AP2 Lecture Exam 2
In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false?
Both hearts weigh about the same
Define immune surveillance.
Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.
Describe inflammation.
Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK
Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?
NK cells
What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries?
Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.
Describe the respiratory pump.
The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.
Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
Where are chemoreceptors located?
They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies
Define tissue perfusion.
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients
Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?
When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure
What is perforin?
a protein produced by NK cells
The blood vessel that is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries and supplies blood to the circle of Willis from the posterior side is the
basilar artery.
All of the following occur during exercise except
blood flow to skin decreases.
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult
descending aorta.
The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal
ductus arteriosus
The blood vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver is the
hepatic portal vein
All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except
increase in blood pressure.
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the
interatrial septum
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the
internal elastic membrane.
The umbilical arteries branch from the
internal iliac arteries
The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the
median cubital vein.
Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?
outer cortex
Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
parasympathetic innervation.
In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________.
precapillary sphincter
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
Lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity
Angiogenesis refers to
the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.
Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except
the right subclavian artery
Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery?
thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
thymus
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
thymus
Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen.
trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins
What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels?
valves
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection?
viral
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function
Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B
T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of
B cells
What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form?
Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells
How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)
Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ ce
CD4 T
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.
Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)
The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).
Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except
an increase in cardiac output
An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed
anaphylactic shock
Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine?
artificially acquired active immunity
Which cells are involved in inflammation?
basophils and mast cells
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
body organs; right atrium
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation?
cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?
channeling blood away from the heart
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins.
cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells
Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The external iliac artery becomes the ________ artery as it enters the lower limbs.
femoral
Materials can move across capillary walls by
filtration, reabsorption, diffusion
Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
free and fixed macrophages
Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction?
histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation
When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)
immune complex
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
increased hematocrit
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
The two common iliac veins form the
inferior vena cava
After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called
involution
Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.
more than 30
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as
neutralization
Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?
neutrophils
During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization
The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.
plasma
Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
pulmonary arteries
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
reduces; increases
Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?
release of histamine
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
release of renin
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
right ventricle
B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called
sensitization
The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the
sinusoids
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the
superior mesenteric artery
The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.
superior mesenteric vein
The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the
superior vena cava.
Veins of the brain empty into
the dural sinuses
Vasculogenesis refers to
the formation of the first vessels.
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except
the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n)
titer
The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the
vertebral vein
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
white pulp of the spleen
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
B and T Cells
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
B cells
Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta.
Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.
Where is the thymus located?
anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum
All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the:
aorta
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)
arterial pressure
All of the veins listed are deep veins except
cephalic
What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
decreases CO2 levels
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than
either 37.2°C or 99°F
At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the ________ vein.
femoral
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
List the components of the lymphatic system.
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.
The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.
In opsonization
a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
deep in the cortex
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis