apah mannerist and baroque

Jan Vermeer

- painted lots of scenes of interior scenes, in homes and private lives of prosperous citizens -no more than 35 paintings -started as biblical/historical painter -women primary occupants of his paintings -master of pictorial light

Poussin

- painted modeled on titian and Raphael -responsible for the classical revival in french 17th century art -a striking contrast to the baroque style

Still life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels (Peeters)

- shows considerable skill in details -convincingly real, reflective surfaces, and soft petals -against a dark background (no deep space)

baroque art

-Catholic reaction to Protestantism -Art is a vehicle to glorify god -art/senses play central role in communication w god -baroque made it possible for person to become one with god through intense visionary experiences

Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)

-Italian influence obvious (heavily muscled bodies, foreshortened anatomy twisted and sculpted, highlights and deep shadows-tenebrism) -diagonal structure -emotional and physical tension -human body draped or undraped remained the focus of his works

Flower Still Life (Rachel Ruysch)

-careful arrangement -composed flowers in the diagonal opposite of diagonal of the table

Arrival of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles (Rubens)

-commissioned series by Medici to hang in her palace memorializing/glorifying her career -everyone rejoicing at her arrival, the personage of France greets her, bowing -decorative splendor throughout

Christ with the sick around Him (Rembrandt)

-demonstrates his mastery of all aspects of printmaking -remarkable tonal range -unseen light source -humanity and humility of Christ seen -some in deep shadow, some in almost just oulines -supreme achievement as printmaker

Self-Portrait (Judith Leyster)

-detailed, precise, accurate but spontaneous -depicts herself as an artist, letting the viewer evaluate her skill -quick smile and relaxed pose -elegant attire (instead of smock)

The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch) ((Rembrandt))

-dramatic use of light (not a nocturnal scene) -one of 6 paintings for the banquet hall in Amsterdam (got trimmed down- full painting is not seen now) -captures excitment and frentic activity of men preparing for a parade (animated) -3 stages of using a musket are shown

Et in Arcadia Ego (Poussin)

-exemplifies "grand manner -lofty subject in classical world and figures based on ancient statuary -emulated rational order/stability of raphael -classically compact & balanced grouping of figures -even light -thoughtful, reserved mood

Peter Paul Rubens

-greatest flemish painter of 17th cen -first truly pan european style -original and powerful synthesis of masters (Michelangelo, Titian, Caravaggio) -often trusted with high diplomatic paintings -learned philosopher

Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (Mansart and Le Brun)

-hundreds of mirrors illusionistically extend the room's width -jeweled furnishings

Woman Holding a Balance (Vermeer)

-light from window illuminates the scene -precious possessions spread on the table -perspective orthogonal direct attention to her hand with the scale -mirror=self knowledge -used camera obscura -composition is serene -colors are so true to optical facts (shadows are not colorless and dark, adjoining colors affect each other & light is composed of colors)

Louis XIV (Rigaud)

-main french art patron in 17th cen (sun king) -conveys absolute monarch -wearing heels to make him taller, gazes directly at viewer, air of haughtiness -proud of well toned legs -looks down on the viewer - Great wealth, egotist, great power Absolutism, represents him as powerful French style if a result of L14 tastes and preferences 1. King preferred stately and reserved classicism 2. Louis guaranteed adherence to classicism by forming academies of art that perpetuated this style Replaced harsh and emotion of baroque style in Italy/most of europe

Archers of Saint Hadrian (Frans Hals)

-portrayed each individual while retaining action & variety -each visible & recognizable (lively rhythm throughout portrait) -enlivened the depiction w/ diff moods and movements for each person

Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt)

-series of religious paintings and prints -spritual stillness, inward contemplation -figures immersed in varying degrees of shadow,illuminated fathers face

Charles I Dismounted (Van Dyck)

-stylish, relaxed authority -sharp angle to make him look tall -off-centered but he gazes at the viewer

Allegory of the Art of Painting (Vermeer)

-tribute to his crafts (clio=muse of history) -artist has back to audience, in "historical" clothing -maps on walls refers to history -light may represent artistic inspiration

Important Characteristics of Baroque Art

1. Displays interest in scientific concerns involving *motion and space* 2. The concept of time is dramatized, the theatrical portrayal is illustrated with *dramatic use of light*

Rules that dictated the style of the French Academy during the 2nd half of the 17th c.

1. Subject - Portray heroic or religious content, not everyday life 2. Style - Elimination of unnecessary details rule out decorative and absolute realism 3. Content - Artwork visually achieves correctness and propriety Restraint and moderation become essence of French classical Doctrine Paint how Louis XIV wants Taste for classicism with restraint among academics

Italian Baroque

1. The Baroque era was conceived in Rome and is identified with the *Catholic reaction to the advance of Protestantism* 2. Council of Trent 3. Creative methods of reaffirming doctrines challenged by Protestants 4. Visual art became the language for *glorifying god* 5. Baroque is the Age of Expansion -*in the visual arts, clarity of form was remodeled into intricate geometric patterns producing fluid movement*

Calling of Saint Matthew Hendrick Ter Brugghen

A religious scene with a distinct individualistic style of portraiture. The naturalistic style echoes Caravaggio's work. However, the piece is not tenebrous, but rather colourful and set against a light background.

Vanitas

A still-life painting of a 17th-century Dutch genre containing symbols of death or change as a reminder of their inevitability.

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Bernini

A very theatrical piece that utilises light, an especial focus of the Baroque period, to make the piece more dramatic. The piece was controversial because it carries sexual connotations.

East Facade of Saint Peter's Carlo Maderno

Aims for verticality, but Saint Peter's enormous breadth counterbalanced the verticality Maderno desired. The facade's two outer bays with bell towers were not part of Maderno's original design, and also take away from the vertical emphasis.

Merry Drinker, Franz Hals, Dutch Art

Alla prima - many now don't use preliminary drawings, gives spontaneity Not as detailed as the earlier Northern flanders art No background, emphasis on person Diagonal Face is unique

Portrait of Innocent X (Velazquez)

An example of how Velazquez portrayed the personality of the sitter. A sort of psychological intensity. The subject had never let anyone paint him before. Sometimes considered the best portrait in existence.

Southern Flanders aka..

Aristocratic Baroque

Elevation of the Cross, Rubens, Southern Flanders

Aristocrats educated Shows affiliation with cath church Triptych Diagonal line Time, Space, Motion Space is changed with dramatic lighting, tenebrous, infinite space

Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Bernini, Italian Baroque

Art and architecture become one Senses --> weighted garments, soft, shiny, smooth Sense of levitation

Surrender of Breda Diego Velazquez

As Phillip IV'S court artist, Velazquez produced many history paintings, including fictional representations such as this one depicting the Dutch mayor of Breda surrendering to the Spanish general.

Judith Beheading Holofernes, Gentileschi

Baroque bc theatrical and sensual texture --> bed sheets are covered w blood, dynamic diagonals Diagonal lighting

Interior of the Royal Chapel Jules Hardoun-Mansart

Because the apse is as high as the nave, the central space of the Royal Chapel at Versailles has a curved Baroque quality. Louis XIV could reach the royal pew directly from his apartments.

Scala Regia Bernini

Bernini's mastery of perspective is even more evident in the contemporaneous design of the Scala Regia.

Facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Francesco Borromini

Borromini rejected the notion that a church should have a flat frontispiece. The facade is set in undulating motion, creating a dynamic counterpoint of concave and convex elements.

Glorification of Saint Ignatius Fra Andrea Pozzo

By merging real and painted architecture, Pozzo created the illusion the vaulted ceiling of Sant'Ignazio has been lifted off and the nave opens to the Heaven above the worshiper's heads.

Conversion of Saint Paul Caravaggio

Caravaggio used perspective, chiaroscuro, and dramatic light to bring viewers into this painting's space and action, almost as if they were participants in Saint Paul's conversion to Christianity.

Loves of the Gods Annibale Carracci

Carracci arranged the scenes in a format resembling framed easel paintings on a wall. but in the Farnese gallery the paintings cover a shallow curved vault (this style is called quadro riportato). This is a mythological painting.

Flight into Egypt Annibale Carracci

Carracci's landscapes idealise antiquity and the idyllic life. Here, the pastoral setting takes precedence over the narrative of Mary, the Christ Child, and Saint Joseph wending their way slowly to Egypt. It is a regularity of Carracci to paint trees in the foreground, dark against the sky's even light. He did not utilise linear perspective, but rather creates depth by varying light and shadow - a growing interest in the Baroque period.

Portrait of Charles I, Van Dyck, Southern Flanders

Courtly style Charles appears approachable and human, sensuous fabric

Marchesa Grimaldi, Van Dyck, Southern Flanders

Courtly style Paints portraits showing elevation in society and their personality Diagonal

Las Meninas Diego Velazquez

Cunning contrasts of real, mirrored and picture spaces to elevate both himself and the profession of painting in the eyes of Philip IV. The painting is brutally realistic, has motion and incredible detail.

Flanders Baroque

During the 1560s a revolt occured throughout the Netherlands *Northern Province* broke ties with Spain, forming the Dutch republic under Protestant ethics *Southern Province* still called Flanders, remained under Spanish control and continued to be catholic

David Bernini

Emotional tension and vivacious motion characterise the Baroque-ness of Bernini's David. In comparison to previous depictions of David, this is incredibly expansive and theatrical, and shows David on the cusp of attack, rather than before or after.

Assumption of the Virgin, Correggio, Italian Baroque

Focus on vanishing point, illusion of continuing space

Las Meninas, Velazquez, Spanish Baroque

Focuses on King and Queen Velazquez is shown in the painting Canvas on the left is huge, only a size used by the wealthy King and Queen are in the back mirrors, he is painting the King and Queen, we see the scene from their view Dramatic light Painterly, get eyes to see texture

Los Borrachos, Velazquez, Spanish Baroque

From the school of realism

Supper Party Gerrit Van Honthorst

Genre scenes were popular subjects among middle-class Dutch patrons. It may have served as a Calvinist warning against the sins of gluttony and lust. Unidealised figures are depicted, and echoes Caravaggio's work by having light shine on the faces of the individuals. It is slightly tenebrous.

Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting Artemisia Gentileschi

Gentileschi here portrayed herself in the guise of La Pittura with brush and palette. To paint a self-portrait from the side, Gentileschi had to set up a pair of mirrors to record her features.

Judith and Maid with head of Holofernes, Gentileschi

Gentileschi was a female, much of her subject matter was strong, independent females, she sometimes includes the light source within her works i.e. a candle Theatrical, diagonals in composition, dramatic lighting

The Letter, Vermeer, Dutch Art

Gentle light, invites audience into space

St. Peter Colonnaded Piazza, Bernini, Italian Baroque

His work is sensual, adds arcades (arms)

Merge softly and subtly (quietness)

In Rembrandt's work light and shadow do what?

Chapel of Saint Ivo Francesco Borromini

In characteristic fashion, Borromini played concave against convex forms on the upper level of the Chapel of Saint Ivo. Pilasters restrain the forces that seem to push the bulging forms outward.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Dome Francesco Borromini

In place of a traditional round dome, Borromini capped the interior of San Carlo with a deeply coffered oval dome that seems to float on the light entering through windows hidden in its base.

Triumph of the Name of Jesus Giovanni Battista Gaulli

In the nave of II Gesu, gilded architecture opens up to offer the faithful a glimpse of Heaven. To heighten the illusion, Gaulli painted figures on stucco extensions that project outside the painting's frame.

Triumph of the Barberini Pietro da Cortona

In this dramatic ceiling fresco, Divine Providence appears in a halo of radiant light directing Immortality, holding a crown of starts, to bestow etenal life on the family of Pope Urban VIII.

Water Carrier of Seville Diego Velazquez

In this early work - a genre scene that seems to convey a deeper significance - the contrast of darks and lights and the plebeian nature of the figures, reveal Velazquez's debt to Caravaggio.

Self Portrait Rembrandt

In this late self portrait, Rembrandt's interest in revealing the soul is evident in the attention given to his expressive face. The controlled use of light and the nonspecific setting contribute to this focus.

View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen Jacob Van Ruisdael

In this painting, this artist succeeded in capturing a specific, realistic view of Haarlem, its windmills, and Saint Bavo church, but he also imbud the landscape with a quiet serenity approaching the spiritual.

Christopher Wren

London -mathematical genius & skilled engineer -closely studied baroque architecture in Italy -harmonized palladian, french, and Italian baroque features -monumental unity

Aerial View of Versailles Palace Jules Hardoun-Mansart

Louis XIV ordered his architects to convert a royal hunting lodge at Versailles into a gigantic palace and park with a satellite city whose three radial avenues intersect in the King's bedroom.

St. Peter Facade, Maderno, Italian Baroque

Maderno helped in the construction --> adds bays that attach to the front of St. Peters, like a longitudinal plan The magnificence of this church kickstarts the counter-reformation *Environmental Composition* - the facade became a part of the environment/surroundings

17th c. Dutch art - Northern

Marks the golden age of the Dutch schools of painting Artists = little dutch masters, their paintings are smaller --> goes to peoples homes, not castles of aristocrats like in Southern Flanders Society is made up of a hard working middle class, they view the art before they buy it, aristocrats don't *Open Market* - Dutch artists can not rely on private commissions from individuals and organizations *Artworks* - Artists developed their own subjects and styles compatible with their religious conversation and price *Themes* - Influenced by growth of national consciousness and price, cheerful and confident portrayals of life become visible representations of their new identity and way of life *Religion* - when painted as the subject is visually depicted by a calm reserve, intended to inspire contemplation not religious fervor Nationalism on the rise, few religious themes *Series* - single subject or theme throughout a piece Women became more important but then were suppressed

Martyrdom of Saint Phillip Jose de Ribera

Martyrdom scenes were popular in Counter-Reformation Spain. Scorning idealisation of any kind, Ribera presented Philip's executioners hoisting him into position to die on a cross.

David, Bernini, Italian Baroque

Michelangelo's David was youthful, depicted David before the battle Bernini's shows David during the battle David is not kept in space, he extends out of the vertical axis of the 2nd generation mannerism Sculpture uses space now Implied movements suggest the concept of TIME and SPACE

Cathedral Plan in 17th c.

Moves back to Basilican plan

Aristocratic and Spiritual in Age of Baroque - Spain

NATURALISTIC & CATHOLIC Many Spanish artists felt that academic styles of Baroque were pretentious The idea exaggerated of beauty and formal perfection were abstractions of reality Represents catholic church The period of the Counter-Reformation in Spain, is the religious capitol of Catholic church

Judith Slaying Holofernes Artemisia Gentileschi

Narratives involving heroic women were a favourite theme of Gentileschi. In Judith Slaying Holofernes, the dramatic lighting of the action in the foreground emulates Caravaggio's tenebrism.

Facade of Santa Susanna Carlo Maderno

One of the earliest manifestations of the Baroque spirit. The rhythm of the columns and pilasters mounts dramatically toward the emphatically stressed vertical axis.

Two thoughts of Spanish Baroque

Reality and Exaggeration

Blinding of Samson, Rembrandt, Dutch Art

Rembrandt - paints a lot of landscapes and seascapes, still lives, interiors, portraits, LARGE portraits He wanted to be a history painter, painted classical mythology He stands as an outsider to 17th C. Dutch painter bc he remains having patrons, painting religious pieces, historical subjects, and other subjects that aristocrats like This piece is biblical, sense of energy that Baroque has

Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp Rembrandt

Rembrandt evenly spreads his subjects across the panel, but enlivens each one individually nonetheless. Triangular composition of subjects. Incredibly accurate, and stark contrasts of light and dark.

Night Watch Rembrandt

Rembrandt's dramatic use of light contributes to the animation of this militia group portrait in which the artist showed the company members rushing to organise themselves for a parade. Captures frenetic excitement.

How do forms change from the Renaissance to the Baroque? (in Italy)

Ren--> forms are clear Baroque --> Intricate geometry and fluid movement

Officers of the Civic Guard, Franz Hals, Dutch Baroque

Rocking motion back and forth Almost like stop motions

Burial of Phocian, Poussin, French Baroque Painting

SM - Statesmen accused of speaking ill against majority, not true but sentenced to death, buried outside of the city bc he's a criminal No theatrical light/energy --> calm, rhythm Following the path is calming Color and lighting are controlled

Baldacchino Bernini

Serves for both functional and symbolic purposes. it marks the high altar and the tomb of Saint Peter, and it visually bridges human scale to the lofty vaults and dome above. It is a dramatic and compelling presence. The four spiral columns are Baroque versions of the previous, comparable columns of the ancient Baldacchino.

Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, Rubens, Southern Flanders

Story is based on mythology Paul has warm lighting Ruben women --> ample, well fed, pale Diagonal line

Judith Leyster

Student of Franz Hals, he sometimes took credit for her work By the age of 17 she is cited in a book written by a reputable artist --> shows she is a notable celebrity and a huge deal At 34, Leyster was an accepted member of the Guild of St. Luke, women were rarely admitted

17 c. French Art

Taste for classicism and restraint Great impact on political and cultural circumstances --> under Louis XIV Paris replaces Rome and the art center of Europe --> golden age of France The earlier part of the 17th c saw the slow recovery of France from the chaos of religious wars. Under the influence of Louis XIV, the power and prestige of France was being rebuilt by Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin.

Conversion of St. Paul, Caravaggio, Italian Baroque

Tenebrous, St. Paul fell from his horse and is struck by divine light Art emerges from the dark Arms in a diagonal *Traditional religious subject matter is reduced to human dramas* -secular and contemporary depictions -realistic unidealized characteristics -mundane elements and environment -compressed "close" space -unidentified light source

Aurora Guido Reni

The "divine Guido" conceived Aurora as a quadro riportato, reflecting his training in the Bolognese art academy. The scene of Dawn leading Apollo;s chariot derives from ancient Roman reliefs.

Cornaro Chapel Bernini

The Cornaro chapel represents the full capabilities of Baroque style. Bernini infuses architecture, sculpture and painitng to create an intensely emotional experience for worshipers, with the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa as the centrepiece.

Aerial View of Saint Peter's Bernini

The circularity of the piazza, designed by Bernini, was an attempt by the Catholic church during the Counter-Reformation to welcome people.

East Facade of the Louvre Claude Perrault

The design of this facade is a brilliant synthesis of French and Italian classical elements, including a central pavilion resembling an ancient temple front with a pediment. The facade has a central and two corner projecting columnar pavilions resting on a stately podium.

Consequences of War Peter Paul Rubens

The fluid articulation of human forms in this work and the energy emanating from the chaotic scene are hallmarks of Ruben's mature style. Diagonal style.

Plan of the Chapel of Saint Ivo Francesco Borromini

The interior elevation of Borromini's Saint Ivo chapel fully reflects all the elements of its highly complex plan, which is star-shaped with rounded points and apses on all sides.

Saint Serapion Francisco de Zurbaran

The light shining on Serapion calls attention to his tragic death and increases the painting's dramatic impact. The monk's coarse features label him as a common, evoking empathy from a wide audience. Set against a dark background and heavily realistic.

Still Life with a Late Ming Ginger Jar Willem Kalf

The opulent objects, especially the Indian carpet and Chinese jar, attest to the prosperous Dutch maritime trade. Kalf's inclusion of a watch suggests this painting may be a vanitas still life.

Plan of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Francesco Borromini

The plan of San Carlo is a hybrid of a Greek cross and an oval. The walls pulsate in a way that reverses the facade's movement. The moulded, dramatically lit space flows from entrance to altar.

Calling of Saint Matthew Caravaggio

The stark contrast of light and dark was a key feature of Caravaggio's style. Here, Christ, cloaked in mysterious shadow, summons Levi the tax collector to a higher calling.

Throne of St. Peter, Bernini, Italian Baroque

The whole composition is very symbolic Art of the 17th c is intended to stroke the senses The throne is made up of bronze and stucco Stucco --> a textured surface used for modeling Artwork and architecture become intertwined Saints are holding up the throne

Banqueting House Inigo Jones

This architect was a great admirer of the classical architecture of Palladio, and he adopted motifs from the Italian architect's villas and palaces for the buildings he designed for his royal patrons.

Eglise du Dome Jules Hardouin-Mansart

This architect's church marries the Italian and French architectural styles. The grouping of the orders is similar to the Italian Baroque manner but without the dramatic play of curved surfaces.

Still Life with Game Fowl Juan Sanchez Cotán

This artist established still life as an important genre in Spain. His compositions feature brightly illuminated fruits, vegetables and birds, hanging or on a ledge, against a dark background.

Landscape with Saint John on Patmos Nicolas Poussin

This artist placed Saint John in a classical landscape amid broken columns, an obelisk, and a ruined temple, suggesting the decay of great civilisations and the coming of the new Christian era.

Landscape with Cattle and Peasants Claude Lorrain

This artist used atmospheric and linear perspective to transform the rustic Roman countryside filled with peasants and animals into an ideal classical landscape bathed in sunlight in infinite space.

Apollo Attended by the Nymphs Francois Girardon and Thomas Regnaudin

This artist's study of ancient sculpture and Poussin's figure compositions influenced the design of this mythological group in a grotto above a dramatic waterfall in the gardens of Versailles.

Feast of Saint Nicholas Jan Steen

This lively scene of Dutch children discovering their Christmas gifts may also have an allegorical dimension. Feast of Saint Nicholas probably alludes to selfishness, pettiness, and jealousy.

Chapel of Saint Ivo Dome Francesco Borromini

Unlike Renaissance domes, Borromini's Baroque dome is an organic part that evolves out of and shares the qualities of the supporting walls, and it cannot be separated from them.

Distant View of Dordrecht, with a Milkmaid and Four Cows, and Other Figures Albert Cuyp

Unlike idealised Italian Renaissance landscapes , Cuyp's painting portrays a particular locale. It renders each detail perfectly.

The Women Regents of the Old Men's Home at Haarlem Frans Hals

Unlike the more relaxed seemingly informal character of his other group portraits, a stern, puritanical, and composed sensibility suffuses Hals' portrayal of these regents. Somber and virtually monochromatic palette contributes to the painting's restraint.

Cemetery, Ruisdael, Dutch Art

Uses foreground and middle ground to show passage into space Ruins, momento mori

Portrait of Juan Pareja, Velazquez, Spanish Baroque

Velazquez is a court painter, practice painting Painterly --> visual brushstroke, not as exact

Young Woman with Water Jug, Vermeer, Dutch Art

Vermeer - "Little dutch masters", he painted physically small pieces to earn this name Vermeer is known to use the camera obscurity His works are very exact The interior setting is very Dutch art, the piece is very still, all lines connect in some manner - gives balance to the composition, centers the viewer Map=nationalism/pride No blatant religious subject matter, carries essence of spirituality Color palette --> golden tones contrasting cool blues

Fountain of the Four Rivers Bernini

Water flows from a travertine grotto supporting an ancient Egyptian obelisk, Bernini's marble personifications of major rivers of four continents twist and gesticulate emphatically.

Clara Peeters

Who pioneered still-life painting?

Frans Hals -lively, relaxed portraits -spontaneity, individuality -casual, intimacy & immediacy

Who was the leading portraitist in Haarlem?

It gave greater freedom in drawing the design because of the medium's softness

Why was etching adopted instead of the traditional method?

Calvinism rejected art of religious subjects, & different merchants had different tastes

Why was there a lack of Dutch painting?

Adoration of the Shepherds Georges de la Tour

Without the aid of the title, this candlelit nighttime scene could be a genre piece instead of a biblical narrative. La Tour did not even paint halos around the heads of the holy figures.

Rembrandt

artist of great versatility -master of light and shadow leading dutch painter

Thirty years war

caused widespread unrest & war in N Europe

Rachel Ruysch

leading painter in floral painting -father professor of botany/anatomy -international reputation

memento mori

reminder of death (symbolized pieces in paintings)

who were the new art patrons in N Europe?

wealthy merchants (diff taste from church leaders)

Anthony Van Dyck

which artist specialized in court portraiture?