APA

APA stands for

American Psychological Association

1.What is APA?

It is the largest professional and scientific organization of psychologists

REFERENCES

Begin on a new page with the word References centered on the first line below the running head Only include sources that have actually been cited in the text Alphabetize references with hanging indent following the first line More than one source by the same author falls within its alphabetical order then by year of publication listed earliest year first.

GENERAL MANUSCRIPT FORMATTING

Set Margins at 1" (top, bottom & sides) Font APA Recommends Times New Roman 12 pt Double space entire document Alignment is flush left and uneven right Running head is a shortened title of 50 characters or less. It appears on all pages of the manuscript flush left, all uppercase (including title page) Ordering of Content: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References

HERE TO FIND HELP WITH APA STYLE

The 6th edition of APA's Publication Manual http://apastyle.org/manual http://www.apastyle.org/index.aspx APA style experts and guests tackle a variety of style topics each week in the APA Style Blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/ Writing Lab offered by Perdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ WHERE TO FIND HELP WITH APA STYLE. All of these resources were used in the creation of this PPT.

BODY

The Body of the paper begins on a new page Title begins on the first line, upper and lower case letters, centered directly below the running head Subsections depend on what type of paper (see types of papers and their components) Subsections do not begin on new pages, but rather flow after one another The Introduction is not labeled and begins directly below the title

TERTIARY SOURCES

A collection of information compiled from other sources Overview or summary of a topic Collections of both primary and secondary sources Textbooks, encyclopedias, online dictionaries , bibliographies, abstracts User contributed information (WIKIs) Tertiary sources are typically not accepted when writing academic papers.

Latest Edition of APA manual

6th edition

APA MAJOR COMPONENTS GENERAL FORMAT

An essay should include four major sections: Title Page Abstract Body (introduction, main points, conclusion) References.

Literature review

Comprehensive summary report drawn from reviewing existing literature on a specified topic matter.

4. Why write in APA style?

Describe individuals with accuracy and respect (fair treatment of individuals and groups)

2. Why write in APA style?

Encourage full disclosure of crucial information (ethics in research and avoiding plagiarism)

1. Why write in APA style?

Creates rules for academic or scientific writing (standards for written communications)

APA Types of Academic Papers

Empirical/Experimental Research, Literature review, General format

CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Personal communications that are not recoverable: It includes: Face to face and phone conversations Interviews Private letters, e-mails (are not archived for ever), memos Class lectures, class PowerPoints Electronic communications that are not archived Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. A personal communications citation is not included in the reference list.

DOIS

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of an electronic document near the copyright notice and on the database landing page for the document. When DOIs are available, include them in the reference information. Place the DOI at the end of the reference, and don't add a period at the end of it.

Student original work throughout academic career:

As a student you write many essays, research papers, personal reflections et cetera for courses. May you use in part or in whole an assignment from one course to another? The answer is no! This is considered academic dishonesty. The exception would be for example, if you were a master's student taking research courses where you began your research proposal in the first class and expected to continue your research into the second course.

REFERENCES COMPONENTS

Authors: List by last name and initials in the order they appear in the source material, separate all authors with commas White, J., & Smith, C. Year of Publication: following the author's name in parentheses with a period following White, J., & Smith, C. (2013). Source Reference: title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Titles of books, periodicals and volume numbers get italicized

BODY HEADINGS

Five levels of headings are used for the subsections of the body of the paper Headings organize information and demonstrate importance Many manuscript writers utilize two levels of headings: main headings (level 1) and subheadings (level 2) Level 1: Centered Boldface Upper and Lower Case Letters Level 2: Flush Left, Boldface, Upper and Lower Case Letters Level 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period Level 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Level 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period

3. Why write in APA style?

Uniform principles of professionalism (objectivity in scientific reporting)

YOUTUBE

Here's the general format for creating a reference for a video found on YouTube and other video-posting websites: If both the real name of the person who posted the video and the screen name are known: Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx If only the screen name of the person who posted the video is known: Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx The in-text citations include the author name outside of brackets (whichever that may be) and the date.

SECONDARY SOURCES

If you obtain information that is an interpretation or critique of another author's original work it is considered a "secondary source." For instance Piaget's original work: The child's conception of the world. Towota, NJ. Littlefield Adams (original work published 1926) has been read and interpreted by other authors. When reading the interpreted version and citing such you must cite the original work and the secondary source, In the text name the original work and give the citation for the secondary source.

QUOTATIONS

Material quoted directly from another source (i.e., reproduced word for word from works by other authors, your own previously published work, material replicated from a test item, and/or verbatim instructions to participants) must always provide the author, year, and specific page(s) in the text citation (for sources that don't have page numbers, see the APA Style Blog post on citing a Kindle listed below) and include a complete entry in the reference list. If the quotation includes fewer than 40 words, incorporate it in text and enclose it with double quotation marks. If the quotation includes more than 40 words, it should be treated as a block quotation, meaning that it is displayed in a freestanding block of text without quotation marks. If material is paraphrased (i.e., restated in your own words), always provide the author and date in the in-text citation. It is not necessary to include the page number(s) in the citation, but it may be helpful, especially if the source is very long (e.g., a short passage from a whole book).

BODY TEXT CITATIONS

Give credit when credit is due, words and ideas of others must be formally documented Source information is to be documented throughout the paper in the form of identifying authors and dates This way readers can later identify full source information from the reference list following the body of the paper

Parenthetical/In-text Citations

A parenthetical or in-text citation refers to identifying within the body of your paper the source from which the information was obtained. If summarizing, quoting or paraphrasing another author's work you must include a citation in the body of the paper clarifying to the reader where the information originated from That parenthetical citation identifies for the reader where the complete citation can be found in the Reference list. In text source information should be identified immediately in the beginning of a paragraph When name(s) of author(s) of source information is a pertinent part of the sentence, only the year of publication appears in parentheses following the author 's name. White (2013) found children's cognitive abilities improved with good nutrition. When the author(s) of source information is not a part of the formal structure of the sentence then both the author's name and year of publication appear in parentheses following the information (multiple parenthetical references are separated by a semicolon). Reviews of the research indicate...... (Gray, 2013; Mendall & Smith, 2012; Pargament, Paloma & Pendleton, 1997).

PRIMARY SOURCES

A primary source is that which all rights belong to the original author of any piece of work. When someone takes the primary original work and spins their own interpretation on it - rewriting it-- it then becomes a secondary source If you have read the primary original source then it gets cited in the body of your paper and reference page as such.

Declarative Statements:

A statement that gives facts. The sun is out today (observable fact and has no source other than the observation of the individual's own statement). About half of CSUN students are women (may or may not be true, may or may not be observed). So how do we make this declarative statement worthy of a reliable research paper. According to data published by CSUN's Admissions and Records (2017), CSUN's student population is 57% female.

AVOIDING BIAS IN APA STYLE WRITING

In researching and writing about people concerning race, disability, sexuality or any group that may be stereotyped or labeled it is important to remember to use unbiased language. It is generally accepted to call people what they prefer to be called When referring to persons with disabilities the person should be mentioned before the disability. For example: Samuel a child with a learning disability (Correct) A learning disabled child, named Samuel (incorrect)

ABSTRACT

Its Importance: To summarize the essential information using Current intuitive and accurate terminology. Heading: Abstract centered on the first line after the running head on a new page. Word Limit: Typically set by individual journals and can be between 150 - 250 words. Numbers written within the abstract are written as digits (27) except when beginning a sentence (Twenty-seven)

2.What is APA?

Its members include: researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students

3.What is APA?

Its purpose is to promote research, disseminate information; and improve the industry by creating high standards of ethics, conduct, education and achievement

Empirical/Experimental Research

Original research conducted by the author through direct observation or experiment

General format

Papers in which comprehensive research is not necessary but standardized formatting is. These papers do not get categorized as empirical or literature review Types include essays, personal reflection papers, and case studies

PLAGIARISM & ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Plagiarism is "stealing" someone else's ideas, or original work. Students whether intentionally or accidentally often misrepresent where they obtain information from resulting in integrity violations. Academic integrity can result in serious consequences which include failing assignments, courses, expulsion and permanent violations cited on a student's academic record. It is a very simple task to avoid plagiarism. All one has to do is give credit when credit is due. When paraphrasing, quoting or simply gathering information on a topic it is important for writers to understand primary, secondary and tertiary sources and how to properly cite those sources.

TITLE PAGE

Title page is numbered as page 1 Running head is flush left following the words "Running head" (Running head: APA TUTORIAL) The words "Running head" are only on the Title page and are written in upper and lowercase letters Paper Title is no more than 12 words in upper and lowercase letters centered on the page, five lines from the top line below the running head Author(s) are centered on the page using upper and lowercase letters Institutional affiliation on the following line, upper and lowercase letters

REFERENCES VS WORKS CITED VS BIBLIOGRAPHY

What is the difference between Reference Page, Works Cited Page and Bibliography? A Reference Page is a list which consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author's surname and used when writing in APA style (exception would be personal communications). A Works Cited page is similar to that of a reference page; however, it is used when writing in MLA style. A Bibliography, however, is a more extensive list of resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one. Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject, rather than alphabetically. If you have been given an assignment that asks for a bibliography, consult your instructor for more specifics about the required format.