AP2 Lecture Exam 2

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false?

Both hearts weigh about the same

Define immune surveillance.

Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Describe inflammation.

Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

NK cells

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries?

Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

Describe the respiratory pump.

The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Where are chemoreceptors located?

They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies

Define tissue perfusion.

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?

When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

The blood vessel that is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries and supplies blood to the circle of Willis from the posterior side is the

basilar artery.

All of the following occur during exercise except

blood flow to skin decreases.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta.

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal

ductus arteriosus

The blood vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver is the

hepatic portal vein

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except

increase in blood pressure.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

interatrial septum

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane.

The umbilical arteries branch from the

internal iliac arteries

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the

median cubital vein.

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?

outer cortex

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased

parasympathetic innervation.

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________.

precapillary sphincter

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except

the right subclavian artery

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery?

thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen.

trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels?

valves

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection?

viral

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function

Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

B

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form?

Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ ce

CD4 T

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)

The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except

an increase in cardiac output

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

anaphylactic shock

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine?

artificially acquired active immunity

Which cells are involved in inflammation?

basophils and mast cells

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.

body organs; right atrium

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation?

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

channeling blood away from the heart

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins.

cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The external iliac artery becomes the ________ artery as it enters the lower limbs.

femoral

Materials can move across capillary walls by

filtration, reabsorption, diffusion

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction?

histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

increased hematocrit

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

The two common iliac veins form the

inferior vena cava

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.

more than 30

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

pulmonary arteries

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

release of histamine

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the

superior mesenteric artery

The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.

superior mesenteric vein

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the

superior vena cava.

Veins of the brain empty into

the dural sinuses

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n)

titer

The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the

vertebral vein

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T Cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

B cells

Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta.

Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.

Where is the thymus located?

anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the:

aorta

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)

arterial pressure

All of the veins listed are deep veins except

cephalic

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?

decreases CO2 levels

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2°C or 99°F

At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the ________ vein.

femoral

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

List the components of the lymphatic system.

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.

The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.

In opsonization

a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis