APHG Semester Bellringers Unit 1-5
D
A set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seed to marketing the products is known as A food processing B mechanized farming C mixed crop and livestock farming D agribusiness E commercial farming
B
A straight line on a navigation map using the Mercator projection represents A the shortest distance between two points B a line of constant compass bearing C the distance from the prime meridian D the distance to the international date line E travel time between an origin and a destination
A
A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? A Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. B Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. C Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. D Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. E Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.
E
All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open conflict EXCEPT A Asians leaving Uganda B Kosovars leaving Yugoslavia C Tutsis leaving Rwanda D Hindus leaving Pakistan E Mexicans leaving Mexico
D
Corn (maize) was first domesticated in A Northern Argentina B the Tibetan plateau C the Canadian prairie D Central Mexico E Central Australia
A
Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced A in the dry regions of Africa and Asia B in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia C in the hinterlands of Australia D by Native American buffalo hunters E by people who shift location in pursuit of rain clouds
A
Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons? A It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land. B It yields the average population density. C It is more reflective of the world's largest population concentrations. D It measures the average by dividing total land area by total number of people. E It best reflects the percentage of a country's population that is urbanized.
C
There has been an increase in asylum seekers from Syria to the European Union in recent years. Which of the following best describes the reason for this migration? A A large rural-to-urban population shift within Syria B A continuing rise in employment for asylum seekers in the European Union C A continuing issue of conflict and political unrest within Syria D The tightening of asylum policies by the European Union E The tightening of guest-worker policies by the European Union
B
Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? A Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.
A
Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.
E
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
B
Which of the following country demographics would be used to explain the need for the pronatalist policies shown? A A country with a birth rate of 43, a death rate of 12, and a rate of natural increase of 3.1, passes a law that requires paid maternity leave. B A country with a birth rate of 11, a death rate of 13, and a rate of natural increase of −0.2 , legislates tax credits for working parents C A country with a birth rate of 16, a death rate of 4, and a rate of natural increase of 1.2, establishes long maternity leave periods from work D A country with a birth rate of 12, a death rate of 10, and a rate of natural increase of 0.2, requires full-day kindergarten. E A country with a birth rate of 20, a death rate of 10, and a rate of natural increase of 1.0, provides state-subsidized day care centers.
D
Which of the following processes best explains a decrease in mortality rates worldwide? A Increased rates of female literacy B Increased rates of urbanization C Modern family planning methods D Better hygiene and sanitation practices E Greater female workforce participation
E
Which of the following terms best describes regions that make up the political geographic divisions within a country? A Cultural B Perceptual C Vernacular D Physical E Formal
B
According to the theory of environmental deter-minism, which of the following areas would have the most productive settlements? A Tropical regions B Temperate regions C Mountainous regions D Arctic regions E Arid regions
A
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide? A Rural to urban B Urban to suburban C Inland to coastal D Highland to lowland E Urban to rural
A
Every map projection has some degree of distortion because A a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion B parallels and meridians never cross at right angles on a globe C the grid system is two-dimensional, while the real world is three-dimensional D Earth is not a perfect sphere E latitude lines are shorter than meridian lines
C
Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by A converting annual plants to perennials, which do not require replanting B increasing the size of fruits and grains C increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests D cutting the cost of bulk seeds during planting seasons E changing vegetable and fruit colors to suit consumer demands
A
In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents? A Africa B Australia C Europe D North America E South America
E
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, which of the following countries had the lowest fertility rate? A Somalia B Niger C Angola D Democratic Republic of Congo E South Africa
E
In which of the following areas was wheat most probably domesticated earliest? A Southern Italy B Northern Libya C The plateau of central Mexico D Eastern China E Southeastern Turkey
E
Neo-Malthusian theory can be used to explain which of the following situations? A Brazil's interior was previously unfit for farming, but recently more land is being cultivated. B Mexico has utilized new technology to shift from being a food importer to being a food exporter. C Malawi previously experienced famine but has improved agricultural yields through subsidies. D India has been able to increase agricultural yields by utilizing bio-engineered seeds. E South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought.
A
One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in A less developed countries B highly developed countries C countries with a low death rate D countries with a low fertility rate E countries with a high standard of living
C
Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density A examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas B is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density C explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit D explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses E is the number of people per housing unit, while crude density is the number of people per square mile
B
The nineteenth-century emigration of a large number of Swedes from a particular region of Sweden to Isanti County, Minnesota, as a result of communications from friends and relatives who preceded them there is an example of A brain drain B chain migration C net migration D internal migration E counterurbanization
E
Transnational migrants often send money back to their home countries to support nonmigrant family members. What is the term used to describe their international financial transactions? A Reparations B Quotas C Foreign aid D Foreign direct investment E Remittances
D
A country at the end of the demographic transition usually has which of the following? A High birth and low death rates B A high infant mortality rate C A high crude birth rate D Low birth and death rates E High population density
C
A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results? A The new technologies would conserve water and energy supplies. B The new technologies would reduce preventive checks on population. C The new technologies would reduce positive checks on population. D The new technologies would create a rapid decrease in population. E The new technologies would increase the need for preventative checks of population.
D
A country in the first stage of the demographic transition demonstrates which of the following? A An old population age structure B High birth rates, but low death rates C Low birth rates, low death rates, and low rates of population growth D High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth E High birth rates, high death rates, and high rates of population growth
C
A formal culture region differs from other regions in that it A has a focal point or node B is one that people believe exists C has a selected feature or internal uniformity D does not contain gradations such as core, domain, and sphere E applies only to linguistic and religion regions
C
A formal region defines an area in which A a core dominates its surrounding hinterland B a transportation network links different types of land use C there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics D there are significant geographic variations in physical or human characteristics E a unified government system has been established
E
A large number of Turkish people migrated to Germany in the 1960s, when West Germany's manufacturing economy was booming and Turkey's economy was predominantly agricultural. Which of the following best describes Turkish migration to Germany? A Political asylum seekers fleeing Communism B Involuntary migrants fleeing transnational wars C Internal rural-to-urban migrants D Internally displaced persons E Voluntary guest workers
D
A refugee enters the European Union in Italy and is temporarily housed in Germany. He is then granted asylum and is permanently settled in Sweden. Which of the following describes this type of migration that is facilitated by the European Union's open border policies? A Chain migration within the refugee's family and social network B Guest worker migration based upon the free movement of labor C As an internally displaced person within a single state D Step migration across member states to a final destination E As a rural-to-urban migrant seeking employment opportunities
B
According to Carl Sauer, which of the following is true about plant domestication? A It originated in marginal areas with limited food resources. B It first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species. C It was developed by farmers who were starving and desperate for food. D It owes its origins to the domestication of animals. E It was at first dependent on irrigation.
D
Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? A The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.
E
Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? A The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions B The use of genetically modified seeds C The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit D The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals
B
Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions? A The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. C The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. D The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. E The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.
C
Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A? A Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas. B Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas. C Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases. D Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters. E Suburban house construction declines as elderly populations downsize and seek to be closer to urban amenities.
E
Country X has a high youth-dependency ratio. Country Z has fears of running out of agricultural resources. Which of the following explains why Countries X and Z would implement anti-natalist policies? A Antinatalist policies promote higher birth rates so the country will have an adequate future workforce. B Antinatalist policies promote immigration so the country will be able to sustain its population. C Antinatalist policies correct skewed sex ratios so the number of each sex will be relatively even. D Antinatalist policies promote health and sanitation to lower the number of deaths from infectious diseases. E Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.
E
Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by A substantial increases in the amount of land under cultivation B global warming C an increase in the urban workforce D an increase in the agricultural workforce E an increase in the use of energy and technology
B
During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields? A The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality. B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores. C The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program. D Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment. E Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.
D
Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is A female B male C over the age of 15 D under the age of 15 E receiving adequate medical care
B
From 2010 through 2017 there was a large increase in the number of migrants from Africa to Europe. Which of the following explains a possible impact on the emigrant countries of origin during and after that time period? A Increasing emigration resulted in the governments of the countries of origin providing financial support for emigrants. B As more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin. C Increasing emigration resulted in a decreased need for language training programs in schools to help emigrants find work. D Many emigrants became unemployed, which decreased the total financial contributions to countries of origin. E Remittances increased diffusion of cultural traits such as customs, religion, and food products from the host countries to the countries of origin.
A
Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modernagriculture? A The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas B The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers C An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers D The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops E The end of famine in the world
C
Immigration of asylum applicants from Africa to the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland increased from approximately 50,000 in 2010 to approximately 200,000 in 2016. In 2017, there were approximately 175,000 asylum applicants. Which of the following best explains the trend in asylum seekers from African countries to Europe since 2010? A Improvement in the level of economic development in African countries led to an increase in the number of asylum seekers. B A decrease in the number of armed conflicts in African countries meant a higher number of asylum seekers traveling to Europe. C Political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term has led to an increase in asylum seekers. D Low fertility rates and more stable political systems led to an overall decrease in asylum seekers as they found more economic opportunities at home. E An influx of asylum seekers from the Middle East led to a decrease in the number of accepted asylum applications from Africa.
B
In 1980 China implemented an antinatalist one-child policy. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of the policy? A There are more women than men because of a cultural preference for female children. B There are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children. C China's total fertility rate dropped below the replacement rate due to strict enforcement of the law. D China's age structure shifted toward a high youth dependency due to limiting births. E China discontinued the policy to accommodate an unexpected increase in infant mortality rates.
C
In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain? A United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. B Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. D The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. E Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.
E
In 2018, a large number of migrants from Afghanistan and Iraq applied for asylum in the European Union. Which of the following is a pull factor that explains this migration? A A high rate of natural increase in the Middle East, leading to overpopulation B Armed conflict, driving many people from their home regions in the Middle East C Drought and food shortages in the Middle East, leading many people to search for food security D Immigration reforms and fenced borders around Europe, controlling the flow of migrant workers E Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers
A
In descriptions of interaction between people and the environment, the term "environmental determinism" implies that A the physical environment exclusively shapes humans and their actions B humans by their actions and technologies alter the physical environment to suit their needs C determination of environmental limitations is a primary task of geographers D capitalist economies do not contribute to global environmental degradation E there exists no interacting relationship between people and their surrounding physical environment
D
In recent decades, all of the following have played a major role in the rapid growth of Sun Belt cities of the United States EXCEPT A immigration from Latin America B high levels of per capita federal spending in the South and West C cheap land and labor D climatic changes leading to colder northern winters E the increasing demand for retirement and resort centers
D
In which of the following countries is terracing LEAST likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes? A Nepal B Peru C The Philippines D Niger E Greece
C
In which of the following pairs do both countries exhibit zero or negative population growth rates? A Pakistan and China B India and Germany C Japan and Germany D China and India E India and Japan
E
In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture? A East Asia B South Asia C Southeast Asia D Central America E Sub-Saharan Africa
B
Japan has a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Which of the following explains why Japan will struggle with demographic challenges in 30 years? A Too many youth dependents for the education system will require increased taxes. B An aging population needing health care will require more public funding. C Too many workers for available jobs will lead to high rates of unemployment. D A rapidly increasing population will strain the country's infrastructure. E A rapidly increasing population will strain the available food supply.
B
Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in A the Canadian wheat belt B Southeast Asia C the Turkish highlands D the English countryside E New Zealand
B
Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following characteristics of a place? A Its site features B Its absolute location C Its relative location D Its situation E Its elevation
A
Malthusian theory would explain which of the following possible consequences of high birth rates in a less developed country? A Famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production. B Technological advancements will lead to increased agricultural production. C People will implement family-planning methods as resources grow scarce. D Areas with the greatest population density will import scarce resources. E Farmers will bring more land under cultivation to produce more food.
B
Many European countries provide families one or more of the following: tax credits, flexible parental leave, monthly payments, public-transportation fare reduction, free vaccines, and subsidized childcare. Which of the following would explain why a country such as Belgium would implement the described policies? A Belgium has concerns about gender equality and wants to increase female participation in the workforce. B Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates. C Belgium has concerns about a large youth population and wants to encourage lower birth rates. D Belgium has concerns about the ability of immigrants from developing regions to support themselves. E Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage lower birth rates.
A
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have total fertility rates that exceed 5.0. Which of the following population characteristics is associated with this phenomenon? A High youth dependency ratio B Long life expectancy C Low birth rates D High elder dependency ratio E Zero population growth
C
More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources? A Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. B Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. D Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. E Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.
C
Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called A plantation farming B hunting and gathering C subsistence agriculture D sedentary cultivation E shifting-field agriculture
B
Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? A Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.
E
Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? A Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
B
South Korea, as of 2018, has the lowest total fertility rate in the world at 1.1. Which of the following best explains a population policy South Korea could enact to promote higher birth rates? A Decreasing the age of retirement so that older Koreans can work in childcare centers B Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children C Increasing social-security benefits so that retirees can financially support their grandchildren D Decreasing health insurance so that parents pay more for the cost of childbirth E Increasing educational costs for universities so that the government can spend more on preschool
A
The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources B Excess production of grain products for which there is no market C Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages D Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures E Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility
E
The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating the A reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels B degree of gender equality within a country C relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate D percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a country's economy E relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population
B
The early United States population was predominantly Protestant. In the nineteenth century, urban populations became increasingly Roman Catholic, especially in the cities of the Northeastern United States. This shift in the pattern of religion was caused by A internal rural-to-urban migration from farming areas of the eastern United States B transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy C transnational migration from Latin America and the Caribbean D religious conversion of urban residents E out-migration of Protestants to rural farming areas of the Midwestern United States
E
The international Syrian refugee crisis that started in 2011 is best explained by which of the following migration factors? A An economic pull factor from the European Union, where jobs and housing are available in cities B A demographic push factor from Syria, where the total fertility rate is high C A political pull factor from the United States, where there is a history of Syrian immigration D A political pull factor from Turkey, where there are free and open elections E A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety
A
Which factor is most responsible for the increase in Japan's dependency ratio? A An increase in life expectancy B An increase in the death rate C An increase in the rate of natural increase D A decrease in the doubling time E An increase in the total fertility rate
E
Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? A Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. B Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.
D
Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? A Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. B The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries. E The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.
A
Which of the following best explains an effect of migration within the United States between 1950 and 2010 ? A The mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate. B Population increased in the industrial North because of large-scale migration of African Americans from the South. C Rapid suburbanization occurred in the Midwest as retirees migrated from the East Coast. D Large clusters of migrants from other countries settled in the South and West, leading to significant population growth in this region. E Population increased in the northeastern United States as large numbers of college graduates moved to this region to seek employment.
E
Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits? A Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. B Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. C Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. D Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.
C
Which statement best describes population growth patterns in the world today? A In the world as a whole, women have an average of five or more children, leading to Malthusian crises. B Fertility rates in low- and middle-income countries worldwide are higher now than 25 years ago. C In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years. D In sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific, fertility rates have doubled in the last 25 years. E Fertility rates in most high-income countries have risen in the last 25 years.
A
Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire? A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. B Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. C Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. D Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. E Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.
C
Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place. B Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants. C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism. D The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types. E The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.
A
Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture? A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. B Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. C Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. D Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. E Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.
E
Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? A Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. B Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. C Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. D Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
B
Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? A Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. B Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. C Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. D According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. E According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.
E
Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field? A Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields. B Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. C Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. D Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields. E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
A
Which of the following best explains why, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Thomas Malthus proposed his population theory? A Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself. B Malthus theorized that the ability of a population to feed itself would increase with the expansion of the population; more people would mean greater knowledge invested in expanding food production. C Malthus theorized that reductions of infant mortality would eventually result in slower population growth rates. D Malthus theorized that agricultural developments in the mid-to-late eighteenth century would result in a significant expansion of food production, therefore alleviating the threat of overpopulation. E Malthus theorized the only way to prevent overpopulation would be to create policies that would limit the number of children a family could have.
C
Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population? A As a country's population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the country decreases and healthcare costs decline. B As a country's population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an increased need for daycare centers. C As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population. D As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes disproportionally skewed toward males. E As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because older people do not have children.
D
Which of the following describes forced migration? A Residents from New Orleans, United States, being displaced during Hurricane Katrina B Residents from Sendai, Japan, being displaced during an earthquake and related tsunami C Population movement to cities with more job opportunities created by economic recession D British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries E Northern Europeans moving to southern European countries for health reasons
A
Which term best describes the majority of voluntary migrants from South Asia to the Persian Gulf countries of Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait during the 1990s and 2000s? A Guest workers B Refugees C Rural-to-urban migrants D Internally displaced persons E Asylum seekers
D
Which of the following explains a significant positive impact that the immigration of large populations of Chinese people had on places like Vancouver and Los Angeles? A The increase of large populations of Chinese people established Cantonese as the lingua franca, allowing immigrants and local people to communicate. B The assimilation of Chinese immigrants created stability in their new city neighborhoods, giving the immigrants political power. C Most Chinese immigrants converted to the dominant religions of their new cities, prompting the construction of many new churches. D Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion. E Chinese neighborhoods were established on the outskirts of these cities as agricultural trade centers, introducing Asian crops to North America.
C
Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures? A Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. B Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer. D Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. E It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.
A
Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers? A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food. B The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations. C The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products. D Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest. E Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country's exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.
C
Which of the following explains an impact of open-border policies regarding migration within the European Union? A Increased free trade within Europe based on elimination of tariffs, due to the need for economic cooperation between member states B Greater cultural unity within Europe as it becomes a melting pot, due to the use of a common currency C Growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs D Greater restrictions on travel within European Union countries, due to the need for internal security E Less environmental pollution as a result of stricter regulations, due to member states agreeing on a common air-quality policy
C
Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China's antinatalist one-child policy? A A dramatic reduction of the birth rate and a decline of the rate of natural increase rate, resulting in lower population growth. B Agricultural families were forced to relocate to the nearest city to search for employment, resulting in increased urban population. C A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people. D Decreased spending on childhood expenses, such as education and nursery supplies results in a drop in domestic economic productivity. E A decreased emphasis on education due to the decreasing numbers of school-age children results in a loss of international competitiveness.
B
Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange? A The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication. B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication. C Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations. D Diffusion of plants and animals filled the loss in many areas from a number of plant and animal extinctions. E The plants and animals diffused to regions with variation in the climates between the hearth and the new region.
D
Which of the following explains the major effect of migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia? A Students migrate to attend school in the region, increasing the technology labor force. B Women and children migrate to reunify with male relatives living in the region, forming permanent urban settlements. C People with chronic illnesses travel as medical tourists to obtain medical care, growing the health care industry. D Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of exports from the region. E Older adults migrate to areas with warmer climates after retiring from their jobs, growing the service industry.
C
Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? A Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.
B
Which of the following explains why a country with a high physiological density (e.g., Japan, Egypt, or the Netherlands) risks exceeding its carrying capacity? A The population is clustered in key areas, so rural populations will not have easy access to public services such as schools and hospitals. B The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation. C The population is evenly dispersed throughout the country, so it is difficult to maintain infrastructure such as roads and telecommunication networks for the entire country. D There is a large number of people per unit of total land area, so there is no available land for farmers to raise crops and other food products. E The amount of farmers per unit of land area in these countries is too low to be able to support their populations.
B
Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia? A Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers. B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals. C Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them. D Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas. E Domestication of plants and animals began in the Indus River valley and the process diffused to other areas across trade routes.
C
Which of the following is the best describes an example of transhumance? A Ranchers in Canada who allow their cattle to graze over a wide area of flat land B Herders in Kenya who take their goats to a river basin each day for water C Shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer D Farmers in Peru who raise their llamas on land that used to be tropical rain forest E Traders in Mongolia who maintain a herd of camels and a herd of yaks
E
Which of the following population patterns is common in more developed countries? A High birth rates, leading to younger age structures B An uneven ratio of males to females, leading to lower total fertility rates C Higher population densities in rural areas, leading to scarcity of natural resources D A rapidly increasing working-age population, leading to high unemployment rates E Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures
B
Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is the most likely to migrate? A Married, twenty-five years old B Single, twenty-five years old C Married, fifty years old D Single, fifty years old E Married, sixty-five years old
C
Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? A Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. B Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. D Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe. E Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.
A
Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries? A A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries. B Religious persecution and threats of violence create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. C A working population, seeking higher wages, emigrate to more developed countries. D Drought threatening agricultural output and food supplies create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. E An oppressive government discriminates against minorities, forcing ethnic groups to live in rural enclaves.
C
Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability? A Natural resources are the domain of humans because of the ability of humans to take appropriate action for their use without fear of resource depletion. B Natural resources should be used until they become too scarce or too expensive because of the immediate need for human survival. C Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable. D Natural resources will be replaced by technological goods because of concerns that all natural resources will become obsolete within the next generation. E Natural resource use should generate economic profits because of the new technologies that make procuring the resources cost effective.
B
Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago? A Perceptual region B Functional region C Formal region D Conformal region E Equal area region
B
Which of the following types of migration are correctly explained by the example given? A International migration and forced migration: Family AA from Beijing moves to Minneapolis so that the parents can attend graduate school. B International migration and voluntary migration: Family AA from Mumbai has convinced their close friends Family BB to emigrate to London as they did in order help start up their business. C Internal migration and forced migration: Couple AA from Berlin has convinced their close friends Couple BB to move to Greece and live in the same retirement community. D Internal migration and voluntary migration: Family AA from Baghdad are resettled by the United States for political asylum in Detroit. E Internally displaced persons and forced migration: Couple AA from rural Brazil move to São Paulo to find better job opportunities.
D
Which of the following would be most likely to increase life expectancy in a less developed country, resulting in an aging population in that country? A An increase in the country's birth rate B Rural-to-urban migration within the country C Improvements in transportation and communication networks D Improvements in access to health care and sanitation E A decrease in the country's total fertility rate
B
Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s? A A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms. B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. C Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations. D More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology. E Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusinesses in regions with more favorable climates.