ap2 chapter 15 special senses

Identify the functions of the sclera. Select all that apply. Maintains the shape of the eye Provides nutrients to the cornea Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles Converts light into action potentials Protects internal structures

1. Maintains the shape of the eye 2. Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles 3. Protects internal structures

Identify the neuronal pathway for hearing from the cochlear nerve and ending with the cerebral cortex.

1. cochlear ganglion 2. cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata 3. inferior colliculus 4. medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 5. auditory cortex of temporal lobe

What is glaucoma?

A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure

What is a tastant?

A substance dissolved in saliva that causes taste cells to depolarize

Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging. Select all that apply. Ability to identify specific odors decreases Lens accommodation increases The brains ability to interpret taste sensation increases Decreases sensitivity to gravity

Ability to identify specific odors decreases Decreases sensitivity to gravity

identify the structural and functional characteristics of the cornea. Select all that apply. Refracts light Allows light to enter eye Focuses light Transparent Vascular and strongly immunogenic

Allows light to enter eye Refracts light Focuses light Transparent

Name the three chambers of the eye.

Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreous chamber

Match each chamber of the interior of the eye with the correct description.

Anterior chamber-Between the cornea and the iris Posterior chamber- Between the iris and the lens Vitreous chamber-Almost completely surrounded by the retina

What are rods?

Bipolar photoreceptors that play a role in non-color vision under low light conditions

What do taste cells and olfactory cells have in common? Select all that apply. Both are replaced continuously. Both are found in the nasal cavity. Stimuli from both terminate in the occipital lobe of the brain. Both are sensory cells.

Both are replaced continuously. Both are sensory cells.

Auricle

Collects sound waves and directs them towards the external auditory canal

Name the photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Cone cells Pigmented epithelium Rod cells

Cone cells

Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye. Select all that apply.

Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus Eyebrows Eyelid

Match each accessory structure with the correct function.

Conjunctiva - Mucus membrane protecting inner surface of eyelid and anterior surface of sclera Lacrimal apparatus-Protects and lubricates the eyes through the production of tears Extrinsic eye muscles- Moves the eyeball Eyebrows - Prevents perspiration from entering the eyes and shades the eyes from sunlight Eyelids - Lubricates eyeball by spreading tears over surface of eye and protects eye from foreign objects

Neural layer of retina

Converts light into action potentials

Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? Select all that apply.

Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? Select all that apply.

Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth. Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.

Pigmented layer of retina

Enhances visual acuity by absorbing excess light, preventing its scattering

Auditory tube

Equilibrates pressure between the outside air and the middle ear

Identify the structures that receive axons from the vestibular nucleus of medulla. Select all that apply.

Extrinsic eye muscles Cerebellum Thalamus

Match the tunic to its components.

Fibrous tunic -sclera and cornea Vascular tunic- Choroid and ciliary body Nervous tunic- Retina

What is the result of an increase in intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma

Identify the nerves that transmit taste sensations. Select all that apply. Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X)

Describe the structure of the lens. It is transparent and biconcave. It is biconvex and opaque. It is transparent and biconvex. It is concave on the inner surface and transparent.

It is transparent and biconvex.

List the characteristics of the optic disk. Select all that apply. It is where nerve processes exit the eye. It is also called the blind spot. Blood vessels enter the eye here. It is the center of visual acuity.

It is where nerve processes exit the eye. It is also called the blind spot. Blood vessels enter the eye here.

List the structures of the visual system. Select all that apply.

Olfactory bulb Tympanic membrane Lacrimal gland Eye

Name sensory cells that are continuously replaced. Select all that apply. Taste cells Tastants Supporting cells Olfactory cells

Olfactory cells Taste cells

Name the bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrites. Olfactory vesicles Optic chiasm Tympanic membrane Olfactory tract

Olfactory vesicles

How does the avascular cornea acquire oxygen?

Oxygen diffuses from the atmosphere to the cornea.

Explain how the avascular cornea obtains oxygen and nutrients.

Oxygen from the outside air

Cerumenious Glands

Produces wax that prevents foreign object from entering deep into the ear

What are papillae? Structures that produce perilymph Projections on the surface of the tongue Basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

Projections on the surface of the tongue

Differentiate rods and cones.

Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin.

The white outer layer that protects the internal structures of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye, and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic muscles of the eye is the .

Sclera

Cochlea

Structure that contains sensory organs that convert sound waves into nerve impulses

Semicircular canals

Structure that contains sensory organs that detect motion

The olfactory pathway terminates in the olfactory cortex of the _________ lobe.

Temporal

What are the olfactory vesicles? The neurotransmitter vesicles found in the olfactory region of the temporal lobe The structures within the inner ear that detect changes in body position The bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrite The ion channel through which potassium moves

The bulbous enlargement of the olfactory neuron dendrite

What is vitreous humor?

The jelly-like substance found in the vitreous chamber

Describe the location of the lens. The lens is suspended between the posterior chamber and vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments. The lens is found attached to the retina. The lens is found in the anterior chamber. The lens is suspended between the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye.

The lens is suspended between the posterior chamber and vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments.

What is the focal point? The nearest point of vision The depth of focus The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens Where an image forms

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens

What is the fovea centralis?

The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

Cochlear nerve

Transmits auditory information

Vestibular nerve

Transmits sensory information in regards to balance

External auditory canal

Transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane

Auditory Ossicles

Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Tympanic Membrane

Transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles

True or False: The sense of taste is transmitted by three cranial nerves.

True

Identify the middle layer of the wall of the eyeball. Fibrous tunic Nervous tunic Vascular tunic

Vascular tunic

Select components of the neuronal pathway for balance. Select all that apply. Vestibulocochlear nerve Facial nerve ganglion Thalamus Vestibular nucleus

Vestibulocochlear nerve Thalamus Vestibular nucleus

The process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus an object onto the retina is referred to as

accomodation

A decrease in the ability to identify specific odors, a decrease in sense of taste and a loss in flexibility of the lens is associated with ______.

aging and the elderly

Earwax is also called _____.

cerumen

The lens becomes more spherical when the ______ contract.

ciliary muscles

Color vision and visual acuity are the functions of __ cells

cone

The anterior chamber is between the iris and the__ and is filled with__ humor

cornea; aqueous

The term that describes the greatest distance through which an object can be moved and still remain in focus is

depth of focus

The _____ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head.

dynamic

In distant vision, the lens is ______ than in near vision.

flatter

Identify the structures within the external auditory canal that prevents foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane. Select all that apply.

hair and cerumen

The image focused on the retina is _____.

inverted

The structure of the eye that determines the amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the size of the pupil is the

iris

Which structure controls the size of the pupil? Choroid Lens Iris Cornea

iris

The avascular, transparent structure that refracts light as it enters the eye is the

lens

Contraction of the ciliary muscles will cause the ______.

lens to become more spherical

When you leave a darkened movie theater and walk into the bright sunlight your eyes undergo several changes. This is known as ______.

light and dark adaptation

The fovea centralis is found in the center of a yellow spot on the retina called the ___ lutea

m

The three auditory ossicles are the

malleus, incus, stapes

The sense of smell is_____ .

olfaction

The optic nerves cross, forming the __.

optic chiasm

The area of the retina that does not respond to light is the ______.

optic disc

The projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds are called

papillae

The ______ layer of the retina is dark in order to enhance visual acuity by reducing light scattering and the ______ layer of the retina converts light into action potentials.

pigmented, neural

The chamber of the eye that is between the iris and the lens is the___ chamber. It is filled with ____.

posterior aqueous

The nervous tunic of the eye is composed primarily of the ______.

retina

Under low light conditions the photoreceptors cells which are responsible for vision are the

rods

The neural layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells called

rods and cones

During near vision, the lens is ______ and during distant vision the lens is ______.

rounded, flattened

Olfaction is the sense of ______.

smell

The utricle and the saccule form the ______ labyrinth. It evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration.

static

Substances dissolved in saliva that cause the depolarization of taste cells are called___?

tastants

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ______.

temporal

The factors that affect visual acuity are ______. the shape of they eyeball and flexibility of the lens the shape of the eyeball and the amount of aqueous humor the amount of vitreous humor and the shape of the retina

the shape of they eyeball and flexibility of the lens

The lacrimal glands, palpebral fissure and conjunctiva are all structures of the _____ system. visual auditory olfactory

visual

The eye's ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is ______.

visual acuity

The interior eye chamber that is almost completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with vitreous humor is the ____ chamber.

vitreous