AP1 Final Exam
When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensation that can lead to this feeling A) Organ of Corti B) maculae C) otoliths D) semicircular canal E) ossicles
D) semicircular canal
Which statement is true regarding the somatic nervous system as compared to the autonomic nervous system? A) Both division carry outgoing motor information B) Both division carry information to visceral organs C) The somatic NS requires more neurons than the autonomic pathways D) There are no reflexes within the somatic NX, while there are many within the autonomic NS E) All of the answers are correct
A) Both divisions carry outgoing motor information.
Neurotransmitter ACH is A) always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system B) secreted by the postganglionic nervous C) going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine D) broken down by monoamine oxidase E) a chemical similar to the structure of adrenalin
A) always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) tensor tympani. E) stapedius muscle.
A) auditory ossicles.
The coachlear receptor that provides our sense of hearing are A) hair cells B) modified interneuons C) otoliths D) pyramidal cells E) mucous cells
A) hair cells
A viral disease that destroys cells ofthe anterior gray horn will _______. A) lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis B) Interfere with position sense C)mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense D) block autonomic regulation E) affect visceral motor function.
A) lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) Pons C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum.
A) medulla oblongata.
As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the function of each successive level become A) more complex B) simpler C) better understood D) crucial to visceral functions. E) critical to reflexes
A) more complex
Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by A) nociceptors B) mechanoreceptors C) thermoreceptors D) chemoreceptors E) proprioceptors
A) nociceptors (pain)
You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ____ neuronal circuit. A) parallel B) reverberation C) serial D) convergent E) consensual
A) parallel
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to A) receptor specificity B) accessory cells C) the fact that they are intercoceptors D) recptor potentials E) receptor speciation
A) receptor specifity
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when A) sympathetic stimulation is increased. B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased. D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. E) somatomotor stimulation is increased. A
A) sympathetic stimulation is increased.
A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a A) tactile Receptor B) chemoreceptors C) photoceptor D) thermoreceptor E) light receptor
A) tactile Receptor
During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum? A) telencephalon B) diencephalon C) mesencephalon D) metencephalon E) myelencephalon
A) telencephalon
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called A) tertiary memories. B) reflexive memories. C) consolidated memories. D) multilobar memories. E) secondary memories.
A) tertiary memories.
In deep sleep, A) the EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave." B) cerebral activity is paradoxically high. C) rapid eye movements speed up. D) rapid eye movements are maintained at normal levels. E) cerebral activity is paradoxically high and rapid eye movements speed up.
A) the EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave."
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
The statement "its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerve would result in A) inability to sense sweetness at the tip of your tongue B) a reduction in ability to identify sour and bitters foods C) anosmia, also called nose blindness D) perceiving taste sensations where is no real stimulus E) identifying all foods as too salty
B) a reduction in ability to identify sour and bitter foods.
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that A) activates β1 adrenergic receptors. B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors. C) activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) blocks β2 adrenergic receptors. E) activates β2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following, except A) increased release of neurotransmitters. B) anterograde amnesia. C) formation of additional synaptic connections. D) the formation of memory engrams. E) facilitation at synapses.
B) anterograde amnesia.
What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision? A) aqueous humor B) ciliary body C) iris D) extrinsic eye muscles E) None, because the lens is rigid.
B) ciliary body
The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the A) smoothness of the surface of the cortex B) extensiveness of the gyri and sulci C) small size of it compared to the other brain areas D) transverse fissure running through it E) color of the cerebrum compared to the other brain areas
B) extensiveness of the gyri and sulci
The ____ ______ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) film terminale C) cauda equina D) dorsal root E) ventral root
B) filum terminale
The vitreous body A) fills the posterior chamber. B) helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall C) is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age. D) circulates through the pupil. E) holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.
B) helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall
Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called ________. A) contralateral B) ipsilateral C) commensual D) involuntary E) parasympathetic
B) ipsilateral
Which of the following description applies to the term myopia? A) farsightedness B) nearsightedness C) normal vision D) astigmatism E) age-related decline in accommodation
B) nearsightedness
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) thoracolumbar D) visceral E) somatomotor
B) parasympathetic
The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve. A) brachial B) phrenic C) intercostal D) ganglion E) sciatic
B) phrenic
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the _____. A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon D) diencephalon E) thalamus
B) pons
Action potentials from receptors involved in general sensations are interpreted in the A) premotor cortex B) primary sensory cortex C) general interpretive area D) mesencephalon E) reticular activating system
B) primary sensory cortex
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is A) somnolence. B) sleep. C) stupor. D) coma. E) a chronic vegetative state.
B) sleep.
Craniosacral division is another name for the A) sympathetic division of the ANS. B) parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) somatic nervous system. D) afferent nervous system. E) central nervous system.
B. parasympathetic division of the ANS
The conscious state is maintained by the A) prefrontal lobes. B) general interpretive area. C) limbic system. D) reticular activating system. E) nucleus gracilis.
D) reticular activating system.
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors in the A) membranous endolymph. B) organ of Schlemm. C) organ of corti D) bony labyrinth. E) perilymph.
C) Organ of Corti
In the condition _________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A) myasthenia gravis B) neuronal damage C) shingles D) chickenpox E) Hodgkin's disease
C) Shingles
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? A) the heart B) a blood vessel in the skin C) a sweat gland D) the liver E) the salivary glands
C) a sweat gland
The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury termed _______. A) paraplegia B) hemipledia C) spinal shock D) quadriplegia E) spinal transection
D) quadriplegia.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells D) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seal the oval window
C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) cardiac plexus. D) sphenopalatine ganglia. E) otic ganglia.
C) cardiac plexus.
The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by A) moving up and down. B) moving in and out. C) changing shape. D) opening and closing. E) dilating and constricting.
C) changing shape.
The _________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communications B) gray ramus communications C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatome
C) dorsal ramus
The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the _____. A) arachnoid B) pia mater C) dura mater D) epidural block E) periosteum
C) dura mater
Alzheimer disease is characterized by all of the following, except that it A) is the most common cause of senile dementia. B) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. C) has a clear genetic basis. D) is associated with the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. E) may be associated with damage to the nucleus basalis.
C) has a clear genetic basis.
Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) cerebrum.
C) midbrain.
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________. A) acetylcholine; serotonin B) serotonin; norepinephrine C) norepinephrine; serotonin D) dopamine; GABA E) glutamate; serotonin
C) norepinephrine; serotonin
The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of A) light receptors in the eye. B) mechanoreceptors in the ear. C) olfactory receptors. D) lamellated corpuscles. E) Meissner corpuscles.
C) olfactory receptors.
Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on A) changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. C) the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae. D) the movement of endolymph within the semicircular canals. E) the bending of hair cells in the ampullae.
C) the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae.
Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on: A) the frequency of action potentials B) which labeled line is active C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated D) the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor E) the number of receptors stimulated
C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the _______ nerve(s). A) splanchnic nerves. B) facial nerves. C) vagus nerves. D) glossopharyngeal nerves. E) trigeminal nerve.
C) vagus nerves.
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) exercise
C. Digestion
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except A) increased sweat secretion. B) reduced circulation to the skin. C) decreased heart rate. D) dilation of the pupils. E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.
C. decreased heart rate
After age __, the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) 1
D) 4
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue. A) 15% B) 25% C) 68% D) 97% E) 35%
D) 97 percent
A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve ________. A) VII B) III C) IX D) V E) XII
D) V
The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________. A) acetylcholine; serotonin B) serotonin; norepinephrine C) norepinephrine; serotonin D) acetylcholine; GABA E) glutamate; serotonin
D) acetylcholine; GABA
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. E) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon A) sympathetic stimulation only. B) parasympathetic stimulation only. C) somatomotor stimulation only. D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.
D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in A) the brain. B) the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. D) both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. E) the cerebrum.
D) both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons B) axons of sensory neurons C) cell bodies of motor neurons D) cell bodies of sensory neurons E) synapses
D) cell bodies of sensory neurons
Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? A) sweating B) increased heart rate C) dilation of respiratory passages D) decreased blood pressure E) increased blood sugar level
D) decreased blood pressure
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessive salivation. D) excessive heart rate. E) prostate disorders.
D) excessive heart rate.
The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the A) external carotid arteries B) facial arteries C) jugular vein D) internal carotid and vertetral arteries E) dural sinuses
D) internal carotid and vertebral arteries
During the procedure known as a(n) ___, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region A) EEG B) encephalomyelogram C) laminectomy D) lumbar puncture E) thoracic tap
D) lumbar puncture
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called A) memory conversion. B) anterograde amnesia. C) memory programming. D) memory consolidation. E) memory engraving.
D) memory consolidation.
Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) chain D) pelvic E) collateral
D) pelvic
Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of A) intensely sweet. B) intensely sour. C) quite salty. D) peppery hot. E) decidedly bitter.
D) peppery hot.
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by A) stimulating receptors for norepinephrine. B) blocking acetylcholine receptors. C) increasing the production of GABA. D) stimulating serotonin receptors. E) mimicking the action of dopamine.
D) stimulating serotonin receptors.
Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges? A) palpebra B) lacrimal caruncle C) chalazion D) tarsal gland E) conjunctiva
D) tarsal gland
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located? A) cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord B) sacral segments of the spinal cord C) brain stem D) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord E) cerebellum
D) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? A) somatic division B) craniosacral division C) resting division D) thoracolumbar division E) lumbosacral division
D) thoracolumbar division
Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ____ ramus A) dorsal B) sympathetic C) lateral D) ventral E) ascending
D) ventral
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweat glands. D) digestive tract. E) arrector pili muscles.
D. digestive tract
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to A) activation of chemically-gated ion channels. B) excitation of the neuron. C) entry of sodium ions into the neuron. D) depolarization of the neuron. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
After arousal by a sensory stimulus, consciousness can be maintained by positive feedback, because of activity in the A) cerebral cortex. B) basal nuclei. C) sensory pathways. D) motor pathways. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor? A) It would increase sodium permeability. B) It would open chemically-gated sodium channels. C) It would depolarize the olfactory receptor. D) It could trigger an afferent action potential. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe? A) diarrhea B) salivation C) very low heart rate D) sweating E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? A) portions of the larynx B) anterior tip of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx D) surface of the tongue E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
In what way do the two division of the autonomic nervous system interact? A) one division may counterbalance the other division B) Occasionally only one division communicates with an organ C) Both divisions may work together for the function of an organ or a process D) one division may increase function of an organ, while the other division inhibits it E) All the answers are correct
E) All the answers are correct.
In meningitis, A) inflammation of the meninges occurs B) Bacteria can be the cause C) viruses can be the cause D) CSF flow can be disrupted E) all of the answers are correct.
E) all of the answers are correct
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be A) sympathomimetic. B) parasympathomimetic. C) parasympathetic blocking agents. D) sympathetic blocking agents. E) autonomic blocking agents.
E) autonomic blocking agents.
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha-1 adrenergic D) alpha-2 adrenergic E) beta-1 adrenergic
E) beta-1 adrenergic
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A) blocks alpha-1 receptors in skeletal muscle. B) blocks alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue. C) increases cAMP levels in cardiac muscle tissue. D) blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. E) blocks alpha-1 receptors in skeletal muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
E) blocks alpha-1 receptors in skeletal muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he ________. A) would have full range of motion in all extremities. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue. D) would be in a coma. E) might be unable to breathe on his own.
E) might be unable to breathe on his own.
Autonomic disorders would not cause _______. A) excessive perspiration B) appetite C) sexual arousal D) problems in maintenance of blood pressure E) problems related to skeletal muscle formation
E) problems related to skeletal muscle formation
Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals A) produces a rushing sound. B) allows us to hear low tones. C) signals rotational movements. D) signals body position with respect to gravity. E) signals linear acceleration.
E) signals linear acceleration.
Blood vessels traveling within the ____ space deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord. A) dura mater B) central C) epidural D) subdural E) subarachnoid
E) subarachnoid
Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she examined. Her knee-jerk relax is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflax (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that Tina has A) injured one of her descending nerve tracts B) injured one of her ascending nerve tracts C) A spinal injury in the lumbar region D) A spinal injury in the cervical region E) suffered no damage to her spinal cord
E) suffered no damage to her spinal cord
Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are A) dorsal rami B) ventral rami C) white rami D) gray rami E) sympathetic nerves
E) sympathetic nerves
Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers will stimulate receptors in the A) basilar membrane. B) spiral organ. C) semicircular canals. D) bony labyrinth. E) utricle and saccule.
E) utricle and saccule.
During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs. A) elevated heart rate B) elevated blood pressure C) sweating D) elevated blood glucose E) All of the answers are correct.
E. All of the Answers are correct
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) salivary glands. D) lungs. E) All of the answers are correct.
E. All of the answers are correct
The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following? A) liver B) spleen C) stomach D) pancreas E) All of the answers are correct.
E. All of the answers are correct
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury? A) left pupil B) right pupil C) heart D) both pupils E) left pupil and the heart
E. left pupil and the heart
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) chain ganglia. D) brain stem. E) suprarenal medullae.
E. suprarenal medullae
Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you except? a) loss of sensation in his torso b)inability to breath c) problems with moving his arms d) uncontrollable sweating of his feet e) problems with moving his legs loss of sensation in his torso
a) loss of sensation in his torso
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to a. dilate the right pupil b. constrict the right pupil c. dilate the left pupil d. constrict the left pupil e. smile and frown
a. dilate the right pupil
Spinal nerves are A) purely sensory B) purely motor C) both sensory and motor D) interneuronal E) involuntary
c) both sensory and motor
Specialized _____ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus a. epididymal b. blood c. ependymal d. appended e. astrocytes
c. ependymal
Mary is in an automobile accident and injures her spinal cord. She has lost feeling in her right hand and her doctor tells her that it is the result of swelling compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? a) the anterior white commissure b) the gray commissure c) the anterior gray horns d) an ascending tract e) a descending tract
d) an ascending tract
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. D) the "fight or flight" response. E) All of the answers are correct.
d. the "fight or flight" response
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? A) thoracic B) pelvic C) abdominal D) craniosacral E) abdominopelvic
e. abdominalpelvic
