AP2 Ch. 18 - Endocrine System Review
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?
Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia -> glucose enters renal tubules -> glucose transport maximum exceeded -> glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid -> osmotic diuresis
__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following hormones is not a tropin?
PRL
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
Paracrines
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
Somatotropin (growth hormone)
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.
acromegaly
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.
action of cyclooxygenase
The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.
alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.
anterior pituitary
The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.
anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
The ovary
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
The synergistic effect
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
They release their secretions into the blood.
Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?
To stop fever and pain
Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
Eicosanoids are derived from __________.
arachidonic acid
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.
cortisol
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.
cortisol
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
false
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.
false
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.
false
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
false
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.
false
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.
false
Testosterone is a gonadotropin.
false
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
false
Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.
glucagon; raises
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.
hypothyroidism
The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.
kidneys
The anterior pitiurary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.
larger; no nervous
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.
liver; kidneys
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
melatonin
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.
negative feedback inhibition
The posterior pituitary secretes _________.
oxytocin (OT)
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
parathyroid glands
The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
pineal gland
The infundibulum is a ___________.
projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly; quickly; specific
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.
stress
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
thymus
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
thyroid gland
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.
thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
true
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
true
Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.
true
Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.
true
Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
true
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.
true
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
true
Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?
Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
ACTH
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
CRH
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
Enzyme amplification
Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?
Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
Estrogen
Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Glucagon
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
Hypoglycemia
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
Hyposecretion and hypersecretion
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
Insulin
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
It promotes breakdown of fat and protein
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)