AP2 Ch. 18 - Endocrine System Review

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

Hyperglycemia -> glucose enters renal tubules -> glucose transport maximum exceeded -> glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid -> osmotic diuresis

__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following hormones is not a tropin?

PRL

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

Paracrines

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

Somatotropin (growth hormone)

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.

acromegaly

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.

action of cyclooxygenase

The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.

alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine

The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

anterior pituitary

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.

anterior pituitary

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

The ovary

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?

The synergistic effect

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

They release their secretions into the blood.

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

To stop fever and pain

Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion

Eicosanoids are derived from __________.

arachidonic acid

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.

cortisol

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

cortisol

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

false

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.

false

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

false

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

false

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.

false

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

false

Testosterone is a gonadotropin.

false

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

false

Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.

glucagon; raises

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.

hypothyroidism

The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

kidney

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.

kidneys

The anterior pitiurary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.

larger; no nervous

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.

liver; kidneys

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

melatonin

T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.

negative feedback inhibition

The posterior pituitary secretes _________.

oxytocin (OT)

The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

parathyroid glands

The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.

pineal gland

The infundibulum is a ___________.

projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.

quickly; quickly; specific

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

stress

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

thymus

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

true

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

true

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

true

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.

true

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

true

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

true

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

true

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

ACTH

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

CRH

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

Enzyme amplification

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

Estrogen

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Glucagon

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?

Growth hormone (GH)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Hypoglycemia

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Hyposecretion and hypersecretion

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

Insulin

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

It promotes breakdown of fat and protein

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)