AP2 CH 23

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The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100 mm Hg

(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) Which structure vibrates to produce sound?

The adult human trachea is about ______ in diameter and contains _____ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ____ ml of oxygen

The following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole The order in which air passes through is

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

40 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45 mm Hg

Roughly ______ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.

6500

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ____ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.

75 percent

What is one atmosphere of pressure

760 mm Hg

The larynx contains _____ cartilages

Which of these changes does NOT occur at birth when an infant takes its first breaths?

Blood flow to the lungs decreases

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is _____ percent saturated with oxygen.

More than 90

Tuberculosis results from an infector by the bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ____ gas are responsible for the problem.

Nitrogen

(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) Identify the structure labeled "7".

Oropharynx

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the lower respiratory system?

Oropharynx

(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

P outside < P inside

(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

P outside > P inside

(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"?

P4 is always lower than P5.

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PCO2 should be low

The ______ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

Pharynx

A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?

Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles.

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood

as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

The term "hypercapina" refers to

elevated PCO2

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

The laryngeal cartilage NOT composed of hyaline cartilage is the

epiglottis

During swallowing, the

epiglottis is depressed

Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in

epistaxis or nosebleeds

The respiratory mucosa consists of

epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

Quiet breathing is to ______ as shallow breathing is to ______.

eupnea; costal breathing

What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?

exhalation

(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) Which muscle(s) produce (s) the movement labeled "1"?

external intercostals

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares

Primary bronchi are to ______ as secondary bronchi are to _____.

extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi

Damage to phrenic nerves would

force reliance on costal breathing

_______ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too.

forced breathing

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

The number of lobes in the right lung is

greater than the number of lobes in the left lung

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is

greater than the partial pressure of oxygen it atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is

greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is

greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate

Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is

high pitched and loud

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called

hyperpnea

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

increase the rate of breathing

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe

increase thickness of the right ventricular wall.

During quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the _____ center

inspiratory

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ____ muscle.

internal intercostal

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

The vocal folds are within the

larynx

Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch

left lung

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is his is

less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, EXCEPT the

lips

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

lobes of the lungs

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

lower respiratory tract

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

minute volume

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, EXCEPT the

olfactory epithelium

The _____ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

oropharynx

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

oropharynx

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the

oropharynx

Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for

pH, PO2, and PCO2

Dalton's Law of gases relates to

partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

pleurisy

The term _____ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space

pneumothorax

(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) What is the function of the structure labeled "8"?

prevents food from entering the larynx

The _____ branch from the trachea at the carina

primary bronchi

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"

primary muscle of inspiration

The Hering-Breuer reflex

protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation

The apneustic centers of the pons

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consist of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is

pulmonary embolism

The interlobular septa divide the lunges into

pulmonary lobules

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the _____ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

Which of the following is NOT true about the pharynx?

shared by the integumentary and respiratory system

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

soft palate

(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"?

subatmospheric pressure

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, EXCEPT

the precentral motor gyrus

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax decreases

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

thick secretions that are difficult to transport

The right lung is to ______ as the left lung is to ______.

three lobes; two lobes

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the _____ cartilage

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the _______ cartilage.

thyroid

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is

torr

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea

The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)

tracheostomy

The chloride shift occurs in order to

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

venous blood

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

vestibule

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

Which of these age-based changes is FALSE?

vital capacity increases

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

vocal folds

(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) What is the function of the structures labeled "12"?