APES Ch 12-13
blindness anemia iodine
lack of vitamin A causes ______ too little iron, a component of hemoglobin the transports oxygen in the blood, causes ____, which results in fatigue, susceptibility to infection, increases a woman's chance of dying during childbirth, and cripples efforts to improve primary school education in tropical regionsof asia, africa, and latin america, iron deficiency anemia affects about 350 million people people with diets low in zinc and iron cannot fight off diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia elemental _____, found in seafood and crops with iodine-rich soils, is essential for the functioing of the thyroid gland, which produces a hormone that controls the body's metabolism. 1.6 billion people get too little iodine-can cause goiter, an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland in neck, which leads to deafness if untreated
3 1 10 1 10
most plant crops in the US provide more food energy than the energy used to grow them. however, if we include livestock as well as crops, the US food production system currently uses about _____ units of fossil fuel energy to produce ___ unit of food energy energy efficiency is much lower if we look at the whole US food system; considering the energy used to grow, process, transport and cook all plant and animal food, an average of about ____ units of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy are needed to put ____ unit of food energy on the table. every unit of energy from human labor in subsistence farming provides at least 1 unit of food energy. with traditional intensive, each unit of enery provides up to ____ units fo food energy
industrialized developing tropical cash
plantation agriculture, a form of _____ agriculture practice primarily in _____ _____ countries, grows ____ crops like bananas, cacao, and coffee, mostly for sale in developed countries
increase affluence degradation cropland erosion irrigation fertilizer
reasons for decrease per capita grain production from 2.1 to 1.1% a year is -population _____ -increasing _____, which increases the demand for food, especially meat produced by feeding livestock grain -____and loss of ____, mostly because of _____ and to a lesser extent because of industrialization and urbanization -little growth in ____ since 1980 -a 10% decline in global _____ use
fallow polyculture
36% of the worlds land is devoted to raising crops nearly all the world's best agricultural land is in use world's cropland could be doubled by clearing forests and irrigating land, may not be sustainable because of nutrient poor soils shifting cultivation is another option, followed by _____ periods long enough to restore soil fertility with various forms of ______
subsistence family's surplus human draft intensive water fertilizer yield income
Traditional agriculture consists of two main types, which together are practiced by about 2.7 billion people in developing countries-almost half the people on earth: -Traditional _____ agriculture typically produces only enough crops or livestock for a farm _____'s survival; in good years they may sell a ___ or put aside for hard times. they primarily use _____ labor and _____ animals. ex.) shifting cultivation in tropical forests and nomadic livestock herding -Traditional ______ agriculture: farmers increase their inputs of human and draft labor, _____, and ____ to get a higher ____ per area of cultivated land to produce enough food to feed their families and sell for ___
2/3 grain
____/____ of the world's people survive primarily on grains, mostly because they cannot afford meat. as incomes rise, people consume more _____, but indirectly in the form of meat (beef, pork, chicken), eggs, milk, cheese, and other products of grain-eating domesticated livestock
polyvarietal cultivation same intercropping carbohydrate grain nitrogen protein legume nitrogen agroforestry alley trees fuelwood nitrogen polyculture intercropping maturing
_____ ______: a plot is planted with several varieties of the _____ crop ______: two or more different crops are grown at the same time on a plot, for example a _____-rich ____ that uses soil ____ alongside a _____-rich _____ that restores the _______ _____ or ____ cropping: crops and ____ are planted together; a grain or legume crop can be planted around fruit-bearing trees or in rows between fast-growing shrubs that can be used for _____ and _____ in soil _____: a more complex form of _____ in which many different plants ____ at various times are planted together. these plots can provide, food, medicine, fuel, and natural pesticides and fertilizers sustainably
overfishing commercial extinction
_____ is taking of so many fish that too little breeding stock is left to maintain numbers; overfishing is a harvest that exceeds the estimated sustainable yield. prolonged overfishing leads to _____ _____; reduction of species to the point at which its no longer profitable to hunt for them. 11 of the world's 15 major oceanic fishing areas have been fished at or beyond their estimated maximum sustainable yield for commercially valuable species and are in a state of decline 14 major commercial fish species in the US are so depleted that even if all fishing stopped immediately it would take them up to 20 years to recover china is the world leaderin aquaculture followed by inda and japan
agriculture
_____ is the biggest industry in the US; it generates about 18% of the country's GDP and 19% of all jobs in the private sector, employing more people than any other industry
destertification methane nitrogen nitrous oxide manure ammonia acid deposition
about 14% of US topsoil loss is directly associated with livestock grazing overgrazing on sparse vegetation and trampling of the soil by too many livestock can lead to _______ in arid and semiarid areas 70% of the world's dry rangeland is at least moderately desertified cattle belch out 12-15% of all the _____ released into the atmosphere some of the _____ in commercial inorganic fertilizer used to grow livestock feed is converted to ____ ____, a greenhouse gas nitrogen in ______ escapes into the atmosphere as gaseous ____, a pollutant that contributes to _____ _____ livestock in the US produce about 21 times more waste thanks produced by the US human population
15 8
although the earth has perhaps 30,000 plant species with parts that people can eat, only ____ plant and ____ animals species supply 90% of our food
cultural carrying capacity sustainable food chain
carrying capacity of the earth depends on -quality of life or _______ ______ ______ -whether food production can be increased and is _______ enough to meet projected food needs -the length of the ______ ______ based on the percentages of the world's population that are grain eaters and meat eaters
erosion flooding
channelization can increase upstream ___ and downstream ______ levees can result in downstream destruction if they break - sediment
harvest index
currently, plant breeders have raised the _____ _____-the share of a plant's photosynthetic product going into seed in wheat, rice andiron-to more than 50%, but the limit may be around 60
fertilizer pesticides
even though Nigeria has a population growth rate of 3.1%, food production there has kept up with population growth because of increases in land productivity nigeria has developed new varieties of cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes that give high yields without _____ or ______
J S
eventually, the ____ shaped curve of crop productivity slows down, reaches its limits, levels off, and becomes a ____ shaped curve. at that point, yield potential for any particular grain in a country depends mostly on that country's soil moisture, day length or latitude, temperature, and solar intensity
1950-1970
first green revolution: dramatically increased crop yields in most developed countries between ____-_____
sustainable yield
fish are potentially renewable resources as long as the annual harvest leaves enough breeding stock to renew the species for the next year. an annual ______ _____ the size of the annual catch that could be harvesting definitely without decline in population of a species should e established for each species to avoid depletion
dams reservoirs surface water groundwater salt water efficiency
five ways to increase supply of freshwater in an area 1. build _____ / ______ to store runoff 2. bring ______ ______ from another area 3. withdraw _____ 4. convert ____ ____to freshwater 5. improve _____ of water use
disease insects fertilizer fertilizer salty drought
gene revolution - make plants that are more resistant to _____ and ____, thrive on less _____, make their own nitrogen _____, do well in slightly ____ soils, can withstand _____ and use solar energy more efficiently during photosynthesis without huge amounts of _____ and _____, most green-revolution crop varieties produce yields that are no higher than those of traditional strains; the second green revolution has not spread to many arid and semiarid areas such as africa and australia.
aqueduct river ground pipes underground
gravity - flow (50-60%) water usually comes from a _____ system or nearby _____ drip irrigation (80-90%) above or below _____ _____ deliver water toindividual plants' roots center pivot (70-80%) water usually pumped from ______ and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers
discharge high low
groundwater moves from the recharge area through an aquifer and out to a ______ area (spring, lake, geyser, stream, ocean) as part of the hydrologic cycle. groundwater normally moves from points of _____ elevation to points of ____ elevation and pressure. this movement is quite slow, a meter/3 feet per year or 0.3 meter/1 foot per day aquifers are ____ resources.
aquaculture
in addition to cropland and grazing land, the third major food producing system consists of ______; concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water. about 70% of the annual commercial catch of fish and shellfish comes from the ocean, and 99%of this catch is taken from plankton-rich coastal waters. the remainder of the annual catch comes from aquaculture to raise fish in ponds and underwater cages 20% and from inland freshwater fisheries from lakes and rivers 10%
50 40
in the US, about _____% of the drinking water and ____% of irrigation water is pumped from aquifers. in Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi, Nebraska and New Mexico, more than 90% of the population depends on groundwater for drinking water
fossil fuel water fertilizer pesticides monocultures livestock 25
industrialized / high-input agriculture: uses large amounts of _____ ____ energy, _____, commercial _____, and ______ to produce huge quantities of single crop _____ or _____ animals for sale practiced on about ___% of all cropland, mostly in developed countires, industrialized agriculture has spread since the mid-1960s to some developing countries.
rice wheat corn annuals
just three grain crops-____,_____, and _____-provide almost half of the calories that people consume. these three, and most of our other food crops, are _____, whose seeds must be replanted each year
distillation reverse osmosis
methods of desalination -_____ involves heating salt water until it evaporates and condenses as freshwater, leaving behind salts in solid from -______ _____ - salt water is pumped at high pressure through a thin membrane whose pores allow water molecules, but not dissolved salts, to pass through desalination costs 3 to 5 times more than water from conventional sources produces brine containing high levels of salt
undernutrition chronically undernourished seriously undernourished malnutrition
people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs suffer from ______. people who receive less than 90% of their minimum daily calorie intake of food are said to be _____ ______. such people are not starving to death, but they don't have enough energy to stay active people getting less than 80% of their minimum calorie intake are considered to be ________ ______. children in this category are likely to suffer from mental retardation and stunted growth and are more susceptible to infectious diseases. people who liven a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet suffer from ______-deficiences of protein and key micronutrients like vitamins and minerals that are needed in small quantities for good health
aquifers recharge recharge
porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through which groundwater flows are called _______ any area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer is called a _____ area. aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soil and rock in what is called natural _____, but some are recharged from the side by lateral recharge
surface runoff watershed drainage basin groudwater saturation water table
precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation is called ____ _____ that flows into streams lakes wetlands and reservoirs a _____ also called a ___ ____ is a region from which water drains into a stream, stream system, reservoir etc some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids in soil and rock (_______) close to the surface, the voids have little moisture in them. however, below some depth, in what is called the zone of ______, they are filled with water except for an occasional air bubble the surface of the zone of saturation,at the boundary with the unsaturated above zone, is the ____ ______, which falls in dry weather and rises in wet weather
biodiversity
producing more food on less land protects _____ by saving large areas of forests, grasslands, wetlands and mountain terrain from being used to grow food since 1950, high-yield agriculture has saved an estimated 9-31 million square kilometers of such land from destruction or degradation by farming
1967 fast dwarf tropical subtropical fertile 2-5 together herbicides weeds
second green revolution: taking place since _____, when ____-growing ____ varieties of rice and wheat, specially bred for ____ and ____ climates, were introduced into several developing countries. with sufficient ____ soil and enough fertilizer, water, and pesticides, yields of these new plants can be ____-____ times those of traditional wheat and rice varieties. the fast growth allows farmers to grow two or even three crops a year on the same land=multiple cropping new varieties can be planted closer ____ to increase the number of ears harvested per area of cropland. also, new ____ to control ____ have eliminated the traditional need to plant corn rows far enough apart to allow mechanical weed controllers to move through fields.
silver iodine water condensation nuclei
seeding clouds with tiny particles of chemicals like _____ _____ to form _______ ______ ____ and thus produce more rain over dry regions and more snow over mountains
monocultures high seed fertilizer water pestides intensity frequency
since 1950, most of the increase in global food production has resulted from increased yields per unit area of cropland in the green revolution 1.) developing and planting _____ of selectively bred or genetically engineered ____-yield varieties of key crops like rice, wheat, and corn with emphasis on shifting more growth to the _____, the part used for food 2.) lavishing ____, _____, and _____ on crops to provide high yields 3.) often increasing the ____/_____ of cropping
wheat wind
since 1980, Kazakhstan, the largest _____ producer in Southeast Asia, when wheat production peaked, this semiarid area has lost 1/3 of its cropland to erosion (mainly _____). this area can currently support only about half as much grain production as 1980
carbohydrates grain
strains of corn that can increase crop yields up to 40% strain of rice in Philippines diverts larger share of plants' ____ into ______ and less into stems and leaves in order to increase yields up to 20%
irrgated water pesticides inorganic fertilizer irrigated water pesticides fertilizer
sustainable / low input agriculture reduces waste of _______ ______ and uses less _____ and _____ _____. farmers rely on good soil conservation practices and use manure, compost and other forms of organic matter. they use chemical pesticides only asa last resort. low input farming is often more profitable than high input because they spend less money on inputs of _____ ____, _____, and ______
2 canadas india
the ability to produce more food will be limited by soil erosion desertification salinization /waterlogging of irrigated lands water deficits and droughts loss of wild species that provide genetic resources for new foods from 1945 to 1990, erosion, salinization, water logging, and desertification eliminated an area land from food production equal to cropland of ___ _____ an area of cropland larger than the land area of _____ is expected to lose most of its agricultural productivity between 1994 and 2013. -increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone-layer depletion -projected global warming
energy
the industrialization of agriculture was made possible by the availability of cheap ____, most of it from oil. agriculture consumes about 17% of all commercial energy in the US each year. on average, a piece of food eaten in the US has traveled 2,100 kilometers
interplanting
traditional farmers in developing countries today grow about 20% of the world's food on about 75% of its cultivated land many traditional farmers grow several crops on the same plot, known as ______. such crop diversity reduces the chance of losing most or all of their year's food supply to pests
fish farming fish ranching
two types of aquaculture: ____ ____: cultivating fish in a controlled environment, often a pond or tank, and harvesting them when they reach the desired size ____ _____: holding anadromous species such as salmon in captivity for the first few years of their lives, in fenced in areas or floating cages in lagoons or estuaries, releasing them, and harvesting adults when they return to spawn
irrigate flooding recreational
water in dams can be released as desired to produce hydoelectric power at the dam cite, _____ land below the dam, control ______ of land below the reservoir, and provide water carried to towns and cities by aqueducts as well as provide _____ activities
overnutrition
whereas 17% of people in developing countries suffer from undernutrition and malnutrition, about 15% of people in developed countries (32%in US) suffer from _____-an excessive intake of food, especially fats, that can cause obesity -- associated with 2/3 of the deaths in the US eachyear, mostly from coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes healthiest human diet is vegetarian - with only 10-15% of calories coming from fat, in contrast to the typical meat-based diet, inwhich 40% of the calories come from fat
fertilizer irrigation water wind erosion insecticide weeds diversity
with polyculture, root systems at different depths in the soil capture nutrients and moisture efficiently and minimize the need for _______ or _____ year-round plant coverage also protects the soil from _____ and ______ _____. the prescnence of various habitats for insects' natural predators means that crops need not be sprayed with ______. in addition, ____ have trouble competing with the multitude of crop plants and thus can be removed fairly easily by hand, without herbicides. crop _____ also provides insurance against bad weather; if one crop fails because of too much or too little rain, another crop may survive or even thrive
