AP2 exam #2 (ch 17-19)
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. Which of the following is not true?
Bill's plasma contains Rh antibodies.
Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? (Module 17.7D)
A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood.
Compare oxyhemoglobin with deoxyhemoglobin. (Module 17.5C)
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen.
Drugs known as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine can be used to
decrease the force of cardiac contraction.
When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber
decreases
When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base
decreases
Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except
diabetes
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots.
he level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except
during periods of fasting.
Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to
form stacks
A hematocrit provides information on
formed elements abundance
There are ________ pulmonary veins
four
Identify the components of the cardiovascular system. (Module 17.1A) blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
heart, blood, and blood vessels
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron.
All of the following blood diseases are caused by pathogens except
hemophilia.
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
tetany
The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except
the kidney.
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
the liver
Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to
the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.
Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.
The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the
thoracic cavity
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by
thrombin
________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.
Reticulocytes
Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true?
The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.
Below are some of the factors involved in the extrinsic clotting pathway. 1. calcium 2. tissue factor (III) 3. prothrombin 4. factor X 5. fibrin 6. clotting factor VII
2, 1, 6, 4, 3, 5 2. tissue factor (III) 1. calcium 6. clotting factor VII 4. factor X 3. prothrombin 5. fibrin
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45 percent
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55; 92
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute.
80-100
Cardiac output is increased by
All of the answers are correct. -more sympathetic stimulation. -increased end-diastolic volume. -increased stroke volume.
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
All of the answers are correct. Answers: a drop in oxygen levels. the release of erythropoietin. a rise in hematocrit.
How do basophils respond to tissue damage? (Module 17.9B)
Basophils enter damaged tissue and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation
Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A)
Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
Define cardiac regurgitation. (Module 18.7A)
Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.
Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? (Module 18.2C)
Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement.
Why is it important that cardiac tissue contain many mitochondria and capillaries? (Module 18.3C)
Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries provide the oxygen and nutrients for this process.
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node (SA node)
Define hematocrit. (Module 17.2B)
Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.
Define hemocytoblasts. (Module 17.3A)
Hemocytoblasts form from hematopoietic stem cells and divide into lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells.
Describe hemoglobin. (Module 17.5B)
Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen.
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO 2 in the RBCs.
Hemoglobin molecules
Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce. (Module 17.3C)
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes.
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
Does an Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus require a RhoGAM injection? Explain your answer. (Module 17.8C)
No, she will not require a RhoGAM injection because the fetus is not at risk for Rh incompatibility. The fetus is not at risk because its RBCs lack Rh surface antigens and the mother's plasma lacks anti-Rh antibodies.
What effect would compressing the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm have on cardiac function? Stroke volume would increase. Cardiac output would increase. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase. Heart rate would decrease. None of these answers are correct. **be aware of this same question where increase/decrease are swapped--tricky!** correct answer for this question: all of the above What effect would compressing the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm have on cardiac function: a) stroke volume would decrease b) cardiac output would decrease c) sympathetic stimulation of the heart would eventually increase d) heart rate would eventually increase e) all of the above
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase
Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A)
The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum.
Describe the hearts location in the body. (Module 18.2B)
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum, and superior to the diaphragm
Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle? (Module 18.11A)
Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur.
Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle. (Module 18.5B)
The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle).
Compare the base of the heart with the apex. (Module 18.1B)
The base of the heart is the superior portion where the largest veins and arteries are attached. The apex of the heart is located on the inferior aspect of the heart.
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen.
Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level? (Module 17.4C)
anemia
Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?
antibodies
What occurs at "A" on the graph? graph: cardiac cycle, first notch in aorta line, opposite the dicrotic notch
aortic semilunar valve opens
Which of the following descriptions matches the term near the left fifth intercostal space?
apex of heart
What do semilunar valves prevent? (Module 18.7C)
back flow of blood into the ventricles
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located
between left atrium and left ventricle
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
Which of these would cause stroke volume to increase?
both when venous return is increased and when diastolic blood pressure is decreased
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells.
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen.
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendineae
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve (AV valves (atrio-ventricular))
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator.
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
coronary sinus
A typical adult hematocrit is
higher in males than females
Which of these descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?
hormone that regulates blood cell formation
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are
important in coagulation.
An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in
increased erythropoiesis.
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except
increased parasympathetic stimulation.
The ________ separates the two atria.
interatrial septum
Plasma is closest in ionic composition to
interstitial fluid.
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
iron
Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline.
left of
The left border of the heart is formed by the
left ventricle and left atrium
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
All of the following blood disorders are due to specific issues with
myeloid leukemia
Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
An elevated hematocrit value is termed
polycythemia
Contractions of the papillary muscles
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary valve
Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except
pulmonary valve stenosis
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics, except that it
pumps a greater volume
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to red bone marrow
When blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis.
separated
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
An equivalent term for epicardium is
visceral pericardium
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood.
