(APES Final Review) Chapter 7
19. Because water ____________________ sunlight, photosynthesis is limited to the upper 100 meters of the ocean.
absorbs
13. Most pollutants that enter estuaries break down over time, yet they are still considered a problem because a. the pollutants eventually concentrate in the ocean. b. it is the volume of the pollutants, more than the time factor, that harms estuaries. c. the pollutants break down into still more dangerous toxins. d. None of the above
b
16. Coral polyps secrete skeletons of _________________________ that slowly accumulate and form coral reefs.
limestone/calcium carbonate
22. Three groups of aquatic organisms include plankton, ____________________, and benthos.
nekton
7. Fish are a type of ____________________, or free-swimming, organisms.
nekton
25. Marshes are dominated by ____________________ plants while swamps contain mainly ____________________ plants.
nonwoody, woody
15. Downstream, a river often widens and flows more ____________________.
slowly
12. Many rivers originate from ____________________ in mountains.
snow melt
14. Upstream, a river is usually cold and flows ____________________ through a shallow riverbed.
swiftly
20. An arctic ecosystem depends almost entirely on ____________________ for its available food.
the ocean
17. Corals live only in shallow, ____________________ water where there is enough light for photosynthesis.
warm
18. An estimated ____________________ percent of all coral reefs are threatened by human activities.
27
1. Which of the following is not an environmental function of wetlands? a. increasing runoff b. absorbing and removing pollutants from water c. trapping carbon that would otherwise be released into the air d. controlling floods
a
12. In the _____ zone, the water is cool and dark. a. benthic c. littoral b. eutrophic d. plankton
a
23. Which ecosystem has the highest level of salinity? a. salt marsh c. river b. brackish marsh d. pond
a
14. What mainly distinguishes nekton from benthos? a. One lives in a freshwater ecosystem and the other lives in salty water. b. One swims freely and the other often lives attached to a hard surface. c. One is a predator and the other is a primary producer. d. All of the above
b
18. Which of the following is not characteristic of wetlands? a. Wetlands have plentiful nutrients and the capacity for photosynthesis. b. Wetlands are limited to inland freshwater environments. c. Wetlands are perceived historically as disease-infested wastelands. d. Wetlands have varied populations of plants and animals.
b
19. An estuary functions as a mineral trap due to a. its great depth and particularly sticky sediment. b. the mixing action of river water and ocean water. c. its storing of pesticides from agricultural runoff. d. the filtering action of bottom-feeding fish species.
b
2. Estuaries are very productive ecosystems because they receive fresh nutrients from a. lakes and ponds. c. marshes and swamps. b. rivers and oceans. d. streams and springs.
b
22. Which of the following is not characteristic of salt marshes and mangrove swamps? a. Both provide habitats for wildlife. b. Both are dominated by marsh grasses. c. Both are found along coastal areas. d. Both are threatened by development.
b
25. Why doesn't photosynthesis occur in deep ocean water? a. The water temperature is too cold. b. There is no sunlight. c. There are not enough nutrients. d. The salinity level of the water is too high.
b
5. Swamps are commonly found on a. rocky hillsides. c. forest clearings. b. flat, poorly drained land. d. bottoms of ponds or lakes.
b
6. The majority of marine organisms are found in a. deep ocean waters. c. fisheries. b. shallow, coastal waters. d. None of the above
b
9. Long, thin ____________________ islands typically run parallel to a shore.
barrier
1. Plankton form the ____________________ of the marine food web.
base
6. Barnacles are a type of ____________________, or bottom-dwelling, organisms.
benthos
11. The water in salt marshes is saltier than the water in ____________________ marshes.
brackish
11. In the _____ zone, life is diverse and abundant. a. benthic c. littoral b. eutrophic d. plankton
c
15. Estuaries a. are always saltwater ecosystems. b. are always freshwater ecosystems. c. are ecosystems where both fresh water and salt water are present. d. prevent the development of salt marshes.
c
16. Which organism produces most of the food in an aquatic ecosystem? a. fish c. phytoplankton b. barnacles d. zooplankton
c
17. The arrangement of organisms in the open ocean is determined by the a. increase in salt content from shallow to deep waters. b. size of the benthic zone, where photosynthesis occurs. c. amount of nutrients and sunlight that are available. d. distribution of zooplankton.
c
3. What causes most coastal pollution in the United States? a. overfishing c. industrial waste and sewage b. temperature changes d. lakes and ponds
c
4 20. Coral reefs are intricately shaped rocklike structures that are formed as a result of a. volcanic activity that is common in tropical marine environments. b. the gradual accumulation and fusion of skeletons of bony fish. c. the secretion of calcium carbonate by tiny marine animals. d. minerals that are washed from land ecosystems and build up.
c
4. What adaptation prevents phytoplankton from sinking into deep waters? a. whiskers c. flagella b. streamlined body shape d. tentacles
c
10. The types of organisms found in a pond or lake depend on a. the amount of sunlight available. c. the presence of nutrients. b. the temperature of the water. d. All of the above
d
21. What are the two main types of freshwater wetlands? a. lakes and ponds c. littoral zones and benthic zones b. rivers and streams d. marshes and swamps
d
24. Which of the following is a threat to coral reefs? a. oil spills c. pesticides b. sewage d. All of the above
d
7. As they flow down a mountain to flatter ground, rivers generally become a. wider. c. slower. b. warmer. d. All of the above
d
8. Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Lakes may contain a region that receives little sunlight. b. Wetlands help remove pollutants from water. c. Swamps are dominated by woody shrubs and water-loving trees. d. Rivers generally move faster, and their oxygen levels decrease, as they near the ocean.
d
9. Two threats to ocean ecosystems are a. nutrient runoff and industrial waste discharges. b. overfishing and entanglement of marine mammals in trawl nets. c. sewage and algal blooms. d. All of the above
d
4. A(n) ____________________ lake has a large amount of plant growth due to nutrients.
eutrophic
21. Most ocean pollution can be traced to activities on ____________________.
land
13. A river changes with the ____________________ and ____________________ through which it flows.
land, climate
3. In estuaries, fresh water and salt water mix, forming a(n) ____________________ trap.
nutrient/mineral
2. The least productive marine ecosystem is the ____________________.
open ocean
24. Most of the food in aquatic ecosystems is produced by _________________________.
phytoplankton
23. Two types of plankton are microscopic plants called _________________________ and microscopic animals called _________________________.
phytoplankton, zooplankton
8. Mosses use ____________________ to anchor themselves to rocks near churning river headwaters.
rhizoids
5. Excessive nutrient growth in an aquatic ecosystem can be accelerated by ____________________.
runoff
10. The amount of dissolved salts in water is known as ____________________.
salinity