Appendicular Skeletal System: Mizzou

Over time, tendons can begin to fail (under or overuse). This leads to ________________

"fallen arches"

Ischial tuberosities are the _____________________.

"sit bones."

diarthroses

(freely movable joints)

synarthroses

(immovable joints)

Carpal bones are arranged (roughly) in _____ rows

2

The hand has ________ bones.

27

Along with ligaments and tendon, The bones of the foot form _____ arches.

3

The upper limbs have _______ bones

30

_____ metatarsals.

5

_______ tarsal bones. ______ small metatarsals _______ phalanges ________Hallux = big toe. INSERT NUMBERS

7 5 14 1

______ carpal bones make up the wrist

8

Hinge Joints

Allows flexion and extension.

The upper limbs divide into the _____(3)

Arm, forearm, and hand

________________________________ - absorbs forces on the joint, protects bone

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an ________________________________.

Autoimmune disease

The Glenohumeral Joint is a _________________ joint

Ball and socket joint - highly mobile, not stable

The Coxal (Hip) Joint is a __________________ joint

Ball and socket joint - less mobility, very stable.

Synchondrose/ Cartilaginous Joints (image)

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage. (most immovable)

Both the ___________ and _____________ reduce friction where bones, ligaments and tendons may rub together.

Bursae and tendon sheaths

structural classification is based on the ____________________ that binds the bones together (fibers, cartilage) and presence/absence of a __________________

CONNECTIVE TISSUE, joint cavity.

Skeletal muscles ____________ over joints in order to achieve ______________.

CROSS, movement.

In ___________ joints, One bone has a convex surface, the other bone has a concave surface

Condylar Joints

Ligaments- _____________________________________________________________Can be internal or external to articular capsule.

Connect bone to bone, strengthen joint.

The Coxal (Hip) Joint has a deep

Deep acetabulum for head of femur.

Pelvic Brim is the

Edge of pelvic inlet.

Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch

F

FOOSH means

Fall on Outstretched Hand

_____________ is the largest and strongest bone in the body.

Femur (thigh bone)

The Coxal (Hip) Joint connects _________________________

Femur and os coxae.

Symphyses

Fibrocartilage between articulating bones.

F_________ is thin.

Fibula

Nerves (in yellow) pass along the bone and can be damaged by these two fractures. MAY lead to permanent upper limb dysfunction. These are a result from what two fractures?

Fractures of surgical neck and a Midshaft spiral fractures

___________________ and _______________ of the femur are sites of muscle attachment.

Greater and lesser trochanters

__________ and ______ are sites of muscle attachment on the humerus; ___________ is attachment for deltoid muscle.

Greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity

_______________________ doesn't have middle phalanx.

Hallux (big toe)

Head articulates with scapula at the glenoid cavity.

Humerus

Longest bone of the upper limb.

Humerus

Five digits, numbered _________, on the foot.

I-V

There are five digits, numbered _______, thumb to pinky finger.

I-V

Synarthrosis

Immobile joint

Pelvic Outlet is the

Inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities, etc. (this is the bony feature you sit on). The size of this outlet is important for a successful birth

Examples of Symphyses

Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis.

synovial joints (image)

KNOW THE DIFFERENT PARTS!

The knee is the

Largest and most complex joint.

___________, the acromial end articulates with the ____________ __________ of the scapula

Laterally, acromion process

____________ condyles of tibia articulate with condyles of femur.

Medial and lateral

_________, the sternal end attaches to the manubrium of the _________.

Medially, sternum

2nd common place of fracture on the humerus

Midshaft spiral fractures

The _________ is the weakest part of the femur.

Neck

Osteoarthritis creates _______________(3) Extreme solution:____________

Pain, stiffness, swelling. Extreme solution: joint replacement.

The ____________ Along with the ischium contributes to obturator foramen

Pubis

Pronation

Radius crossed over ulna

Supination

Radius parallel to ulna

8 Carpal Bones

S: scaphoid. L: lunate. T: triquetrum. P: pisiform. T: trapezium. T: trapezoid. C: capitate. H: hamate.

Bursae is

Saclike structure with synovial fluid

____________ is fractured most frequently, especially in FOOSH.

Scaphoid

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly mobile joint

Pelvic Inlet is the

Space between pelvic and abdominal cavities (true and false pelves).

How to remember carpal bones?

Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

Functions of the foot: (2)

Supports weight of body Acts as a lever for moving the body (walking/running)

_________________ are the most movable joint type. All of them are freely mobile (diarthroses).

Synovial joints

Ligamentum teres on the ___________________ joint extends from acetabulum to fovea capitus (on head of femur) - may add stability.

The Coxal (Hip) Joint

______ of the humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna.

Trochlea

_________ is the main forearm bone contributing to elbow.

Ulna

Tendon sheaths

Wraps around tendons

The ________________ is the lateral socket where the head of the femur articulates.

acetabulum

The acromion articulates with the ___________ of the clavicle

acromial end

The acetabulum is composed of _______________ of the pelvic bones.

all three

A Plane Joint is the joint that

allows the articulating bones to glide past each other. You see these joints between the carpal and tarsal bones.

Ligaments crossing the _________ are often so strong that they remain intact but the bones fracture.

ankle joint

Osteoarthritis is most commonly affects

articular cartilages, which break down.

The pelvis Includes both appendicular and ______ bones (the sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton).

axial

Coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa when forearm __________.

bends

Joints do have a _______________ and they are innervated too!

blood supply

Tibia receives weight of ___________ and transmits it to the _______

body, foot.

The ligaments around the clavicle are quite strong, so the bone often__________ instead of _____________.

breaks, dislocating

Name the 7 tarsal bones

calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms.

Body weight mostly carried by talus and ________

calcaneus.

Each digit has one meta_________.

carpal

Types of bones in hand:

carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges

Both femur and tibia have two ______________ surfaces.

condylar

Condylar Joints are also called

condyloid joints

Synovial -____________________ (ex: most joints). Freely moveable usually

connected at a joint cavity within a capsule

Cartilaginous =

connected by cartilage tissue. Slightly moveable usually

Chronic inflammation of the joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis capsule deteriorates the _____________ around the joint.

connective tissues

The __________ is an attachment point of the biceps muscle

coracoid process

Common injury in athletes, knee is hit from side while foot is planted Result is a combination of multiple torn/damaged ligaments and ______________________

damage to menisci. FROM LATERAL SIDE!!

Wrist Typically fracture _______ while catching yourself during a fall (FOOSH!)

distal radius

The arches of the foot supports and ___________ body weight so that ~ _______ goes to the heel, ______ to the metatarsals.

distributes, half, ½

Note that the scapulae _______ join to the axial skeleton at all, and their articulation with the clavicle is ___________.

do NOT, very loose

Examples of Hinge joints

elbow joints, interphalangeal joints, knee joints

Lower limbs carry ____________ of the body.

entire weight

The olecranon process of ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm _________.

extends

The ________ pelvis is typically wider and ________ - this allows for birth.

female, shallower

PCL and ACL are deep within capsule and cross, so called cruciate ligaments. They connect the ___________________

femur and tibia.

Fibula does not articulate with the _______________ at knee and is only for stabilization at ___________.

femur, ankle.

Tibia articulates with _________ (at knee) and ________ (at ankle).

femur, talus

In addition to ligaments, menisci made of ________________________

fibrocartilage

LCL connects femur and __________; MCL connects tibia and _________

fibula, femur.

Joint (articular) cavity - space ____________________

filled with synovial fluid

Ball and Socket Joints are very

flexible; allows flexion/extension & adduction/abduction & rotation

All synovial joints contain a _________________________

fluid-filled joint cavity

diarthroses means

freely mobile

Superior compartment of the TMJ allows _______________.

gliding.

The male pelvic inlet is more _____ shaped. Female is __________.

heart, oval

Calcaneus is the _____________. ___________________________ attaches to posterior surface and enables extension of the foot.

heel, Achilles tendon

The knee Technically 2 condylar joints* (bicondyloid); but acts as _________ joint primarily.

hinge

Trochlear notch fits over trochlea to create a ________.

hinge

The knee usually acts as a

hinge but can rotate slightly.

Inferior compartment of the TMJ is a ____________

hinge joint.

The Elbow Joint is a ___________ joint

hinge, but annular ligament forms pivot at proximal radioulnar joint.

deltoid tuberosity (image)

humerus

The glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) articulates with the ________.

humerus (= forms the shoulder joint)

The arm has one bone and that is the __________.

humerus: brachium

In Cartilaginous Joints Bones joined by _____________________________

hyaline cartilage.

epiphyseal plates are joined by ______________________

hyaline cartilage.

Ossa coxae is composed of three bones: __________ These fuse by adulthood.

ilium, ischium and pubis

Wrist fractures are common _____________

in older females.

The apex of the patella is ____________(superior or inferior)

inferior.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Begins with _____________________________, joint swells.

inflammation of synovial membrane,

Posteriorly, supraspinous and __________ are attachment sites for muscles.

infraspinous fossae

Superior and inferior articulations at the fibula and tibia, also connected by ____________. This membrane maintains distance between these bones.

interosseous membrane

Bones articulate (come in contact) at __________

joints

1st metatarsal at base of big toe is ___________, helps support weight of the __________.

largest, body

The Fibula is located __________ in the leg

laterally

More mobile = _______________

less stable

The knee has strong ___________ to help keep the knee from moving in the wrong way (i.e. hyperextension).

ligaments

The ridge along the posterior diaphysis of the femur bone is the linea aspera. Used for muscle attachment.

linea aspera.

coracoid process (image)

located anteriorly

acromion (image)

located posteriorly

Synovial fluid - liquid in joint cavity and cartilages. Provides _________________

lubrication

The _______ pelvis is somewhat narrower than that of a _______

male, female.

Ulna is ___________, radius is lateral. Connected by _______________ _____________, to keep bones a fixed distance and allow rotation.

medial, interosseous membrane

The annular ligament of the elbow joint attaches to the ulna __________ and ______________, encircling the head of radius.

medially, laterally

Condylar Joints are Found in the _______________

metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpals and phalanges; knuckles)

Subscapular fossa is anterior, also site for _____________

muscle attachment

The pectoral Girdle are attached to the axial skeleton by way of associated ____________. This provides a highly flexible system (lots of movement allowed), but __________.

muscles and ligaments. not very stable.

The head of the femur is carried on a ______ that angles laterally to join the _______.

neck, shaft.

Wrist fractures can lead to __________ and _______________

nerve damage, dysfunction

Proximally, radial head articulates with radial _________ on ulna.

notch

Wrist is very flexible because __________________________________________.

of the gliding motions at the articulations.

Articular (fibrous) capsule -2 parts:

outer fibrous layer continuous with periosteum, inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms:

pain, stiffness, swelling.

the _____________ Protects knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles.

patella

Condyles of the femur are separated anteriorly by a ____________. Patella articulates with the femur here.

patellar surface

The ___________ subdivides the pelvis into the "true pelvis" and the "false pelvis".

pelvic brim

The ________ has Less freedom of movement compared to pectoral girdle.

pelvis

Radial head ALSO articulates with the radial notch of the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form a ____________.

pivot joint.

Scapular spine is on the __________ side of the scapula.

posterior

The scapula is located on the ________ surface of the rib cage.

posterior

Function of Clavicle :

provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms.

carpal bones located at the ___________ end of the hand.

proximal

Digit 1 (Pollex or Thumb) has two phalanges: ____________________

proximal and distal.

Examples of Hinge Joints

proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint

Digits II-V have three phalanges: ___________________________

proximal, middle and distal.

There are 3 phalanges for each digit (digit II-V), ordered __________________________________________

proximal, middle, distal

The two hip bones articulate (join) anteriorly at the ___________

pubic symphysis.

Capitulum of the distal humerus articulates with head of the ____________.

radius

Distal end of the humerus articulates with _________.

radius and ulna (elbow)

Lateral and medial epicondyles are the more ______________________________

raised parts of these condyles.

Ankle fractures are typically the result of

rolling or twisting

Pivot Joints allows

rotation

The pelvis Strong attachment to axial skeleton at the __________________.

sacroiliac joint (very stable).

"hip bones"+ _________+ ___________ = pelvis

sacrum + coccyx

The Glenohumeral Joint's Articulating bones are the

scapula and humerus. (glenoid cavity not very deep). Dislocates relatively easily.

Greater sciatic notch allows passage of ____________ to lower limb

sciatic nerve

The patella is a ____________ bone (formed within connective tissue) enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscles

sesamoid

Examples of ball and socket joints:

shoulder joints, hip joints

LIGAMENTS (aka articular discs) help even out the weight distribution and stabilize the joint. They also prevent _________________ rocking of the femur on the tibia.

side-to side

Fibrous - connected by fibrous (CT) tissue (ex: ________________) Immovable

skull sutures

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints)

Ankle fractures are common in

sports, skiing, running

Can be classified by function OR by ____________.

structure.

Tibia is larger and more ______ than the fibia. Located ___________ in leg.

sturdy, medially

Distally, each ulna and radius has a __________ process.

styloid

(TMJ) - divided by articular disc (meniscus) into ______________________________ compartments.

superior and inferior

Iliac crest is the ________________

superior ridge of the bone

The clavicle (collarbone) spans the ________. It is _____- shaped.

superior thorax, S

Talus articulates with tibia and fibula __________ and calcaneus _______________

superiorly, inferiorly.

Joints (aka articulations) Two functions:

support and movement.

Most frequently fractures of the humerus are at the _________.

surgical neck.

Most joints are __________________

synovial joints

Distal end of tibia is flattened for articulation with _______; medial _______________ projects to form ankle bone.

talus, malleolus

Skeleton of foot includes: (3)

tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

The S-shape of the clavicle makes it prone to fracturing near __________.

the curves

The pectoral girdle includes:

the left and right scapulae and the left and right clavicles.

The lower limb bones are ___________ than the upper limbs.

thicker and stronger

Fibula is __________ than tibia.

thinner

Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the ____

tibia.

Diaphysis of tibia is _______ with a sharp anterior border (shinbone!)

triangular

Elbow can bend or forearm can _________.

twist

The forearm has two bones the ___________.

ulna and radius: antebrachium

The pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk (body weight passes through pelvis to the lower limbs) and supports ____________.

viscera

Note also the angle of the sacrum and coccyx of the female vs. the male (__________ angle in females)

wider

Ligaments that anchor the the ________ attach to the radial and ulnar styloid processes.

wrist