Appendicular Skeletal System: Mizzou
Over time, tendons can begin to fail (under or overuse). This leads to ________________
"fallen arches"
Ischial tuberosities are the _____________________.
"sit bones."
diarthroses
(freely movable joints)
synarthroses
(immovable joints)
Carpal bones are arranged (roughly) in _____ rows
2
The hand has ________ bones.
27
Along with ligaments and tendon, The bones of the foot form _____ arches.
3
The upper limbs have _______ bones
30
_____ metatarsals.
5
_______ tarsal bones. ______ small metatarsals _______ phalanges ________Hallux = big toe. INSERT NUMBERS
7 5 14 1
______ carpal bones make up the wrist
8
Hinge Joints
Allows flexion and extension.
The upper limbs divide into the _____(3)
Arm, forearm, and hand
________________________________ - absorbs forces on the joint, protects bone
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an ________________________________.
Autoimmune disease
The Glenohumeral Joint is a _________________ joint
Ball and socket joint - highly mobile, not stable
The Coxal (Hip) Joint is a __________________ joint
Ball and socket joint - less mobility, very stable.
Synchondrose/ Cartilaginous Joints (image)
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage. (most immovable)
Both the ___________ and _____________ reduce friction where bones, ligaments and tendons may rub together.
Bursae and tendon sheaths
structural classification is based on the ____________________ that binds the bones together (fibers, cartilage) and presence/absence of a __________________
CONNECTIVE TISSUE, joint cavity.
Skeletal muscles ____________ over joints in order to achieve ______________.
CROSS, movement.
In ___________ joints, One bone has a convex surface, the other bone has a concave surface
Condylar Joints
Ligaments- _____________________________________________________________Can be internal or external to articular capsule.
Connect bone to bone, strengthen joint.
The Coxal (Hip) Joint has a deep
Deep acetabulum for head of femur.
Pelvic Brim is the
Edge of pelvic inlet.
Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch
F
FOOSH means
Fall on Outstretched Hand
_____________ is the largest and strongest bone in the body.
Femur (thigh bone)
The Coxal (Hip) Joint connects _________________________
Femur and os coxae.
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage between articulating bones.
F_________ is thin.
Fibula
Nerves (in yellow) pass along the bone and can be damaged by these two fractures. MAY lead to permanent upper limb dysfunction. These are a result from what two fractures?
Fractures of surgical neck and a Midshaft spiral fractures
___________________ and _______________ of the femur are sites of muscle attachment.
Greater and lesser trochanters
__________ and ______ are sites of muscle attachment on the humerus; ___________ is attachment for deltoid muscle.
Greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity
_______________________ doesn't have middle phalanx.
Hallux (big toe)
Head articulates with scapula at the glenoid cavity.
Humerus
Longest bone of the upper limb.
Humerus
Five digits, numbered _________, on the foot.
I-V
There are five digits, numbered _______, thumb to pinky finger.
I-V
Synarthrosis
Immobile joint
Pelvic Outlet is the
Inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities, etc. (this is the bony feature you sit on). The size of this outlet is important for a successful birth
Examples of Symphyses
Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis.
synovial joints (image)
KNOW THE DIFFERENT PARTS!
The knee is the
Largest and most complex joint.
___________, the acromial end articulates with the ____________ __________ of the scapula
Laterally, acromion process
____________ condyles of tibia articulate with condyles of femur.
Medial and lateral
_________, the sternal end attaches to the manubrium of the _________.
Medially, sternum
2nd common place of fracture on the humerus
Midshaft spiral fractures
The _________ is the weakest part of the femur.
Neck
Osteoarthritis creates _______________(3) Extreme solution:____________
Pain, stiffness, swelling. Extreme solution: joint replacement.
The ____________ Along with the ischium contributes to obturator foramen
Pubis
Pronation
Radius crossed over ulna
Supination
Radius parallel to ulna
8 Carpal Bones
S: scaphoid. L: lunate. T: triquetrum. P: pisiform. T: trapezium. T: trapezoid. C: capitate. H: hamate.
Bursae is
Saclike structure with synovial fluid
____________ is fractured most frequently, especially in FOOSH.
Scaphoid
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile joint
Pelvic Inlet is the
Space between pelvic and abdominal cavities (true and false pelves).
How to remember carpal bones?
Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
Functions of the foot: (2)
Supports weight of body Acts as a lever for moving the body (walking/running)
_________________ are the most movable joint type. All of them are freely mobile (diarthroses).
Synovial joints
Ligamentum teres on the ___________________ joint extends from acetabulum to fovea capitus (on head of femur) - may add stability.
The Coxal (Hip) Joint
______ of the humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna.
Trochlea
_________ is the main forearm bone contributing to elbow.
Ulna
Tendon sheaths
Wraps around tendons
The ________________ is the lateral socket where the head of the femur articulates.
acetabulum
The acromion articulates with the ___________ of the clavicle
acromial end
The acetabulum is composed of _______________ of the pelvic bones.
all three
A Plane Joint is the joint that
allows the articulating bones to glide past each other. You see these joints between the carpal and tarsal bones.
Ligaments crossing the _________ are often so strong that they remain intact but the bones fracture.
ankle joint
Osteoarthritis is most commonly affects
articular cartilages, which break down.
The pelvis Includes both appendicular and ______ bones (the sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton).
axial
Coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa when forearm __________.
bends
Joints do have a _______________ and they are innervated too!
blood supply
Tibia receives weight of ___________ and transmits it to the _______
body, foot.
The ligaments around the clavicle are quite strong, so the bone often__________ instead of _____________.
breaks, dislocating
Name the 7 tarsal bones
calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms.
Body weight mostly carried by talus and ________
calcaneus.
Each digit has one meta_________.
carpal
Types of bones in hand:
carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges
Both femur and tibia have two ______________ surfaces.
condylar
Condylar Joints are also called
condyloid joints
Synovial -____________________ (ex: most joints). Freely moveable usually
connected at a joint cavity within a capsule
Cartilaginous =
connected by cartilage tissue. Slightly moveable usually
Chronic inflammation of the joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis capsule deteriorates the _____________ around the joint.
connective tissues
The __________ is an attachment point of the biceps muscle
coracoid process
Common injury in athletes, knee is hit from side while foot is planted Result is a combination of multiple torn/damaged ligaments and ______________________
damage to menisci. FROM LATERAL SIDE!!
Wrist Typically fracture _______ while catching yourself during a fall (FOOSH!)
distal radius
The arches of the foot supports and ___________ body weight so that ~ _______ goes to the heel, ______ to the metatarsals.
distributes, half, ½
Note that the scapulae _______ join to the axial skeleton at all, and their articulation with the clavicle is ___________.
do NOT, very loose
Examples of Hinge joints
elbow joints, interphalangeal joints, knee joints
Lower limbs carry ____________ of the body.
entire weight
The olecranon process of ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm _________.
extends
The ________ pelvis is typically wider and ________ - this allows for birth.
female, shallower
PCL and ACL are deep within capsule and cross, so called cruciate ligaments. They connect the ___________________
femur and tibia.
Fibula does not articulate with the _______________ at knee and is only for stabilization at ___________.
femur, ankle.
Tibia articulates with _________ (at knee) and ________ (at ankle).
femur, talus
In addition to ligaments, menisci made of ________________________
fibrocartilage
LCL connects femur and __________; MCL connects tibia and _________
fibula, femur.
Joint (articular) cavity - space ____________________
filled with synovial fluid
Ball and Socket Joints are very
flexible; allows flexion/extension & adduction/abduction & rotation
All synovial joints contain a _________________________
fluid-filled joint cavity
diarthroses means
freely mobile
Superior compartment of the TMJ allows _______________.
gliding.
The male pelvic inlet is more _____ shaped. Female is __________.
heart, oval
Calcaneus is the _____________. ___________________________ attaches to posterior surface and enables extension of the foot.
heel, Achilles tendon
The knee Technically 2 condylar joints* (bicondyloid); but acts as _________ joint primarily.
hinge
Trochlear notch fits over trochlea to create a ________.
hinge
The knee usually acts as a
hinge but can rotate slightly.
Inferior compartment of the TMJ is a ____________
hinge joint.
The Elbow Joint is a ___________ joint
hinge, but annular ligament forms pivot at proximal radioulnar joint.
deltoid tuberosity (image)
humerus
The glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) articulates with the ________.
humerus (= forms the shoulder joint)
The arm has one bone and that is the __________.
humerus: brachium
In Cartilaginous Joints Bones joined by _____________________________
hyaline cartilage.
epiphyseal plates are joined by ______________________
hyaline cartilage.
Ossa coxae is composed of three bones: __________ These fuse by adulthood.
ilium, ischium and pubis
Wrist fractures are common _____________
in older females.
The apex of the patella is ____________(superior or inferior)
inferior.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Begins with _____________________________, joint swells.
inflammation of synovial membrane,
Posteriorly, supraspinous and __________ are attachment sites for muscles.
infraspinous fossae
Superior and inferior articulations at the fibula and tibia, also connected by ____________. This membrane maintains distance between these bones.
interosseous membrane
Bones articulate (come in contact) at __________
joints
1st metatarsal at base of big toe is ___________, helps support weight of the __________.
largest, body
The Fibula is located __________ in the leg
laterally
More mobile = _______________
less stable
The knee has strong ___________ to help keep the knee from moving in the wrong way (i.e. hyperextension).
ligaments
The ridge along the posterior diaphysis of the femur bone is the linea aspera. Used for muscle attachment.
linea aspera.
coracoid process (image)
located anteriorly
acromion (image)
located posteriorly
Synovial fluid - liquid in joint cavity and cartilages. Provides _________________
lubrication
The _______ pelvis is somewhat narrower than that of a _______
male, female.
Ulna is ___________, radius is lateral. Connected by _______________ _____________, to keep bones a fixed distance and allow rotation.
medial, interosseous membrane
The annular ligament of the elbow joint attaches to the ulna __________ and ______________, encircling the head of radius.
medially, laterally
Condylar Joints are Found in the _______________
metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpals and phalanges; knuckles)
Subscapular fossa is anterior, also site for _____________
muscle attachment
The pectoral Girdle are attached to the axial skeleton by way of associated ____________. This provides a highly flexible system (lots of movement allowed), but __________.
muscles and ligaments. not very stable.
The head of the femur is carried on a ______ that angles laterally to join the _______.
neck, shaft.
Wrist fractures can lead to __________ and _______________
nerve damage, dysfunction
Proximally, radial head articulates with radial _________ on ulna.
notch
Wrist is very flexible because __________________________________________.
of the gliding motions at the articulations.
Articular (fibrous) capsule -2 parts:
outer fibrous layer continuous with periosteum, inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms:
pain, stiffness, swelling.
the _____________ Protects knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles.
patella
Condyles of the femur are separated anteriorly by a ____________. Patella articulates with the femur here.
patellar surface
The ___________ subdivides the pelvis into the "true pelvis" and the "false pelvis".
pelvic brim
The ________ has Less freedom of movement compared to pectoral girdle.
pelvis
Radial head ALSO articulates with the radial notch of the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form a ____________.
pivot joint.
Scapular spine is on the __________ side of the scapula.
posterior
The scapula is located on the ________ surface of the rib cage.
posterior
Function of Clavicle :
provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms.
carpal bones located at the ___________ end of the hand.
proximal
Digit 1 (Pollex or Thumb) has two phalanges: ____________________
proximal and distal.
Examples of Hinge Joints
proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
Digits II-V have three phalanges: ___________________________
proximal, middle and distal.
There are 3 phalanges for each digit (digit II-V), ordered __________________________________________
proximal, middle, distal
The two hip bones articulate (join) anteriorly at the ___________
pubic symphysis.
Capitulum of the distal humerus articulates with head of the ____________.
radius
Distal end of the humerus articulates with _________.
radius and ulna (elbow)
Lateral and medial epicondyles are the more ______________________________
raised parts of these condyles.
Ankle fractures are typically the result of
rolling or twisting
Pivot Joints allows
rotation
The pelvis Strong attachment to axial skeleton at the __________________.
sacroiliac joint (very stable).
"hip bones"+ _________+ ___________ = pelvis
sacrum + coccyx
The Glenohumeral Joint's Articulating bones are the
scapula and humerus. (glenoid cavity not very deep). Dislocates relatively easily.
Greater sciatic notch allows passage of ____________ to lower limb
sciatic nerve
The patella is a ____________ bone (formed within connective tissue) enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscles
sesamoid
Examples of ball and socket joints:
shoulder joints, hip joints
LIGAMENTS (aka articular discs) help even out the weight distribution and stabilize the joint. They also prevent _________________ rocking of the femur on the tibia.
side-to side
Fibrous - connected by fibrous (CT) tissue (ex: ________________) Immovable
skull sutures
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints)
Ankle fractures are common in
sports, skiing, running
Can be classified by function OR by ____________.
structure.
Tibia is larger and more ______ than the fibia. Located ___________ in leg.
sturdy, medially
Distally, each ulna and radius has a __________ process.
styloid
(TMJ) - divided by articular disc (meniscus) into ______________________________ compartments.
superior and inferior
Iliac crest is the ________________
superior ridge of the bone
The clavicle (collarbone) spans the ________. It is _____- shaped.
superior thorax, S
Talus articulates with tibia and fibula __________ and calcaneus _______________
superiorly, inferiorly.
Joints (aka articulations) Two functions:
support and movement.
Most frequently fractures of the humerus are at the _________.
surgical neck.
Most joints are __________________
synovial joints
Distal end of tibia is flattened for articulation with _______; medial _______________ projects to form ankle bone.
talus, malleolus
Skeleton of foot includes: (3)
tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
The S-shape of the clavicle makes it prone to fracturing near __________.
the curves
The pectoral girdle includes:
the left and right scapulae and the left and right clavicles.
The lower limb bones are ___________ than the upper limbs.
thicker and stronger
Fibula is __________ than tibia.
thinner
Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the ____
tibia.
Diaphysis of tibia is _______ with a sharp anterior border (shinbone!)
triangular
Elbow can bend or forearm can _________.
twist
The forearm has two bones the ___________.
ulna and radius: antebrachium
The pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk (body weight passes through pelvis to the lower limbs) and supports ____________.
viscera
Note also the angle of the sacrum and coccyx of the female vs. the male (__________ angle in females)
wider
Ligaments that anchor the the ________ attach to the radial and ulnar styloid processes.
wrist