APHUG Unit 4 Chapter 8 Political Geography Key Issues #4
Give a brief description of each of the following terrorist organizations.
(a) Islamic State (1515/ISIL) - The Islamic State split up creating ISIS, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and ISIL, the Islamic state of Iraq and Levant. They got control over territory by human right violations; beheadings and torture to impose Sunni Muslim laws onto Southwest Asia as they do not like Shiites. (b) Boko Haram - It means Western education is forbidden. The founder, Muhammad Yusuf and leader Abubakar Shekau used terrorist tactics to oppose the adoption of Western practices in Nigeria, 2002.
In what ways does the use of religion and political views by these terrorist organizations pose a challenge to ...
(a) Muslims? - The challenge has to express disagreement with the policies of government in the United States and Europe disavow the use of terrorism (b) Americans? - The challenge has been to distinguish between the peaceful but unfamiliar principles and practices of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims and the misuse and abuse of Islam by Islamic terrorist groups.
Identify each of the following terms as they relate to the terrorist organizations known as Al-Qaeda.
(a) Osama bin Laden: The founder that funded several thousands into it (b) Afghanistan: Militant Muslims joined from here (c) Yemen and Somalia: Instigated attacks on the U.S. troops here (d) "the base": Osama bin Laden lived in Afghanistan as a "guest" in the Taliban controlled government (e) Fatwa: A religious decree that Muslims have a duty to wage a holy war against the US citizens (f) Charlie Hebdo: A notorious terrorist that killed 17 people and injured 22 in Paris
Regarding the European Union ...
(a) When was It formed? After WWII in 1992 (b} By what states? 28 Eastern Europe states (c) For what purpose? to promote development within member states through political and economic cooperations (d) What are some important changes in recent years? Central European states joined the EU; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Croatia. What former Communist East European states have joined the EU? (look at the maps) Sweden, Austria and Finland What is the Euro? the EU currency How has the 2008 global recession impacted the economic security of the EU? Economically weaker states were forced to implement harsh, unpopular policies, cutting services and raising taxes due to the uniform currency resulting in a stronger states to subside. What other states are waiting and anxious to join? Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey
Distinctive characteristics of terrorists include
- Achieve their objective through organized acts to spread fear and anxiety; bombing, hostages, assassination, and hijacking - violence for grievances/goals with by means not through peace - Strong believes that they do not hesitate to die or attack for
Identify some of the problems the UN faces as it attempts to operate and influence world affairs
1. Difficult to keep peace because UN must rely on individual countries to supply troops and there are often not enough2. Difficult to remain neutral when most of the world sides with one side (ex: Bosnia and Herzegovina)
List the three ways In which states {particularly in Southwest Asia in recent decades) have given support to terrorists.
1. Providing sanctuary for terrorist wanted by other countries 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists 3. Planning attacks by using terrorists
Identify the reason for which membership in the UN grew significantly in each of the following periods:
1955: 16 countries joined in 1955, mostly European countries that had been liberated from Nazi Germany during WWII 1960: 17 new members were added in 1960, all but one a former African colony of Britain or France. Only 4 African states were original members of the UN (Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa) and only 6 more joined during the 1950's 1990: 26 countries were added between 90'-93' primarily because of the breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. UN membership also increased due to many microstates being added
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? How was It resolved?
A major confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and USA in 1962. The Soviet Union built misses launching sites in Cuba 90 miles near USA territory. resolved: They dismantled the site after John F. Kennedy had confronted them on television.
Describe the purpose of the former Warsaw Pact.
A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries for peace, but ended in 1991 when communism ended in the east.
When was the United Nations established? By whom?
Created in 1945 at the end of WWII by the victorious Allies.
Give a brief history of the term terror.
It is Latin for "to frighten". Was first applied during the French revolution between March 1793 to July 1794, known as the Reign of Terror.
Identify Theodore Kaczynski, Timothy McVeigh, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Kacynski:"Unabomber"; 3 died and 23 injured. Technological disciplines and executives in business is affecting the environment McVeigh: Oklahoma City bombing; 80 deaths due to rage against the U.S. government Tsarnaev: Boston Marathon bombing due to being mad about the Muslims in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Note in which of the above ways each of the following states has supported terrorism and then very briefly describe It.
Libya: support: Planning attacks by using terrorists Summary of Issues: a.) 1986 Berlin bombing in nightclub with US military b.) playing bombs in Pam Am Flight 103 that blew up over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988, killing 270. c.) planting bomb in UTAF Flight that blew up over Niger, killing 170. Afghanistan: support: Providing sanctuary for terrorist wanted by other countries Summary of Issues: The Tailbans in Afghanistan sheltered Al-Qadda leader: Bun Laden after 9/11, located on the mountain of Afghanistan, bordering Pakistan. Iraq: support: Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists Summary of Issues: Secretary of State, Colin Powell, presented evidence of military action towards Iraq, to discard their president, Saddam Hussein. He has close links with the US intelligence agencies. Iran: support: Planning attacks by using terrorists Summary of Issues: They use militant supporters to seize the US embassy and as well, hold 21 Americans hostage. Hezbollah, an organization in the U tied States seeks Israel's Organization. Pakistan: support: Providing sanctuary for terrorist wanted by other countries Summary of Issues: Bin Laden fled to Pakistan after the US attacked east Afghanistan. For a decade, he was finally found in a house in Abbottabad, Pakistan and was killed in 2011. Pakistan was aware he occupied that Home
List notable places in which Americans were attacked by terrorists since 1988.
Lockerbie, Scotland. Oklahoma City, USS Cole, Boston Marathon, New York's trade center, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Chattanooga Tennessee, and San Bernardino, California
What does NATO stand for? Describe its purpose.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization purpose: a military alliance among 16 democratic states (US+Canada including) and 14 European states.
Complete the chart on notable non-military regional organizations
OSCE(Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe): Members - US, Canada, Russia, and all states of the Soviet Union and Europe Purpose - To end conflicts in Europe, especially Balkans and Caucasus OAS {Organization of American States): members - All 35 states in the Western Hemisphere purpose - To promote social, cultural, political, economic links for the members AU (African Union): members - 54 countries in Africa purpose - end colonialism and apartheid in Africa and economic integration commonwealth: members - UK and the 52 states that were apart of the British colony purpose - An economic and political cooperation
Give a brief history of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The Pentagon in Washington D.C. had been hit by American Airline Flight 11 crashed into World Trade Center and the United Airlines Flight 175 hit the second one. Causing 2977 Americans to die and 19 Muslims to die.
Define balance of power. How has the balance of power changed after WWII?
The Soviet Union and United States stood out as stronger powers than the rest of the world.
Define terrorism
The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.
What were the two Cold War-era economic alliances formed In Europe?
The two alliances that formed was the European Union and the European Economic Community. It was used to heal 6 of the members from the scars of WWII. COMECON (council for mutual economic assistance) was also formed. The Common Market and the European Community was formed as well. It was used to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in Communist Eastern Europe.(disbanded)
Briefly describe the Cold War. Give examples of how both superpowers used military force to prevent an ally from becoming too independent
They established bases in other countries in proximity of local conflict and to be able to gain/remain allies. Naval protection is present.
How has the purpose of NATO changed since the end of the Cold War?
To prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning west Germany and then smaller countries became Eastern European protection from Russia.
Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?
US, UK, France, Russia and China
Why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence?
attacks are aimed at ordinary people, not military targets or political leaders
In modern times, the term terrorism has been applied to actions by groups operating ___________ _________ rather than to groups of official government agencies, although some governments ____________ __________ ___________ _____________ ____________ for terrorists.
outside governments PROVIDE MILITARY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT
