APES Chapter 19

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will lead to the reduction in heat radiated back to space in the form of A. infrared radiation. B. visible light. C. gamma radiation. D. ultraviolet light. E. cosmic rays.

A.

An indirect anthropogenic release of methane is manifested by A. melting of Arctic permafrost. B. decreased termite activity. C. greater concentration of atmospheric soot. D. increased wind farm activity in the northern latitudes. E. reduced tropical deforestation.

A.

An organismal level effect that is partially the result of global warming may be seen in the disassociation of types of algae from their symbiotic hosts. This process is known as A. coral bleaching. B. sequential hermaphroditism. C. parasitoid evacuation. D. mutualistic exclusion. E. commensalistic separation.

A.

Global dimming is a phenomenon whereby incoming solar energy is reflected back into space prior to hitting the Earth's surface. A non-anthropogenic source of this dimming could be from A. heightened volcanic ash in the atmosphere. B. soot from coal fired power plants. C. methane emission from livestock. D. forests burned for conversion to agriculture. E. decreased reflectivity of snow and ice from particulates.

A.

Per capita carbon emissions tend to be highest in A. developed nations. B. developing nations. C. South America. D. Eurasia. E. Africa.

A.

The concentration of which of the following greenhouse gases is LEAST affected by human activity? A. Water vapor B. Carbon dioxide C. Chlorofluorocarbons D. Methane E. Carbon monoxide

A.

Use Table 19-1. Which type of livestock causes the greatest overall greenhouse gas emissions? A. Beef cattle B. Dairy cattle C. Swine D. Poultry E. It is impossible to tell from the data given.

A.

Which of the following could be considered a positive feedback loop contributing to increased global temperatures? I. Higher temperatures lead to increased decomposer activity. II. An increase in soil loss leads to a decrease in light penetration in adjacent streams. III. Increased CO2 stimulates plant growth. A. I B. II C. I and II D. I and III E. II and III

A.

Which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? A. Carbon dioxide B. Methane C. Ozone D. Nitrous oxide E. Chlorofluorocarbons

A.

Which of the following greenhouse gases is responsible for trapping the most outgoing infrared radiation? A. Water vapor B. Carbon dioxide C. Ozone D. Methane E. Nitrous oxide

A.

Which of the following is true about anthropogenic sources of methane production? I. Raising livestock is one of the largest anthropogenic sources of methane. II. Methane production increases when wetlands are destroyed. III. Anthropogenic methane has greater warming potential than naturally produced methane. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. II and III E. I, II, and III

A.

Which of the following natural disasters in the United States can be at least partly attributed to global warming? A. Hurricane Katrina B. Gulf oil spill C. Love Canal D. Exxon Valdez oil spill E. Eruption of Mount St. Helens

A.

A negative health consequence of increased surface temperatures would be best represented by which of the following? A. A reduction in winter influenza B. An increase in geographic range of disease-causing pests C. A decrease in groundwater access D. An increase in the duration of the growing season E. An increased rate of forest succession

B.

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreement or legislation gives the EPA the authority to regulate CO2 emissions? A. The Clean Water Act B. The Clean Air Act C. The Montreal Protocol D. The Kyoto Protocol E. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B.

An attempt at global collaboration in curbing greenhouse gas emissions was demonstrated by the A. Clean Air Act. B. Kyoto Protocol. C. Montreal Protocol. D. Natural Resource Defense Council. E. Environmental Protection Agency.

B.

Excluding wetlands, an abundant, non-anthropogenic source of methane in the atmosphere is from A. domestic livestock. B. termites. C. sugar cane production. D. photosynthetic activity. E. aerobic soils.

B.

Scientists can hypothesize the anthropogenic contribution to global temperature change by comparing recent temperatures to historical values. A physical test for this comparison is done using A. organismal concentration in ocean sediments. B. changes in isotopic oxygen found in ice cores. C. carbon-14 dating. D. biogeochemical cycling. E. paleoclimate models.

B.

Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. The current and expected increase in temperature is likely to stimulate a positive feedback mechanism driven by A. increased plant growth. B. increased activity of decomposers in soils. C. heightened soil erosion. D. soil salinization. E. loss of groundwater recharge.

B.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 1958 was 310 ppm and rose to 390 ppm in 2009. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to A. 20%. B. 25%. C. 55%. D. 70%. E. 80%.

B.

Use Figure 19-1. In 2000, which of the following occurred? A. Northern hemisphere temperatures increased by about 0.2°C, and southern hemisphere temperatures increased by about 0.5°C. B. Northern hemisphere temperatures increased by about 0.5°C, and southern hemisphere temperatures increased by about 0.2°C. C. Northern hemisphere temperatures decreased by about 0.2°C, and southern hemisphere temperatures decreased by about 0.5°C. D. Northern hemisphere temperatures decreased by about 0.5°C, and southern hemisphere temperatures decreased by about 0.2°C. E. Temperatures in both hemispheres remained approximately the same.

B.

Use Figure 19-4. What is the approximate annual rate of change in emissions for developing nations over the period of time illustrated in the graph? A. 0.2 Gt CO2 per year B. 0.5 Gt CO2 per year C. 1 Gt CO2 per year D. 1.5 Gt CO2 per year E. 2.5 Gt CO2 per year

B.

Use Figure 19-4. Which of the following is the MOST reasonable explanation of the trends shown in the graph? A. Developing nations refuse to incorporate renewable energy measures. B. An increase in the middle class of developing nations increases demand for fossil fuel. C. Oil in developing nations is no longer shipped to developed nations. D. The United States continues to refuse to sign the Kyoto Protocol. E. China implements more strict population measures.

B.

Use Table 19-1. In 2005, there were approximately 60.6 million swine in the United States. About how much emissions did EACH of these swine produce? A. 0.035 metric tons B. 0.35 metric tons C. 3.5 metric tons D. 35 metric tons E. 3500 metric tons

B.

Which of the following choices represents the top three nations for per capita emission of carbon dioxide? A. Canada, China, the United States B. Australia, the United States, Canada C. The United States, China, India D. China, Canada, the United States E. The United States, Russia, Australia

B.

Which of the following is likely to be the most difficult hurdle to overcome from current and future sea level rise? A. An increase in wetland area B. Compensating for the mass migration of coastal people C. Lack of aquatic transportation D. An increase in seafood production E. Reduction in annual hurricane precipitation in coastal zones

B.

Which of the following phenomena is a major cause of increasing greenhouse gas production? A. A weakening economy leading to less efficient energy usage B. An increasing global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent C. A more intense Atlantic hurricane seasons D. A thinning of stratospheric ozone, causing an increase in UV radiation E. Higher evaporation rates due to greater area of impervious surfaces

B.

Use Figure 19-3. Ignoring CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel use, which would be the best practice to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases? A. Eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals B. Convert wetlands into agricultural land C. Institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide D. Increase the use of nitrogen based fertilizer E. Subsidize logging in the Pacific Northwest

C.

Which of the following would provide the most ecologically sound approach to sequestering carbon that has already been emitted into the atmosphere? A. Converting methane-emitting wetlands into agricultural land B. Allowing agricultural fields to become pasture or forest C. Introducing termite bio-controls to reduce the production of methane D. Interrupting bacterial respiration to reduce carbon output E. Applying nitrates to oceans to stimulate algal growth and thus photosynthetic activity

B.

A greenhouse gas that results from natural anaerobic processes typically associated with saturated soil conditions found in wetlands would be A. ozone. B. chlorofluorocarbon. C. methane. D. hydrogen sulfide. E. nitrogen gas.

C.

A potential source of natural short-term climate change can be seen with A. earthquake activity. B. natural selection. C. volcanism. D. ecological succession. E. wetland delineation.

C.

Although the average global temperature over the last 120 years has increased by 0.8ºC, some parts of the globe have experienced a decline in temperatures. The area that has experienced the most pronounced decrease is A. the Atlantic Ocean. B. the North Pole. C. Antarctica. D. the equator. E. Europe.

C.

An approach to combating global warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed A. carbon disassociation. B. thermal stratification. C. carbon sequestration. D. methanogenesis. E. cogeneration.

C.

Excluding anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases, greenhouse warming can be considered A. non-existent. B. a necessary temperature moderating mechanism. C. detrimental to sensitive sea life. D. a leading cause in sea level rise. E. responsible for a growing number of threatened and endangered species.

C.

Increased global temperatures will present many potential health problems. One of these is the possibility of heat related mortalities. Which of the following would most likely experience acute increases in heat related mortality in the future? A. Rural residents B. Tropical Africa C. Urban areas of developed nations D. Latitudes greater than 60 degrees E. Tropical island nations

C.

Ocean currents are major heat distribution mechanisms for the planet and thus have a large impact on regional climate. Of the following events, which would be most likely to disrupt the thermohaline cycling of ocean currents, causing much of Europe to experience much colder temperatures? A. Coral bleaching releasing carbonate into the water B. Increased whale harvests removing radiant loss from mammals C. Melting of Greenland ice sheets D. Addition of salt run-off from salinized Middle Eastern soil E. Reduced continental run-off of freshwater stimulated by drought conditions

C.

Use Figure 19-1. In which of the following years did temperatures increase in the northern hemisphere, but decrease in the southern hemisphere? A. 1900 B. 1930 C. 1960 D. 1990 E. 2000

C.

Use Figure 19-2. Between 400,000 and 10,000 years ago, the highest CO2 concentration was approximately A. 380 ppm. B. 320 ppm. C. 290 ppm. D. 200 ppm. E. 180 ppm.

C.

What is the only developed country that has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? A. Russia B. France C. The United States D. France E. Japan

C.

Which of the following can be considered reasonable hypotheses to explain the recent trend in warming of surface temperatures globally? I. If greenhouse gas concentrations increase in the troposphere, then surface temperatures will increase. II. If the area of polar ice increases, then the surface temperatures will increase. III. If incoming solar radiation is greater than the release of outgoing infrared radiation, then surface temperatures will increase. A. I B. II C. I and III D. II and III E. I, II ,and III

C.

Which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury? A. Nuclear power B. Wind power C. Coal D. Natural gas cogeneration E. Hydropower

C.

Which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally? A. Carbon dioxide B. Nitrous oxide C. Chlorofluorocarbons D. Methane E. Ozone

C.

Which of the following greenhouse gases has the highest warming potential relative to carbon dioxide? A. Methane B. Nitrous oxide C. Chlorofluorocarbons D. Carbon monoxide E. Ozone

C.

Which of the following is NOT an example of how global warming has disrupted living organisms? A. Earlier flowering of many plant species B. Mistiming of bird hatching with emergence of insect prey C. pH changes in oceanic waters D. Expansion of the growing season E. Delayed hibernation for terrestrial mammals

C.

Which of the following molecules is NOT considered a greenhouse gas? A. Carbon dioxide B. Ozone C. Nitrogen D. Methane E. Chlorofluorocarbon

C.

If the ice cap at the North Pole continues to shrink, which of the following is NOT a likely outcome? A. Polar bears could decline or become extinct. B. Seal populations would likely increase. C. Arctic fox populations would be negatively affected. D. Penguin populations would increase. E. Indigenous people would lose a food source.

D.

Oceans are a global sink for carbon dioxide. This is a concern because as global temperatures increase, the oceans ability to retain carbon dioxide will tend to A. increase slightly. B. remain unchanged. C. double. D. decrease. E. triple.

D.

Particulate matter may have an impact on global surface temperatures because as soot lands on snow and ice surfaces, the absorption of thermal energy increases with a decrease in A. evaporation. B. condensation. C. sublimation. D. albedo. E. phototransmittance.

D.

The loss of glaciers could directly cause A. an increase in permafrost. B. a decrease in storm intensity. C. a lowering of the mosquito line in highland areas. D. a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies. E. an increase in water filtration capabilities.

D.

The most reasonable approach to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases in the long term would be A. imposing global limits on family size. B. placing embargos on the shipment of oil to developing nations. C. removing taxes on gasoline, thus lowering consumer prices. D. threatening military action to any non-Kyoto nation. E. subsidizing the development and application of renewable energy.

D.

Use Figure 19-1. In the last 10 years, there has been a clear differentiation between northern and southern temperature increases. For the most recent data shown on the graph, the northern hemisphere increase is what percent of the southern temperature increase? A. 60% B. 75% C. 100% D. 130% E. 230%

D.

Use Figure 19-2. What is the approximate percent increase between carbon dioxide levels 150,000 years ago and carbon dioxide levels today? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% E. 150%

D.

Use Figure 19-4. Which of the following statements about greenhouse gas emissions is correct? I. The rate of increase in CO2 emissions is greater for developing versus developed nations. II. The equilibrium point for developed and developing nations will be in 2010. III. Developing nations will still outpace developed nations in 2030. A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. I and III E. I, II, and III

D.

Use Table 19-1. In 2005, there were approximately 86.5 million beef cattle and 12.8 million dairy cattle in the United States. Which of the following statements about beef and dairy cattle emissions is true? A. Per animal, beef cattle produce about three times as much emissions as dairy cattle. B. Per animal, beef cattle produce about twice as much emissions as dairy cattle. C. Per animal, beef cattle produce about the same amount of emissions as dairy cattle. D. Per animal, dairy cattle produce about twice as much emissions as beef cattle. E. Per animal, dairy cattle produce about three times as much emissions as beef cattle.

D.

Which of the following best describes the class of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? I. Volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere. II. They are known ozone depleters. III. They were targeted for banning in 1987 as part of the Montreal Protocol. A. I only B. II only C. I and III D. II and III E. I, II, and III

D.

Which of the following nations is responsible for the most carbon emissions on an annual basis? A. India B. Germany C. The United States D. China E. Russia

D.

Which of the following organizations was created by the UN to monitor, understand, and estimate the global impact of climate change? A. Montreal Protocol B. EPA C. IUCN D. IPCC E. Peace Corps

D.

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to polar bears? A. Hunting B. Tainted seal meat C. Pollution D. Global warming E. Predation

D.

Which of the following would NOT be considered an economic hardship associated with global warming? A. Loss of annual crop yield due to less water availability B. Reduced seasonal availability of ski tourism C. Increased coastal flooding from rising seas D. Increased investment in renewable energy sources E. Incorporating true cost pricing on product sales, particularly vehicles

D.

In some cases, increased global temperatures have caused an extension in growing seasons and thus annual primary productivity. Which of the following would be most likely to cause this trend to cease? A. Higher amounts of grazing by herbivores B. Increased crop yield by humans C. Greater supply of genetically modified organisms D. Build-up of soil organic matter driven by decomposition E. Loss of soil moisture because of heightened evaporation and lower regional precipitation

E.

Use Figure 19-2. The difference between the present observed carbon dioxide concentration and the concentration 400,000 years ago is closest to A. 20 ppm. B. 35 ppm. C. 60 ppm. D. 90 ppm. E. 120 ppm.

E.

Use Figure 19-3. Which of the following processes would likely contribute the most to the greenhouse effect? A. Raising of livestock B. Ignoring the Montreal protocol C. Supporting slash and burn agriculture D. Stimulating microbial digestion of organic matter E. Usage of hydrocarbon fuel for energy

E.

Use Table 19-1. Which type of livestock causes the greatest greenhouse gas emissions per animal? A. Beef cattle B. Dairy cattle C. Swine D. Poultry E. It is impossible to tell from the data given.

E.

Which of the following fuels would release the most carbon dioxide in producing a given amount of energy? A. Natural gas B. Nuclear power C. Hydropower D. Oil E. Coal

E.