APES CHAPTER 12 STUDY GUIDE
In the United States, which sector utilizes the most energy? A. Transportation B. Industry C. Domestic D. Exports E. Electricity generation
Industry
The primary use of petroleum products is for A. production of kerosene as a fuel source. B. extraction of tar and asphalt. C. gasoline for transportation. D. production of petrochemicals needed for industry. E. production of plastics.
gasoline for transportation.
If an average refrigerator uses 500 watts of energy per hour on a daily basis, and your energy cost is $0.11 per kwh, approximately how much does the energy used by the refrigerator cost per month? A. $1.30 B. $13 C. $40 D. $55 E. $132
$40
If ANWR (the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) yields a projected peak amount of approximately 330 million gallons of oil a year and the United States uses roughly 110 billion gallons of oil in one year, what percent of the oil used per year would be provided for by ANWR? A. 0.003% B. 0.03% C. 0.3% D. 3.0% E. 30%
0.3%
A sample of U-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. What fraction of the parent material will remain after 2800 million years? A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 1/8 D. 1/16 E. 1/32
1/16
An automobile that gets 40 mpg on a 200-mile trip uses what fraction of gasoline compared to an automobile that gets 20 mpg for the same trip? A. 1/4 the amount B. 1/2 the amount C. 1 1/4 the amount D. 1 1/2 the amount E. 2 times the amount
1/2 the amount
Use Figure 12-5. Assuming a U.S. population of 300 million, approximately how many EJ per year are consumed in the United States? A. 7 EJ B. 11 EJ C. 71 EJ D. 107 EJ E. 177 EJ
107 EJ
Stronitum-90 has a half-life of 29 years. If a site held 2000 kg of this isotope, approximately what mass of strontium-90 would be left after 116 years? A. 250 kg B. 1000 kg C. 300 kg D. 125 kg E. 500 kg
125 kg
Use Figure 12-5. If 35% of the annual U.S. energy consumption is provided by oil, approximately how many EJ of energy is this? A. 2.5 EJ B. 3.9 EJ C. 25 EJ D. 37 EJ E. 62 EJ
37 EJ
If the capacity of a power plant is 1000 MW and its capacity factor is 0.9, how much energy in MWh can the power plant produce in 1 day? A. 27,000 MWh B. 26,700 MWh C. 21,600 MWh D. 9000 MWh E. 2160 MWh
21,600 MWh
Use Figure 12-5. Approximately what percent of the total world energy consumption is the energy consumed in the United States every year? A. 1.4% B. 2.2% C. 10% D. 22% E. 35%
22%
The energy expenditure value of traveling by car is 3.6 MJ/passenger-kilometer. For one person making a trip of 1000 km, if a gallon of gasoline contains 120 MJ, approximately how many gallons of gasoline would be required? A. 3 B. 9 C. 30 D. 60 E. 90
30
The United States imports approximately what percent of its energy needs? A. 3% B. 10% C. 23% D. 30% E. 40%
30%
The efficiency of the transfer of energy from a fuel to electricity is approximately A. 3%. B. 35%. C. 50%. D. 65%. E. 97%.
35%.
For how many half-lives do spent fuel rods remain a threat to human health? A. At least 2 B. At least 5 C. At least 8 D. At least 10 E. Once they are spent, fuel rods are no longer dangerous.
At least 10
The countries with large commercial uranium mining operations are A. France, Australia, and the United States. B. Russia, Canada, and the United States. C. Australia, Canada, and France. D. Australia, the United States, and Canada. E. Canada, France, and Russia.
Australia, the United States, and Canada.
Use Figure 12-3. Using only the information in the bottommost chart, which of the following is the best argument for the development of more nuclear power plants in the United States? A. There are ample supplies of uranium in the continental United States. B. The United States relies too much on foreign sources of petroleum. C. Only a small amount of uranium is needed for nuclear power production. D. Burning coal to generate electricity creates a lot of CO2 emissions, while using nuclear power creates little. E. There has been improvement in renewable energy technologies.
Burning coal to generate electricity creates a lot of CO2 emissions, while using nuclear power creates little.
The most damaging nuclear power plant accident occurred at A. Three Mile Island, USA. B. Chernobyl, Ukraine. C. Belleville, France. D. Lake Eerie, USA. E. Bhopal, India.
Chernobyl, Ukraine.
The countries with the largest supplies of coal are A. China, Indonesia, the United States, and India. B. India, Brazil, Russia, and China. C. Russia, Indonesia, China, and Brazil. D. Canada, South Africa, and Russia. E. China, the United States, Russia, and India.
China, the United States, Russia, and India.
Use Figure 12-3. Which of the following fuel types produces the highest ratio of percent resulting CO2 emissions to percent consumption? A. Natural gas B. Non-fossil C. Coal D. Petroleum E. The ratios are the same for all fuel types.
Coal
Use Figure 12-6. The EROEI for a number of fuel sources is given in the table above. Which would be the most energy efficient? A. Nuclear power B. Coal C. Oil D. Onshore Natural Gas E. Offshore Natural Gas
Coal
Which of the following resources has enough supplies expected to last for at least 200 years? A. Coal B. Natural Gas C. Oil D. Uranium E. All four are expected to last at least 200 years.
Coal
Which type of electricity generating power plant regularly releases toxic metals such as mercury and lead into the atmosphere? A. Nuclear power plant B. Coal-fired power plant C. Natural-gas-fired power plant D. Petroleum-fired power plant E. All of the above
Coal-fired power plant
In the use of coal to produce energy, which of the following does NOT decrease the energy efficiency of the process? A. Extracting the coal from the ground B. Waste heat C. Cogeneration D. Energy required to build the power plant E. The removal of the waste products
Cogeneration
Use Figure 12-4. The above bell-shaped curve, as originally drawn by a Shell Oil Company geophysicist, representing global oil production is known as the __________ Curve. A. Hubbert B. Peak Oil C. Shell D. Production E. Allen
Hubbert
Reasons for which petroleum is the chosen fuel for transportation in the United States include I. its energy value per unit volume. II. its ability to quickly start or stop providing energy. III. its low amount of pollution produced per Joule. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only E. I, II, and III
I and II only
The fossil fuel(s) that pose risks to the environment include I. coal. II. natural gas. III. petroleum. A. I only B. II and III only C. I and III only D. I and II only E. I, II, and III
I, II, and III
Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable? I. Wind II. Nuclear fuels III. Fossil fuels A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. II and III only E. I, II, and III
II and III only
Which of the following is considered to be a subsistence energy source? I. Coal II. Charcoal III. Wood A. I only B. III only C. I and III only D. II and III only E. I, II, and III
II and III only
Why is a gas water heater more energy efficient OVERALL than an electric water heater when the electricity comes from a coal-fired power plant? I. The electric water heater has a lower direct efficiency. II. The energy efficiency of the coal-fired power plant is low. III. Natural gas does not need to be transported. A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. II and III only E. I, II, and III
II only
Use Figure 12-1. Which of the following statements is reasonable, according to the information in the chart? A. Nuclear power will provide more energy than renewables by 2050. B. By 2050, fossil fuels will no longer provide the majority of the world's energy. C. In 2000, natural gas provided about as much energy as coal. D. Renewables will be the largest source of energy in the near future. E. The use of nuclear energy is decreasing over time.
In 2000, natural gas provided about as much energy as coal.
Use Figure 12-3. Why is there a large presence of petroleum in the top chart, but only a small presence in the bottom chart? A. In the United States, petroleum is used mostly as a transportation fuel. B. The majority of electricity in the United States is produced by burning natural gas. C. Liquid fuels are always unsuitable for electricity production. D. Since coal causes less pollution than petroleum, the United States prefers to produce electricity with coal. E. Due to renewable energy technologies, fossil fuels are not necessary for electricity production.
In the United States, petroleum is used mostly as a transportation fuel.
The energy expenditure value of traveling by car is 3.6 MJ/passenger-kilometer. The value for traveling by train is 1.1 MJ/passenger-kilometer. What would be the best way to increase the efficiency of traveling by car? A. Increase the gas mileage B. Increase the number of passengers C. Reduce the number of miles traveled D. Purchase a less expensive vehicle E. Use a different energy source
Increase the number of passengers
Use Figure 12-3. In the production of electricity, which of the following fossil fuel types produces the lowest ratio of percent resulting CO2 emissions to percent consumption? A. Natural gas B. Coal C. Petroleum D. Not enough information is given to determine the answer. E. The ratios are the same for all fuel types.
Natural gas
Which of the following resources consists mostly of CH4? A. Coal B. Natural gas C. Oil D. Uranium
Natural gas
Which of the following resources is the cleanest burning fossil fuel? A. Coal B. Natural gas C. Oil D. Uranium
Natural gas
The major petroleum-producing countries of the world in order from greatest amount to least amount are A. Saudi Arabia, Canada, and China. B. Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Mexico C. the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. D. the United States, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. E. Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.
Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the seasonal and/or localized nature of energy use in the United States? A. Southern areas consume more energy in the winter months. B. Eastern and Midwestern states generate more electricity using coal. C. Northern areas consume more energy in the winter months. D. Western states generate electricity using a mixture that includes hydroelectric. E. Northeastern states generate electricity using a mixture that includes nuclear power.
Southern areas consume more energy in the winter months.
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of energy resource use as the United States progressed from the late 1800s to the 1950s? A. Wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric B. Coal, hydroelectric, natural gas, oil, wood C. Wood, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric, coal D. Wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric E. Coal, wood, hydroelectric, natural gas, oil
Wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric
All of the following increase the incentive to invest in alternative energy resources EXCEPT: A. abundance of fossil fuels B. environmental impact of fossil fuels C. rising oil prices D. mining and extraction costs E. influence of CO2 on global climate change
abundance of fossil fuels
The energy expenditure value of traveling by car is 3.6 MJ/passenger-kilometer. The value for traveling by train is 1.1 MJ/passenger-kilometer. For one person making a trip of 1000 km, the train is A. approximately 1/3 more efficient. B. not at all more efficient. C. approximately 2 times more efficient. D. approximately 3 times more efficient. E. approximately 30 times more efficient.
approximately 3 times more efficient.
Use Figure 12-1. The chart projects the greatest rise from 2007 to 2035 in the use of ________ to provide energy worldwide. A. liquids B. coal C. natural gas D. renewables E. nuclear power
coal
The conventional fossil fuel resource that the world as a whole has the largest supply of is A. biomass. B. natural gas. C. uranium. D. oil. E. coal.
coal
All of the following are reasons why coal is so widely used around the world EXCEPT A. resources are relatively easy to exploit. B. coal needs little refining. C. coal is easily transported. D. coal is plentiful. E. coal has a low energy density.
coal has a low energy density.
The energy source that can provide the greatest amount of electricity generation in the United States due to its abundance is A. oil. B. coal. C. nuclear. D. hydroelectric. E. natural gas.
coal.
As countries become more developed, the demand for A. commercial energy sources increases. B. subsistence energy sources increases. C. nuclear energy sources decreases. D. commercial energy sources decreases. E. subsistence energy sources equals that for commercial energy sources.
commercial energy sources increases.
Environmental costs associated with natural gas include all of the following EXCEPT A. pipelines built through environmentally sensitive areas. B. the release of methane into the atmosphere. C. trace metals released during combustion. D. groundwater contamination. E. degradation of the land due to drilling techniques.
groundwater contamination.
Energy intensity A. is the same as per capita energy use. B. is energy use per dollar of GDP C. has been leveling off. D. is described by the Hubbert Curve. E. is increasing because technology new technology is less efficient.
is energy use per dollar of GDP
Use Figure 12-2. The use of petroleum as a fuel rose dramatically due to all of the following EXCEPT A. its relative ease of extraction. B. its relative ease of transportation. C. its use as a transportation fuel. D. its relatively inexpensive cost. E. its abundance in the contiguous United States.
its abundance in the contiguous United States.
Uranium-235 is considered ideal for nuclear reactors due to A. its wide distribution as a resource. B. its stable nature as an isotope. C. its high EROEI. D. its minimal production of radioactive waste. E. its fissionability.
its fissionability.
The order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content is A. anthracite, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous. B. anthracite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, lignite. C. sub-bituminous, bituminous, lignite, anthracite. D. sub-bituminous, bituminous lignite, anthracite. E. lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous anthracite.
lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous anthracite.
The environmental costs associated with CTL, liquefied coal, include all of the following EXCEPT A. lower greenhouse emissions than regular coal, but more than petroleum. B. large demand for water. C. large demand for energy needed to process coal. D. land degradation in the United States. E. trace metals released during combustion of CTL.
lower greenhouse emissions than regular coal, but more than petroleum.
Use Figure 12-2. The drop in the use of coal as a fuel in the 1940s corresponds to a rise in the use of A. natural gas. B. nuclear power. C. hydroelectric power. D. wood. E. wind power.
natural gas.
When supplies of a particular energy type are finite, it is known as a A. renewable resource. B. potentially renewable resource. C. nonrenewable resource. D. nondepletable resource. E. perpetual resource.
nonrenewable resource.
Use Figure 12-1. The chart projects the smallest rise from 2007 to 2035 in the use of __________ to provide energy worldwide. A. liquids B. coal C. natural gas D. renewables E. nuclear power
nuclear power
The premise of a nuclear power plant is to use uranium A. pellets in the fuel rods to generate heat while using control rods to prevent a meltdown. B. fuel rods to generate heat while using control rods to prevent a meltdown. C. pellets in the control rods to regulate energy coming from the fuel rods. D. control rods to control the energy coming from the fuel rods. E. pellets in the fuel rods and the control rods to generate heat and use water to prevent a meltdown.
pellets in the fuel rods to generate heat while using control rods to prevent a meltdown.
Low level radioactive waste would include all of the following EXCEPT A. spent fuel rods. B. contaminated clothing. C. tools used in plant maintenance. D. rags used to clean water from the reactor. E. contaminated protective gear worn by workers.
spent fuel rods.
The present-held idea of what best to do with radioactive waste from nuclear power plants involves A. storing the waste on site. B. containing the waste in drums and storing them on the ocean floor. C. sending the radioactive waste into space on a rocket. D. storing the waste in a geologically stable site away from human habitation. E. containing the waste in drums and bury them in an ocean trench away from any coastlines.
storing the waste in a geologically stable site away from human habitation.
Environmental costs associated with the use of oil include all of the following EXCEPT A. oil leaking from pipes or wells. B. transporting oil around the world. C. trace metals that are released during combustion. D. waste oil that is either accidentally or deliberately released into the environment. E. the United States' dependency on foreign oil.
the United States' dependency on foreign oil.
The countries currently producing the largest amounts of coal are A. Canada, the United States, and China. B. China, India, and Canada. C. the United States, Canada, and India. D. the United States, India, and China. E. Russia, India, and China.
the United States, India, and China.
The disadvantages of using nuclear energy include all of the following EXCEPT A. radioactive waste disposal. B. reactor accidents. C. the possibility of using radioactive fuels in weapons. D. the amount of CO2 released by the reactors. E. the mining of uranium.
the amount of CO2 released by the reactors.
Environmental costs associated with the use of coal include all of the following EXCEPT A. particulates that are released into the atmosphere when coal is burned. B. degradation to land due to mining techniques. C. the creation of highly radioactive waste. D. trace metals found in coal. E. the transportation of coal from mine to power plant.
the creation of highly radioactive waste.
The advantages of harnessing energy derived from nuclear fusion are all of these EXCEPT A. an immense amount of heat energy is generated. B. a minute source (quantity) of raw material is required for the reaction. C. no greenhouse gases are emitted during energy production. D. the current energy input is smaller than the energy output. E. relatively small amounts of radioactive waste are produced.
the current energy input is smaller than the energy output.
End users of electricity receive their electricity by way of interconnected transmission lines known as A. the power grid. B. the cogeneration grid. C. the electrical grid. D. the turbine network. E. the energy network.
the electrical grid.
Use Figure 12-2. The rise of the use of coal from 1975 to 2000 can be explained by all of the following EXCEPT A. the manufacture of coal-burning power plants. B. the high net energy of coal. C. the abundance of coal in the United States. D. the environmental standards enacted on coal-burning power plants. E. the relatively inexpensive cost of coal.
the environmental standards enacted on coal-burning power plants.
Use Figure 12-1. The projected rise in the use of coal as an energy source is best explained by A. the use of coal in developing countries such as China and India. B. the use of coal in developed countries. C. the lack of technology advancing the use of renewables. D. better surface-mining techniques worldwide. E. a moving away from the use of fossil fuels.
the use of coal in developing countries such as China and India.
A public health issue related to the use of nuclear energy is A. thyroid cancer. B. asthma. C. cataracts. D. black lung. E. mercury poisoning.
thyroid cancer.
Identify the energy source from the list below that is nonrenewable and does not contribute significantly to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A. wind B. solar C. geothermal D. hydroelectric E. uranium
uranium
Conventional fossil fuel energy resources include all of the following EXCEPT A. coal. B. oil. C. natural gas. D. uranium. E. All of the above
uranium.
In order to increase the efficiency of a power plant, cogeneration may be utilized by A. using alternating fuel sources to generate electricity. B. connecting one power line grid to another grid. C. using two fuel sources simultaneously to generate electricity. D. using the steam generated as a thermal energy source. E. doubling the capacity of the plant.
using the steam generated as a thermal energy source.
A combined cycle power plant has a greatly increased efficiency due to A. using the steam generated to turn a steam turbine and generate electricity. B. using a more efficient natural gas combustion gas turbine to generate electricity. C. using the steam generated for heating nearby buildings. D. using alternating fossil fuel sources. E. using a generator with dual capacities.
using the steam generated to turn a steam turbine and generate electricity.
Use Figure 12-4. The curves show that oil production A. will increase exponentially for the foreseeable future. B. will increase, decrease, then increase again. C. will reach a peak, then steadily decrease. D. will remain constant. E. is not affected at all by the amount of oil reserves.
will reach a peak, then steadily decrease.
Use Figure 12-4. Based on the curve, it is believed that finding new petroleum reserves A. will greatly increase the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves. B. will greatly decrease the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves. C. will slightly increase the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves. D. will slightly decrease the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves. E. will have no effect on the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves.
will slightly increase the amount of time it will take to use up all available reserves.
Use Figure 12-2. For the majority of the history of the United States, the predominant fuel source has been A. petroleum. B. natural gas. C. coal. D. wood. E. nuclear.
wood.