AP2 Ch.16 Endocrine System

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin) Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

Addison's Disease

The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction

Adrenal Medulla

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys

Adrenal glands

What is the primary function of hormones

Alter cell activity

Which gland secretes growth hormone?

Anterior pituitary

Which hormone released by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

Cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

Cortisol Lipid-soluble

Hyposecretion of the thryoid in infants

Cretinism

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex

Cushing's Disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's Disease Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

Hyposecretion of pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

Epinephrine Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

FALSE

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

FALSE

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

FALSE

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

FALSE

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

FALSE

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes

Glucose levels remain higher than normal

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland

Graves' Disease

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism

Growth hormone (GH)

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

Heart palpitations Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

Homeostasis

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

Hormonal Stimuli

Testosterone production

Hormonal stimulus

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

Hormones

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release

Humoral

Aldosterone production

Humoral and/or hormonal stimulus

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

Humoral stimulation

Parathyroid hormone production

Humoral stimulus

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

Hypophysis

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are made

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

INHIBITION of calcitonin synthesis activation of osteoclasts increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys

Where is oxytocin and ADH stored?

In axons of posterior pituitary

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)?

Insulin

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone?

Insulin

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels

Insulin

Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?

It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased blood water volume and a decreased solute concentration.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

Hyposecretion of the thryoid in adults

Myxedemea

Epinephrine production

Neural stimulus

Type 1 Diabetes

No insulin is produced

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin Hgh Adh NONE

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body

Pancreas

Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue

Parathyroid

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

Pituitary Dwarfism

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts

Prolactin

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________

Second messengers

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

TRUE

Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension.

TRUE

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

TRUE

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

TRUE

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

TRUE

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

TRUE

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.

TRUE

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

TRUE

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Type 2 Diabetes

Target cells do not respond normally to insulin

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands

They have ducts.

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

Thymus Gland

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones

Thyroid

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

Thyroid Hormone Lipid-soluble

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone

Thyroid hormone

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image

Thyroxine

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called __________.

Tropins

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces?

Zona glomeruloasa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

a decrease in blood glucose level

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene mRNA is synthesized

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload

antidiuretic hormone

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

apoptosis of parathyroid cells failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells ALL of the listed responses are correct. Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosal cells.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

bones and skeletal muscles

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

cortisol

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

epinephrine

Aldosterone ________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

glucocorticoids

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)?

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________.

humoral stimuli

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

hypophyseal portal system

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

ADH ________.

is inhibited by alcohol

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin?

lower blood glucose levels

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polyuria POLYCYTHEMIA polydipsia polyphagia

Oxytocin ________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

ACTH ________.

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus

stimulates production of an action potential

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Hormones produces by thyroid gland:

thyroid hormones and calcitonin