APES Review Earth Systems and Resources

La Nina

"Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America.

What feature forms at a divergent plate boundary?

a mid-ocean ridge

What creates wind patterns?

convection belts & Coriolis effect

What process turns a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

Land Breeze

· Wind moves from land to ocean · Occurs during the night time · Warm air is over the ocean· Cold air is over the land

Sea Breeze

· Wind moves from ocean to land · Occurs during the day time · Warm air is over the land · Cold air is over the ocean

O horizon

(organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface.

C horizon

(parent material) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material.

B horizon

(subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter.

A horizon

(topsoil) the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together.

In a divergent plate boundary the plates move

apart

Chemical Weathering

the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions.

Physical Weathering

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

Erosion

the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport and living organisms can erode materials.

What are the winds called that occur due to the Hadley cells (between 0-30 degrees)

trade winds

Which boundary or zone adds new material to the lithosphere (the hard outer crust of the Earth)?

Divergent boundary

Which type of plate boundary or zone would be most likely to lead to above-ground volcanic activity?

Subduction zone

Polar Cell

between 60 and 90 degrees, smallest cells

What process turns a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock?

heat and pressure

What do you need for a rain shadow to occur?

1. ocean nearby 2. winds blowing on shore 3. mountain range to block traveling air

In what way does a transform boundary differ from the other boundary types?

At a transform boundary, the plates move in a direction that is parallel to the boundary line.

The highest mountains in the world are the Himalayas, at the border between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The Himalayas formed in a ________________.

Collision zone

Convergent boundary

Compression -pushes plates towards each other; when 2 plates are pushed together.•In a convergent boundary, you either get mountains or a subduction zone.

Which boundary type is most commonly found in the oceans?

Divergent boundary

Transform boundary

Shearing -pushes plates past each other in opposite directions; when 2 plates are pushed past each other in opposite directions. Produces earthquakes (San Andreas Fault, CA).

During subduction when the plate is forced under the other plate what forms on the land where the two plates meet?

a volcano

El Nino

an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.

Hadley Cell

between 0 and 30 degrees, largest cells

Ferrell Cell

between 30 and 60 degrees, not driven by temperature, driven by differences in pressure

Rain shadows are on the leeward side of the mountain and have

dry climates

Sedimentary rock

form when sediment such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediment.

Metamorphic rock

form when sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures.

Convection

is the movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures.HOT STUFF RISES & COOL STUFF SINKS!

What process turns a sedimentary rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

What process turns an igneous rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

What are the winds called that occur due to the Polar cells (between 60-90 degrees)

polar easterlies

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

pulls plates away from each other; when 2 plates are pulled apart.•Creates rift valleys & mid-ocean ridges.

Igneous rock

rock that form directly from magma.

What produces pressure belts?

uneven heating of the Earth

What process turns an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock?

weathering erosion and sedimentation

What are the winds called that occur due to the Ferrell cells (between 30-60 degrees)

westerlies