ap2 chapter 15 special senses
Identify the functions of the sclera. Select all that apply. Maintains the shape of the eye Provides nutrients to the cornea Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles Converts light into action potentials Protects internal structures
1. Maintains the shape of the eye 2. Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles 3. Protects internal structures
Identify the neuronal pathway for hearing from the cochlear nerve and ending with the cerebral cortex.
1. cochlear ganglion 2. cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata 3. inferior colliculus 4. medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 5. auditory cortex of temporal lobe
What is glaucoma?
A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure
What is a tastant?
A substance dissolved in saliva that causes taste cells to depolarize
Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging. Select all that apply. Ability to identify specific odors decreases Lens accommodation increases The brains ability to interpret taste sensation increases Decreases sensitivity to gravity
Ability to identify specific odors decreases Decreases sensitivity to gravity
identify the structural and functional characteristics of the cornea. Select all that apply. Refracts light Allows light to enter eye Focuses light Transparent Vascular and strongly immunogenic
Allows light to enter eye Refracts light Focuses light Transparent
Name the three chambers of the eye.
Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreous chamber
Match each chamber of the interior of the eye with the correct description.
Anterior chamber-Between the cornea and the iris Posterior chamber- Between the iris and the lens Vitreous chamber-Almost completely surrounded by the retina
What are rods?
Bipolar photoreceptors that play a role in non-color vision under low light conditions
What do taste cells and olfactory cells have in common? Select all that apply. Both are replaced continuously. Both are found in the nasal cavity. Stimuli from both terminate in the occipital lobe of the brain. Both are sensory cells.
Both are replaced continuously. Both are sensory cells.
Auricle
Collects sound waves and directs them towards the external auditory canal
Name the photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Cone cells Pigmented epithelium Rod cells
Cone cells
Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye. Select all that apply.
Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus Eyebrows Eyelid
Match each accessory structure with the correct function.
Conjunctiva - Mucus membrane protecting inner surface of eyelid and anterior surface of sclera Lacrimal apparatus-Protects and lubricates the eyes through the production of tears Extrinsic eye muscles- Moves the eyeball Eyebrows - Prevents perspiration from entering the eyes and shades the eyes from sunlight Eyelids - Lubricates eyeball by spreading tears over surface of eye and protects eye from foreign objects
Neural layer of retina
Converts light into action potentials
Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? Select all that apply.
Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.
Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? Select all that apply.
Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth. Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.
Pigmented layer of retina
Enhances visual acuity by absorbing excess light, preventing its scattering
Auditory tube
Equilibrates pressure between the outside air and the middle ear
Identify the structures that receive axons from the vestibular nucleus of medulla. Select all that apply.
Extrinsic eye muscles Cerebellum Thalamus
Match the tunic to its components.
Fibrous tunic -sclera and cornea Vascular tunic- Choroid and ciliary body Nervous tunic- Retina
What is the result of an increase in intraocular pressure?
Glaucoma
Identify the nerves that transmit taste sensations. Select all that apply. Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X)
Describe the structure of the lens. It is transparent and biconcave. It is biconvex and opaque. It is transparent and biconvex. It is concave on the inner surface and transparent.
It is transparent and biconvex.
List the characteristics of the optic disk. Select all that apply. It is where nerve processes exit the eye. It is also called the blind spot. Blood vessels enter the eye here. It is the center of visual acuity.
It is where nerve processes exit the eye. It is also called the blind spot. Blood vessels enter the eye here.
List the structures of the visual system. Select all that apply.
Olfactory bulb Tympanic membrane Lacrimal gland Eye
Name sensory cells that are continuously replaced. Select all that apply. Taste cells Tastants Supporting cells Olfactory cells
Olfactory cells Taste cells
Name the bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrites. Olfactory vesicles Optic chiasm Tympanic membrane Olfactory tract
Olfactory vesicles
How does the avascular cornea acquire oxygen?
Oxygen diffuses from the atmosphere to the cornea.
Explain how the avascular cornea obtains oxygen and nutrients.
Oxygen from the outside air
Cerumenious Glands
Produces wax that prevents foreign object from entering deep into the ear
What are papillae? Structures that produce perilymph Projections on the surface of the tongue Basal cells in the olfactory epithelium
Projections on the surface of the tongue
Differentiate rods and cones.
Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin.
The white outer layer that protects the internal structures of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye, and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic muscles of the eye is the .
Sclera
Cochlea
Structure that contains sensory organs that convert sound waves into nerve impulses
Semicircular canals
Structure that contains sensory organs that detect motion
The olfactory pathway terminates in the olfactory cortex of the _________ lobe.
Temporal
What are the olfactory vesicles? The neurotransmitter vesicles found in the olfactory region of the temporal lobe The structures within the inner ear that detect changes in body position The bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrite The ion channel through which potassium moves
The bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrite
What is vitreous humor?
The jelly-like substance found in the vitreous chamber
Describe the location of the lens. The lens is suspended between the posterior chamber and vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments. The lens is found attached to the retina. The lens is found in the anterior chamber. The lens is suspended between the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye.
The lens is suspended between the posterior chamber and vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments.
What is the focal point? The nearest point of vision The depth of focus The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens Where an image forms
The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens
What is the fovea centralis?
The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity
Cochlear nerve
Transmits auditory information
Vestibular nerve
Transmits sensory information in regards to balance
External auditory canal
Transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Auditory Ossicles
Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Tympanic Membrane
Transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles
True or False: The sense of taste is transmitted by three cranial nerves.
True
Identify the middle layer of the wall of the eyeball. Fibrous tunic Nervous tunic Vascular tunic
Vascular tunic
Select components of the neuronal pathway for balance. Select all that apply. Vestibulocochlear nerve Facial nerve ganglion Thalamus Vestibular nucleus
Vestibulocochlear nerve Thalamus Vestibular nucleus
The process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus an object onto the retina is referred to as
accomodation
A decrease in the ability to identify specific odors, a decrease in sense of taste and a loss in flexibility of the lens is associated with ______.
aging and the elderly
Earwax is also called _____.
cerumen
The lens becomes more spherical when the ______ contract.
ciliary muscles
Color vision and visual acuity are the functions of __ cells
cone
The anterior chamber is between the iris and the__ and is filled with__ humor
cornea; aqueous
The term that describes the greatest distance through which an object can be moved and still remain in focus is
depth of focus
The _____ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head.
dynamic
In distant vision, the lens is ______ than in near vision.
flatter
Identify the structures within the external auditory canal that prevents foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane. Select all that apply.
hair and cerumen
The image focused on the retina is _____.
inverted
The structure of the eye that determines the amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the size of the pupil is the
iris
Which structure controls the size of the pupil? Choroid Lens Iris Cornea
iris
The avascular, transparent structure that refracts light as it enters the eye is the
lens
Contraction of the ciliary muscles will cause the ______.
lens to become more spherical
When you leave a darkened movie theater and walk into the bright sunlight your eyes undergo several changes. This is known as ______.
light and dark adaptation
The fovea centralis is found in the center of a yellow spot on the retina called the ___ lutea
m
The three auditory ossicles are the
malleus, incus, stapes
The sense of smell is_____ .
olfaction
The optic nerves cross, forming the __.
optic chiasm
The area of the retina that does not respond to light is the ______.
optic disc
The projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds are called
papillae
The ______ layer of the retina is dark in order to enhance visual acuity by reducing light scattering and the ______ layer of the retina converts light into action potentials.
pigmented, neural
The chamber of the eye that is between the iris and the lens is the___ chamber. It is filled with ____.
posterior aqueous
The nervous tunic of the eye is composed primarily of the ______.
retina
Under low light conditions the photoreceptors cells which are responsible for vision are the
rods
The neural layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells called
rods and cones
During near vision, the lens is ______ and during distant vision the lens is ______.
rounded, flattened
Olfaction is the sense of ______.
smell
The utricle and the saccule form the ______ labyrinth. It evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration.
static
Substances dissolved in saliva that cause the depolarization of taste cells are called___?
tastants
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ______.
temporal
The factors that affect visual acuity are ______. the shape of they eyeball and flexibility of the lens the shape of the eyeball and the amount of aqueous humor the amount of vitreous humor and the shape of the retina
the shape of they eyeball and flexibility of the lens
The lacrimal glands, palpebral fissure and conjunctiva are all structures of the _____ system. visual auditory olfactory
visual
The eye's ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is ______.
visual acuity
The interior eye chamber that is almost completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with vitreous humor is the ____ chamber.
vitreous