AP2 CH 23
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100 mm Hg
(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) Which structure vibrates to produce sound?
11
The adult human trachea is about ______ in diameter and contains _____ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-20
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ____ ml of oxygen
20
The following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole The order in which air passes through is
4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45 mm Hg
Roughly ______ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.
6500
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ____ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.
75 percent
What is one atmosphere of pressure
760 mm Hg
The larynx contains _____ cartilages
9
Which of these changes does NOT occur at birth when an infant takes its first breaths?
Blood flow to the lungs decreases
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is _____ percent saturated with oxygen.
More than 90
Tuberculosis results from an infector by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ____ gas are responsible for the problem.
Nitrogen
(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) Identify the structure labeled "7".
Oropharynx
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the lower respiratory system?
Oropharynx
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?
P outside < P inside
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?
P outside > P inside
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"?
P4 is always lower than P5.
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PCO2 should be low
The ______ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems
Pharynx
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles.
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood
as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
The term "hypercapina" refers to
elevated PCO2
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The laryngeal cartilage NOT composed of hyaline cartilage is the
epiglottis
During swallowing, the
epiglottis is depressed
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
epistaxis or nosebleeds
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
Quiet breathing is to ______ as shallow breathing is to ______.
eupnea; costal breathing
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?
exhalation
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) Which muscle(s) produce (s) the movement labeled "1"?
external intercostals
The openings to the nostrils are the
external nares
Primary bronchi are to ______ as secondary bronchi are to _____.
extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
Damage to phrenic nerves would
force reliance on costal breathing
_______ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too.
forced breathing
Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
from the tissue cells into the blood
The number of lobes in the right lung is
greater than the number of lobes in the left lung
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
greater than the partial pressure of oxygen it atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
high pitched and loud
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called
hyperpnea
Boyle's Law of Gases states that
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
increase the rate of breathing
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe
increase thickness of the right ventricular wall.
During quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the _____ center
inspiratory
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ____ muscle.
internal intercostal
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume of its container
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?
is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing
The vocal folds are within the
larynx
Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch
left lung
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is his is
less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, EXCEPT the
lips
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
lobes of the lungs
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
lower respiratory tract
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
minute volume
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, EXCEPT the
olfactory epithelium
The _____ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
oropharynx
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
oropharynx
Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for
pH, PO2, and PCO2
Dalton's Law of gases relates to
partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases.
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleurisy
The term _____ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space
pneumothorax
(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) What is the function of the structure labeled "8"?
prevents food from entering the larynx
The _____ branch from the trachea at the carina
primary bronchi
Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"
primary muscle of inspiration
The Hering-Breuer reflex
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
The apneustic centers of the pons
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consist of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
pulmonary embolism
The interlobular septa divide the lunges into
pulmonary lobules
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the _____ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
Which of the following is NOT true about the pharynx?
shared by the integumentary and respiratory system
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"?
subatmospheric pressure
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, EXCEPT
the precentral motor gyrus
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax decreases
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The right lung is to ______ as the left lung is to ______.
three lobes; two lobes
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the _____ cartilage
thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the _______ cartilage.
thyroid
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
torr
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
trachea
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)
tracheostomy
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity
Which of these age-based changes is FALSE?
vital capacity increases
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
vocal folds
(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) What is the function of the structures labeled "12"?
All of the answers are correct
A pulmonary embolism can be caused by _____ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.
All of the answers are correct
Carbonic anhydrase
All of the answers are correct
In emphysema, which of these occur?
All of the answers are correct
Pneumotaxic centers in the pons
All of the answers are correct
The respiratory defense system is important because it
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?
All of the answers are correct
_______ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
All of the answers are correct
_____ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent
Cystic Fibrosis
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
Emphysema
_______ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
(Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways) Identify the structure labeled "2".
Internal Nares
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior boarder of the cricoid cartilage are the ______ cartilages.
arytenoid
_______ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle
Tidal volume
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, EXCEPT
a drop in tidal volume
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
a loss of sarfactant
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from
a pneumothorax
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, EXCEPT
acting as a damping chamber when coughing
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottis
_________- respiratory rate x (tidal volume- anatomic dead space)
alveolar ventilation rate
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli
All of the following are present prior to birth, EXCEPT that the
alveoli are expanded
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
apex
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the _____ center.
apneustic
MOST of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
(Figure 23-2 Mechanics of Ventilation) Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?
both rectus abdominis and internal intercostals
MOST of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these EXCEPT
bronchoconstriction
The MOST important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid
Which statement about the chloride shift is FALSE?
causes RBCs to swell
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
close the glottis
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the _____ portion of the airway
conducting
Which of these descriptions best matches the term "bronchiolar smooth muscle"?
contraction increases airway resistance
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the _____ cartilage.
cricoid
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the
cricothyroid ligament
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
decreased alveolar PO2
Which of the following factors would INCREASE the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
decreases
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal mucosa?
dehumidify the incoming air
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, EXCEPT the
diameter of an alveolus
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
during external respiration