule for the subcontinent.

239: French Revolution: Convention to Napoléon •

A new constitution gave the convention the power to govern; the convention abolished the monarchy. • A group of radicals seized control, and the Committee of Public Safety was created; led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins jailed and killed anyone suspected of antirevolutionary thought or action. • A new constitution, drawn up in 1795, ended this phase of the revolution and led to the creation of a five-man Directory. • The Directory lost power in a 1799 coup d'état led by General Napoléon Bonaparte, who named himself emperor in 1804 and began to conquer France's neighbors. • Napoléon ruled until 1814; the following year the Congress of Vienna met and restored the monarchy to France.

21: Vedic Age •

A period in Indian history, between 1500 and 500 B.C.E., when the Vedas—the primary texts of Hinduism—were recorded; Rig Veda is the first of these. • The Aryans recorded a number of literary and religious works in Sanskrit; the earliest works, the Vedas ("knowledge" or "wisdom"), a collection of songs, hymns, and prayers honoring Aryan gods, were handed down by Brahmin priests. • The Vedas also provide a view of early Aryan society in India. • In this period, the Aryans and Dravidians frequently fought among themselves—there was no common centralized government. • Hundreds of chiefdoms based on herding communities and agricultural villages were established. • Permanent communities, relying more on agriculture than herding, were established into a regional kingdom c. 1000-500 B.C.E. • Social hierarchy, based on caste, maintained order and stability; the Aryans also constructed a gender hierarchy based on a strong patriarchal society.

247: Liberalism in Europe •

A political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights. • Developed in response to Enlightenment ideas and the changes brought about by the American and French Revolutions. • Liberals, unlike conservatives, believed that change was necessary and normal. • Following the Industrial Revolution, many liberal thinkers gave their support to capitalism and laissez-faire economics, abandoning mercantilist policies.

Religion in Mughal India

Akbar promoted the relationship between muslims and hindus allowed hindus to settle problems for themselves

246: Conservatism in Europe •

A political philosophy that sought to return things to the way they were before the political revolutions that spread across Europe in the 19th century and to maintain traditional ways. • Developed in response to the changes that resulted from successful revolutions in North America and France. • Conservatives, such as Edmund Burke, held that change takes place and that when it occurs, it should be a natural occurrence, not the result of revolution. • Conservatives argue that, since change occurs naturally over time, the existing social order should be respected.

168: Seven Years War •

A series of conflicts fought on a global stage from 1756 to 1763. • Significant because the war reflected the intense commercial rivalries that developed from European exploration and Europeans' resulting desire to establish trading posts in the Americas and Asia. • Conflicts in India, the Caribbean, and North America ultimately established British hegemony. • In North America, the French and Indian War was the stage for direct fighting between the French and the British. • By the end of this time period, Britain dominated global trade and would use this advantage to establish a global empire.

303: V. I. Lenin •

A student of Marxism, Lenin saw in revolutionary Russia the seeds of a communist revolution. • Following the abdication of Czar Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government, he took control of the Bolshevik Party, whose members supported the ideals of communism. • In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized control of the provisional government. The Bolsheviks, soon renamed Communists, immediately set to transforming the nation politically and economically. • Lenin pulled Russia out of World War I and began a series of land reforms. • Civil war broke out, and as a result, Lenin instituted his policy of war communism. • War communism was nationalization on a massive scale. All major businesses were put under the control of the government, the government made all planning and production decisions, food was rationed, and private ownership of businesses was prohibited. • When civil war ended, war communism was replaced by the New Economic Policy (NEP).

92: Muhammad •

About 610 C.E., Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. • He believed in one God (Allah). • Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in the Qur'an. • The Hadith, a record of the sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet's deeds, serves as a guide for interpretation of the Qur'an and for social and legal customs; the Hadith lays out the concepts of the five pillars, tenets central to Islam.

332: U.S. Occupation of Japan •

After Japan's unconditional surrender in World War II, Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under General Douglas MacArthur. • MacArthur ensured that Japan's transformation would benefit the United States and its allies. • A new constitution, adopted in 1947, instituted democratic reforms. The emperor retained his title but had no military or political power. The country developed a parliamentary democracy; a diet made the political decisions. • Japan's military was severely limited, although in 1954 the nation was permitted to create separate land, sea, and air forces for self-defense. • The occupation ended in 1952, although the United States still maintains bases in Japan. • Following U.S. occupation, Japan's resources were committed to a course of aggressive industrialization. As a result, today Japan is one of the world's economic superpowers.

351: Indian Independence •

After World War II, overseas empires became increasingly difficult to maintain. Great Britain held on, but election of the Labour Party ushered in a movement toward home rule. • Leaders of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League worked with Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru to start a movement called communalism—an effort to get Indians to act and feel as one nation. • Gandhi advocated passive resistance and nonviolence—methods of peaceful protest that were designed to draw public support from around the world and identify the British as forceful tyrants. • Boycotts of British goods and against British policies were conducted (example: the Salt March). • India was granted independence in 1947. • In 1947, India was partitioned: India gained its independence, and the country of Pakistan was created as an Islamic republic. • Partition led to conflict that still exists today.

219: Russian Empire: Rise and Expansion •

After breaking free of Mongol control in the late 1400s, Muscovite princes began to take control over much of Russia, eliminating the authority of local princes. • Ivan III, a grand prince of Moscow, developed a policy that encouraged Cossacks (peasants) to settle in the lands that he had conquered. • Ivan centralized his authority, claimed divine right to rule, and name himself czar. • Moscow was established as the capital of the new Russian Empire.

99: Sui Dynasty •

After centuries of turmoil following the Han dynasty, the Sui emerged to restore peace and order. • Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. • Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; most elaborate project was the Grand Canal. • Grand Canal: a series of artificial waterways that connected Hangzhou to Chang'an (almost 2,000 kilometers); said to be forty paces wide with service roads running on either side. These waterways accounted for large expenditures from the government treasury; money came from taxes and dividends from Grand Canal, which linked northern and southern economies; the people of China reaped its benefits for years to come. • 610s: Rebellions broke out in northern China. • Emperor Sui Yangdi was assassinated and dynasty ended.

40: Economics of Classical Persia •

Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy—surpluses were necessary to support military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities. • Empire controlled fertile land in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and northern India. • Imperial court consumed almost 800,000 liters of grain per year, in addition to vegetables, fruits, meat, poultry, fish, oil, beer, wine, and textiles. • Persian Royal Road and sea routes through the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea assisted in trade throughout the empire. • Markets in large cities, such as Babylon, also housed banks and companies that invested capital in commercial ventures.

who were the two rival islamic groups in africa

Almoravids and Almohads

when and by who was ghana invaded

Almoravids armies invaded Ghana in 1076

215: Mughal Empire •

An Islamic empire, established in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate by the Mughals in 1526. • Mughals were an Islamic minority ruling over a Hindu majority. • The Mughals unified much of the subcontinent and under the leadership of Akbar established a strong centralized empire in the region. • During the Mughal golden age Islamic art and architecture flourished as evidenced by the building of the Taj Mahal. • The empire began to decline in late 1600s: Emperors abandoned policies of religious toleration, and the arrival of Europeans posed a serious challenge to Mughal rule.

Fascism

An extreme, right-wing political philosophy that advocates the glorification of the state § Single-party system § One ruler (single dictator) § Aggressive nationalism § Symbol: Fasces - Bundle of Rods

271: Monroe Doctrine •

Articulated in 1823 as part of U.S. foreign policy, it sought to limit European interference in the Americas. • President James Monroe regarded the Americas as a U.S. protectorate and thus saw threats to the region as threats against the United States. • The doctrine indicated that an attempt by Europe to take control of land in the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act and that, in theory, the United States would respond. • Most significantly, the doctrine would provide (in later years) justification for the United States to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

which Two Christian civilizations develop out of the split of the roman empire

East- Greek orthodox West- roman catholic

211: Süleyman the Magnificent •

As sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566, he expanded the empire into southern Europe and created an efficient centralized bureaucracy. • Modernized the Ottoman army. • Known as the Lawgiver for improving the legal system—laws were based on sharia, Islamic law. • He was a great patron of the arts and was known for his religious tolerance.

337: Nuclear Arms Race •

As the Cold War progressed, a new reality emerged: The struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to claim political hegemony across the globe led to an expensive arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. • Although the United States had been first to test and use the atomic bomb, the Soviet Union tested their own by 1949. • Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, both nations continued to build nuclear arsenals. Each side also had the technology, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), to directly attack the other. • This arms race redefined war and diplomacy. An awareness on both sides that any direct fighting between the two could lead to nuclear war led to a new Cold War reality: mutually assured destruction (MAD). • Weapon building continued and a new concept emerged—deterrence: as long as each side had enough weapons, neither would attack. • In the mid-1960s, the United States began to explore the possibility of arms control and/or reduction. In 1972, SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty), signed by the two nations, established limits and restraints on their weapons programs.

324: Origins of World War II •

Axis powers: Nazi, Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan; Allied powers: France and its empire, Great Britain and its empire, Commonwealth allies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), Soviet Union, China, and the United States. • In an effort to fulfill imperialist goals, Japan invaded Manchuria, in violation of the League of Nations; Japan responded to warnings by withdrawing from the League and starting a full-scale invasion of China in 1937. • Italy attacked Ethiopia, in violation of the League of Nations; little effective resistance was given to Italy. • Germany violated Treaty of Versailles by remilitarizing the Rhineland and invading the Sudetenland. • Appeasement—Western democracies gave in to the demands of aggressor nations (such as Japan, Italy, and Germany) in an attempt to keep the peace. Example: Munich Conference.

135: Aztecs •

Aztecs (Mexica) migrated to central Mexico and established an empire based on military conquest; seized women and land from neighbors. • Settled on island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in 1345 and built capital, Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico City. • Fished at first, then developed farming system called chinampas (shaped mud from lake floor into small plots of land that "floated" in the middle of the lake); developed a system of canals to irrigate in the dry season and grew beans, squash, maize, tomatoes, peppers, and chilies for exchange in the marketplace. • Lake provided a natural defense in case of attack. • Attempts to expand into southwestern Mexico led to the formation of a triple alliance: Aztecs, Texcoco, and Tlacopan assessed tribute and left local governments in place as long as they paid up. • Known as "the cannibal kingdom" for their widespread practice of human sacrifice.

136: Aztec Religion •

Aztecs adopted indigenous religious beliefs. • Gods: Tezcatlipoca, "The Smoking Mirror" (the giver and taker of life), and Quetzalcoatl, "The Feathered Serpent" (supported arts, crafts, and agriculture). • Gods made the world work through personal sacrifice (blood flow led to irrigation of crops); practiced sacrificial bloodletting. • Sacrificed humans to appease war god, Huitzilopochtli; built a temple in the center of Tenochtitlan.

14: Patriarchal Society •

Basis of Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies—men made decisions about the division of household chores among family members, and they arranged marriages. • Men dominated public life: They ruled as kings and pharaohs and made decisions about public policy. • Evidence of patriarchal society seen in Hammurabi's Code, which entrusted men with all major decision making and judgment, and in Confucian society with the five relationships. • Women were punished for adultery by drowning; men could engage in consensual sexual relations outside of marriage without penalty. • A man could sell his wife and children into slavery to pay off debt.

257: New Imperialism: Causes •

Beginning in the late 1800s, modern, industrial nations sought economic control (and sometimes political and social control) over weaker nations. • Nationalism led to an increased sense of competition as strong nations sought to expand their empires. • Colonies in distant lands allowed nations to establish military bases across the globe. • Industrialization led to an increased need for raw materials and marketplaces. • Social Darwinism and the so-called White Man's Burden provided justification for the efforts of the imperialists. • Christian missionaries sought to spread the Gospel.

233: Factory System: Social Impact •

Before industrialization, societies were agriculturally based. Although in some places in Europe the domestic system existed, in which individuals worked on one part of production (for example, making cloth from wool), most people still worked on farms. • As the mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, demand increased. Cheaper goods were more affordable; as a result, the standard of living rose for most Europeans. • Conditions in the factories in the early years were harsh and dangerous. Workers received little pay, worked long hours, and faced unsafe working conditions. Over time, governments stepped in to pass laws to protect workers (such as minimum-wage legislation). • Labor unions also emerged as workers organized to protect their rights and gain fair treatment in the workplace.

218: British Economic Interests in India •

Beginning in the early 1600s, Mughal emperors granted concessions to allow the British to trade in India. • Trading posts were set up along the coast in places such as Madras and Bombay. • The British East India Company established forts to protect its commercial interest and controlled trade in India throughout the 1600s and early 1700s. • After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, the British government took control of trade and replaced the Mughals as the ruling authority in India.

Negritude

Begins during the Harlem Renaissance which "kicks off" this whole movement ○ Negritude strove to revive African culture and traditions § African pride was expressed by poets and artists ○ Negritude was coupled with a movement to remove foreign European influence ○ Because of this Pan-African movement and Negritude, a new class of African elite rose up to lead the movement for independence

What is the religion of emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty

Buddhist; expands Buddhism

286: Background Causes of World War I •

By 1900 nationalism was a powerful global force, at some times urging people to unite for a common purpose and at others acting to break groups up. Ethnic minorities living in the multinational empires of the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary were seeking independence. • The major industrialized nations of Europe were competing for control of foreign markets and access to materials and resources. Also, an arms race had emerged as these nations sought to create the world's strongest armies. • In the late 1800s and early 1900s, in an attempt to maintain the balance of power, many nations in Europe entered into alliances for protection. The two most significant were the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente, among Britain, Russia, and France. • Nationalism, militarism, and imperialism, combined with the new reality of entangling alliances, ensured that even the smallest crisis could lead to a war that would envelop the entire European continent.

293: Results of World War I •

Cities throughout Europe were destroyed and millions were dead, injured, or homeless. • Although some European nations, notably France and Great Britain, emerged the victors and retained imperial control over their vast empires, in reality the process of decolonization was under way. After the war, there was a significant increase in nationalist feelings throughout the colonial world. • The Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were broken up. • The Allies met in Paris in 1919. Their peace plan included the Treaty of Versailles, negotiated between the Allies and Germany. • The League of Nations was created in the hopes of avoiding future wars, although weaknesses in its design would render it essentially powerless. • President Woodrow Wilson promoted the concept of self-determination, believing that if nations had the right to choose their own governments, peace would ensue. The result of this concept was the development of the mandate system. • Perhaps most significant, World War I ended with many nations dissatisfied, and this sense of unhappiness would ultimately play a role in the rise of World War II.

48: Early Han Dynasty •

Claiming the "mandate of heaven," Liu Bang centralized rule using persistence and methodical planning; started the longest lasting Chinese dynasty—the Han (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.). • Emperors ruled from Chang'an, with its imperial palace, busy markets, and parks. • Han Wudi, the "martial emperor," ruled the Han from 141 to 87 B.C.E. with two goals: to centralize governmental power and to expand their empire. He used Legalist principles as the guidelines for his government. • Wudi appointed imperial officers in provinces to enforce laws and levy taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries. • Demand for Chinese silk in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire led to development of trade routes (the Silk Roads). • Wudi exercised tremendous government control over the building of roads and canals to increase trade and communication. Government also controlled production of essential goods: iron, salt, and liquor.

110: Feudalism in Europe and Japan •

Code of Conduct—Europe: chivalry; Japan: Bushido. • Warriors—Europe: knights; Japan: samurai. • Local Leaders—Europe: lords; Japan: daimyo • In both societies, aristocratic women managed their respective households. • Ruler—Europe: king; Japan: emperor (really a figurehead; control rested with shogun).

334: United Nations •

Created at the end of World War II as a coalition dedicated to maintaining world peace and security. Had more power than the League of Nations, which had been ineffective in preventing World War II. • Representatives from the United States, China, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France finalized the majority of the charter's provisions in 1944, before the war was even over. • Final version was solidified in San Francisco in 1945. • Today, the focus is to provide humanitarian assistance around the world to areas in need through a variety of organizations.

15: Origins of Writing •

Cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in Mesopotamia. • Record keeping for trade purposes became necessary as society became increasingly more complex. • Sumerians developed a writing system based on pictures (pictographs) in which symbols were made on wet clay and then baked. • Egyptians developed hieroglyphs—symbols that represent sounds and ideas. • One example of job specialization was the scribe, who prepared legal and other documents (developed as an occupation).

23: Caste System •

Developed over time as the Aryans established settlements in India. • Four main varnas (social classes), originally formed around skin color. • Priests (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (Kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (vaishyas); landless peasants and serfs (shudras); and later, untouchables, who performed unpleasant tasks (butchering animals, handling dead bodies). • Occupation determined a person's jati, or subcaste. • Castes and subcastes had a major impact on development of Hindu society, with rules for interaction and intermarriage; severely limited social mobility. • Although the Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination, and barriers have been broken down in urban areas, the caste system continues to influence social practices of Hindus throughout rural India.

51: Fall of Han Dynasty •

Divisions within the ruling elite limited the effectiveness of the government, leading to its collapse. • Issues: land distribution, private armies, unrest, economic decline. • Rise in epidemics in late 2nd and early 3rd centuries led to the Yellow Turban Rebellion (rebels' yellow turbans represented their peasant status and their ties to the earth). • Dynasty formally ended in 220 C.E.

71: Expansion of Roman Empire •

During the republic, the empire included Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and outposts in North Africa and Anatolia; Augustus added most of southeastern Europe and most of North Africa and increased control in Anatolia and southwestern Asia; at its height, the empire included Britain and all of the land surrounding the northern and southern coast of the Mediterranean from Iberia to Mesopotamia. • As Roman soldiers, diplomats, governors, and merchants settled throughout the empire, Roman culture spread, encouraging the development of local politics and economies; cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo, and Segovia sprang up. • Augustus's rule brought a period known as the Pax Romana (Roman peace), which lasted for two and a half centuries and allowed the empire to experience a golden age.

25: Shang Dynasty •

Earliest recorded dynasty (1750-1027 B.C.E.); rise and success based on technology, especially bronze. • Shang controlled production of bronze by monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen. • Using a well-armed military, the Shang extended control to northeastern China. • Kings controlled surplus agriculture, as well as an extensive network of as many as 1,000 local towns. • Built extensive and lavish tombs for emperors. • Practiced ancestor worship, used oracle bones to divine the future.

281: Cotton Gin •

Earliest versions date back to 5th century C.E. using a single roller (made of iron or wood) and a flat stone. • Eli Whitney invented the modern version in 1793. He mechanized the cleaning of cotton by using wire hooks to pull cotton through a wire screen to separate the seeds from the cotton (previously done by hand); a brushlike component was used to remove lint and prevent jams. • Enabled massive increase in cotton produced in southern U.S. By 1830: 750,000 bales of cotton; 1850: 285 million bales of cotton. • Dramatic increase in the demand for slaves. Pre-1793: 700,000 slaves; 1850: 3.2 million slaves. • By 1860, the U.S. provided 80 percent of the cotton for Great Britain and two-thirds of the world's supply of cotton.

202: Ming Economic Growth •

Economic policies regulated interaction with outsiders and led to an increase in commercial activity, as well as an increase in population. • New food crops, particularly foods from the Americas such as maize and peanuts, were suitable to the Chinese landscape and over time led to a population increase. • Overseas trade became more extensive, particularly as demand for Chinese good such as silk and porcelain increased. • European merchants, as well Muslim and Asian traders, traded in China's two main port cities. • The Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power. • The prosperity of the Ming period was reflected in the arts of literature; calligraphy and landscape art are still highly valued.

323: Soviet Five-Year Plans •

Economic policy initiated by Joseph Stalin that set high quotas in an attempt to improve Soviet agricultural and industrial output. • This method of centralized planning was adopted by other communist nations, notably the People's Republic of China. • The first of the five-year plans focused on heavy industry and rapid industrialization in areas such as coal and iron production. • Although production quotas were not met, Stalin claimed the first of the five-year plans a success. The Soviet Union's neglect of consumer goods led to a scarcity of these products. • Results were mixed, but over the course of Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union was transformed into a leading industrialized nation.

capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources (capital) for profit- later caused inflation (see notes for why)

80: Early Byzantine Empire •

Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 C.E. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and the move allowed him to spy on enemies in the east. • With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and included lands in Greece, the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northeastern Africa. • The young empire boasted roads and communication systems. • Emperors were above the law, claiming divine rights. • Emperors used political power to sway public opinion regarding religious issues.

who and when built byzantium

Emperor Constantine of the roman empire in the 4th century

143: Ming Dynasty •

Emperor Hongwu established the Ming ("brilliant") dynasty, following the Yuan dynasty, in 1368; his immediate goal was to remove all signs of Mongol rule. • Hongwu centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor. He reestablished a civil service system based on Confucian values to ensure promotion of scholar bureaucrats on the basis of ability, not favors. • Society was based on strict adherence to rules established by the Ming government. • Power of the central government was increased through the use of eunuchs (sterile men who could not produce a family to challenge the dynasty) and mandarins (emissaries sent out to enforce government policies). • Economic recovery: rebuilt irrigation systems led to agricultural surplus, promoted production of manufactured goods: porcelain, silk, and cotton; demanded tribute from surrounding states.

Byzantine government

Emperors were head of the government, center of the elaborate court rituals focusing upon their divinely inspired, all powerful nature Sophisticated and highly educated bureaucracy that was open to all classes

193: English Civil War: Results •

England established a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch had limited authority, influenced by the writings of John Locke. • Charles I was executed, and after the brief reign of Oliver Cromwell, Parliament invited Charles I's son, Charles II, back to England to serve as a limited monarch. • Charles II agreed to the writ of habeas corpus, which protects people from arbitrary arrest. • James II took control, and as he was a Catholic and a believer in the divine right theory, Parliament quickly acted to remove him from power; his son-in-law, William, was invited to rule so long as he agreed to the English Bill of Rights. • The English Bill of Rights established that all of England's future monarchs would be Anglican and that the monarch's powers would be limited.

199: Impact of the Enlightenment •

Enlightenment ideas were unpopular with many governments and with the church, both of whom sought to censor new ideas about reason and nature. • There was limited acceptance of Enlightenment ideas among monarchs; known as Enlightened despots, rulers such as Maria Theresa of Austria and Catherine the Great of Russia used their positions of authority (for example, building schools and hospitals). • In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Enlightenment ideas played a key role in the American and French Revolutions, as well as in the Latin American wars for independence.

13: Iron Metallurgy •

Experimentation began as early as the fourth millennium B.C.E. • Mesopotamians manufactured effective iron and bronze tools and weapons by 1000 B.C.E. • Craftsmen added carbon to iron to increase strength and produce harder and sharper edges. • Iron metallurgy spread from Mesopotamia to Anatolia, Egypt, North Africa, and other regions (example of cultural diffusion). • Assyrians used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia.

346: Cuban Missile Crisis •

Fidel Castro, leader of communist Cuba, formed an alliance with Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, after the Bay of Pigs incident and an attempted assassination by rebels funded by the United States. • Castro permitted Khrushchev to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba (90 miles south of the southernmost tip of the United States). • President Kennedy demanded removal of nuclear weapons from Cuba and set up a naval blockade, which effectively cut Cuba off from the Soviet Union, until an agreement was reached. • Soviets agreed on two conditions—the United States would remove missiles (pointing at Soviets) from Turkey within six months and would not invade Cuba.

274: Opening of Japan •

Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of U.S. commodore Matthew Perry. • In 1853, Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay and under the orders of the U.S. president requested that Japan open up to foreign trade. • The United States wanted to find new markets following industrialization, and Japan offered new economic opportunities. • The Treaty of Kanagawa, signed by the two nations, opened Japan to trade. • Japanese isolation ended; the country focused on a new domestic policy of rapid modernization.

214: Safavid Empire •

Following the Battle of Chaldiran, fought against the Ottoman Turks in 1514, the Safavid family consolidated their control over modern-day Iran and ruled until 1736. • They established the Shiite sect of Islam as the official religion of the empire. • Under Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629) the capital was moved to Isfahan, the army was modernized, and long-distance trade flourished. • Constant conflict with the Ottomans, coupled with the threat of an increasingly stronger Russian Empire to the north and the Mughal Empire to the south, led to decline.

322: Joseph Stalin •

Following the death of V. I. Lenin, the "man of steel," became the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union. • Replaced the NEP with a five-year plan, a program initiated in 1929 and aimed at transforming the Soviet Union from an agrarian economy to a modern, industrialized nation. • Through the policy of collectivization, the government took control of land (angering many peasants, notably the kulaks) and created collective farms with the goal of improving agricultural production; a man-made famine and the deaths of millions of peasants resulted. • Faced with the limited success of his new economic policies and growing unrest, Stalin initiated what came to be known as the Great Purge, a period in which his opponents were jailed and/or executed. • Although terror, fear, and censorship were hallmarks of his rule (he was responsible for the death of millions), he led the Soviet Union in World War II, and his efforts played a significant role in the defeat of Germany. • Victorious after World War II, he continued to lead the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War.

Who are the Russians?

Groups from Asia moved into region during Roman Empire Agricultural society of tribes, villages Connected only by a common language • Animist religion (sun, thunder, wind, fire) Emphasis on weather

how nile shaped religious beliefs

Gods related to the nile 1.Goddess of the nile 2.God of the harvest 3.God of the sun

74: Trade in the Mediterranean •

Grain from latifundia in North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily supported large cities in the empire and was also used for trade with Greece (for olives and vines) and with Syria and Palestine (for fruits, nuts, and wool fabrics); trade facilitated crop specialization throughout the climatically diverse empire. • The sea supported trade from the ports in Syria and Palestine to Spain and North Africa. • The Roman army and navy kept the seas safe for transportation of goods—Romans called the Mediterranean mare nostrum (our sea). • Merchants were also responsible for promoting cultural diffusion and a sense of community throughout the empire.

what does Justinian make the official language of his empie

Greek

83: Legacy of Classical Greece •

Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. • Modeled after Greece's, the empire's government-organized school system offered basic reading, writing, and grammar, followed by classical Greek literature, philosophy, and science, providing an educated workforce for the bureaucracy. • Byzantine scholars, like the Greeks, focused on literature, history, and philosophy; their legacy was the preservation of Greek culture. • Byzantine preservation of Greek culture was transmitted back to Western Europe during the Crusades.

317: Mohandas Gandhi: Indian Nationalist •

He quickly became a popular leader among the ordinary citizens of India, and the support of an extensive segment of the population made the Non-Cooperation and the Civil Disobedience movements largely successful. • Indians were urged to boycott British-made goods and protest British policies but were encouraged to avoid violent action. • Although the British responded to the actions of the Indians with violence (Amritsar Massacre, the Salt March), most Indians remained nonviolent in their efforts. • In 1935 the British enacted the Government of India Act, which provided for Indian self-rule. • Gandhi continued to push for complete independence, which occurred in 1947, a year before his death. • His nonviolent methods, especially civil disobedience and passive resistance, were borrowed by future leaders, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Caste system

Hierarchy of Hinduism, determines his/her economic advantage, was/is permanent(no mobility)

299: Russo-Japanese War •

Imperial rivalries led to armed conflict between Russia and Japan for control of parts of Korea and Manchuria. • Japan, whose imperial ambitions had begun following rapid industrialization, by the 1870s was competing with other nations for economic control and territory throughout East Asia. • Japan's victory over China surprised many and worried the Russians, who had imperial hopes of controlling Korea and Manchuria. • In 1904, Japan attacked Port Arthur, a Russian port in southern Manchuria, and then Korea. • Russia and Japan battled on both land and sea; the Japanese were victorious. • Under the Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia gave their largest island in the Pacific and their lease to Port Arthur to Japan and gave up claim to Manchuria. Korea was named a Japanese sphere of influence. • Russia's defeat in East Asia marked the first time an Eastern power had won a decisive victory over a Western one and paved the way for Japan to be the premier empire builder in Asia.

237: French Revolution: Causes •

In 1789, King Louis XVI summoned representatives to a meeting of the Estates General to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes. • France was deeply in debt as the result of excessive domestic and foreign spending. • Representatives from the Third Estate, which equaled over 95 percent of the population, met with the king to convince him to approve extensive social, economic, and political reforms that would accord them more rights and protections. With each of the three estates receiving one vote, a favorable outcome was unlikely. • In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from Estates General and declared themselves the National Assembly. The following month, with the storming of the Bastille, revolution spread from the streets of Paris to the peasants in the country. • Under the banner "life, liberty, and fraternity," the National Assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, stated the equality of all men, and expressed the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people.

307: Great Depression •

In 1929 economic depression spread across the world as the U.S. stock market crashed and European countries struggled to rebuild their damaged postwar economies. • Both during and after World War I, the United States lent millions of dollars to other nations and thus became the banking capital of the world. • After World War I, nations struggled to repay their debts; domestic policies, especially in the United States, created tariffs that limited the economic growth of debtor nations. • Surpluses in agriculture and industry led to overproduction and falling prices. • In October 1929, speculation that stocks were being overvalued led to a crash of the market; a global depression ensued as banks in the United States and Europe closed and millions of individuals were forced into bankruptcy. • The drastic slowdown in economic activity led to tremendous instability, and in nations that were already struggling with establishing new political identities, extreme forms of government emerged.

345: Cuban Revolution •

In 1959, Marxist leader Fidel Castro ousted Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and took control of Cuba. • Castro gained much of his support from the urban poor and from landless peasants. • Castro nationalized industries throughout the country (many businesses had been American owned) and initiated a series of aggressive land reforms. In response, the United States imposed an economic embargo on Cuba. • Castro quickly formed an alliance with the Soviet Union. • Cuba, significantly affected by the Soviet Union's collapse in the early 1990s, remains a communist nation.

369: Green Revolution •

In the 1960s, new methods of farming were introduced in many developing countries, most notably India, to increase the production of staple crops such as rice and wheat. The success of such programs is known as the Green Revolution. • More broadly, it is a modern revolution in agriculture that developed new plant varieties and improved farming techniques, initially funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. • Technology is used to create staple crops that can better resist disease and to bring improved irrigation systems and machinery to farmers. • Fertilizers and pesticides improve soil quality and combat insects. • Although the food supply has increased globally, in many areas of the developing world, population continues to grow faster than food production.

311: Adolf Hitler at War •

In the late 1930s, Europe felt compelled to respond to the aggressive actions of Hitler, who had rearmed Germany and taken control of the Rhineland and Austria. • At the 1938 Munich Conference, Hitler promised not to invade Czechoslovakia in return for the Sudetenland, an area on the German border where many German-speaking people lived (an example of appeasement). • Europe's policy of appeasing Hitler did not work; in March 1939, Hitler took over Czechoslovakia; in September he invaded Poland, and with Britain and France coming to the aid of Poland, World War II was under way. • During World War II, Hitler sought to make his goal of "living space" for Germans a reality by cleansing the land he controlled of any inferior peoples. • This policy was aimed at Jews, but millions of others were also killed; the Holocaust saw the loss of over 11 million people, over half of them Jews. • In April 1945, as the Allies marched into Germany, Hitler took his own life.

277: Decline of Ottoman Empire •

In the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, now small, weak, and in debt, became known as the Sick Man of Europe. • Threats from Russia and Austria resulted in territorial losses. • Owing to the increasing instability, independence movements arose throughout the multinational empire. • A shift from land to sea routes hurt the Ottomans economically, as Europeans now conducted trade directly with Asia and thus cut out the Muslim middlemen. • British and French interference slowed the decline: Fearful that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead to a strengthened Russian Empire, Britain and France lent economic support to the sultans (i.e., to maintain the balance of power). • By 1900, smaller, considerably weaker, and in debt, the Ottomans launched a series of unsuccessful reforms to save the empire.

350: Decolonization •

In the post-World War II world, mother countries could no longer maintain control of their colonies as they attempted to repair their own war-torn lands. • There was mounting pressure from nationalist movements within the colonies for home rule. • Imperial powers ended colonial possessions, thus ending imperial rule across the globe. • Newly independent sates struggled to maintain autonomy and develop self-determination in the shadow of the Cold War. • More than ninety nations gained independence from the end of the war to 1980.

35: Achaemenid Empire •

Includes the Medes and the Persians, both people of sizable military power and equestrian skills. • Cyrus, an Achaemenid (reigned 558-530 B.C.E.), founded Persian imperial empire—at height, it spread from India to the borders of Egypt. • Darius (reigned 521-486 B.C.E.), younger kinsmen of Cyrus, extended the empire from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west, from Armenia in the north to the first waterfall of the Nile River in the South. • Darius was more important as an administrator than a conqueror because of the size of the empire he managed. He also established a new capital, Persepolis, which became the center of the Persian Empire.

literature and drama of the bahavagad gita

Indian epic Arjuna and Krishna Arjuna must fallow his dharma and kill his family

304: New Economic Policy (NEP) •

Introduced to the USSR by V. I. Lenin, the policy provided for some private business. • Replaced war communism, a policy of nationalization that had had limited success. • Lenin allowed a few capitalistic ventures largely in response to global depression; his goal was a quickened economic recovery. • Major industries such as banking and communications were under state control, but small-scale industry was allowed, and peasants were permitted to sell their surplus products. • The NEP had limited success; for example, peasants had incentive to work harder but were still constrained by outdated farming technologies. • Ultimately Joseph Stalin introduced new economic reforms that allowed the government more control of economic decisions and discouraged competition.

146: Trans-Saharan Trade •

Introduction of the camel sped up communication and transportation across the Sahara. Caravans of camels crossed the Sahara in 70 to 90 days. • Kingdoms such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in western Africa were important in connecting the Mediterranean basin to sub-Saharan Africa. • Arab conquerors established Islam in North Africa during the 7th and 8th centuries, conquered Ghana in West Africa, and converted leaders of Mali and Songhai. • Islamic merchants were an important part of the trans-Saharan trade and later introduced Islam to Mansa Musa in Mali spreading the Dar al-Islam. • Gold, slaves, and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, salt, and manufactured wares from the north.

151: Gunpowder •

Its origin is hard to date, but it is certainly a Chinese invention that was in use during the time of the Tang dynasty (618-906). • Initially it was used as an explosive (made from charcoal and saltpeter) in the building of canals and irrigation systems. • Beginning in the 1000s, China was experimenting with its use as a weapon, most notably as an early flamethrower and later in catapults to create an expansion. • The Song (960-1279) experimented with metal barrels to fire projectiles, the precursors to the earliest cannons and guns. • Cannons were in use in Europe by the early 1300s (commonly known as bombards). • The Mongols played a key role in diffusing gunpowder technologies to Persia and southwest Asia. • By 1258, gunpowder had reached Europe. • Played a key role in European exploration and conquest of the New World.

263: King Leopold •

King of Belgium who established a colony known as the Congo Free State in Africa. • Not under the political control of Belgium, the colony provided great wealth for Leopold personally. • Leopold used forced labor to ensure the profitability of extensive rubber plantations. • Working conditions in the Congo Free State were harsh, and following public protests, the colony was put under direct control of the Belgium government in 1908. • Leopold's economic success propelled other European nations to seek colonies of their own and led in part to the Berlin Conference.

320: Cultural Revolution •

Known as the real Proletarian Cultural Revolution, it was launched in China in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to seek out and silence opposition to Mao's leadership and his vision of communism. • A common target of persecution was China's elite—the intellectuals, educators, and professionals—because of their perceived bourgeoisie leanings and foreign sympathies. • Millions of people were publicly humiliated, jailed, or killed. • Contributed to increased instability in the nation and discouraged China from advancing socially or economically. • After Mao's death in 1976, the revolution was ended, and China's next leader, Deng Xiaoping, adopted more moderate policies in an attempt to bring stability back to the country.

122: Mongol Empire •

Kublai Khan (grandson of Chinggis/Genghis) consolidated Mongol rule in China. • Failed to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java, and Japan. • Golden Horde (a group of Mongols) overran Russia (1237-1241) and also explored Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany. • Kublai's brother Hülegü conquered the Abbasid Empire in Persia and attempted to expand to Syria, but failed. • Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities, who administered the il-khanate as long as they delivered taxes to the Mongols and maintained order. • Established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1279, ushering in a period known as the Pax Mongolica.

57: Mycenaeans •

Language combined Greek and Minoan. • Built impressive stone fortresses and palaces. Palaces dominated Mycenaean cities, as was the case in Minoan Crete (Palace of Knossos); however, their design tended to be more centripetal and individualistic than those of the Minoans which were more centrifugal. By 1200 B.C.E., the great citadels possessed impressive fortifications. Most likely a king ruled over a small area from each palace. • Their conflict with Troy was presented by Homer in the Iliad.

170: Haciendas •

Large agricultural estates in colonial Latin America. • Both commercial crops and livestock (pigs) were cultivated; the majority of crops were European in origin, such as wheat. • They tend to be self-sufficient; not focused on making profits. • Peasants working on haciendas were known as peons.

121: Mongol-Christian Diplomacy •

Large imperial states were connected by extensive trading networks. For transactions between states to go smoothly, it was imperative that political and diplomatic ties be strong. • Mongols and Western Europe had a common enemy: the Muslims. European crusaders tried to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims, and Mongols attacked the Abbasid Empire from the east. • Pope Innocent IV sent missionaries to convert the Mongol Khans to Christianity to no avail; although welcomed by the Khans, ultimately unsuccessfully. • This diplomacy resulted in renewed use of the Silk Road, which reestablished trade between East Asia and Europe (creating what became known as the Pax Mongolica, or "Mongol Peace").

147: Trade in the Indian Ocean •

Larger ships and improved commercial organization led to an increase in the quantity and quality of trade in the Indian Ocean basin. • Advances in planning: rhythms of monsoons taken into account; larger ships able to go farther away from the coastline; warehouses built to store goods. As a result, commerce flourished. • Trade conducted in stages because monsoons forced mariners to stay in ports for months waiting for favorable winds. • Important Indian ports: Cambay, Calicut, Quilon—way stations for traders from China and Africa. • East African city-states traded gold, iron, and ivory. • From China, silk and porcelain; from India, pepper. • Portugal controlled trade in the Indian Ocean beginning in the 16th century.

The End of Apartheid

Late 1980s: White South African leaders agreed to a process of negotiations with African nationalist leaders F.W. de Klerk became president in 1989

154: Technology of European Exploration •

Lateen sails, from Chinese merchant ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction. • The astrolabe was used by sailors to determine latitude. • Inventions borrowed from the Chinese included the sternpost rudder, which improved navigation, and the magnetic compass. • As more voyages were made, mariners learned more about the ocean winds and currents; as a result, new, more accurate maps were drawn up. • Caravels were faster than older ships.

Third-world

Less well-developed (Asia, Africa, and Latin America) = The Poor South

17: Phoenicians •

Lived between eastern Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon; earned a reputation as seafaring traders in the first millennium B.C.E. • Establishment of city-states throughout the Mediterranean allowed them to dominate trade in the Mediterranean basin. • Developed a writing system of twenty-two symbols representing sounds that aided in their long-distance commercial activities. • Their alphabet spread throughout the region as they traded products such as glass, textiles, and timber. • The Latin and Greek alphabets emerged out of the Phonetic alphabet.

42: Confucius •

Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to restore order to China. • A strong-willed man, he often disagreed with the Chinese government. • Left province of Lu in search of a chance at promotion, traveled for ten years; returned fruitless and died five years later. • An educator and a political adviser. • Students recorded his teachings in the Analects, which has had a large impact on Chinese government and culture. • Believed in five constant relationships—between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. Each person in the relationship had a responsibility to the other; one was superior and the other inferior.

177: Kingdom of Kongo •

Located in central Africa along the Congo River, Kongo began its rise in the 1300s and by the 1400s was a strong centralized state. • The arrival of the Portuguese in 1482, Kongo's first contact with Europeans, had far-reaching consequences. • A commercial relationship emerged between the two, as did diplomatic relations. • Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity and encouraged their subjects to do the same. • The Portuguese sought gold, ivory, and slaves from the Kongolese. They conducted slave raids and negotiated with Africans to secure slaves. • Kings of Kongo appealed to the Portuguese to stop the slave trade. With the need for a steady labor supply to work the labor-intensive sugar mills of Brazil, the Portuguese refused. • Armed conflict arose, and the Kongolese were easily defeated.

205: Forbidden City •

Located in modern-day Beijing, it was the capital of the Ming and Qing empires. • An imperial city containing hundreds of buildings, courtyards, and halls. • Members of the imperial family, the emperor's concubines, and court eunuchs were the only people allowed in the Inner Court. • The lavishness and size of the city reflected the power and authority of the empire.

176: Timbuktu •

Located near the Niger River, it was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa. • Trans-Saharan trade brought great wealth to the kingdoms of West Africa and led to the development of important commercial and cultural centers. • By the mid-1300s was part of the Mali Empire; with the conversion of the emperor to Islam, it became a leading cultural center in Africa. • Reached its height under the Songhay, attracting merchants, traders, and Islamic scholars. • To encourage learning, mosques, schools, and libraries were built throughout the city. • The collapse of the Songhay Empire and the establishment of European trading posts along the coast of West Africa led to the decline of the city.

82: Byzantine Economy and Society •

Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the empire. • Byzantine government prevented wealthy classes from seizing peasants' lands. The wealthy could buy exemptions from taxes. • Craftsmen were highly respected for their handiwork in the areas of glassware, gems, jewelry (including gold and silver), and mosaics (used to decorate churches). • Architectural gems—Hagia Sophia (first a church, later a mosque). • Byzantine government recognized the importance of the silk industry (a trade borrowed from the Chinese) and, subsequently, closely supervised silk production and sale. • Trade was very important to the empire as a direct result of its location; merchants were especially respected.

why did the umayyads decline

Luxurious lifestyles- legitimacy is questioned; abandoned frugal, simple lifestyle of Muhammad; Abbasid family and army rebels and challenges Umayyad army at the battle of river Zab in 750

116: Feudal Society, Europe •

Medieval society was usually divided into three classes: clergy, warrior, and worker—a clear illustration of the political, social, and economic inequality that existed with limited or no social mobility. • Clergy was usually dealt with according to church law and exempt from secular courts. • Nobles emphasized chivalry (an ethical code of behavior for nobles); required knights to pledge their allegiance to order, piety, and the Christian faith. • Aristocratic women embraced chivalry—the meaning extended to include refined behavior and courtship. Troubadours (traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers) captured this sentiment in their works. • Eleanor of Aquitaine encouraged the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love.

123: Decline of Mongols •

Mongol rule in Persia and China (Yuan dynasty) declined shortly after the death of Kublai Khan as a result of financial difficulties (excessive spending and reduced revenues); also, Mongols lacked sufficient experience in governing a settled society. • Il-khan tried to save itself from economic ruin by introducing paper money; this attempt to bring precious metals back to the government was a failure—merchants refused to accept paper money and closed up shop. • Economic troubles were coupled with factional struggles in Persia, and when the last of the Mongol rulers did without an heir in 1335, the il-khanate collapsed. • In China, added to a growing list of problems, inflation and epidemic disease (the bubonic plague) resulted in depopulation and labor shortages. • Mongols under the Golden Horde continued to maintain power in the Caucasus and the Crimean peninsula exacting tribute until the late 15th century.

98: Islam in Northern India •

Muslim forces reached India by the mid-7th century. • Muslims merchants reached the northern and southern coasts of India; Islam was spread easily using connections established through relationships with Arabs and Persians prior to Muhammad. • Migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia. • Mahmud Ghazni, the Turkish leader in Afghanistan, destroyed hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist sites; Buddhism's decline ironically did not tarnish Islam's reputation with Indians. • Sultans ruled Punjab to the Ganges valley from 1206 to 1526.

357: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan •

Muslim-controlled Afghanistan maintained a position of nonalignment in the Cold War until 1978, when a pro-Soviet coup dragged the country into a civil war. • People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) gained control and radically reformed laws regarding family, land, and education; the new laws were in direct opposition to Muslim beliefs and led to military resistance. • Soviet Union sided with the PDPA and installed Babrak Karmal as president. He used the Soviet military to gain control of the country, an unpopular move. • A nine-year battle ensued in which the United States, Iran, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan backed the African mujahideen (Islamic warriors). • The United Nations organized a cease-fire, and the Soviets withdrew in 1989, though fighting continued until 1992. • In large measure because of political instability in the region, the Taliban gained control in 1994.

how did muslim trade grow

Muslims participate heavily in Indian ocean trade (become the dominant traders) Muslims collaborate with Christians and Jews to trade (Different Sabbaths meant trading all week) Artisans created glassware, jewelry, furniture, carpets

what were the first Greeks called

Mycenaean

how were the people of the bedouins organized

Organized into clans (families) and tribes (gropes of clans)

315: Indian National Congress (INC): In Action •

Partnered with the Muslim League to lead a mass movement to gain self-rule from Great Britain for the Indian subcontinent. • In 1919 a large group of Indians assembled in violation of a new law prohibiting such meetings. British troops opened fire on the crowd and killed hundreds. After this incident, Indians began demanding their independence. • A massive nationalist movement spread across the country headed by Mohandas Gandhi, an influential leader in the INC. • After India gained independence in 1947, some wanted the INC dissolved, but instead it became a leading political party and maintained control of India through the late 1970s. • Following independence, the two parties split when the Muslim League supported the creation of a new Muslim nation, Pakistan.

what empire had governors to run each small city state

Persia and they were called strapas

65: Greek Philosophy—Aristotle •

Plato believed that everything was based on ideal forms or ideas. In reality, definitions were not absolute because virtue, honesty, courage, truth, and beauty all meant different things in different situations. • Had an impact on the development of the Republic of Rome. • Aristotle, a disciple of Plato (teacher of Aristotle), rejected the theory of forms and ideas; he believed people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mysteries of the world. • Taught Alexander the Great, a Macedon.

376: Global Problems •

Poverty: Unequal distribution of basic resources (such as food, water, shelter) and income (scarcity). Occurs most often in underdeveloped areas of Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia. It is important to note that these areas are also often former colonies. • Trafficking: Women, children, and others may be used to transport drugs or forced into servitude (sexual or domestic). Especially problematic in Russia, Ukraine, and south Asia. • HIV/AIDS: An infection that can spread through sexual intercourse, through blood transfusions or contact with infected blood, or from mother to child during birth or breast feeding. Especially problematic in African countries because medicines are expensive and education on the topic is limited. • Terrorism: The deliberate use of unpredictable violence, especially against civilians, to gain revenge or achieve political goals.

93: Expansion of Islam •

Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages. • Between 633 and 637, Muslims took control of Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of Mesopotamia from the Sassanids. • During the 640s, Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North Africa. • By 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and Persia. • By 718, Muslims controlled Hindu India, northwestern Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula. • Muslims allowed conquered people (especially Christians and Jews) to maintain their own religious practices but required those who did not convert to Islam to pay a tax (jizya). • Positions of power and authority were reserved for Muslims.

68: Roman Republic •

Republic—a form of government whose head of state is usually a president. • In 509 B.C.E., an aristocratic republic replaced the Roman monarchy; built Roman forum, a political and civic center housing temples and public buildings for government business. • A republican constitution gave executive (civil and military) duties and power to two consuls elected for one-year terms by an assembly dominated by the aristocracy (patricians); a senate dominated the decision-making process. • Tension developed as interests of the lower class (plebeians) were not represented. This led to the development of tribunes (consisting of officials elected by plebeians), which had the right to intervene in all political affairs and veto unjust laws. • During times of civil or military crisis, a dictator was appointed with absolute power for a six-month term to restore peace and stability—elongating the viability of the republic.

belief of The Schlieffen Plan

Russia would be too slow to mobilize due to its size

173: Silver in Colonial Latin America •

Silver mining in Mexico and in Peru required a tremendous labor supply. • The Spanish coerced natives to work in mines. • Profits from silver made Spain wealthy and powerful and played a significant role in global trade: silver crossed the Atlantic into Europe; European merchants traded silver for silk and porcelain in Asian markets. • The founding of Manila by the Spanish in 1571 facilitated the global exchange of silver. • Some historians argue that silver was the world's first commodity. • There was increased demand for the commodity from China with the establishment of the Ming dynasty.

32: Mayan Civilization •

Society located in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador; classical Maya ruled from c. 300-900 C.E. • Terrace farming was developed to capture rainwater and silt to increase soil fertility and hence agricultural production: cotton, maize, cacao. • Achievements: elaborate system of writing, accurate calendar (365.242 days), and concept of zero. • Solar year (365 days) set agricultural patterns, and ritual year (260 days) set daily activities and divided the year into 13 months with 20 days each.

Gandhi's platform

Sought the moral transformation of individuals Worked to raise the status of India's untouchables Opposed a modern industrial framework for India Wanted a society of harmonious and self-sufficient villages drawing on ancient Indian principles of duty and morality

148: Long-distance Trade in Eastern Hemisphere •

Southeast Asia, Africa, and India were all connected by trade. • Goods traveled through two primary routes: Silk Roads, established in Han dynasty, were best for transporting light luxury items (silk and precious stones); the sea was used for bulkier items (coral, stone, and building materials). • Major trading cities included Hangzhou, Alexandria, Khanbaliq, Kilwa, Constantinople, Quanzhou, Cairo, Melaka, Venice, Cambay, Timbuktu, and Caffa. • Trade cities enjoyed tremendous wealth as a result of their status as major trading ports; inhabitants usually did not have to pay taxes. • With the exception of Mongol military campaigns and the Black Death, there were no significant interruptions to trade.

338: Satellite Nations •

Soviet-occupied nations at the end of World War II: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Soviets set up a communist government in Poland. • Other nations: Stalin prevented free elections and suppressed noncommunist political parties, in essence creating a one-party government. • Basic rationale for occupation of Eastern Europe came from Allied belief that any territory that was liberated could be subsequently occupied and controlled by the liberator (as Japan was by the U.S.). • The United States accepted the creation of a communist bloc, with the rationale that communism would not be eliminated, only stopped from spreading. • Satellite nations were to join the Warsaw Pact and serve as a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and the democratic West.

163: Spanish Conquest of Manila •

Spanish faced little resistance from the unorganized Philippine government. • Spain saw both commercial and religious opportunities. • Local Spanish rulers and missionaries sought to convert Filipinos to Christianity through education. • Control of the port of Manila, established in 1571, ensured direct access to Chinese products, especially silk, and a link to Spanish America. • Spanish control of silver mines in the New World and the increasing demand for silver by the Chinese led many historians to conclude that the founding of the city of Manila in 1571 marked the birth of world trade. • With the opening of silver mines in Peru and Mexico, European powers were able to successfully penetrate the Asian trading system. • Manila galleons (Spanish ships) crossed the Pacific, picked up silver in Mexico, and brought it to Manila.

86: Long-distance Trade •

Specialized labor and efficient means of transportation encouraged trade between groups such as the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians as early as 3500 B.C.E. • Sumerians, who needed natural resources, traded regularly with the Harappan society by 2300 B.C.E. • Sumerians shipped woolen textiles, leather goods, sesame oil, and jewelry to India in exchange for copper, ivory, pearls, and semiprecious stones. • Egyptian pharaohs imported cedar, a sign of wealth, for tombs.

172: Sugar in Colonial Latin America •

Sugar, a labor-intensive crop, was the most important crop in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, and the sugar mill (engenho) became the center of Brazilian colonial life. • Field workers cultivated the sugarcane and mill workers oversaw the processing of molasses and refined sugar. • Although the Spanish had experienced success in drafting the native population to meet their labor needs, the Portuguese were less successful in Brazil. • The majority of workers in the sugar mills were slaves imported from Africa. • Demand for the commodity from the European community increased following the Columbian Exchange.

229: Origins of Industrial Revolution •

Technological innovations in the 1700s led to industrialization, the mass production of goods using machine power (rather than hand power). • Began in England thanks to the availability of workers, numerous natural resources (most notably coal and iron ore), an expansive canal network and easily navigable rivers, a large number of wealthy individuals willing to invest capital in new businesses, and a government that encouraged capitalistic efforts. • The textile industry was the first to industrialize. • At first machines were powered by wind and water, but by the late 1700s, the steam engine was powering machines, as well as making changes in the transportation industry. • Within a century, industrialization had spread throughout Western Europe to Russia, the United States, and Japan. For the first time in history, nations shifted from agricultural-based societies to ones based on manufacturing.

335: Cold War: Origins •

The Cold War was an ideological war between two ideologically opposed superpowers. • Establishment of U.S. foreign policies: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan aimed at the containment of communism. U.S. pledge to resist the spread of communism increased tensions between the two superpowers. • Division of postwar Germany into four occupation zones set the stage for democracy vs. communism. Tensions rose when the U.S. continued to supply a cutoff West Berlin inside the Soviet sector. • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and Warsaw Pact military alliances created during peacetime increased tensions. • Satellite nations created a bloc of communist nations in Eastern Europe. • Both superpowers' commitment to nuclear arsenals led to an arms race. • The two powers competed to be the first in space.

244: Haitian Revolution •

The French colony of Saint Domingue was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence. • Begun as a slave revolt in which enslaved Africans rebelled against French settlers. • Leaders such as Toussaint Louverture, a slave himself, organized the rebellious Africans into an army. • Although slaves were granted their freedom in 1798, the rebellion continued as they demanded rights. • Fearful that the slaves might succeed in overthrowing the white settlers, Napoléon sent French troops to the island to put down the revolt. • When Toussaint was captured and imprisoned, the rebellion continued under the leadership of Jacques Dessalines. • In 1804, Saint Domingue declared its independence; renamed Haiti, it became the first republic in Latin America. • The United States refused to recognize the new republic.

165: Spanish Colonial Empire in Americas •

The Spanish crown established centralized control over much of the Americas through the use of many bureaucratic offices staffed by appointed administrators. • Two large areas, one in Mexico and one in Peru, were each overseen by a viceroy, who reported directly to the Spanish king; viceroys were responsible for enforcing colonial policy. • A new colonial social hierarchy emerged based on birth: peninsulares, those born in Spain, were at the top; next came the creoles, those born in the colonies to Spanish parents, followed by the mestizos, people with both European and native ancestors, and the mulattoes, who were of mixed European and African descent; at the bottom were the natives and people of African descent. • This led to the creation of a new economic system based on forced labor.

Two timeperiods of dynastys

The ancient dynasties and the Golden age dynasties

209: Tokugawa Period: Social and Economic Changes •

The peace and stability in this period brought about great changes. • Socially, the samurai and daimyo classes, who had previously been involved in fighting civil wars, now found they could concentrate their time and wealth on new endeavors, including the arts. • New crops led to a population increase. • As Japanese cities grew and trade increased, the merchant class benefited greatly. • Cities were centers of new cultural traditions, including the development of Kabuki theatre.

189: Absolutism •

The political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine right. • Divine right asserts that the right to rule was given to monarchs from God. • The monarch had absolute authority to make all laws (although he himself stood above the law) and establish domestic and foreign policy. • This political theory dominated Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. • Best exemplified by the actions of King Louis XIV of France, including his revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the building of his palace at Versailles. • In the 17th century, England became the first nation in Europe to challenge the absolute authority of the monarch.

Highest deity of the Inca

The sun God

372: Islamic Fundamentalism •

The term is often used by Western sources to describe an extreme movement to replace secular states with Islamic ones. • Increased in popularity as an extremist movement in response to opposition to westernization reforms in Muslim countries in the Middle East. • Libya: Muammar al-Qaddafi gained power as the result of a coup d'état in 1969. The government he instituted was based on Islamic principles. He supported subsequent revolutionary groups and their activities in an effort to spread Islamic beliefs. • Iran: In an effort to overturn Shah Pahlavi's Western reforms, in 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini led Islamic fundamentalists in a coup d'état, wrestled control of the government from the ailing shah, and instituted an Islamic republic. • Turkey: In an effort to overturn Western reforms first introduced by Kemal Ataturk, Islamic fundamentalists increased their power by systematically increasing support and influence in political parties during the 1990s.

235: American Revolution: Causes •

The thirteen British colonies in North America resented legislation passed by the British Parliament levying taxes to pay off their debts accumulated during the Seven Years/French and Indian War and infringing on their rights. • Under the banner "No taxation without representation" they sought the right to govern themselves. • In 1774, the Continental Congress was formed to oversee the colonists' anti-British actions, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. • The declaration, greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinking, provided the colonists with a justification for seeking independence from the crown, arguing that government is based on the consent of the governed and that the purpose of government is to protect and secure the rights of its citizens.

153: Motives for European Exploration •

To find new, more efficient water trade routes to Asian markets, avoiding the established land routes through Muslim-controlled areas (and thus the taxes imposed by Muslim middlemen). • To find new lands to extend the civilization of cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and pepper. • To spread the Christian religion. • To gain political status.

120: Marco Polo •

Traveled from Italy to China during Mongol times. • Inherited passion for travel from dad and uncle, who were among the first European merchants to visit China. • They introduced Polo to Kublai Khan, who liked Polo and appreciated his conversational and storytelling abilities; Kublai entrusted Polo on several diplomatic trips. • Polo traveled to remote parts of China from Venice by land, and on the return voyage, he went to Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Arabia, by sea. • The stories of Polo's travels were immortalized when he was taken as a prisoner of war when Venice and Genoa were feuding. A fellow prison, a romance writer, translated Polo's tales of travel along the Silk Roads into a text that rapidly circulated throughout Europe. • Inspired Columbus and others to attempt to find a passage to the East.

84: Fall of Byzantine Empire •

Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) in 1453. • Loss at the Battle of Manzikert (1054) reduces the Byzantines from a major to a minor empire. • In 1071, the Byzantines lost most of Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to their ultimate demise (they had no food source).

22: Vedas •

Vedas, the primary text of Hinduism, is a collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring various Aryan gods. • There are four Vedas—most important is the first, Rig Veda; with 1,028 hymns, it was compiled between 1400 and 900 B.C.E. • Passed down orally until 600 B.C.E., when all four were recorded in Sanskrit. • Veda means "wisdom" or "knowledge" and refers to the knowledge priests need to carry out their tasks. • Vedas reveal a great deal about early Aryan society.

confucianism

Want social order follow the 5 great relationships, The silver rule (do not do onto others as you would not want done onto you) and the virtues of Ren, Li, Shu

236: American Revolution: Impact •

War began, and with the aid of France, the colonists forced the British to surrender to 1781. • Following the end of the war, the newly formed United States of America emerged as a federal republic with a government based on popular sovereignty. • This revolution had an enormous influence of subsequent revolutions around the world, most notably the French and Haitian revolutions.

the goal of the crucades

West European Christian crusaders invaded Muslim territory with the goal of capturing the Biblical Holy Land and Jerusalem

battle of talas

abbasids meet the tang dynasty and have a battle Expansion of tang china to the west is stopped Islam becomes the central religion for central Asia Chinese hostages give Islamic soldiers paper who bring it back to their dynasty

consequences of agriculture/ pastoralism

abusing the land, people start fighting over food, deforestation occurred to make more land available for agriculture, overgrazing, animals becoming suited to the needs of humans

what does Karma in buddhism affect

affects elements of personality that appear in later lifetimes

difference between sunni and shia muslims

was originally not a religious difference but a political one; sunni believed that Abu Bakr was the best choice as caliph; caliphs should be chosen from the Umma and shia believed Ali should have been picked as caliph (successor should have been kept in the family); do not recognize the authority of the Sunni Muslims leaders)

1180-1185: Gempei Wars

§ Battle between Taira and Minamoto families over political control Minamoto won, established Bakufu (military government) § Emperor and court remained; but Minamoto family and samurai had real control

Pacific War

§ Began with attack on Pearl Harbor § Ended with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Printing

§ Block: whole page, Movable type: individual characters; spread to Korea and Japan; later in Europe □ A slab that you pressed the ink onto □ Very easy if you are coping one book □ Hard if you want to customize

Operation Torch (November 1942)

§ British-American invasion of French North Africa § Secured control of the Mediterranean, prepared for the invasion of Southern Europe

Enigma

§ Cipher used by the Germans in WWII to help encode their secret messages § Broken by the Allies in 1941 and it helped to turn the tide of the war

late ming

§ Cities were commercial, cultural centers; gov'ts opened imperial factories for silks, ceramics; elite classes produced plays, poetry, porcelain, pottery; rich merchants purchased titles so sons could prepare for civil service exams § Produced the 4 P's (plays, poetry, porcelain, pottery)

Wen, Northern Zhou Emperor

§ Conquered all of northern china and kills of other families § Uses nomads to help him

Vietnam

§ Dai Viet heavily influenced by Chinese political ideas, philosophies, dress, religion, language; Champa had trade, tribute relationship that spread Champa rice throughout East Asia § Mongols exacted tribute from both until fall of Yuan in 1368 § Dai Viet then absorbed Champa, became the ancestor of the modern state of Vietnam

Japan

§ Decentralized, Japan unified as Mongols threatened from Korea, China § Two Mongol invasions (1274, 1281) failed; second ended when a typhoon wiped out the Mongol fleet; Japanese believed a kamikaze ("divine wind") had driven them away § Resumed trade after fall of Yuan; exported raw materials for Chinese books, porcelain

William harvey

§ Develops the idea of circulation of blood throughout the human body § Harvey said that heart actually acts as a pump and all the blood moves throughout the body and there is a constant circle that it goes through § Emphasis on reason, scientific observation § Scientific Method § Scientific knowledge is increased and spread throughout the world

Reactions and responses to the Depression:

§ Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) New Deal- Launches a series of recovery programs that helps bring the U.S. out of the Depression § Surge in Communism among workers and intellectuals (since Marx had predicted capitalism would destroy itself); gains a lot of ground in places outside the U.S. § Masses of people followed political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictoral power (paves the way for leaders like Hitler and Mussolini to rise up, gain power)

zionism movement

§ Gained support from the Balfour Declaration (1917) and League of Nations § Promised the Zionists that they would support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine § Massive influx of Jews into Palestine after WWI (due to Balfour Declaration) and during WWII (to escape the Holocaust) § Palestinian Arabs had lived in the region for centuries; competing Jewish and Arab nationalist claims led to the Arab-Israeli conflict

Holocaust

§ Genocide in which 6 million Jews, 11-12 million people overall were killed § Part of Hitler's "Final Solution" □ Jews, Gypsies, Old, Disabled, Homosexual, Catholics, Protestants

Economy under Mussolini

§ Government determined wages, hours, and working conditions § Left most industries under private ownership but controlled production and prices § Set up more armament plants § Italian efficiently - he "made the trains run on time"

Vietnam

§ Guerrillas led by Ho Chi Minh began a war against the French, which they won in 1954 □ Leader of the Guerrillas who fought against the French: Ho Chi Minh § Split in two, with Communism in the North and pro-Western (democratic) in the South □ U.S. and Soviet Union go to war against each other through Vietnam □ Support South Vietnamese (USSR) or North Vietnamese (U.S.)

Emperor in Japanese feudalism

§ Has no real power, a figurehead

Battle of Britain

§ He turns to the German air force (known as the Luftwaffe), turns them towards Britain § Britain then detect that the German air force is coming and deploy their own air force § Aerial combat between British RAF and German Luftwaffe § Hitler then resorted to bombing London, but could not sustain attacks

Faceoff of the Two Hegemonies

§ Hegemony = superpower § Cold War: state of political tension and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union that stopped short of full-scale war § Lasted roughly from 1945 (end of WWII) to 1990 § Characterized by proxy wars; economic, territorial, and technological competition; alliances; propaganda and near-nuclear warfare

Nicolaus Copernicus

§ Heliocentric theory and model of the universe § Challenged conventional beliefs at the time that the Earth was not the center of the universe but that the sun was § Through they moved in perfect circles - flaw in his theory

Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

§ Initial assault that Hitler made § Germany's invasion of the USSR, driven by Hitler's desire to conquer the Soviets as outlined in Mein Kampf § Broke the Nazi-Soviet pact, but failed

Famous Liberals

§ John Locke: author of Two Treatises of Government § baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers, checks & balances § Alexander I: westernized Russia

Korea

§ Koryo kingdom conquered by Mongols in 1270, ruled by Yuan until 1356 § Korea became exposed to philosophical, artistic styles of Yuan China (neo-Confucianism, Chan Buddhism [called Son in Korea], and celadon) § Remained loyal to Mongols even after fall of Yuan Empire until 1368, when rebellious general established a new kingdom, Choson, and forced Korea to recognize the new Ming Empire § Continued to employ Mongol-style taxation, military techniques § Invented printing press; developed strong Eurasian knowledge base acquired through contact with Mongols; used cotton gins, spinning wheels

Normandy, France in WWII

§ Landing site of the Allied forces on June 6, 1944 (D-Day)

Battle of the Bulge

§ Last German counter-offense of the war □ Last ditch effort for Germans to stave off the allied advance □ Push back with everything they have into the Allied line □ Allies are able to hold off the German advance § Largest, bloodies U.S. battle of the war

Potsdam Conference

§ Last meeting between the Big 3 in WWII § Discussed conditions of Germany's surrender demanded Japan's surrender as well

Indonesia

§ Leaders declared independence in 1945, but fought Dutch troops until 1949

Anschluss

§ Literally translates to "union" § Hitler invaded, annexed and took control over Austria in 1938 and brought it into the German Empire

• Problems with China's "self-strengthening" program that eventually led to its failure:

§ Little support from conservative leaders, who feared urban, industrial, and commercial growth would hurt the power and privileges of the landlord class § New industries largely dependent on foreigners for machinery, materials, and expertise § New industries only helped local authorities who controlled them, not the Chinese state (not centralized like Japan)

Rape of Nanking

§ Mass murder and rape by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanking, China

Opium Trade economic problems

§ Massive outflow of silver to pay for opium was causing serious economic decline (trade deficit) § China is losing like 10 million dollars a year

V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

§ May 8, 1945: Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces officially ended the war in the European theatre

Rome-Berlin Axis

§ Military alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany § Immediately followed by the Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan

Vietnam (Second Indochina) War

§ Occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia § North Vietnam and Viet Cong (South Vietnamese communists) on one side fought together to unify Vietnam § 500,000 Americans deployed to fight there § Viet Kong used ambushes, guerrilla warfare to great effect § As fighting dragged out, an antiwar sentiment grew in the U.S. § U.S. withdrew in 1973, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong won, unified North and South Vietnam

Appeasement

§ Refers to a policy in which people are willing to let you do what you want because the alternative is worse § The alternative, in this case is war § Hitler and Mussolini are going out and taking land wherever they wanted; Britain and France see this and know that they don't want them to have it but they have just been through an economic recession for the past 20 years and the last thing they want is war § Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935; Germany took Austria in 1938 § British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler in Munich § Hoping to avoid war, Chamberlain agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland (territory in Czechoslovakia), which Hitler accepted

D-Day

§ Refers to the Allied invasion of the beach at Normandy, France (June 6, 1944) □ Pivotal invasion that helped the Allies turn the tide on the western front and push Germany out of France, liberate France

why were Ministry of Rites established to administer exams

§ Reform the civil service exams § Cut down on cheating § Jinshi: those who passed very difficult exams on philosophy, legal texts, Chinese literature (equivalent of a PHD)

paper money

§ Replaced strings of copper coins; contributed to development of § large-scale economy in China § Transferred to the Muslims

concepts of mandate of heaven

§ Right to rule given by divine source § Rule only granted if ruler cares for subjects § Rule is not limited to one family or dynasty

Casablanca Conference (January 1943)

§ Roosevelt and Churchill met in Morocco to plan invasion of Italy, send forces to Pacific, aid USSR

Fall of the Soviet Union

§ Sensing a weakening Russia, Eastern Europe began pushing for independence (Lithuania, Baltics [Estonia, Latvia, near Finland and Sweden]) § 1980s: "Solidarity" formed as a trade union to demand better conditions for workers, but soon became a symbol of opposition to oppressive communism § 1989: In free elections, Solidarity leader Lech Walesa elected president of Poland § Also in 1989: Berlin wall fell, signifying the end of the Cold War § 1991: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine formed Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.) § Soviet Union was dead

Poland in WWII

§ September 1, 1939: Invasion occurred one week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact § Britain and France declared the start of WWII

V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day)

§ September 2, 1945: Japan signed formal surrender in Tokyo Bay, officially ended WWII

single whip tax system

§ Single national tax in which citizens, tribute states paid taxes in silver § Led to increased demand of silver from Americas § Resulted in enormous profits for Spain, Japan (both through Chinese trade)

The Partitioning of Berlin

§ Soviets eventually lifted the blockade once they figured out they were not going to be able to smoke the Allies out § Symbolic of the "Iron Curtain," a term Churchill had used to describe the division between democratic and communist alliances in Europe □ Iron Curtain = Expression referring to the fact that these two sides are geo-politically separated

Kamikaze

§ Suicide missions flown by Japanese fighter pilots § Very much in line with the/connected to the samurai'sBushido code of loyalty and honor until death § "Divine wind" that destroyed Mongol fleet during failed Invasion of Japan

Korematsu vs. U.S.

§ Supreme Court case ordering Japanese Americans into internment camps until the end of the war § A lot of little "reservations" that they put Japanese Americans into all along the Western coast of the United States

First Indochina War

§ Takes place in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) § Before WWII, France controlled Indochina, but lost to Japan § A nationalist group rises up within Indo China called the Viet Minh, start doing battle against the Japanese, rose to challenge the Japanese § 1945: Japan surrendered, French attempted to reclaim Indochina but were met with resistance § 1954: Viet Minh defeated the French at Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference then split Vietnam at the 17th parallel

Mikhail Gorbachev

§ Takes power after Brezhnev § Gorbachev was perceived as weaker and more open Soviet leader than others §Institutes glasnost and perestroika § Glasnost ("openness")- Ended censorship; Encouraged communication; Improved human rights § Perestroika ("restructuring")- Moved towards freer markets, foreign businesses enticed to invest and support Soviet businesses § Economy suffered as a result of reforms, as many struggled to cope with or accept change § Coup d'état attempted in order to get rid of Gorbachev but failed

how did the crusaders contribute to destruction of Byzantines

§ The crusaders are called in to get rid of the Muslims § After the Muslims are gone the crusaders sack Constantinople

Containment

§ The policy by which the U.S. sought to stem (restrict) the spread of Communism § Containment was basically the foundation of American foreign policy post-WWII § Marshall Plan: U.S. diplomatic initiative that provided $13 billion in aid to Western Europe to help rebuild after WWII § COMECON: Soviet response to the Marshall Plan- Hoped to keep Soviet spheres of influence from switching allegiances

Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1934) Government

§ Totalitarian dictatorship led by IL DUCE ("the Leader") § One political party, the PNF (National Fascist Party) § People denied civil liberties § Black shirts and secret police (OVRA: Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) used to stop oppression

War Saw Pact vs. NATO

§ USSR and Soviet satellite states forma collective defense treaty in response to the North Atlantic Treaty, which set up military alliances to protect against attacks by any external parties § Revealed Cold War rivalries

Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)

§ USSR invaded Afghanistan in order to help support the pro-soviet, pro-communist government that was already there § Mujahideen (Muslim Afghan freedom fighters) used weapons provided by U.S. and its allies § Cost of war proved too great for the USSR to continue, began withdrawing in 1987 § Many young Afghan refugees grew up to serve in the Taliban once losing their parents and having no one else/no other opportunities; rise of Fundamentalist Islam

how did population growth cause the industrial revolution

§ Urban migrations occurred at unprecedented rates § Immigrations to U.S. (4M in 1791 à 31.5M in 1860)

Instability and the Kuomintang

• 1916-1928: China's central gov't fractured; warlords ruled different sections of China • 1928: the Nationalist Party (a.k.a. the Kuomintang or KMT) gained control, reestablished a unified central gov't • Led by Chiang Kai-shek until 1949 • Ushered in modern development (railroads, banking, airline services, etc.) • Problem #1: impacts of achievements felt only in cities; rural areas remained poor • Problem #2: KMT had limited base of support (urban elites, rural landlords, Western powers)

The Great Leap Forward

• 1958-1961: Mao Zedong's attempt to transform China from agrarian to industrial society • Five-year plan similar to Stalin's • Quotas were not met and products were of extremely poor quality; workers had little incentive to produce • Led to the Great Chinese Famine; 20 million deaths between 1959 and 1962

global connections of the byzantine empire

• Participated actively in interregional trade • Constantinople: great trading city, connection between East and West • Maintained strong empire despite rapid surge of Islam, as well as developing cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity

why did neo confucians not like buddhism

® Not Chinese ® Buddhism damages social relationships ® Confucianism doesn't believe that everyone is equal ® Could undermine the political structure

Interactions of ming and mongols

• Initially took a series of anti-Mongol measures (choked off relations with Central Asia; restricting imports, foreign visitors; replacing paper money with silver) § Distance himself as much as possible from the mongols § Took out all outside communication § Consequences- Not financially smart decisions; Taking away all imports; Surpassed culturally, scientifically, economically

Napoleon's impact on europe

• Introduced ideas of Revolution to conquered lands • Abolished serfdom, introduced religious toleration, reformed local laws

Russia's Industrial Revolution

• 1890s: Rapid industrialization, with focus on heavy industry and railroads (Trans-Siberian Railway) • 1900: Russia ranked 4th in the world in steel production, 2nd in oil; major industries in coal, textiles • Mostly all projects were state-sponsored, leading to social unrest among urban workers (wealthy landowners dominated court, blocking most attempts at reform) • Social weaknesses made obvious in Russo-Japanese War (1905)

Brief Recap of China

• 1911: End of the last Chinese dynasty (Qing) • 1912: the Republic of China formed under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen • Republic of China (ROC) ruled from 1912 until 1949

Work conditions in russia's factories

• 11-hour work day • Ruthless discipline By the factory operators • Constant disrespect from supervisor- All of this will boil over • Most lived in large, unsanitary barracks • Unions and political parties were illegal

England V. France

• 1701-1763 • Constant competition between colonies, though most conflicts began in Europe, carried over to Americas • Realistically they aren't competing anywhere else • Usually because of war that started in Europe that carried over • Natives forced to take sides throughout conflict • Natives were dragged into things • Forced to take a position • Culminated in Seven Years' War (1756-1763) [occurs in Period 5] • French and Indian War

China- Failed Attempts at Modernization

• 1860s-1870s: "self-strengthening" policies implemented to reinvigorate a traditional China § Overhauled examination system designed to recruit qualified candidates for official positions § Support for landlords § Repair of irrigation systems § A few industrial factories producing textiles, steel § Coal mines expanded § Telegraph system initiated § Creation of modern arsenals, shipyards, and foreign language schools

Further Chinese Military Defeats

• 1885: lost to the French in the Sino-French War- lost vietnam • 1895: lost to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War- lost Korea and Taiwan • By the end of the 1800s, major Western European powers, Russia, and Japan had all carved out spheres of influence in China

Deng Xiaoping

• 1976: Succeeds Mao Zedong • 1978: Four Modernizations, goals to strengthen China's agriculture, industry, national defense, and science/technology • 1978: One-child policy instituted with goal of reducing growth rate of China's massive population • 1989: Tiananmen Square massacre: hundreds of thousands of protestors gathered to demand greater democracy, end to corruption; tanks were used to disperse the crowd

• Goals of the Taiping Rebellion

• Abolition of private property • Radical redistribution of land • Equality of men and women • End of foot binding, prostitution, and opium smoking • Sexually segregated military camps of men and women • Expulsion of all Qing dynasty "foreigners" • Transformation of China into an industrial nation with railroads, universal health care and public education

Amritsar Massacre

• April 13, 1919: Took place in Sikh holy city of Amritsar • 379 unarmed demonstrators were killed after British troops began firing on crowd, who was protesting conscription of Indian soldiers and heavy war taxes • Stirred nationalist feelings across India, had profound effect on Mohandas Gandhi • Led Mohandas Gandhi to organize campaigns of mass civil disobedience against oppressive British rule

Napoleon's Fall

• As a result of Napoleon's successes and ambitions, most of Europe unites against him • Increased strains on his empire caused by: Inability to invade England, Economic problems caused by boycott of British goods, and Unpopularity of French rule in rest of Europe • Napoleon invades Russia with over 400,000 men • By the time he reaches Moscow, 300,000 either desert or die • Reaches Moscow to find it evacuated, burned

155: European Explorers

• Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese explorer, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa in 1488, stopping at the Indian Ocean. • Vasco da Gama, from Portugal, rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued his voyage up the eastern coast of Africa, eventually making his way to India; this sea route gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross the traditional land routes controlled by Muslims. • Christopher Columbus, searching for a western water route to the Asian markets, landed in the Caribbean and thus "discovered" the New World. • In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean.

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

• Began after death of Tsar Alexander I in December • Resistance to Alexander I's top-down, westernizing, bureaucratic reforms • Revolt failed, stiffened Nicholas I's hostility to Western ideas • Failure to Westernize led to losses, humiliation in the Crimean War (1853-1856)

Imperialism in India

• British took on "white man's burden," the duty of Europeans to spread civilization • Nationalist ideas began spreading by 1885 (Indian National Congress)

voyages of Zheng he

• Carried silk, porcelain, other valuable goods; traded with rulers in Southeast Asia, India, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula (not yet Portuguese) • Helped cement China's reputation as powerful, vital trading partner; foreign merchants performed kowtow at Chinese courts as way of securing trading rights • After seven voyages, Zheng He lost funding and support, as Ming leaders became distrustful of him; redirected funds toward domestic issues (support for agriculture, border security [Great Wall finished]) § Last voyage was to Africa § China decides that the voyages does not bring back any additional money

Napoleon's impact on the world

• Caused French rule to be greatly resented, leading to rise of nationalism (belief that each ethnic group is entitled to its own government, national homeland) • Fueled revolutions in the New World

how did rulers of Song dynasty promote agricultural production

• Champa rice (drought-resistant) enabled double- and triple-cropping (two or three harvests) □ Huge deal because of drought resistant - canals helped transport produce easily

The Sino-Soviet Split

• China and Russia had a schism • 1956: Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin, announced plans for de-Stalinization • Mao Zedong condemned Khrushchev's reforms, accused him of abandoning Marxism and seeking "Peaceful Coexistence" with U.S • Falling out gave U.S. a chance to improve relations with China, drive wedge between world's two largest communist powers

China: The Crisis within

• China's centralized government did not expand to cope with this growing population • Became unable to effectively perform many functions like tax collecting, social welfare • Result: central government lost power to officials in the provinces and local landowners

silk road and the chinese

• Chinese rulers protected trade, travelers on Silk Roads • Cities developed all along the Silk Roads as trading posts and as rest stops for travelers

Ming achievements

• Civil service exams revived at the expense of commercial activity • Wealth, consumerism of early Ming helped generate works of literature, decorative arts, and painting • Yongle sponsored gigantic encyclopedia projects (collections of Chinese philosophies, literature, and history) • Works like Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms • "Ming ware" became best known product of Ming technology

The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

• Clear indication of the failure of the "self-strengthening" program • Erupted in northern China as an anti-Qing, anti-Western movement (later simply anti-Western) • Led by militia organizations called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Yihequan) • Practiced various boxing and calisthenic rituals, believing it made them invincible • "Boxers" killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians and attacked the foreign embassies in Beijing

commercial expansion of the Song

• Commerce expanded in cities and trading towns • Money made of copper coins • Deposit shops- a place to leave money (credit was invented) • Flying money- first dollar bills

Crimean War

• Conflict between Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula • To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans • Russian tsar, gov't lost credibility; Western Europe asserted power

global connections of the Kievan Rus'

• Dependent on Byzantium as main trading connection • Period of decline and isolation when Byzantium declined and Mongols invaded • East cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication • Occurred just as the West began to grow and strengthen

Communism

• Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Das Kapital (Marx) was a harsh critique of capitalism; The Communist Manifesto argued that history was a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (wealthy business owners) and the proletariat (working class) • Believed proletarians would grow frustrated, unite, and overthrow bourgeoisie

284: Mexican Revolution: Causes

• Discontent after decades of limited social reform led Mexicans to demand change. • After Mexico gained independence from Spain in the early 1800s, it quickly fell under the control of a series of dictators. • General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico in the early 1900s; although he improved the economy, socially Mexico was suffering. • Mexican nationalists, including Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, gained support from the peasants and together with the middle class overthrew Díaz in 1911.

Portugal v. Netherlands

• Dutch-Portuguese War •South and East Asia, Indian Ocean (SE Asia/East Indies)- Batavia (Dutch [later Jakarta]) battles Goa (India); Portuguese controlled spice trade through Straits of Malacca; Dutch captured Malacca from Portuguese (1641) and Ceylon (1658); controlled until 1825; Because they capture Malacca from Portugal; Take over modern day sri lanka; Dutch also acquired trade monopoly with Japan; Japan is doing no trade with Europe except for Dutch • Africa- Dutch besieged Luanda, Angola; Portuguese later won back • South America- Dutch terrorized, captured Portuguese ports in Brazil; controlled half of Brazil by 1641; Successful at first; Eventually surrendered back to Portuguese in 1661

Russia Revolution of 1905

• Erupted following a Russian defeat in a naval battle with Japan • Workers went on strike and created their own representative councils called soviets • Revolution also included: peasant uprisings, mutinies in the military, student demonstrations, and revolts of non-Russian nationalities (Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Muslims in Central Asia) • Revolution was brutally suppressed and rather unsuccessful

why was the economy of the ottomans weakened

• Europeans achieved direct sea access to Asia, so there was no longer a need for them to go through the Ottoman and Arab land routes to get there, meaning loss of revenue for those groups • Ottoman artisans and workers hit hard by competition from cheap European manufactured goods • Series of unbalanced agreements between European powers and the Ottoman Empire allowed Europeans many exemptions from Ottoman law and taxation • Ottoman Empire came to rely on foreign loans to sustain itself

Atlantic slave trade

• Europeans needed way to replenish workforce, turned to Africa • Africans were already exposed, immune to European disease • Africans had experience farming, could be taught plantation work • Unfamiliar with new surroundings, less likely to escape • Between 1500 and 1600, 300,000 Africans transported to Americas

Reign of Terror

• Executing everyone who speaks against Stalin • People lived in dread of being arrested by secret police • Stalin had other potential leaders arrested and executed in purges • Built gulags (slave labor camps in Siberia)

Famous radical movements/events:

• Execution of King Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror (1793-1794) • Haitian Revolution (1789-1804): independence from France • Revolutions of 1848: democratic revolutions that swept across Europe • Bolshevik Revolution (1917): set up Communist gov't (Soviet Union)

Why did the french government go bankrupt

• Expensive wars- Louis XIV (the "Sun King") fought a series of 4 major and costly conflicts • Excessive borrowing- Done to maintain French power in Europe • Poor money management-Borrowing limit reached in 1786 • King Louis XVI's Solution: Tax the nobles; Problem: Parliament had to approve tax laws- Parliament wont tax themselves

Family in Song dynasty

• Extended family households preferred • Male-dominated and respect for elders supported by Neo-Confucians • Elite women had broader opportunities (Could ride a horse) • Divorce widely available if both husband and wife consented

Tanzimat reform 1839-1876

• Factories making cloth, paper, and arms (weapons) • Modern mining operations • Resettlement of agricultural land • Telegraphs, steamships, railroads, modern postal service • Western-style law codes, courts, and military practices and advisers • New elementary, secondary schools • Equal rights (under law) for Muslims AND non-Muslims

• Girondins (bourgeoisie)

• Favored government in which departments exercised control over their own affairs ○ Branches of Government controls its own aspects ○ Fear that one central govt. will become to strong • Opposed government interference in business • Supported war effort, believing it would unite France • Wanted to inspire others to fight against tyranny of kings

foot bindings

• Feet of girls 2-5 years old bound • Ideal length: 3 inches • Bone-breaking, muscle-deforming process • Extremely painful, severely limited mobility • Considered highly attractive and erotic by men • Originates in Five Kingdoms period, but then spread during Song Dynasty • Died out in early 20th century

Traditional french Tax system

• Financial system was based in tradition • Clergy and nobles exempt from taxes • Third Estate bore the entire tax burden • Peasants could barely support themselves, yet had the heaviest tax weight of all • In addition to government taxes, also paid tithes to the church and rent to landlords

Legacy of the American Revolution

• First colony to gain independence from Great Britain • Inspires the French revolution to take place • British upper class simply replaced by new American upper class • Lives of women, Native Americans, commoners, slaves changed very little • Created revolutionary constitution that would evolve into its modern form

Modernization of Japan

• First task: true national unity, which required an attack on the power and privileges of the daimyo and samurai • Ended the semi-independent domains of the daimyo • National government now (not local authorities) collected taxes and raised a national army • Development of a nationwide economy • Dismantling of old Confucian-based social order with its special privileges for certain classes • Official missions to Europe and the U.S. to learn about the West

Aftermath of the reign of Terror

• Following Robespierre's death, power of Committee of Public Safety reduced • Churches allowed to reopen for public worship • New constitution passed that reflected desire for greater stability • The Directory (five directors) served as authority • Five people that serve as a authority • Doesn't last long • Directory suffered from economic problems • Led to a coup d'etat in 1799 • Replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte

Political in Mughal Empire

• Founded by Babur, Muslim descendent of Chinggis Khan (Mughal - Persian word meaning "Mongol"), after defeating last Muslim sultan of Delhi sultanate • Babur's grandson Akbar (1556-1605) became most illustrious sultan of Mughal Empire; expanded empire, pursued policy of conciliation with Hindus • Akbar established mansabs for military officers, gov't officials (land grants given in exchange for service) § Land grants given to high ranking officials for their loyalty § Like feudalism

Imperialism in WWI

• German industrialization challenged British economic supremacy • Russian interests threatened Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks ○ Russia is trying to support the pan Slavic movement to weaken the central powers • Competing claims in Africa, Southeast Asia, Middle East, China, and the Balkans

• U.S. joined WWI on the side of the Allies in 1917 following:

• German sub attacks on American merchant ships • Zimmermann Telegram: German offer of military alliance with Mexico

Composition of the national convention

• Girondins (bourgeoisie) • Jacobins (bourgeoisie) • Sans-culottes

Famous nationalists:

• Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour: unified Italy in 1860 • Otto von Bismarck: led unification of Prussia (Germany) in 1871

colombian exchange

• Global exchange between "Old World" and "New World" • Diseases from the Old World wiped out 90% of Amerindian population within a century of European arrival

Militarism in WWI

• Glorification and expansion of military ○ The bigger your military the greater the country • Countries began conscription (drafting civilians), training ○ Used before when slave labor was needed ○ Now however you are drafting them to the military • Domino effect: when one nation militarized, others followed suit ○ Countries want to maintain balance of power so they need to militarize

1898: Russian Social Democratic Labor Party created illegally

• Got involved in workers' education, union organizing, and revolutionary action against those in power • Bolsheviks emerge from this party

reluctant Reforms by Tsars after Russian revolution

• Granted a constitution • Legalized trade unions and political parties • Permitted election of a national assembly (the Duma) • Censorship eased • Plans for universal primary education • Continued industrial development

Congress of Vienna

• Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia (Allies) meet in Vienna to restore the political scene of Europe prior to the French Revolution • Seek to establish balance of power (system in which no single country could become powerful enough to dominate other nations) • Allies agree to hold further meetings, cooperate against revolutionary changes • Serves as model for League of Nations, United Nations

who helped solve the eastern question

• Great Powers: Russia, Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary all involved, as well as nationalist movements in the Balkans (Pan-Slavism)

CCP Gained support through

• Guerrilla warfare tactics • Experimenting with land reform in areas under communist control • Efforts to empower women • Creation of a military force to protect against KMT attacks

Results of Total War

• Hole in the workforce because war took any men old enough to fight • Women went to work in factories, poor benefited from new work • Factories made war products instead of domestic goods • Rationing and propaganda instituted; conscription became essential • 70 million men drafted by end of WWI

94: Abbasid Dynasty

• In 750 the Umayyad dynasty ended after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abbas, who founded the Abbasid dynasty, the main source of power in the Dar al-Islam ("house of Islam"). • Abbasids, headquartered in Baghdad, allowed Muslims as well as Persians, Egyptians, and Mesopotamians to rise to positions of power and wealth. • The empire continued to grow mostly as a result of independent military forces, not military conquest, led by the caliphs. • Victory against Tang dynasty at Battle of Talas (751 C.E.) prevented China from expanding its influence westward; also led to the transfer of papermaking technology to central Asia, and later to Europe. • The Abbasid dynasty focused energy on ruling their empire, which included a variety of linguistic, cultural, religious, and ethnic groups. Trade arrangements held the empire together; trade was conducted with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. • Officials included ulama, religious experts, and qadis, judges; both resolved local disputes and set moral standards.

Indian National Congress

• Indian National Congress (INC) established in 1885 • Association of English-educated Indians (lawyers, journalists, teachers, businessmen, etc.) • Had difficulty gaining a mass following among the peasants because such an elite organization • Initial goal was to gain greater inclusion within the political, military, and business life of British India

• Preconditions to the American revolution

• Infringements on colonists' rights by the king of England • Proclamation of 1763: King George prevented colonists from moving further westward Taxation without representation - colonists argued they should have a voice in Parliament, esp. if they were subject to taxes to the Crown

Divisions and Conflict Within the INC

• Many did believe science, technology, and industry were essential to India's future (Like Gandhi's chief lieutenant, Jawaharlal Nehru) • Not everyone embraced nonviolence: existence of Hindu militant groups • Not everyone wanted an "inclusive" India: some Hindu groups expressed hatred of Muslims and wanted India to be a Hindu nation • Many believed the focus on the position of women and untouchables distracted from the main goal of independence from Britain • Some favored participation in British-sponsored legislative bodies without complete independence

Social results of Industrialization

• Many peasant families slid into poverty, taxed too much to pay for Japan's modernization • Protests with attacks on government offices and bankers' homes • Low pay and horrendous conditions for factory workers (mainly women) • Anarchist and socialist ideas developed among intellectuals • Efforts to create unions and organize strikes were met with harsh opposition

Cultural Revolution (1966-76)

• Mao's attempt to recapture revolutionary spirit, regain power within the Communist Party after the failed Great Leap Forward • Cultural Revolution designed to combat the capitalist elements that had "infiltrated" China; reinstitute revolutionary spirit within the party • Purged many senior officials • Led to a personality cult surrounding Mao • 1.5 million killed, millions of others imprisoned, tortured, deprived of property • Abandoned in 1976 when Mao died

Main causes of WWI

• Militarism- a pride in building up and expanding ones military • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism

intermediate stage of revolutions

• Moderate attempts at compromise fail • Radicals take over, revolution grows more violent • Civil war, conflicts with other nations often occur

645 CE: Taika Reforms

• Movement towards greater Chinese influence • Copied Chinese style of rule in Japanese government • Tried to develop bureaucracy to limit power of aristocracy; opposed by aristocracy (limited success) • Confucianism rejected; Japan held birth in esteem, not education

Napoleon's Rise

• Napoleon seizes power in 1799 from the Directory • Tried combining social reforms of Revolution with his own seizure of absolute power • In 1803, he crowns himself emperor • By 1805, he has defeated all other European powers except England • Placed his own relatives in power in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain

Napoleon's impact on france

• Napoleonic Code created stability • Law code consolidating major ideas of Revolution (social equality, religious toleration, trial by jury)

Territorial loss: Egypt goes to Britain

• Napoleonic Wars left Egypt influenced by French, European practices • Began modernizing, industrializing under Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman governor with imperial ambitions • 1839: Declared war on Ottoman Empire • Britain intervened, not wanting Indian trade routes, travel to be disrupted • Egypt forced to eliminate import duties; became economic dependency of Britain

Following the fall of the Bastille

• National Assembly abolishes the rights and financial privileges of landlords • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is adopted (later becomes preamble to the Constitution) • Olympe de Gouges writes Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen in response • Demands equal rights for men and women

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced Fourteen Points

• National self-determination for European peoples • Freedom of the seas • Reduction in arms • End to secret diplomacy • Creation of League of Nations

Male dominance in Neo- Confucianism

• Neo-Confucians reduced role of women in late Song period (woman were confined to the house) • Education: Girls not educated, boys were emphasis

Spain v. Netherlands

• Netherlands originally under Spanish control • Originally the Dutch republic • Dutch Republic soon grew through merchant activity; experienced period of economic, scientific, cultural growth • Very rich • Experienced protestant and scientific revolution • Became largely Protestant, wished to break away from Catholic Spain • Because Spain does not want them to go full blown protestant • Declared independence in 1581, though officially recognized in 1648 • Assisted by France, England

Military Activity in WW1

• New and improved weapons, tactics, and combat methods (Machine guns, barbed wire, poison gas, land mines, airplanes) •Total War: countries involved used all resources available for war effort

Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)

• New capital at Hangzhou: sophisticated, wealthy • Numerous cultural and technological innovations (Become culturally and technological advanced but never reach the same height that they were )

why were stateless societies weak

• No organization to collect taxes à no effective militaries , No protection and you get invaded • No consensus à Difficult to resist external pressures • No undertaking of large building projects • Hard to create stability for long-distance trade

Gandhi's Salt March

• Nonviolent protest (satyagraha) against British rule • British held monopoly on salt manufacture and sale; Indians not permitted to collect, sell their own • March-April 1930: Gandhi led thousands on a 240-mile walk to the Arabian Sea, where they gathered water to make salt • 60,000 arrested, including Gandhi; elsewhere, protesters were beaten

England v. Netherlands in the indian ocean

• Not at war but do compete • British East India Co. vs. Dutch East India Co. • Dutch monopolized Indonesia; British controlled India ○ Britain could not engage in "trade by warfare" like Dutch (Either you trade with us or we will go to war) • Dutch killed, enslaved, starved native populations of Spice Islands for cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg • Dutch also in Taiwan, though later forced out

Imperialism in China

• Opium War forced Chinese to purchase opium from Britain; Britain established spheres of influence • Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeats China, annexes Korea • Open Door Policy (1899): equal trading rights for all nations in China • Boxer Rebellion: Chinese groups rebelled against Western influence

Preconditions to the French Revolution

• Political - weak monarch (Louis XVI), inefficient gov't (Third Estate underrepresented); very inefficient govt, not all were represented equally • Economic - unequal taxation, economic crisis (wars of Louis XIV left France in serious debt), food shortages • Religious - corrupt Catholic Church (clergy were members of First Estate) • Social - urban poor, feudalistic society (Three Estates), rising middle class (bourgeoisie) • Intellectual - Enlightenment ideas attacked authority of king, church • Artistic - Palace at Versailles reflected wealth gap

Portugal v. Kongo

• Portuguese arrived in 1482 - marks first contact with Europeans (Europeans get diseases from the Africans) • Beginnings of commercial, diplomatic relations • Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity, encouraged subjects to do the same • Portuguese sought gold, ivory, and slaves from Kongolese, conducted slave raids and negotiated with Africans to secure slaves (To send to brazil to work on sugar plantations) • Kings of Kongo appealed to Portuguese to stop the slave trade, but Portuguese refused, citing need for steady labor supply to Brazil • Armed conflict arose, Kongolese easily defeated • Contributed to African Diaspora (forced migration out of Africa) (Forced migration )

Italy(1859-1870)

• Previously, had consisted of small states • 1852 - Camillo di Cavour defeated Austrians and drove them out of northern Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew King of Naples, joined with Cavour's northern section • Became unified nation by 1860 led by VE II

Collectivization

• Private land taken from peasants, forced to join collective farms owned by the government • All private land became government land and the government took all the food • Rejected in Ukraine; Stalin seized food supplies, sealed off region

"Young Ottomans"

• Promoted mix of liberal ideas (Europe), national pride (Ottoman), Islamic modernism • Had a new view of the Ottoman Empire: a secular state whose people were loyal to the dynasty that ruled it, rather than a state based on religion • Did not believe Tanzimat reforms went far enough- Wanted a European-style democratic, constitutional government • The Young Ottomans did not have much success; authoritarian rule continued in the Ottoman Empire

beginning of the structure of saint peter's basilica

• Raised funds through sale of indulgences (forgiveness of punishment due for past sins) • Martin Luther, a monk, protested what he considered "last straw" in long line of offenses the corrupt Catholic Church had committed □ Makes a list of all the wrongs of the church

Germany (1863-1871)

• Revolutions of 1848 failed to unite German states • As leader of Prussia, Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck united Germany through policy of "blood and iron" • Combined skillful diplomacy, Prussian military power to achieve unification • After wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, Prussia unified Germany in 1871 • Bismarck became Kaiser of all Germany; Wilhelm became the first German emperor

Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

• Russia's "heir to the Enlightenment" □ Ideas from the enlightenment are taken to heart but doesn't give them to the lower class □ Doesn't want a revolt like the man are going on at the time • Made serfs (workers owned for life) property of state; used them for economic, military, cultural projects □ The church is no longer the property of the church • 1783: Annexed warm-water port (Black Sea) from Ottoman Empire

Second Opium War

• Same time as the rebellion • British forces were victorious once again • Treaty of Tientsin ended the war in 1858 § 10 more ports opened to foreign traders § Foreigners allowed to travel freely and buy land in China § Foreigners allowed to preach Christianity under the protection of Chinese authorities § Foreigners allowed to navigate along and patrol some of China's major rivers § Chinese forbidden from referring to the British as "barbarians" in official documents

Imperialism in Africa

• Scramble for Africa (1870-1890) • Berlin Conference divided up the continent • Positives: Medicine, improved nutrition, increased lifespan; Modern transportation, communication; Improved educations, economic opportunities • Negatives: Erosion of traditional African values, relationships; Inferior treatment at hands of Europeans; Artificial borders and divisions ignorant of tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries

Reforms of the Young Turks

• Secularized schools, courts, and law codes • Allowed elections and political parties • Established a "Law of Family Rights" for all people • Opened up modern schools for women • Allowed women to wear Western clothing • Restricted polygamy • Allowed women to get divorces in some situations • Encouraged Turkish as the official language

Western Pressures on China

• Shifting balance of power between Europe and China evident in the Opium Wars • Late 1700s: British began to grow and process opium in India and illegally sell the highly addictive drug to the Chinese to make up for its trade imbalance with them • By 1830, China a very profitable market for British, American, and other Western merchants

technology in ming dynasty

• Sought to protect secrets of cannon, gunpowder; censored encyclopedias; lost ground to Korea, Japan in weaponry • Mining was limited to increase value of metal coinage • Some advances in printing, timekeeping, and agriculture, but technology peaked by 1500

Social, religious transformation made in the americas by the spanish

• Spain appointed administrators to centralize control in Americas • Viceroys enforced colonial policy (Control all of politics in the Americas, Pretty much can do what they want) • New social hierarchy created • Harsh for the native Americans • Led to economic system based on forced labor (Encomienda) • In which native Americans are put to mandatory labor • Missionaries followed, accompanied conquistadors (Dominicans, Jesuits) • Though many natives converted, syncretism often occurred (Vodun, Santeria, candomblé)

spanish conquest of Malila

• Spanish sought to spread Catholicism to Filipinos, control port in order to access Asian markets (esp. silk and porcelain) • In 1571, Spain took control; birth of global trade • Spanish galleons from Manila crossed Pacific, picked up mined silver from Americas (Mexico and Peru), returned to Manila (came to be used as first global currency/commodity) • Silver trade turned Spanish into a major world player

economy of the mughal empire

• Spice prices dropped during this time • East India Co. (England) and VOC (Dutch) persuaded Mughals to export more cotton, which became highly popular in Europe (could be dyed and printed easily) • Led Mughal Empire to employ vast numbers of peasants in cotton fields, factories; given incentives to take on these responsibilities (like in Russia) • Akbar reformed tax system; peasants paid gov't after selling crops with money using American silver

Russia During the 19th Century

• Still had an absolute monarchy (the tsar) • No national parliament • No political parties • No nationwide elections • Russian society dominated by titled nobility, still operated under feudalism • Until 1861, most Russians were serfs

The Taiping Rebellion: eventual failure

• Taiping forces and followers swept out from southern China and established their capital in Nanjing in 1853 • Uprising eventually failed due to: Divisions and indecisiveness within Taiping leadership; Inability to link up with other rebel groups throughout China; Western military support for pro-Qing forces

Reasons for renewed interest in imperialism

• Technology made it possible to go deep into Africa, Asia, and Pacific for the first time • Need for raw materials to keep factories busy • Acquisition of colonies demonstrated power, prestige, and national superiority • European countries sought balance of power with regard to acquired colonies

First Opium War

• The British had superior military might and easily won • Treaty of Nanking ended the war in 1842 (unequal treaty) § Imposed restrictions on the power of the Chinese emperor § Opened 5 ports to European traders § China forced to pay indemnities § Territory of Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain § "Fair and reasonable" tariffs established § Cohong monopoly ended

The Chinese Communist Party

• The CCP gained an enormous amount of support during Japan's brutal invasion of China • Nationalist Party (KMT) lost control over most of China, was forced to retreat to the interior • KMT seemed more concerned with eliminating the CCP than fighting Japan • CCP, with its communist-led People's Liberation Army, fought Japanese vigorously ]• Offered security to many Chinese faced with Japanese atrocities • CCP membership grew from 40,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945 • 1949: CCP defeated KMT • Most of KMT's leaders fled to Taiwan, • New leader of communist China (PRC): Mao Zedong

mercantilism

• Theory that a county's power depended mainly on its wealth • Wealth allowed nations to build navies, purchase goods ations could accomplish this in two ways 1) Obtain as much gold and silver bullion as possible 2) Establish a favorable balance of trade (export more than import) • Ultimate goal: attain as much wealth as possible so as to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods

• Significance of U.S. entry into WWI:

• Turned tide of war in favor of the Allies (more resources, troops, morale) • Broke sharply with America's traditional avoidance of foreign conflicts • Marked America's emergence as a world power

problems for the Ottomans

• Weak central government • Increasing power of local authorities and rulers • Unable to effectively raise revenue (taxes) • Growing technological and military gap with Europe • Decreasing power of the Janissaries (elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire)

The Taiping Rebellion: Effects on China

• Weakening of the Qing centralized government • Disruption and decline of China's economy • Destruction and devastation to the land • Estimated 20-30 million lives lost • Continued social instability

parallel descent

• Women passed rights and property to their daughters • Men took property from their fathers

Berlin Wall (1961-1989)

□ Built to keep Western "fascists" from entering East Germany □ Trying to prevent people from East Germany and East Berlin to get into West Berlin (democracy)

§ Nuclear Arms race

□ Competition to proliferate weapons □ Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs (1000x more powerful than atomic bombs), ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

• Rape of Nanking

○ 1937: Japan invaded China, began aerial bombing of major Chinese cities ○ Japanese troops fueled superiority and extreme nationalism, killed entire villages § Estimates say anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000 Chinese civilians are killed or mutilated within a few months § Countless women sexually assaulted (7,000 estimated) and then mutilated § Major source of conflict today

Algeria

○ 1950s: France granted independence to Tunisia and Morocco, but tried to hold onto Algeria ○ Vietnams victory over France in 1954 sparked nationalist backlash in Algeria ○ Algeria's National Liberation Front (FLN) gained support from Egypt and the Arab world ○ Algerian War (1954-1962) made use of guerrilla warfare, torture; around 1M killed; Algeria ultimately won independence ○ In the aftermath, many French colonists fled to France fearing that they might be next ○ Economic ties between Algeria and France have remained strong; waves of Algerians have since immigrated to France in search of a better life for themselves

October Revolution

○ Actually happened in November ○ Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky, saw war effort as priority, angering Bolsheviks and other socialist factions ○ Bolsheviks turned workers militias into the Red ○ Bolsheviks overthrew Provisional Gov't, moved capital to Moscow, ended private property, distributed land, gave workers greater control ○ Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in 1918

February revolution of 1917

○ Actually happens in march but Russia goes off a different calendar ○ Stemmed from failures of WWI, Russia's inability to modernize, failures and loss of faith in the tsar ○ People organized strikes and protests demanding food and fuel ○ Soldiers sent to stop protests mutinied, joining the protestors ○ Without protection or means of keeping order, Nicholas II abdicated, ending four centuries of tsarist rule over Russia

mansa musa's hajj in 1324

○ Aligns himself with elite Islamic rulers ○ Brings back scholars, architects back to Africa with him ○ Inadvertently devastates economies he enters because he gives so much gold to people that he decreases the price of gold

Powerful families in Japan

○ Aristocrats began to rebel against Chinese influence in imperial government, dominated government and shaped polices through their own armies, many became bushi, cooperated with buddhists

Imperialism

○ Basically all of Europe were imperialistic societies ○ Political and economic control of one area or country by another ○ Led to a second wave of European colonization (Age of New Imperialism) from late 19th to early 20th century

Conservatism

○ Basically tradition rocks ○ Political philosophy that sought to return things to the way they were before revolutions occurred; interested in maintaining traditional ways ○ Developed in response to revolutions in America, France ○ Argued that existing social order should be respected, status quo should be maintained

Benito Mussolini Seizes Power

○ Became an extreme nationalist during WWI ○ 1919: Created Fascist Party in Italy ○ Black Shirts: Mussolini's private military band ○ 1922: The Fascists staged a "march on Rome" where Mussolini seized power, turning Italy from a kingdom to a fascist nation controlled by a dictator

John Locke

○ Believes that people are born with a blank slate ○ People are born with three main rights ( Life, Liberty, Property) ○ It is the government's job to make sure that thee three rights are locked up and secured

Voltaire

○ Believes that there has ought to be a separation/divide between the church and the state ○ Danger when absolute rulers use their religion to rule, especially when they force their religion upon the people ○ When rulers rule, they should do so separately from the interests of any religious organization

Thomas Hobbes

○ Believes two things about people; that people are selfish and evil ○ People's lives are governed by two emotions or concepts which are hope and fear ○ Will seek friendship with other people in order to avoid death ○ When the people submit their rights over to the absolute ruler the government can be as strong for this leviathan ○ Absolute Monarch gets his power from the people

Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf"

○ Book written by Hitler while in jail (meaning "My Struggle") following the Beer Hall Putsch, his failed attempt at a coup ○ Outlined Hitler's Plan for Germany

British advantage in the industrial revolution

○ British developed machines, steam engines, enabling them to advance faster, earlier than other nations ○ Better standards of living (Agricultural Revolution, overseas trade) ○ Leading exporter of manufactured goods, modern commercial culture (banks, joint-stock companies, stock markets) ○ Abundant supplies of coal, iron ore

accomplishments of the Gupta Dynasty

○ Built free hospitals, encouraged advancements in medicine ○ First to use inoculations. ○ Developed numerical system from 0-9 used today (Arabic numerals) . ○ Schools taught Vedas, while Buddhist scholars established university in northern India (religious freedom allowed).

Grand Canal

○ Built to accommodate population shift and transportation of goods and revenue ○ Links north to south (Beijing to Hangzhou) ○ 1,100 miles long ○ 1 million forced laborers

why did the abbasid caliphate lose control over their empire

○ Caliphs grew dependent on their advisors, who increased their power ○Sumptuous living and many civil wars drained the treasury à increasing taxes à peasant revolts ○ Shi'a revolts, assassination attempts against Abbasid officials

New Economic Policy In Russia

○ Calling it "state capitalism," Lenin introduced policy to increase food production ○ Some private ownership was permitted in agriculture and small factories ○ Agricultural production increased greatly, helped promote economic recovery ○ Lenin died suddenly in 1924; Stalin ended NEP in 1928

Rise of Joseph Stalin

○ Following Lenin's death, power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin ○ Stalin emerged victorious, exiled Trotsky ○ Instituted totalitarianism, in which gov't controls all aspects of individual life ○ Rights of free speech and dissent were denied ○ Stalin used gov't, secret police to control all phases of life, including education, ideas, and economy ○ Also used censorship to control music and the arts

France: Absolutism and Divine Right

○ French monarchs generally ruled without calling sessions of Estates General ○ In 1682, Louis XIV moved court to palace at Versailles, where monarch interacted more intensely with clergy and nobility ○ French monarchs generally ruled without calling sessions of Estates General ○ In 1682, Louis XIV moved court to palace at Versailles, where monarch interacted more intensely with clergy and nobility

Jean Jacques Roseau

○ Government and the people form an agreement with each other § This agreement is called a social contract § People agree to surrender certain rights to the people; government ensures that the rights they surrender are protected ○ The other party has the right to basically back out of the contract and establish a new society if the other group does not hold up their end of the contract ○ General Will - When we forfeit certain freedoms to the government, this is actually in the best interest of everyone

• Manchurian (Mukden) Incident

○ Japan felt it deserved more land from the Treaty of Versailles ○ 1930s: Imperial ambitions grew due to nationalism and increased military power ○ Japanese had acquired a sphere of influence in Manchuria following their victory in the Russo-Japanese War ○ 1931: Fearing Chinese nationalism would threaten this sphere of influence, Japan seized military control of Manchuria

New Industrial Cities

○ London, Manchester, NYC all grow at unprecedented rates ○ Caused serious environmental problems • People can't react to it • Air pollution from burning coal, water pollution from sewage contamination and industrial runoff, spread of diseases (rickets from lack of sunshine, cholera from India) ○ Led to numerous municipal reforms (garbage removal, water and sewage systems, establishment of parks, schools)

• Japanese Authoritarianism

○ Military began to have a more dominant role in political life ○ Censorship limited free expression; only one agency allowed to distribute news ○ Authoritarian state in Japan gained a lot of popular support because it was able to pull Japan out of the Great Depression ○ During this time, women also gain a lot more power and rights in Japan

Pan-Africanism

○ Movements first emerged in the United States and the Caribbean among people of African heritage, then spread from Paris to French west Africa as a literary movement known as Negritude

Fascism in Germany: The Nazis

○ Nazi is short for/an abbreviation of The National Socialist German Workers' Party ○ After WWI: small group of nationalists who eventually grow in power and significance who formed the National Socialist (Nazi) Party (Attack democracy; Promised to save Germany from Communism; Advocated extreme nationalism; Wanted a dictatorship)

Nazis Gain Power

○ Nazis gained support as the economy worsened ○ 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor (Second in Command) by President Hindenburg ○ 1934: President Hindenburg died

Catholic church in the scientific revolution

○ No one has had any reason about these teachings such as that the Earth is the center of the universe ○ Go back to the teachings of ancient Rome or Greece if the Church cannot immediately answer their questions § Transition period, people start to look to be able to figure things out through reason and scientific observation ○ Try to understand the world on what we observe and then making sense of why things are the way that they are

Tenochtitlan

○ On an island in Lake Texcoco ○ Aztecs called it the "foundation of Heaven" ○ By 1519 had a population of 150,000 ○ Connected by causeways and canals

Pre-Revolutionary Russia

○ Only true autocracy left in Europe ○ 1894: Nicholas II became tsar ○ Worker frustration, defeats in Russo-Japanese War helped contribute to Bloody Sunday, Revolution of 1905 ○ World War I: losses made Nicholas very unpopular, Russian civilians began demanding peace for soldiers, bread for workers, and land for peasants ○"Peace, land, and bread" became slogan of the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin

Aztec Society

○ Originally divided into seven clans called calpulli ○ Eventually a class of nobility emerged ○ Women's primary role was the household ○ Marriages were arranged ○ Polygamy existed amongst the nobility ○ Women could inherit property

Liberalism

○ Political ideology emphasizing the civil rights of citizens, representative gov't, protection of private property ○ Believed purpose of gov't is to protect people's rights, and that change/moderate reforms are necessary, normal ○ Developed in response to Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in America, France

1861: Emancipation of serfs (by Alexander II)

○ Stimulated by its defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) ○ Tsar Alexander II saw the defeat of Russia's serf-army at the hands of free British and French troops as a sign to end serfdom ○ After the abolition of serfdom, Russia began a program of industrial development ○ Serfs freed to serve as workforce, but typically remained tied to land as before

Why did the great depression start

○ Though the U.S. made loans to Europe through the Dawes Plan, recovery was slow ○ 1929: U.S. stock market crashed