APH test 2

Greek cross

"+" shaped cross.

Tau cross

"T" shaped cross. It is named after the Greek letter Tau (T). This is the actual shape of crosses that the Romans used for crucifixion.

Latin cross

"t" shaped cross. This is the cross typically associated with Jesus and is the most common cross.

Henry VIII

(28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Louis XIV

(5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King(le Roi-Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death.His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history.In this age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralization of power. Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessor's' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling many members of the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles (formerly a hunting lodge belonging to Louis's father), succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

Andrea Palladio, I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura , 1570

(English translation: Four Books of Architecture, 1715.): released in four volumes and contains Palladio's own designs celebrating the purity and simplicity of classical architecture. Some of these ideas had gotten no further than the drawing board while others, for example villa plans, had been successfully built. The book's clarity inspired numerous patrons and other architects. Palladian architecture grew in popularity across Europe and, by the end of the 18th century, had extended as far as North America. Thomas Jefferson, president of the United States, was a keen admirer of Palladio and once referred to the book as "the Bible". The Four Books was used to inform his own work as the architect of Monticello and the University of Virginia and also architect William Buckland's at the 1774 Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland.

Phillip II

(Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 - 13 September 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 to 1598 and of Portugal from 1581 to 1598 (as Philip I, Filipe I). From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554-58), he was also King of England and Ireland. From 1555, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. Known in Spain as "Felipe el Prudente" ('"Philip the Prudent'"), his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippine Islands. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Golden Age. The expression, "the empire on which the sun never sets," was coined during Philip's time to reflect the extent of his dominion.

Engaged Column

- a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached.

Arcade

- a covered passageway with arches along one or both sides

Campanile

- a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. In the European tradition, such a tower most commonly serves as part of a church and contains church bells. In such cases the bell tower is located at the western end of the church.

Martin Luther

10 November 1483 - 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles Vat the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Pope Julius II

5 December 1443 - 21 February 1513), nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope", born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1 November 1503 to his death in 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts—he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, plus Michelangelo's decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Barchessa

A type of barn for the storage of grain. An outbuilding on a farm.

Trompe l'oiel

French for "deceive the eye" pronounced is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in three dimensions. Forced perspective is a comparable illusion in architecture.

Hotel (Inn)

Inns in Europe were possibly first established when the Romans built their system of Roman roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travelers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. Historically, inns in Europe provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the travelers' horses. Famous London examples of inns include the George and the Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use the name "inn", either because they are long established and may have been formerly coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image.

sala

Is an open pavilion, used as a meeting place and to protect people from sun and rain. Most are open on all four sides.

Piazza

Italian version of the plaza essentially. It is a public space found at the meeting of 2 or more streets and are often surrounded by arcades. Small shops set up there and people tend to congregate there. They are predominantly pedestrian places

Casino

Italian, from casa house, from Latin, cottage, (on summer evenings dance bands would perform in the seaside casino)

Grand canal

Really the grand channel is in Venice. It forms one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city. Public transport is provided by water buses (Italian: vaporetti) and private water taxis, and many tourists explore the canal by gondola.

Tuscany

Region of central Italy, considered the birthplace of the renaissance. Florence was the most notable city within Tuscany, and was ruled by the monarchy of the Medici family for the majority of the 15th Century.

Veneto

Region of northern Italy. Veneto was part of the Roman empire until the 5th century AD and the Venetian Republic until 1797. It was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.

casa

Spanish for home (originally referred to as a cottage)

Medici

The House of Medici Italian pronunciation:was an Italian banking family, political dynasty and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to fund the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, seeing the Medici gain political power in Florence — though officially they remained citizens rather than monarchs.

St. Andrew's cross

X" Shaped. It is named after St. Andrew who was crucified on an X shaped cross because he didn't think he was worthy of being on a cross the same shape as Jesus'.

Pope Sixtus V

Xystus V (13 December 1521 - 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 24 April 1585 to his death in 1590. As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption and lawlessness across Rome, and launched a far-sighted rebuilding programme that continues to provoke controversy, as it involved the destruction of antiquities. The cost of these works was met by heavy taxation that caused much suffering. His foreign policy was regarded as over-ambitious, and he excommunicated both Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France. He is recognized as a significant figure of the Counter-Reformation.

Rose Window

a circular window with mullions or tracery radiating in a form suggestive of a rose. It is also known as a Catherine window.

Loggia

a covered exterior gallery or corridor usually on an upper level, or sometimes ground level. The outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns or arches. Loggias can be located either on the front or side of a building and are not meant for entrance but as an outdoor sitting room.

Fan Vault

a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan. The initiation and propagation of this design element is strongly associated with England.

Parterre

a formal garden constructed on a level surface. It usually refers to gardens of the French Renaissance.

Fluting

a groove or set of grooves forming a surface decoration. It is often found on columns.

Colonnade

a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature; often free-standing. They can be straight or curved and the space in between the columns can be open or closed overhead. It is called a portico when it is in front of a building.

Palazzo

a palatial building, especially in Italy. It is a grand residence and does NOT need to belong to a nobleman. Palazzos were often no bigger than a Victorian townhouse.

Apse

a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an Exedra. In Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral and church architecture, the term is applied to a semi-circular or polygonal termination of the main building at the liturgical east end (where the altar is), regardless of the shape of the roof, which may be flat, sloping, domed, or hemispherical.

Chateau

a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.

Portico

a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.

English (Picturesque) Garden

a style of "landscape" garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical jardin à la française of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussin, and, in the Anglo-Chinese garden, from the classic Chinese gardens of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers. The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. It should be noted that the intent was to create ideal views along a pathway.

French Garden

a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV and widely copied by other European courts.

Enfilade

a suite of rooms formally aligned with each other. This was a common feature in grand European architecture from the Baroque period onward, although there are earlier examples, such as the Vatican stanze. The doors entering each room are aligned with the doors of the connecting rooms along a single axis, providing a vista through the entire suite of rooms. The enfilade may be used as a processional route and is a common arrangement in museums and art galleries, as it facilitates the movement of large numbers of people through a building.

Lantern

a tall construction above the junction of the four arms of a cruciform (cross-shaped) church, with openings through which light from outside can shine down to the crossing. Many lantern towers are usually octagonal, and gives an extra dimension to the decorated interior of the dome. A lantern can also be found at the top of most dome structures to protect the oculus.

Lancet Window

a tall, narrow window with a pointed arch at the top. It got its name from its resemblance to a lance. It is a motif from Gothic architecture typically found in cathedrals.

Fresco

a technique of mural painting where the paint is applied to wet plaster. Water, not oil, is the vehicle for the pigments to be applied to the plaster. It was used in ancient times and is closely associated with the Renaissance Italian works.

Giant Order

also known as colossal order, is an order whose columns or pilasters span two (or more) storeys. At the same time, smaller orders may feature in arcades or window and door framings within the storeys that are embraced by the giant order

Adam style

an 18th-century neoclassical style of interior design and architecture, as practised by three Scottish brothers, of whom Robert Adam (1728-1792) and James Adam(1732-1794) were the most widely known. The Adam brothers were the first to advocate an integrated style for architecture and interiors; with walls, ceilings, fireplaces, furniture, fixtures, fittings and carpets all being designed by the Adams as a single uniform scheme. Commonly and mistakenly known as "Adams Style," the proper term for this style of architecture and furniture is the "Style of the Adam Brothers." The Adam style found its niche from the late 1760s in upper-class and middle-class residences in 18th-century England, Scotland, Russia (where it was introduced by Scottish architect Charles Cameron), and post-Revolutionary War United States (where it became known as Federal style and took on a variation of its own). The style was superseded from around 1795 onwards by the Regency style and the French Empire style.

Proportion

an amount that is a part of a whole, the relationship that exists between the size, number, or amount of two things, or the correct or appropriate relationship between the size, shape, and position of the different parts of something

Ogee Arch

an arch achieved by mirroring an ogee. Ogees are roughly S-shaped and are a kind of sigmoid curve. They were a feature of English Gothic architecture in the late 13th Century.

Pilaster

an architectural element in classical architecture used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function.

Doge

an elected, chief-of-state lordship, the ruler of the republic in many of the Italian city-states during the medieval and renaissance periods, in the Italian "crowned republics".

Vestibule

an entryway, lobby, or reception area.

Basilica

an open, Roman, public court building, usually located adjacent to the forum of a Roman town.

Column

an upright pillar supporting a structure.

Abbot Suger

c. 1081 - 13 January 1151 was a French abbot, statesman, historian and one of the earliest patrons of Gothic architecture. Abbot Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII decided in about 1137 to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, the burial church of the French monarchs.

L.B. Alberti, De re aedificatoria, (Art of Building in Ten Books), 1452

classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti between 1443 and 1452. Although largely dependent on Vitruvius' De architectura, it was the first theoretical book on the subject written in the Italian Renaissance and in 1485 became the first printed book on architecture. It was followed in 1486 with the first printed edition of Vitruvius.

baldachin

is a canopy of state over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature, particularly over high altars in cathedrals, where such a structure is more correctly called a ciborium when it is sufficiently architectural in form.

reliquary

is a container for relics. These may be the purported or actual physical remains of saints, such as bones, pieces of clothing, or some object associated with saints or other religious figures

salon

is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine the taste and increase the knowledge of the participants through conversation

ha-ha

is a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier while preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond.

Transept:

is a transverse section, of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque and Gothic christian church architecture. Each half of a transept is known as a semi-transept.

Architecture Parlante

is architecture that explains its own function or identity. It is similar to Venturi's ideas about "Ducks" and "Decorated sheds." But in this sense, the architecture doesn't have any language that you have to read through (i.e. Gothic, Baroque, etc.).

Choir

is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir. It is in the western part of the chancel between the nave and the sanctuary which houses the altar and church tabernacle

ambulatory

is the covered passage around a cloister or the processional way around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar

Flamboyant Gothic

is the name given to a florid style of late Gothic architecture in vogue in France from about 1350 until it was superseded by Renaissance architecture during the early 16th century, and mainly used in describing French buildings. The term is sometimes used of the early period of English Gothic architecture usually called the Decorated Style; the historian Edward Augustus Freeman proposed this in a work of 1851.

Baptistry

is the separate centrally planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral and be provided with an altar as a chapel.

Villa

originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. By the end of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds which were sometimes fortified. A notable architect of villas from this time was Andrea Palladio

State Rooms

rooms in a villa or other upper-class house that were reserved for royalty to stay in if they happen to show up. They are often an apartment and entertainment space and are the most lavish rooms in the home.

Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Architects, Painters, and Sculptors, 1550

series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the most-read work of the older literature of art","some of the Italian Renaissance's most influential writing on art",and "the first important book on art history".

Flying Buttress

stabilizers that can be added to the pointed arch. This increases the height they can achieve even more.

Rib Vault

the intersection of 2 or 3 barrel vaults. It is comparable to, and the evolution of, the groin vault.

Nave

the main body of the church/cathedral.

Piano Nobile

the principal floor of a large house. This floor includes the reception area and bedrooms. It is usually built in a Classical Renaissance style. **It is usually the first or second storey.**

Pediment

the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns.

Pointed Arch

the upgrade to the arch shape that showed up in Gothic architecture. In a standard arch, the forces are directed outwards. In a pointed arch, the forces are directed more vertically. This makes taller structures possible.

"5 Orders"

there were different styles or "orders" of columns that were used in different cities within Greece. They are noted for their different styles of the columns and their capitals. These orders included Tuscan, Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic. Composite is the combination of 2 or more of the orders.

Colen Cambell, Vitruvius Brittanicus, London, 1715-1771, (5 vols.)

was a pioneering Scottish architect and architectural writer, credited as a founder of the Georgian style. Appeared in three volumes between 1715 and 1725. (Further volumes using the successful title were assembled by Woolfe and Gandon, and published in 1767 and 1771.) Vitruvius Britannicus was the first architectural work to originate in England since John Shute's Elizabethan First Groundes. In the empirical vein, it was not a treatise but basically a catalogue of design, containing engravings of English buildings by Inigo Jones and Sir Christopher Wren, as well as Campbell himself and other prominent architects of the era.

Cabinet

was a private room in the houses and palaces of early modern Europe, a room serving as a study or retreat, usually for a man. The cabinet would be furnished with books and works of art, and sited adjacent to his bedchamber, the equivalent of the Italian Renaissance studiolo