apes chapters 1-11

Approximately how much of the potential energy available from the Sun's rays hitting Earth is used in photosynthesis? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 50 percent d. 90 percent e. 25 percent

a. 1 percent

A dishwasher uses 700 watts each time it is run. The cycle takes one hour. It is run 150 times per year. How much energy does it use in one year? a. 105 kWh b. 1,050 kWh c. 1,050 J d. 700 kWh e. 0.10 MJ

a. 105 kWh

Which group of organisms performs photosynthesis? a. Autotrophs b. Scavengers c. Consumers d. Decomposers e. Heterotrophs

a. Autotrophs

Which best describes the concept of net primary production? a. Energy captured minus energy lost b. Total amount of energy produced from photosynthesis c. Total amount of energy available within an ecosystem d. Total amount of cellular respiration conducted within an ecosystem e. Total amount of energy available from the Sun

a. Energy captured minus energy lost

How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost? a. Heat loss b. Energy used to capture prey c. Energy used to grow biomass d. Cellular respiration e. Cellular metabolism

a. Heat loss

If an energy source is 35 percent efficient, what happens to the other 65 percent of the energy? a. It is lost as waste. b. It is converted to solar energy. c. It is converted to another form of useable energy. d. It is saved as kinetic energy. e. It is converted to electromagnetic radiation.

a. It is lost as waste.

In an ecosystem, a specialized type of bacteria that can convert ammonium into nitrate suddenly dies out. Without these bacteria, which process would be directly affected first? a. Nitrification b. Assimilation c. Denitrification d. Nitrogen fixation e. Mineralization

a. Nitrification

The study of environmental science differs from the study of other natural sciences because it a. also includes politics, law and economics. b. uses the scientific method. c. does not require an understanding of biology. d. does not require any mathematical calculations. e. does not use experiments.

a. also includes politics, law and economics.

Passage 1-2An experiment uses two groups of 20 mice. Both groups are fed the same amount of water and food every day. They are kept in similar cages in a climate-controlled room. The experimental group is given five doses of a pesticide every day. After two months, the amount of an enzyme in the brains of the mice is measured. Use Passage 1-2. The climate-controlled room is important to establish a. an experimental constant. b. the hypothesis. c. replication. d. a variable. e. a control.

a. an experimental constant.

The surface tension of water results from the a. cohesion of water molecules at the surface. b. adhesion of water molecules at the surface. c. density of water above freezing. d. cohesion of water molecules just below the surface. e. capillary action of water.

a. cohesion of water molecules at the surface.

After a forest fire, a badly damaged ecosystem recovered rapidly. This ecosystem has a. high resilience. b. low resilience. c. low resistance. d. high resistance. e. equal amounts of resilience and resistance.

a. high resilience.

Precision is a. how close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another. b. how close an estimation is to a true value. c. how close a measured value is to the actual value. d. an estimate of how much a measured value differs from a true value. e. how close an estimation is to a measured value.

a. how close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere a. is increasing in part due to fossil fuel use. b. is decreasing in part due to deforestation. c. cannot be reliably measured. d. has not significantly changed in the past 200 years. e. has been decreasing since the 1800s.

a. is increasing in part due to fossil fuel use.

Mass number refers to an element's a. number of protons + neutrons. b. number of electrons. c. half-life. d. number of protons + electrons. e. number of isotopes.

a. number of protons + neutrons.

If petroleum used by a power generator is 50 percent efficient and the lines that carry the electricity to a light are 25 percent efficient, what is the energy efficiency of converting this oil into this light? a. 0.50 percent b. 12.5 percent c. 1.25 percent d. 125 percent e. 75 percent

b. 12.5 percent

Five square miles is equal to ____ acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres) a. 32,000 b. 3,200 c. 320 d. 2,500 e. 0.32

b. 3,200

What is the natural source of phosphorus on land? a. Compounds formed by producers during photosynthesis b. Compounds released from the weathering of rocks c. Deposition from atmospheric phosphorus d. Compounds formed from biological weathering e. Compounds dissolved in precipitation

b. Compounds released from the weathering of rocks

What is possible result of an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? a. Increase in formation of fossil fuels b. Increase in global temperature c. Decrease in cellular respiration d. Decreased photosynthesis e. Increased precipitation

b. Increase in global temperature

Which is a biotic factor? a. pH b. Producers c. Water d. Humidity e. Energy

b. Producers

Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem a. Scavengers ® producers ® herbivores ® carnivores b. Producers ® herbivores ® carnivores ® scavengers c. Herbivores ® producers ® carnivores ® scavengers d. Producers ® carnivores ® herbivores ® carnivores e. Carnivores ® scavengers ® producers ® herbivores

b. Producers ® herbivores ® carnivores ® scavengers

A theory is a. a hypothesis that has been published in a reputable scientific journal. b. a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple researchers and gained acceptance. c. an inference made after data collection in either a laboratory or from a natural experiment. d. a testable conjecture about how something works. e. an idea that can be falsified or proved wrong.

b. a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple researchers and gained acceptance.

You are an environmental scientist familiar with the Hubbard Brook Watershed study. Immediately after observing the clear-cutting of a forest near your New England home, you would expect a. a decrease in levels of erosion. b. an increase in a nearby stream's nitrate concentrations. c. a decrease in a nearby stream's nitrate concentrations. d. an increase in a nearby stream's water temperature. e. a decrease in a nearby stream's water temperature.

b. an increase in a nearby stream's nitrate concentrations.

Ecosystem services a. are valued for their beauty. b. are natural processes that support life. c. indicate the current state of the environment. d. are the processes that humans use to address environmental problems. e. refer to abiotic features of the environment.

b. are natural processes that support life.

Sustainable development a. is achieved when the amount of food grown equals the amount needed. b. balances human needs and resource management. c. requires giving up the use of all fossil fuels in the next 50 years. d. is not possible on a planet of over 7 billion people. e. requires resources to be stored for future generations.

b. balances human needs and resource management.

People living in developed nations tend to a. consume fewer resources per capita. b. consume more resources. c. use fewer non-renewable resources. d. restrict their use of resources. e. have a smaller ecological footprint

b. consume more resources.

Chemical energy a. is composed of visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light. b. is a form of potential energy. c. is created by ingesting food. d. is not released by ingestion. e. is a form of kinetic energy.

b. is a form of potential energy.

In a particular freshwater ecosystem, phosphorous is required to sustain plant growth. Regardless of the amounts of nitrogen or other mineral nutrients in the lake, aquatic plants in this system have been unable to mature without an increase in phosphorous. In this example, phosphorous can be described as a a. micronutrient. b. limiting nutrient. c. negative feedback. d. recycled element. e. hypoxic chemical.

b. limiting nutrient.

Bases contribute ______________ to a solution. a. neither hydrogen nor hydroxide ions b. negative hydroxide ions c. nitrate ions d. negative hydroxide ions and positive hydrogen ions e. positive hydrogen ions

b. negative hydroxide ions

The extinction of mastodons and giant ground sloths in the Americas is attributed to a. competition with dinosaurs. b. overhunting by humans. c. a meteorite impact in Central America. d. the introduction of the American bison, which acted as a competitor. e. climate change.

b. overhunting by humans.

A hypothesis is different from a belief because it is a. the same as a theory. b. testable. c. realistic. d. based on consensus. e. proven.

b. testable.

A researcher has been studying coral reef species diversity for the past two decades. In the first decade, she observed zero hurricanes and the species diversity on the reef remained the same. However, in the last decade, the reef experienced a few minor hurricanes. The researcher recently discovered an increase in the species diversity in the coral reef. These results could support a. the second law of thermodynamics. b. the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. c. the theory of natural selection. d. the findings of the Hubbard Brook Watershed experiment. e. funding for restoration ecology.

b. the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

In a closed system a. entropy does not occur. b. there are no matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries. c. matter and energy exchanges occur across system boundaries only rarely. d. inputs are frequent but outputs are rare. e. all energy is potential energy.

b. there are no matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries.

Which of the following is the approximate efficiency of the energy transfer as energy flows through the food chain? a. 50 percent b. 90 percent c. 10 percent d. 25 percent e. 1 percent

c. 10 percent

What is the affect of deforestation on the carbon cycle? a. Increase in the amount of cellular respiration performed by producers b. Deforestation has no impact on the carbon cycle c. Increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere d. Decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere e. Increase in the amount of photosynthesis

c. Increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

During what stage of the hydrologic cycle is water released to the atmosphere from plants? a. Infiltration b. Evaporation c. Transpiration d. Precipitation e. Condensation

c. Transpiration

Mass is a. a ratio of an object's weight to the atomic number of the elements it contains. b. anything that occupies space and has weight. c. a measure of the amount of matter an object contains. d. the number of protons in the nucleus of an element. e. the atomic weight of any particle that contains more than one atom.

c. a measure of the amount of matter an object contains.

The second law of thermodynamics states that a. no energy is lost in an energy conversion. b. matter can be neither created nor destroyed. c. all systems move toward increased entropy. d. new energy is available in all systems. e. velocity increases as a dropped object nears Earth's surface.

c. all systems move toward increased entropy.

In a chemical reaction a. atoms are destroyed. b. there are no changes in the bonds between atoms. c. atoms are neither created nor destroyed. d. atoms are rarely recombined. e. atoms are created.

c. atoms are neither created nor destroyed.

Passage 1-2An experiment uses two groups of 20 mice. Both groups are fed the same amount of water and food every day. They are kept in similar cages in a climate-controlled room. The experimental group is given five doses of a pesticide every day. After two months, the amount of an enzyme in the brains of the mice is measured. Use Passage 1-2. The group of mice NOT exposed to the pesticide is called the a. experimental constant. b. dosage control. c. control. d. sample. e. replication.

c. control.

Compounds formed by elements that share electrons are held together by a. ionic bonds. b. nitrogen bonds. c. covalent bonds. d. isotopes. e. protons.

c. covalent bonds.

An ecological footprint considers a. per capita resource use of a nation. b. resources that an entire nation consumes in an average year. c. how much an individual consumes in terms of land area. d. average yearly individual consumption of resources. e. the ratio of resources consumed in developed nations to less developed nations.

c. how much an individual consumes in terms of land area.

Total world grain production has a. leveled off recently. b. increased recently. c. increased since 1950. d. dropped dramatically since 1950. e. increased and decreased with no overall trend.

c. increased since 1950.

The field that focuses on restoring damaged ecosystems is known as a. reconciliation ecology. b. disturbance reconciliation. c. restoration ecology. d. habitat balancing ecology. e. mitigation ecology.

c. restoration ecology.

The background extinction rate is a. a very slow, natural process. b. the result of a one-time environmental stress. c. the result of climate change. :d. speeding up because of human use of land. e. much faster than speciation.

c. the result of climate change.

Living in a sustainable way refers to a. eating locally whenever possible. b. using Earth's resources efficiently. c. using resources in a way that does not deprive future generations. d. recycling all paper, plastic, and metals. e. living without basic ecosystem services.

c. using resources in a way that does not deprive future generations.

Which best describes an ecosystem? a. Intra-species relationships b. All biotic factors interacting c. Populations interacting d. All biotic and abiotic factors e. Inter-species relationships

d. All biotic and abiotic factors

How does an algal bloom affect the oxygen content of the water? a. An algal bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water. b. An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall. c. An algal bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water. d. An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions. e. An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content to vary based on depth of the water.

d. An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions.

What is a watershed? a. A network of streams leading to a larger river b. A network of rivers and bays that lead to the ocean c. An extensive wetland system leading to a bay d. An area of land that drains to a particular water body e. A reservoir of water stored underground

d. An area of land that drains to a particular water body

Which describes the difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist? a. The difference is negligible because both care about Earth. b. An environmentalist is concerned with abiotic factors; an environmental scientist studies biotic factors. c. An environmentalist is involved in a social movement; an environmental scientist is involved in politics. d. An environmentalist is involved in a social movement; an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science. e. An environmentalist studies the humanities; an environmental scientist has a background in biology and chemistry.

d. An environmentalist is involved in a social movement; an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science.

Which organic molecules are the basis of biological molecules important to life? a. Carbohydrates, methane, nucleic acids, and lipids b. Organelles, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids c. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and organophosphates d. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids e. Carbohydrates, methane, nucleic acids, and lipids

d. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Use Figure 3-3. What type of organism would you expect to find on the lowest level of the pyramid? a. Lion b. Gazelle c. Vulture d. Grasses e. Giraffe

d. Grasses

Which is a product of photosynthesis? I. Glucose II. Carbon dioxide III. Water a. II only b. I and III c. I and II d. I only e. III only

d. I only

Which is NOT true of dissemination of scientific results? a. It improves critical thinking. b. It allows scientists to discuss results. c. It is an essential part of the scientific process. d. It is useful only when the result confirms the hypothesis. e. It helps researchers develop alternative explanations to observable phenomena.

d. It is useful only when the result confirms the hypothesis.

Use Figure 1-1. According to the figure above, which statement about the overall trend in per capita wheat production is correct? a. Per capita wheat production has not changed since the 1950s. b. Per capita wheat production was stable between 1950 and 1960, and then decreased through 2005. c. Per capita wheat production has steadily increased since the 1950s through today. d. Per capita wheat production increased from 1950 through the mid-1980s and then started to decrease. e. There is no discernible trend.

d. Per capita wheat production increased from 1950 through the mid-1980s and then started to decrease.

Which nutrient is most often limiting in aquatic ecosystems? a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Phosphorus e. Sulfur

d. Phosphorus

Which of the following is the best description of a region's climate? a. The average weather that occurs over 30 years b. The average precipitation that occurs over a long time c. The amount of precipitation in a typical year d. The average high and low temperatures of a region e. The average temperature and precipitation over 5 yearsThis

d. The average high and low temperatures of a region

What are the physical products of cellular respiration? a. Glucose and water b. Glucose and oxygen c. Oxygen and carbon dioxide d. Water and carbon dioxide e. Nitrogen and carbon

d. Water and carbon dioxide

An element is a. composed of compounds that contain atoms with the same half-life. b. composed of molecules that can be broken down into simpler components. c. composed of different atoms found in the same area on the periodic table. d. composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller components. e. composed of different isotopes with the same atomic structure.

d. composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller components.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere a. tend to decrease surface temperatures because they trap heat. b. help keep a stable temperature range on Earth's surface. c. accumulate primarily because of volcanic activity and forest fires. d. concentrate above the equator because of the Sun's position. e. are the result of human activity.

d. concentrate above the equator because of the Sun's position.

Problems developed at Mono Lake because a. the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 diverted several of its source rivers. b. birds no longer used it as a migratory stop. c. its source water was redirected to support the development of Los Vegas. d. its source water has been redirected for use by people in the Los Angeles area. e. it became highly polluted by detergents and other runoff.

d. its source water has been redirected for use by people in the Los Angeles area.

To produce sodium chloride—common table salt—a single electron in the outer shell of a sodium atom is transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom. This is an example of a. the formation of an isotope. b. the formation of a hydrogen bond. c. the formation of a covalent bond. d. the formation of an ionic bond. e. radioactive decay.

d. the formation of an ionic bond.

A half-life measures a. one-half of the length of time radioactive waste must be buried. b. the number of electrons in an atom. c. the time it takes for one-half of a mass of radioactive material to decay. d. the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay. e. the daughter material generated from one-half of the parent material.

d. the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay.

What happens during nitrogen fixation? a. Nitrogen wastes are converted by bacteria into ammonium. b. Bacteria in the soil convert nitrate into nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. c. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants. d. Organisms convert nitrogen into carbon dioxide and energy. e. Atmospheric nitrogen diffuses into the soil and is converted into ammonia.

e. Atmospheric nitrogen diffuses into the soil and is converted into ammonia.

Water's ability to act as a solvent explains which of the following phenomena? I. High concentrations of dissolved ions in seawater II. The capacity of living organisms to store many types of molecules in solution in their cells III. Easy transport of toxic substances through the environment a. I only b. II only c. I and II d. I and III e. I, II, and III

e. I, II, and III

Lake Erie has multiple tributaries, canals, and outflow streams. Lake Erie is a(n) _______ system with regard to matter and a(n) _______ system with regard to energy. a. open; closed b. closed; open c. open; steady d. closed; closed e. open; open

e. open; open

Steps taken to restore the Everglades include a. removal of all housing and farms with 50 miles of the Everglades. b. decreasing water flow through the water tolerant grasses. c. removal of all invasive species. d. addition of new species that will tolerate water more effectively. e. reduction of pollutants entering the ecosystem.

e. reduction of pollutants entering the ecosystem.

During a single Oregon winter, minimum temperatures did not get much below freezing. The following summer large mosquito populations were observed in ponds. Cold weather came early the next winter and most ponds froze for 3 months. The following summer, very low mosquito populations were observed. What best explains this pattern in the mosquito population? a. A density-independent factor b. Global warming c. The ecosystem's carrying capacity d. A limiting resource e. A density-dependent factor

a. A density-independent factor

Which human activity is currently changing the carbon cycle? a. Combustion of fossil fuels b. Formation of carbonate rocks c. Formation of fossil fuels d. Photosynthesis e. Cellular respiration

a. Combustion of fossil fuels

The damage an earthquake is capable of causing can be predicted byI. its magnitude on the Richter scale.II. the proximity of the epicenter to densely populated areas.III. the quality of building construction close to the earthquake zone. a. I, II, and III. b. III only c. II only d. II and III e. I only

a. I, II, and III.

What is one significant effect of upwelling? a. It creates an area of high nutrient levels along the coast b. It creates an area of high precipitation c. It brings warm water to the surface of the ocean d. It drives thermohaline circulation e. It creates an area of high nutrients in the center of the ocean basin

a. It creates an area of high nutrient levels along the coast

Use Figure 14-3. In the diagram, which pair of organisms shares the closest evolutionary relationship? a. Lizard and chipmunk b. Chipmunk and lancelet c. Lancelet and lizard d. Lamprey and lizard e. Lancelet and trout

a. Lizard and chipmunk

A population of rabbits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. The depression fills in with water and becomes a river that separates the population into two groups. Over a very long period the two populations develop into entirely different species, no longer capable of reproducing with each other. This is an example of a. allopatric speciation. b. mutation. c. the bottleneck effect. d. sympatric speciation. e. artificial selection.

a. allopatric speciation.

Organisms that eat dead or decaying matter are called a. scavengers. b. primary consumers. c. tertiary consumers. d. autotrophs. e. heterotrophs.

a. scavengers.

Native Americans on the Great Plains a. were responsible for the expansion of the tallgrass prairie. b. hunted the passenger pigeon to extinction. c. hunted the American bison to extinction. d. cut down the tallgrass to plant crops. e. prevented forests from burning.

a. were responsible for the expansion of the tallgrass prairie.

A negative feedback loop occurs a. when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state. b. when input is greater than output. c. when feedback into a system increases a rate of response. d. when feedback into a system decreases a rate of response. e. when a system is in a steady state.

a. when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state.

Which factor is NOT considered when estimating world population? a. CDR b. Immigration c. CBR d. Existing population e. Total fertility rates

b. Immigration

Why might the population of a country with a TFR of 1.6 continue to grow over a longer time? a. The net emigration is increasing. b. The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR. c. The country has civil unrest. d. The life expectancy has fallen. e. Child and infant mortality is very low.

b. The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR.

Which is a renewable resource? a. Oil b. Timber c. Coal d. Copper e. Aluminum

b. Timber

Use Figure 12-2. In which biome would you expect to find in an area with an average temperature of 25o C and 200 cm of precipitation annually? a. Temperate grassland b. Tropical seasonal forest/Savanna c. Tundra d. Temperate rainforest e. Temperate seasonal forest

b. Tropical seasonal forest/Savanna

Use Figure 7-1. Population A would most likely be in which phase of demographic transition? a. 4 b. Between 3 and 4 c. 2 d. 3 e. 1

c. 2

Which would NOT have a significant effect on the climate of a region? a. Atmospheric convection currents b. The rotation of Earth c. A single abnormally wet year due to El Niño d. The unequal heating of Earth by the Sun e. Earth's orbit around the Sun on a tilted axis

c. A single abnormally wet year due to El Niño

Which tree species grows best with full sunlight? a. White oak b. Hickory c. Beech d. Dogwood e. Sweet gum

c. Beech

Which of the following shows the complex interactions among species within an ecosystem? a. Trophic level diagram b. Energy pyramid c. Food web d. Food pyramid e. Food chain

c. Food web

Which does NOT contribute to an increase in the biodiversity of an ecosystem? a. Founder effect b. Evolution c. Habitat loss d. Intermediate disturbances e. Natural selection

c. Habitat loss

Which is used to measure the diversity of an ecosystem? I. Species extinction rate II. Species richness III. Species evenness a. II only b. III only c. II and III d. I, II and III e. I only

c. II and III

An earthquake that measures 8.0 on the Richter Scale is ____ times stronger than an earthquake that measures 5.0. a. 3,000 b. 3 c. 300 d. 1,000 e. 10,000

d. 1,000

Human population today is closest to a. 3 billion. b. 5 billion. c. 6 billion. d. 7 billion. e. 12 billion.

d. 7 billion.

Gross domestic product (GDP) refers toI. the GDP per capita in nation multiplied by the number of people living in the nation.II. consumer consumption, investment, government spending, plus net exports.III. the value of all final goods and services produced in one nation in a given year. a. III only b. II and III c. I only d. I, II, and III e. II only

d. I, II, and III

Which group of organisms performs cellular respiration? I. Autotrophs II. Heterotrophs III. Decomposers a. II only b. I and II c. I only d. I, II, and III e. III only

d. I, II, and III

Use Figure 7-1. Population A I. is likely to have a higher level of education than population B. II. is likely to have had a recent decline in infant mortality. III. is likely to be poorer than population B. a. I, II, and III b. I c. I and II d. II and III e. III

d. II and III

The atomic number of an element is a. the number of protons + neutrons. b. the number of electrons + neutrons. c. the number of electrons + protons. d. the number of protons. e. the atomic mass - the number of electrons.

d. the number of protons.

Which of the following is generally true of K- strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? a. They reach sexual maturity earlier. b. They are more likely to be invasive species. c. Their population cycles are more rapid. d. They have more young. e. They have longer life spans.

e. They have longer life spans.

Use Figure 8-1. New ocean floor is created at a. point E. b. point B. c. point C. d. point A. e. point D.

e. point D.

How old is Earth? a. 4.6 billion years b. 3.6 billion years c. 2.6 billion years d. 8.6 billion years e. 1.6 billion years

a. 4.6 billion years

Use Table 5-1. Which community would be least vulnerable to the effects of environmental disturbances? a. Community 3 b. Community 1 c. Community 4 d. Community 2 e. All communities are equally vulnerable.

a. Community 3

Which best describes the theory of plate tectonics? a. Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, which move. b. Earth's core is divided into plates, which move. c. Earth's mantle is divided into plates, which move. d. The crust of the Earth is solid. e. Earth's asthenosphere is divided into plates, which move.

a. Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, which move.

Which is NOT an example of two organisms in a mutualistic relationship? a. Humans and the protozoa that cause malaria b. Cows and the bacteria in their guts c. Fungi and algae within a lichen d. Flowering plants and their pollinators e. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legume plants

a. Humans and the protozoa that cause malaria

Fossils, formed from plant or animal remains, are found in I. sedimentary rock. II. metamorphic rock. III. igneous rock. a. I only b. I and III c. II only d. II and III e. III only

a. I only

Which of the following is an r-selected species? a. Mouse b. Elephant c. Zebra d. Human e. Panda

a. Mouse

Use Figure 7-1. Which population is larger? a. Population A is larger than population B. b. Currently, the populations are roughly the same size, but population A will soon be larger. c. Currently, the populations are roughly the same size, but population B will soon be larger. d. Population B is larger than population A. e. The populations are the same size and should remain the same size.

a. Population A is larger than population B.

Could an earthquake that has a magnitude 5.9 on the Richter scale cause more damage than one that measures 7.5? a. Possibly, if nearby construction is not built to withstand earthquakes. b. Yes, because different earthquakes cause different types of damage. c. No, because it is not as strong, there will not be as much damage. d. Possibly, depending on the time of year at which the earthquake occurs. e. Yes, because it is significantly stronger.

a. Possibly, if nearby construction is not built to withstand earthquakes.

A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m2/year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the NPP? a. 1.0 kg C/m2/year b. 6.2 kg C/m2/year c. 1.4 kg C/m2/year d. 9.12 kg C/m2/year e. 1.58 kg C/m2/year

c. 1.4 kg C/m2/year

According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase a. 5. b. 3. c. 2. d. 1. e. 4.

c. 2.

Use Figure 6-8. Approximately how does the productivity of tropical seasonal forests compare to the productivity of lakes and streams? a. 200 percent as productive b. 30 percent as productive c. 300 percent as productive d. 100 percent as productive e. 50 percent as productive

c. 300 percent as productive

Use Figure 8-3. In Figure 8-3, what is the percentage of sand, silt, and clay at point A? a. 35 percent sand, 35 percent silt, 30 percent clay b. 40 percent sand, 20 percent silt, 40 percent clay c. 40 percent sand, 40 percent silt, 20 percent clay d. 40 percent sand, 30 percent silt, 10 percent clay e. 30 percent sand, 40 percent silt, 30 percent clay

c. 40 percent sand, 40 percent silt, 20 percent clay

A population of bacteria in a Petri dish is growing at an exponential rate. Assume a starting population of 200 bacterium. If the growth rate for the species increases 10 percent every hour, approximately how long will it take for the number of bacterium to reach 400? a. 4 hours b. 1 hour c. 7 hours d. 3 hours e. 6 hours

c. 7 hours

Approximately what percent of species that have ever lived on Earth are thought to be extinct? a. 33 percent b. 50 percent c. 99 percent d. 10 percent e. 85 percent

c. 99 percent

What occurs when a small group from a population colonizes a new area? a. Genetic drift b. Bottleneck effect c. Founder effect d. Artificial selection e. Sympatric speciation

c. Founder effect

Which is NOT a reason that the population of the United States continues to grow? a. Net migration b. Advances in medical technology c. High emigration d. Population momentum e. The baby boom of the 1940s through 1960s

c. High emigration

What human activities have affected the phosphorus cycle? I. Creation of fertilizers II. Decline of wetland areas III. Use of dishwashing detergent a. I and II b. II only c. I and III d. III only e. I only

c. I and III

What factors are used to classify a biome? I. Average temperature II. Average precipitation III. Distinctive plants adapted to area a. I and II b. I only c. I, II, and III d. III only e. II only

c. I, II, and III

During phase 1 of a demographic transition there are I. low birth rates. II. high death rates. III. low infant mortality rates. a. III only b. II and III c. II only d. I only e. I, II, and III

c. II only

According to the first law of thermodynamics I. energy can never leave or enter the system. II. energy can never change form. III. energy is not created or destroyed. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III e. I, II, and III

c. III only

Which is an example of a positive feedback loop? I. Warmer temperatures on Earth's surface decrease the evaporation of water. II. Water evaporation creates low-altitude clouds that reflect sunlight back into clouds. III. Water evaporation creates high-altitude clouds which absorb terrestrial energy that would otherwise escape the atmosphere. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II and III

c. III only

If the growth rate of a population is positive and remains constant, the number of people added to the population a. fluctuates randomly. b. decreases each year. c. increases each year. d. remains constant. e. reaches carrying capacity.

c. increases each year.

At present, Earth's human population is a. increasing at a constant rate. b. increasing at about 10 percent per year. c. increasing exponentially. d. declining. e. stable.

c. increasing exponentially.

In a steady state a. the amount of energy slowly rises. b. output is greater than input. c. input equals output. d. input is greater than output. e. the amount of energy slowly diminishes.

c. input equals output.

Strip mining a. is the less likely to disturb natural habitats than other forms of mining. b. is a form of subsurface mining in which strips of soil and rock are removed to expose ore. c. is a form of surface mining in which strips of soil and rock are removed to expose ore. d. requires the construction of a shaft in order to access materials. e. creates minimal dust at the mining site and is therefore safer for miners.

c. is a form of surface mining in which strips of soil and rock are removed to expose ore.

A population is better able to respond to environmental change if a. it has migrated to its current habitat. b. it has evolved more recently. c. it contains fewer individuals but high genetic diversity. d. it has the ability to provide ecosystem services. e. it contains a large number of individuals but low genetic diversity.

c. it contains fewer individuals but high genetic diversity.

Current estimates for the number of species on Earth ranges between :a. 5 million - 100 million. b. 1 billion - 2 billion. c. 1 million - 2 million. d. 10 million - 20 million. e. 100 million - 1 billion.

d. 10 million - 20 million.

A substance with a pH of 4 has ____ times the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance with a pH of 6. a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 100 e. 1,000

d. 100

Determine how much water would fall (in grams/m3) as precipitation if the temperature of the air saturated with water vapor fell from 30o C to 10o C. a. 40 g b. 30 g c. 10 g d. 20 g e. 0 g

d. 20 g

Twenty-five Btu = ___________ joules. (1 Btu = 1,055 J) a. 45 b. 56,375 c. 4,416 d. 26,375 e. 42

d. 26,375

Urban populations represent approximately ____ percent of the world population, but consume ____ percent of the world's resources. a. 50; 50 b. 10; 50 c. 25; 50 d. 50; 75 e. 10; 25

d. 50; 75

Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10 percent would double in a. 17 years. b. 10 years. c. 70 years. d. 7 years. e. 15 years.

d. 7 years.

Sulfur can be emitted into the atmosphere through I. volcanic eruptions. II. sulfur fixing bacteria. III. creation of synthetic fertilizer. a. I, II, and III b. II only c. III only d. I only e. II and III

d. I only

Which is NOT a reason that the agricultural revolution led to increase in the human population? a. It provided humans with a larger food supply. b. It provided humans with a more dependable food supply. c. It resulted in a longer life span and more childbearing years. d. It reduced the amount of pesticide used on crops. e. It further increased the Earth's carrying capacity for humans.

d. It reduced the amount of pesticide used on crops.

What happens at a hot spot? a. Fault zones appear. b. Plates spread. c. Magma sinks. d. Magma rises. e. Water rises.

d. Magma rises.

Under what conditions would sympatric speciation most likely occur? a. Inbreeding depression b. Genetic drift c. Bottleneck effect d. Polyploidy e. Geographic isolation

d. Polyploidy

As water evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water? a. There is no change to salinity b. Salinity increases as water evaporates, decreases as water freezes c. Salinity increases as water freezes, decreases as water evaporates d. Salinity increases e. Salinity decreases

d. Salinity increases

Which is NOT a type of interspecific interaction? a. Competition b. Symbiosis c. Predation d. Speciation e. Mutualism

d. Speciation

Which legislation mandates that land should be minimally disturbed during the mining process and reclaimed after mining is completed? a. General Mining Act of 1922 b. Mining Law of 1872 c. General Surface Mining Act of 1998 d. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 e. Surface Mining Act of 1987

d. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

A population of rabbits, introduced to an island, has rapid growth for a few years and then slows. What is a likely reason for this pattern? a. The intrinsic growth rate has changed. b. The population has experienced a die-off. c. The sex ratio has changed. d. The carrying capacity has been reached. e. Immigration has diminished.

d. The carrying capacity has been reached.

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy? a. Potential energy is stored, kinetic energy is the energy of motion. b. Potential energy is measured in calories, kinetic energy is measured in joules. c. Potential energy is measured in watts, kinetic energy is measured in joules. d. Kinetic energy cannot be captured, potential energy can be captured. e. Kinetic energy is stored, potential energy is the energy of motion.

a. Potential energy is stored, kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

Select the correct order of physical size of sediment particles from largest to smallest. a. Sand, silt, clay b. Loam, sand, silt c. Loam, silt, clay d. Clay, silt, sand e. Silt, sand, clay

a. Sand, silt, clay

Which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? a. Stratosphere b. Troposphere c. Thermosphere d. Exosphere e. Mesosphere

a. Stratosphere

Which factor is NOT likely to affect the size of a country's human population over time? a. The current carrying capacity b. The crude death rate c. The amount of immigration and emigration d. The average age of females when they begin to bear children e. The crude birth rate

a. The current carrying capacity

In phase 2 of a demographic transition, there is _______ in the crude birth rate and _______ in the crude death rate. a. no change; a decline b. a decline; a decline c. an increase; no change d. no change; no change e. no change; an increase

a. no change; a decline

The freeze-thaw cycle is an example of a. physical weathering. b. physical erosion. c. chemical weathering. d. both physical and chemical weathering. e. chemical erosion.

a. physical weathering.

When all vegetation is removed from a site by human activity or by natural forces such as volcanic activity, __________ species are the first to colonize the site. a. pioneer b. prokaryotic c. deciduous d. eukaryotic e. climax

a. pioneer

Use Figure 7-1. Population B is most likely a. stable. b. going to decline in the next 20 years. c. growing slowly. d. going to remain stable for the next 20 years and then increase rapidly. e. growing rapidly.

a. stable.

Which is the best description of species evenness? a. How evenly spread out a particular species is within an ecosystem b. The number of species within an ecosystem c. The number of organisms present within an ecosystem d. The relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem e. The ratio of consumers to producers

d. The relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem

Which is NOT an environmental problem associated with mining? a. Damage to streams b. Soil erosion c. Use of mercury d. Worker safety e. Habitat fragmentation

d. Worker safety

All of the populations of organisms within a given area make up a. a trophic level. b. a genus. c. a biosphere. d. a community. e. an ecosystem.

d. a community.

At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness? a. 50 years b. 100 years c. 150 years d. 200 years e. 250years

b. 100 years

Use Figure 7-1. Population B would most likely be in which phase of demographic transition? a. 1 b. 3 c. 2

b. 3

Use Figure 4-11. In which aquatic zone does most photosynthesis occur? a. E b. B c. A d. D e. C

b. B

Which material is best as a liner for a landfill? a. Loam b. Clay c. Silt d. Basalt e. Sand

b. Clay

Which of the following is NOT a key component of the theory of evolution by natural selection? a. Individuals differ in their traits. b. Differences in traits are NOT associated with differences in survival and reproduction. c. Not all offspring can survive. d. Individuals produce an excess of offspring. e. Differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring.

b. Differences in traits are NOT associated with differences in survival and reproduction.

Which cellular process can create genetic diversity? I. Mutation II. Recombination III. Respiration a. I, II, and III b. I and II c. II only d. III only e. I only

b. I and II

A country's impact on the environment is influenced by I. population. II. technology. III. affluence. a. I and III b. I, II, and III c. II d. I e. II and III

b. I, II, and III

What has historically kept the world population out of food deficit? a. Private charity b. Innovations in agricultural practices c. Exponential population growth d. Food surpluses from developed nations e. Government assistance

b. Innovations in agricultural practices

The soil that is best for growing most plants is composed of a. a mixture of sand for drainage and clay to hold nutrients. b. clay, because it retains nutrients and water tightly. c. silt, because it is a medium sized particle. d. a mixture of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention. e. sand, because water drains most easily.

d. a mixture of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention.

Magma circulates in convection cells in Earth's a. core. b. lithosphere. c. crust. d. asthenosphere. e. mid-ocean ridge.

d. asthenosphere.

Use Figure 11.2. What is significant about the global current? a. It provides a mechanism to track water flow around the globe. b. It helps to regulate climate by transporting heat from the equator. c. It contributes to the Coriolis effect. d. It distributes nutrients around the globe. e. It helps to redistribute salty water from the equator north to the polar seas.

b. It helps to regulate climate by transporting heat from the equator.

If a country with a high population growth rate quickly reduced its growth rate to 0 percent, its population would a. immediately decline. b. immediately become stable. c. decline rapidly. d. continue to grow for some years, then level off. e. grow for a short time and then decline rapidly.

d. continue to grow for some years, then level off.

The layer of soil on the surface of Earth is at the top of the a. mantle. b. core. c. stratosphere. d. crust. e. asthenosphere.

d. crust.

The ability to do work describes a. radiation. b. power. c. heat. d. energy. e. joules.

d. energy.

The change in genetic composition of a population over time is called a. phenotype. b. artificial selection. c. genotype. d. evolution. e. mutation.

d. evolution.

Macroevolution refers to evolution that a. alters the genetic makeup of the species, without creating a new species. b. affects only an organism's phenotype. c. cannot be seen on a micro level. d. gives rise to new species. e. occurs quickly.

d. gives rise to new species.

Oligotrophic lakes a. are the result of flooding. b. are polluted by nitrogen and phosphorous. c. are synonymous with eutrophic lakes. d. have low productivity due to low amounts of nutrients. e. contain many fish because they are free of pollutants.

d. have low productivity due to low amounts of nutrients.

Eutrophic lakes a. are formed by glaciers. b. usually have no fish. c. have very low productivity as a result of acid rain. d. have very high productivity as a result of high levels of nutrients. e. have low nutrient levels.

d. have very high productivity as a result of high levels of nutrients.

The porosity of soil is a measure of a. how much biological material it contains. b. how much clay it contains. c. its cation exchange capacity. d. how quickly it drains. e. the depth of its topsoil layer.

d. how quickly it drains.

The human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is a. shrinking at a small but steady rate. b. changing in a cyclical pattern. c. growing more slowly than it did 100 years ago. d. increasing exponentially. e. maintaining its current levels.

d. increasing exponentially.

Cation exchange capacity in soils with some clay a. is low, meaning that it releases ions with a negative charge. b. is high, meaning that it retains water efficiently. c. is high, meaning that anions are adsorbed. d. is high, meaning that it adsorbs and releases positively charged ions. e. is low, meaning that it cannot adsorb positively charged ions.

d. is high, meaning that it adsorbs and releases positively charged ions.

A compound is a molecule composed of atoms a. locked together in a hydrogen bond. b. of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. c. that cannot be broken down into smaller components. d. of more than one element. e. that share the same atomic mass.

d. of more than one element.

Because the black rhinoceros is a keystone species a. its populations are larger than populations of other organisms in its community. b. it lives in large cooperative herds that dominate other species in its community. c. it eats more than any other species in its community. d. removal of the rhinoceros would cause drastic changes in the ecological structure of its community. e. it is the largest organism in its community.

d. removal of the rhinoceros would cause drastic changes in the ecological structure of its community.

When a population suddenly reduces in size from habitat loss, natural disaster, or other environmental changes, and its subsequent genetic variation is affected, we say it has experienced a. geographic isolation. b. the founder effect. c. genetic drift. d. the bottleneck effect. e. mutation.

d. the bottleneck effect.

Coral bleaching refers to a. the effect of a coral parasite. b. an invasive species of white corals found in the Caribbean. c. the result of overfishing in coral reefs. d. the death of algae within the tissue of corals. e. the effect of phosphates on coral reefs.

d. the death of algae within the tissue of corals.

How many known mass extinctions have occurred since the evolution of complex life 500 million years ago? a. 3 b. 6 c. 4 d. 7 e. 5

e. 5

Haiti has an ecological footprint of 0.5 ha per capita. Haiti's population is currently approximately 10 million citizens, and an area of 2.7 million ha. What is the total ecological footprint of Haiti? a. 1.35 million ha b. 2.7 million ha c. 1.5 million ha d. 10 million ha e. 5 million ha

e. 5 million ha

Which is the neutral value on the pH scale? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7

e. 7

Which statement about mutations is NOT correct? a. A mutation is a change in an organism's DNA. b. Mutations may be caused by environmental factors such as UV radiation. c. Many mutations prevent live birth. d. Mutations may lead to greater genetic diversity. e. All mutations are harmful.

e. All mutations are harmful.

Factors that are responsible for grain production not keeping up with worldwide population include a. crop diseases. b. soil degradation. c. use of food crops for fuel. d. government encouragement to let land remain uncultivated. e. All of these answers are correct.

e. All of these answers are correct.

In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds? a. Ammonification b. Nitrification c. Nitrogen fixation d. Denitrification e. Assimilation

e. Assimilation

Use Figure 14-2. Which is the best description of the two communities shown? a. Community 1 has a higher evenness and higher richness than Community 2. b. Community 2 has a higher evenness and higher richness than Community 1. c. Community 2 has a higher evenness but lower richness than Community 1. d. Community 1 has a higher evenness but lower richness than Community 2. e. Community 1 has a higher evenness and equal richness to Community 2.

e. Community 1 has a higher evenness and equal richness to Community 2.

Which refers to the variety of ecosystems within a region? a. Genetic diversity b. Species evenness c. Species diversity d. Species richness e. Ecosystem diversity

e. Ecosystem diversity

Use Figure 9-4. According to the figure, which has the highest albedo? a. Asphalt b. Croplands c. Water d. Forest e. Fresh snow

e. Fresh snow

Which is the best example of artificial selection? a. An isolated population of frogs develops a phenotype distinct from the original population. b. Bees pollinate different species of flowers. c. A small population has an unusually high percentage of a rare phenotype. d. Finches adapt to different sources of food on different islands. e. Humans breed horses for speed.

e. Humans breed horses for speed.

Evolution occurs through I. artificial selection. II. natural selection. III. genetic drift. a. III only b. II and III c. I only d. II only e. I, II, and III

e. I, II, and III

According to the law of conservation of matter, I. matter can be created.II. matter cannot be destroyed.III. matter can change form. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. II and III

e. II and III

What is the importance of the ozone layer? a. It contributes to the greenhouse effect. b. It reflects incoming heat back into space. c. It converts UV radiation to IR radiation. d. It prevents gamma radiation from reaching Earth's surface. e. It absorbs incoming UV rays.

e. It absorbs incoming UV rays.

A population of mushrooms is experiencing exponential growth. When graphed, this population would display an __ - shaped curve since the population _______ limited by resources. a. S; is always b. J; is always c. S; is not currently d. J; is e. J: is not currently

e. J: is not currently

Which does NOT occur as a result of mining the metals needed to build hybrid cars? a. The surrounding natural habitat is fragmented. b. Ground disturbance causes air and water to react with other minerals in the rock. c. Acids are pumped into deep boreholes to dissolve surrounding rock. d. Acid mine drainage flows over land. e. No non-renewable resources are used.

e. No non-renewable resources are used.

Use Figure 8-2. Identify the zone labeled 1. a. C horizon b. B horizon c. E horizon d. A horizon e. O horizon

e. O horizon

Which practice does NOT accelerate erosion of soil? a. Logging b. Construction c. Road building d. Agriculture e. Planting trees

e. Planting trees

Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species? a. Condor b. Spotted owl c. Sea urchin d. Snail darter e. Sea otter

e. Sea otter

After a forested area is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs? a. Primary b. Biome c. Pioneer d. Climax e. Secondary

e. Secondary

Loblolly pine can only grow and thrive between 55° and 75° F. Under current conditions, it is common in the southeastern region of the United States. If average temperatures increase throughout the United States, how would you expect the distribution of the loblolly pine to change? a. Spread west b. Spread south c. Spread east d. Not change e. Spread north

e. Spread north

Boreal forests tend to have a thick layer of organic material but the soil is poor in nutrients. What is the best explanation for this? a. The organic material is low in nutrients. b. Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition. c. The soil is too rocky to hold a high content of nutrients. d. The soils have a low permeability and the nutrients do not dissolve in the soils. e. The rapid growth rate of plants uses the nutrients rapidly.

b. Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition.

What characteristic best differentiates predators from parasites? a. Predators kill their hosts whereas parasites never kill their hosts. b. Parasites live on or within their prey. c. Parasites are much smaller than predators. d. Predators feed on large prey, whereas parasites feed on small prey. e. Parasites attack hosts from the inside.

b. Parasites live on or within their prey.

At which stage of the hydrologic cycle are conditions most likely to contribute to the development of an algal bloom? a. Precipitation b. Runoff c. Evaporation d. Infiltration e. Transpiration

b. Runoff

The region of the world with the highest incidence of HIV infections is a. North America b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. Eastern Europe/ Central Asia d. Middle East/North Africa e. Western/Central Europe

b. Sub-Saharan Africa

What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem? a. The interactions between producers and consumers b. The number of species present c. The number of organisms present d. The amount of land the ecosystem covers e. The amount of precipitation an ecosystem receives

b. The number of species present

A country has a total fertility rate equal to replacement level fertility, and emigration equal to immigration. Which of the following must be true? a. The country has a low GDP. b. The population is stable. c. The country has population momentum. d. The population is rising. e. The population is shrinking.

b. The population is stable.

Which biome has some low-growing vegetation, but cannot support trees because of a permanently frozen layer of soil? a. Temperate seasonal forest b. Tundra c. Tropical seasonal forest/savanna d. Temperate grassland/cold desert e. Boreal forest

b. Tundra

The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan of 2000 was NOT designed to repair damage caused by a. overgrowth of species that enjoy the changed conditions of the Everglades. b. U-V radiation. c. damage to the Everglades caused by farm waste. d. human development in Southern Florida. e. diversion of freshwater inputs to provide drinking water for the people of southern Florida.

b. U-V radiation.

Which of the following is NOT true about the Sun's energy heating Earth? a. The polar regions reflect more sunlight than the tropical regions. b. The angle at which the Sun's rays hit Earth depends on the latitude. c. The Sun's rays are concentrated over a smaller surface area at the equator than in higher latitudes. d. The unequal heating of Earth helps determine an area's climate. e. The Sun's rays are more strongly reflected in the lower latitudes.

e. The Sun's rays are more strongly reflected in the lower latitudes.

A country has a growth rate of 0.2 percent, a TFR of 2.6, and a net migration rate of -8. What will happen to the population of this country? a. The population will increase at a steady rate. b. The population will grow for a few generations before stabilizing. c. The population will grow for a few generations before shrinking. d. There is not enough information to tell. e. The population will decrease over time.

e. The population will decrease over time.

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? a. The uniformity of species distribution in the pond b. The pond's productivity c. The stability of the ecosystem d. The degree of disturbance e. The species richness

e. The species richness

What is a primary reason for the seasons on Earth? a. The change in distance between Earth and the Sun that occurs with Earth's orbit b. The speed of Earth's orbit around the Sun c. The changing period of daylight over the course of the year d. The Coriolis effect e. The tilt of Earth on its axis

e. The tilt of Earth on its axis

In which level of the atmosphere does weather occur? a. Mesosphere b. Stratosphere c. Thermosphere d. Exosphere e. Troposphere

e. Troposphere

Capillary action is a property of water that occurs when a. the molecular structure of water changes as it freezes. b. cohesion of water molecules on the surface is stronger than adhesion between molecules. c. water transforms from a liquid into a gas as it boils. d. water becomes more acidic. e. adhesion of water molecules at a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules.

e. adhesion of water molecules at a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules.

In phase 3 of a demographic transition, _____________________ increases while _________________ decreases. a. the crude birth rate; the crude death rate b. the crude death rate; the population size c. family income; education funding d. the crude death rate; the crude birth rate e. affluence; the crude birth rate

e. affluence; the crude birth rate

Matter is a. a measurement of an object's weight. b. a molecule containing more than one element. c. a particle that contains more than one atom. d. the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element. e. anything that occupies space and has mass.

e. anything that occupies space and has mass.

At one point China had the highest fertility rate in the world. At the current rate of 1.6 births per woman, the population is expected to a. rise slightly by 2040. b. double by 2040. c. fall drastically by 2040. d. level off by 2040. e. begin falling by 2040.

e. begin falling by 2040.

In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the a. doubling time of the population in the environment b. reproductive lag time of the organism c. intrinsic rate of increase of the population in the environment d. biotic potential of the organism e. carrying capacity of the population

e. carrying capacity of the population

The principle that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot occupy the same realized niche is called a. coevolution. b. mutualism. c. commensalism. d. primary succession. e. competitive exclusion.

e. competitive exclusion.

Some species mimic the coloring of similar species that are toxic. The mimic species a. is involved in a mutualistic relationship with the toxic species as a behavioral defense. b. is using camouflage as a morphological defense. c. is in a parasitic relationship with the toxic species as a behavioral defense. d. also secretes toxic chemicals as a chemical defense. e. is adopting the appearance of the toxic species as a morphological defense.

e. is adopting the appearance of the toxic species as a morphological defense.

The infiltration of pollutants into groundwater a. is rare in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily. b. is rare in areas that were at one time covered by an ocean. c. is common in areas with clay soils because water flows through these soils easily. d. is more likely in regions that contain basaltic bedrock. e. is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily.

e. is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily.

The ___________ growth model is used to predict the growth of populations that are subject to density-______________ constraints, such as increased competition for food, water, or nest sites. a. exponential; carrying capacity b. logistic; independent c. exponential; independent d. exponential: dependent e. logistic; dependent

e. logistic; dependent

Acid mine drainage a. may be caused by plants in the mining basin. b. causes black lung disease. c. is primarily a problem in the northeastern United States. d. raises the pH of the surrounding water bodies. e. lowers the pH of the soil and streams in the area mined.

e. lowers the pH of the soil and streams in the area mined.

Within the rock cycle, the three distinct categories of rocks are igneous which is derived from _____________; metamorphic which is derived from ______________; and sedimentary which is derived from __________. a. volcanoes; oceans; mountain ranges b. heat and pressure; magma; the formation of lakebeds c. pressure; heat; the layering of sediments d. intrusion; faulting; folding e. magma and lava; heat and pressure; the layering of sediments

e. magma and lava; heat and pressure; the layering of sediments

Isotopes of an element have the same a. number of protons and neutrons. b. number of neutrons. c. number of electrons. d. number of electrons and neutrons. e. number of protons.

e. number of protons.

If two similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be a. engaging in mimicry. b. coevolving. c. involved in succession. d. increasing niche overlap. e. partitioning resources.

e. partitioning resources.

Members of an r-selected species characteristically a. grow slowly b. are very protective of their offspring c. have long life spans d. produce few offspring e. reach sexual maturity quickly

e. reach sexual maturity quickly

Two species of buttercup can be found in the same field in South Dakota. One species flowers in early spring, and the other species flowers in late summer. Both are pollinated by the same insect species. The different flowering times are an example of a. symbiosis. b. competitive exclusion. c. mutualism. d. parasitism. e. resource partitioning.

e. resource partitioning.

In Figure 4-9, during the months of February and March plant growth is more constrained by ____________ than by ____________. a. precipitation; temperature b. stream flow; precipitation c. sunlight; temperature d. temperature; sunlight e. temperature; precipitation

e. temperature; precipitation

The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of a. the number of births per 1000 people per year in a particular population. b. the percentage of women in a population that have borne at least one child. c. the average number of years an infant born in a population can be expected to live. d. the average number of children in a population that will survive past infancy. e. the average number of children each woman in a population will bear.

e. the average number of children each woman in a population will bear.

If allopatric speciation occurs after a population has split into two distinct populations, what would happen if the two species were reunited after many generations? a. The two populations would not be able to interbreed. b. Individuals that shared similar phenotypes would be able breed. c. The two new populations would go through a series of mutations to become more similar. d. The two new populations would bred and produce a polyploidy. e. The two populations would be able to breed and produce fertile offspring.

a. The two populations would not be able to interbreed.

Which is NOT a function of soil? a. Used as a fossil fuel b. Filters water and atmospheric chemical compounds c. Offers a location for recycling organic matter d. Provides a habitat for organisms e. Provides an anchor for plants

a. Used as a fossil fuel

What type of weather would you expect to find at the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)? a. Warm and rainy b. Cool and rainy c. Warm in the summer and cool in the winter d. Dry and cool e. Dry and warm

a. Warm and rainy

The rain shadow effect can have a large effect on local climate. When a rain shadow effect occurs, which side of the mountain tends to receive more rain? a. Windward side b. Leeward side c. Windward in winter, leeward in summer d. Foot of the mountain e. Top of the mountain

a. Windward side

A koala's diet is mainly composed of eucalyptus leaves. Although eucalyptus leaves are low in nutritional value and poisonous to many animals, koalas inhabit eucalyptus woodlands and generally sleep on the trees themselves. In this example the koala is most likely a. a niche specialist. b. a community specialist. c. a habitat specialist. d. a niche generalist. e. a habitat generalist.

a. a niche specialist.

An age structure diagram in which the youngest people are the smallest percentage of the population probably represents a country with a. a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity. b. a stable population. c. a population that is about to grow very rapidly. d. a population in which the replacement fertility rate has been exceeded. e. a population in which the TFR has begun to increase.

a. a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity.

An inbreeding depression can lead to a. an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations. b. a decrease in species extinction. c. an increase in gene flow. d. a decrease in unviable offspring. e. an increase in disease resistance.

a. an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations.

In evolutionary biology, the term fitness refers to a. an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. b. organisms that spend more time moving than others in their species. c. a species that survives longer than others. d. individuals that can reproduce. e. a self-sustaining ecosystem.

a. an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.

Climate change poses a threat to niches of living organisms and to their survival. Niche ____________ are more likely to survive changing climate conditions because ______________. a. generalists; they have a variety of food sources and acceptable habitats b. specialists; they have a larger quantity of available food sources c. generalists; they have less competition d. specialists; they are more populous on Earth e. specialists; they have a variety of food sources and acceptable temperature ranges

a. generalists; they have a variety of food sources and acceptable habitats

The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as a. lichens and mosses b. grasses and weeds. c. broad-leaf trees and conifers. d. woody shrubs and conifers. e. herbs and conifers.

a. lichens and mosses

A brightly colored insect that is poisonous to predators is using a. morphological and chemical defenses. b. chemical defenses only. c. behavioral defenses only. d. morphological defenses only. e. behavioral and chemical defenses.

a. morphological and chemical defenses.

Earthworms live in many grass and forest ecosystems, and aerate soil as they burrow. They ingest organic matter and travel between soil horizons. These traits, taken collectively, refer to the __________ of the earthworm. a. niche b. habitat c. ecosystem profile d. community profile e. resource partition profile

a. niche

Which of the following accurately compares growth patterns in eagles and bacteria? a. Populations of bacteria show exponential growth, whereas populations of eagles do not. b. Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially. c. The growth curve of bacteria is rarely limited, whereas the growth of eagles is often limited. d. Eagles show r-selected growth patterns and bacteria show K-selected patterns. e. Because eagles are larger than bacteria, they have a J-shaped growth curve.

b. Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially.

Use Figure 11.2. What might be the result if northern glaciers melt near location 2? a. Water would sink faster, speeding up the current b. Water would become less salty, preventing sinking c. Water would become warmer, preventing sinking d. Water in the Northern Hemisphere would become more salty, causing it to sink e. Water would become denser and sink to a lower depth

b. Water would become less salty, preventing sinking

What is the difference between weathering and erosion? a. Weathering is a chemical process; erosion is strictly physical. b. Weathering occurs from wind; erosion happens from water. c. Weathering happens in the tropics; erosion happens in temperate climates. d. Weathering refers to the breakdown of rock; erosion refers to the removal of rock from its landscape. e. Erosion refers to the breakdown of rock; weathering refers to the removal of rock from its landscape.

b. Weathering occurs from wind; erosion happens from water.

Which is NOT an ecological service provided by wetlands? a. Wetlands provide breeding site for birds and fish. b. Wetlands are frequently used for agriculture because of the suitability of the soil. c. Wetlands store rainwater. d. Wetlands slowly release water into the ground and streams. e. Wetlands filter pollutants from water.

b. Wetlands are frequently used for agriculture because of the suitability of the soil.

Volcanoes may be found at or near plate boundaries where there is/are a. subduction. b. divergence. c. earthquakes. d. seafloor spreading. e. all of the above.

b. divergence.

The variety of genes within a species is called its a. species evenness. b. genetic diversity. c. species diversity. d. ecosystem diversity. e. species richness.

b. genetic diversity.

Use Figure 7-1. Population A is most likely a. growing slowly. b. growing rapidly. c. going to decline in the next 20 years. d. stable. e. going to remain stable for the next 20 years and then increase rapidly.

b. growing rapidly.

The intrinsic growth rate of a population a. is the number of yearly births in a population. b. is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions. c. is the minimum number of births likely to occur in a population under ideal conditions. d. births minus the number of yearly deaths in a population. e. is the maximum potential for growth in a population given limited resources.

b. is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions.

You and a friend are exploring the regrowth of a clear-cut forest. During your first expedition you observe a beetle species in which 50 percent of the population has a brown exterior coloration and 50 percent has a green exterior coloration. Five years later you return to the same spot to study the beetles. However, you now observe that 75 percent of beetles have a brown exterior. This is an example of a. genotypes. b. microevolution. c. biodiversity. d. species diversity. e. macroevolution.

b. microevolution.

Soil is a. thickest on steep slopes in very dry areas because nutrients do not get leached away. b. nutrient poor in the humid tropics because high rain leaches nutrients from the ground. c. richest in the humid tropics because warm temperatures and high rain cause rapid decomposition. d. most fertile nearest to the poles because it contains high amounts of decomposed organic matter. e. low in organic matter on the surface in temperate areas because of rapid decomposition.

b. nutrient poor in the humid tropics because high rain leaches nutrients from the ground.

Use Figure 14-3. The diagram shown is known as a a. species evolutionary tree. b. phylogenetic tree. c. evolutionary diagram. d. ancestral tree. e. branching diagram.

b. phylogenetic tree.

Use Figure 8-1. A subduction zone is shown at a. point A. b. point B. c. point C. d. point E. e. point D.

b. point B.

An East African wildebeest population inhabits open plains and grasslands in the Serengeti. The grass plains in East Africa have a temperature range from 50 degrees to 90 degrees Fahrenheit and the average monthly rainfall is between 1 and 6 inches. The wildebeest's predators include lions and crocodiles. These features describe characteristics of the wildebeest's a. range of tolerance. b. realized niche. c. fitness. d. distribution. e. fundamental niche.

b. realized niche.

On the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, ecologists have studied some closely related salamander species for decades. When these salamander species live in separate valleys they tend to have very similar food size choices. When these species co-exist in a mountain valley, their food choices tend to differ, with some species selecting small insects and others selecting larger insects. This may be an example of a. habitat fragmentation. b. resource partitioning. c. mutualism. d. competitive exclusion. e. commensalism

b. resource partitioning.

Madagascar and the Seychelles are both islands in the western Indian Ocean. Madagascar is over 1,000 times larger than the Seychelles. Using the theory of island biogeography an ecologist would predict that a. there is less species richness on Madagascar. b. there is greater species richness on Madagascar. c. there are more niche specialists in the Seychelles. d. there is a higher species density in the Seychelles. e. the species richness is the same on both islands.

b. there is greater species richness on Madagascar.

Rich deposits of gold and silver may be concentrated when a. magma brings metals to the surface as part of the convection cycle. b. water from the surface dissolves the metals and they precipitate out to form veins. c. earthquakes shift small mineral deposits and the denser metals collect into large deposits. d. veins accumulate deposits over time through the process of sedimentation. e. underground springs cause metal sediments to collect in caverns.

b. water from the surface dissolves the metals and they precipitate out to form veins.

In general, what is the relationship between life expectancy, child mortality, and affluence? a. Life expectancy is inversely proportional to affluence, while child mortality is directly proportional to affluence. b. Life expectancy and child mortality are inversely proportional to affluence. c. Life expectancy is directly proportional to affluence, while child mortality is inversely proportional to affluence. d. Life expectancy and child mortality are generally directly proportional to affluence. e. There is no relationship among these three factors.

c. Life expectancy is directly proportional to affluence, while child mortality is inversely proportional to affluence.

Which is most likely to lead to an inbreeding depression? a. Large population b. Ecosystem variability c. Low genetic diversity d. Gene flow e. Sexual reproduction

c. Low genetic diversity

Use Figure 14-3. Based on the diagram, which structure would be considered the most primitive? a. Hinged jaw b. Vertebrae c. Notochord d. Mammary glands e. 4 legs

c. Notochord

_______is the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease. a. Evolutionary biology b. Ecological science c. Population ecology d. Environmental science e. Zoology

c. Population ecology

__________ succession begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands. a. Climax b. Tertiary c. Primary d. Secondary e. Pioneer

c. Primary

Look at Figure 10.7. What phenomenon does the figure represent? a. Prevailing ocean winds b. Climate change c. Rain shadow effect d. Mountain rain effect e. Desert formation

c. Rain shadow effect

Which is the best description of evolution? a. The increased reproduction of a population b. The genetic change within a population over one generation c. The genetic change within a population over time d. The growth of an individual from birth to adulthood e. The genetic change in an individual over time

c. The genetic change within a population over time

What is one reason for an even distribution pattern among a particular species in a community? a. The species is breeding. b. Members of the species mate for life. c. The species is territorial. d. The species forms hierarchal social groups. e. Resources are not limiting.

c. The species is territorial.

What is one major role that gyres play in global climate? a. They redistribute heat from the north to the south b. They drive global wind patterns in the Northern Hemisphere c. They redistribute heat from the equator to northern latitudes d. They contribute to the Coriolis effect e. They redistribute tropical moisture

c. They redistribute heat from the equator to northern latitudes

Which developed country has the fastest population growth rate today? a. Russia b. Denmark c. United States d. China e. France

c. United States

What is the best explanation for the amount of rain that occurs at the equator? a. A large amount of water in the equatorial oceans leads to more rain. b. As the air rises, it becomes warmer and releases moisture back to Earth as rain. c. Warm air rises at the equator condenses at a high altitude, and falls back to Earth as rain. d. Low pressure at the equator causes warm air to spread out and release moisture. e. A high amount of wind at the equator leads to storms and rain.

c. Warm air rises at the equator condenses at a high altitude, and falls back to Earth as rain.

Granitic rock is the dominant rock type a. in hot spots. b. at subduction zones. c. in continental crust. d. at areas where seafloor spreading occurs. e. in oceanic crust.

c. in continental crust.

A river contains two species of trout—brown trout and rainbow trout. Brown trout survive in temperatures between 40 and 73 degrees Fahrenheit. Rainbow trout survive in temperatures between 60 and 78 degrees Fahrenheit. The population of rainbow trout is much larger than the population of brown trout. A cold spell causes the river water temperature to fall to 58 degrees. The rainbow trout begin to die and the brown trout populations are unaffected. This is because brown trout have a. a greater level of genetic recombination. b. resilience to any variability in temperature changes c. larger range of tolerance in regard to temperature. d. an adaptation to be able to survive in warm water. e. a smaller population size.

c. larger range of tolerance in regard to temperature.

Soil drains most rapidly when it is made up of a. roughly equal proportions of silt and clay. b. primarily clay. c. primarily sand. d. roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay. e. primarily silt.

c. primarily sand.

The crude birth rate of a population is expressed as a a. fraction. b. decimal. c. ratio. d. percentage. e. logarithmic equation.

c. ratio.

If women in a country delay childbearing, a. there will be an increase in the growth rate followed by a decrease. b. the population growth rate will stay the same. c. the population growth rate will decrease. d. the population growth rate will increase. e. there will be an increase in the elderly population.

c. the population growth rate will decrease.

In the past century, overgrazing by cattle and sheep has caused sagebrush to expand its range over the Colorado Plateau grasslands. This phenomenon indicates that a. sagebrush is a keystone species. b. sagebrush and grasses engage in resource partitioning. c. the range of sagebrush is normally limited by competition with grasses. d. the relationship between sagebrush and grasses is mutualistic. e. sagebrush and grasses display population oscillations.

c. the range of sagebrush is normally limited by competition with grasses.

How might a meteorite landing on Earth lead to a worldwide, mass extinction? a. A collision would produce a dust cloud that blocks sunlight, reducing photosynthesis. b. A collision would crush a large number of organisms, reducing population sizes. c. A collision would destroy a large area of habitat, reducing population sizes. d. A collision would increase global temperatures rapidly and populations would not be able to adapt. e. A collision would produce a large dust cloud, reducing overall air quality.

d. A collision would increase global temperatures rapidly and populations would not be able to adapt.

A geologist finds a substance with uniform crystalline structure and composition throughout. In the lab it is determined that the substance consists of more than one element. What is this substance? a. Gold b. A rock c. Soil d. A mineral e. Crystal

d. A mineral

What factor is most closely related to adiabatic cooling and heating? a. Convection currents b. Amount of water vapor present c. Saturation point d. Air pressure e. Latitude

d. Air pressure

_________is a trait that improves an individual's fitness. a. A mutation b. An evolved characteristic c. An advantage d. An adaptation e. A phenotype

d. An adaptation

Mineral nutrients are present primarily in the a. B horizon, the topsoil. b. A horizon, the zone of eluviation. c. E horizon, the zone of leaching. d. B horizon, the subsoil. e. C horizon, the parent rock.

d. B horizon, the subsoil.

Use Figure 4-1. Which position would correspond with summer in the Southern Hemisphere? a. D b. A c. B d. C e. E

d. C

Use Figure 8-2. Identify the zone labeled 5. a. A horizon b. B horizon c. E horizon d. C horizon e. O horizon

d. C horizon

Which formula can be used to estimate population size? Hint: Think about PEMDAS! a. CBR + Immigration + CDR - Emigration b. CBR + Immigration + CDR + Emigration c. CBR - Immigration - CDR - Emigration d. CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration e. CBR - Immigration + CDR - Emigration

d. CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration

Which type of population distribution can help provide organisms with protection from predators? a. Either random or uniform distribution b. Either uniform or clumped distribution c. Uniform distribution d. Clumped distribution e. Random distribution

d. Clumped distribution

What region of Earth does the Sun hit at the most direct angle? a. South Pole (90o S) b. 30o- 60o S c. 30o- 60o N d. Equator (0o) e. North Pole (90o N)

d. Equator (0o)

Starting at a latitude of zero degrees and moving north or south with increasing latitude, which is the proper order for the three atmospheric convection cells? a. Polar, Hadley, Ferrell b. Ferrell, Hadley, Polar c. Polar, Ferrell, Hadley d. Hadley, Ferrell, Polar e. Ferrell, Polar, Hadley

d. Hadley, Ferrell, Polar

Which of the following would be the best example of an individual's phenotype? a. Having two recessive genes for blue eyes b. Having two dominant genes for brown eyes c. Having one dominant gene for brown eyes and one recessive gene for blue eyes d. Having brown eyes e. Having a mutated gene for eye color

d. Having brown eyes

Which pattern describes a type I survivorship curve? a. Low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood b. High survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die during adolescence c. Constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the lifespan d. High survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die in old age e. Low survivorship early in life with many individuals reaching adulthood

d. High survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die in old age

The A horizon of soil is I. a zone of organic material. II. also known as topsoil. III. called the A horizon because it is created artificially. a. I, II, and III b. I only c. II only d. I and II e. III only

d. I and II