APR: Chapter 3

solution

a mixture of dissolved substances within a fluid

which process moves substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient

active transport

ATP is necessary for _____ transport, but not necessary for ______________ transport

active, passive

how does facilitated diffusion differ from active transport

both mechanisms require a membrane transport protein however facilitated diffusion does not require ATP

identify functions of attachment proteins. thy attach

cells to intracellular materials cells to extracellular material one cell to another

the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles and cytosol is called

cytoplasm

the movement of solution from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as

diffusion

true or false: large, non-lipid molecules dissolve through the lipid membrane

false

the cytoskeleton is composed of

intermediate filaments microtubules actin (intermediate) filaments

fluids found inside the cell are called _______ fluids

intracellular

intravenous solutions are often used in hospitals as part of patient care. when cells are exposed to these fluids their shapes do not change. these are ______ fluids

isotonic

facilitated diffusion will transport

large, polar molecules

the large organelle indicated in the figure is the

nucleus

the organelle which contains genetic information is surrounded by an envelope is the

nucleus

using a light microscope, the largest, most noticeable organelle visible in most cells is the

nucleus

internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks are called

organelles

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is known as

osmosis

the organelle (with no ribosomes) indicated in the figure is the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ions or molecule are carried from one side of the plasma membrane to the other by integral proteins called _______ proteins

transport

the type of membrane transport that requires energy, such as the ATP-powered protein pumps and a protein channel to move substances across the membrane is called ___________ transport

active

identify the function of a marker protein

allows for cellular identification

describe the location of the cytoplasm. the cytoplasm includes

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

the organelles indicated in the figure are the

centrioles

the cellular area indicated by the circle and arrow is the

centrosome

transmembrane proteins with pores that allow ions and small molecules to pass through the membrane are referred to as ____ proteins

channel

ions typically cross the plasma membrane through tube-like passageways called

channel proteins

identify the different types of transport proteins

channel proteins ATP powered pumps carrier proteins

a complex of DNA and protein, which consists of many different genes is called

chromosomes

the sugar concentration in your glass of ice tea is very high at the bottom and low at the top. this concentration distribution is an example of a(n)

concentration gradient

the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is called

endocytosis

the organelle marked with a pointer is the

endoplasmic reticulum

a protein on the cell surface in the small intestine breaks the peptide bonds found in dietary proteins to release amino acids. this membrane protein is an example of a(n)

enzyme

some membrane proteins catalyze chemical reactions on either surface of the plasma membranes. these membrane proteins function as

enzymes

a process in which cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and release its contents out of the cell is known as

exocytosis

substances found outside the cell plasma membrane in the environment are considered

extracellular

the observation that the plasma membrane of the cell is not static or rigid, but highly flexible and changing has been referred to as the

fluid mosaic membrane model

the organelle indicated in the figure is the

golgi apparatus

when a substance is attracted to water it is sometimes referred to as being

hydrophilic

non polar molecules that 'fear' water are called

hydrophobic

a cell placed in a _____ solution causes the cell to lose water and shrivel (crenate)

hypertonic

cells in a ______ solution absorb water, smell, and may burst (lyse)

hypotonic

diffusion will transport

lipid soluble

how do hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of lipids influence their function

lipids will naturally form the blare structure of membranes

the organelle indicated by the arrow is a

mitochondria

the nucleus is a membrane-bound typically located

near the center of the cell

identify similarities between diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

net movement of substance moves from areas of higher to lower concentration do not utilize ATP

the amount of pressure exerted on one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis is known as _________ pressure

osmotic

identify the characteristic functions of cells

passing on of genetic information ability to produce and respond to chemical and/or electrical signals synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids use of energy

diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are all examples of ___________ transport

passive

facilitated diffusion can best be described as a(n)

passive transport mechanism moving substances through a carrier from high to low concentration

identify the two primary components of the plasma membrane

proteins and lipids

the organelles that "read" coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code are called

ribosomes

a membrane that only allows some substances to pass through it, but restricts other substances is known as a(n) ______________ permeable membrane

selectively

what is cytosol

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing the cytoskeleton

solvent

the fluid within which a substance is dissolved

what is mediated transport

the movement of molecules across a membrane by means of a protein carrier

what is diffusion

the movement of solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower concentration

solute

the substance to be dissolved

true or false: lipid soluble molecules easily pass through the plasma membrane

true

how are large, non-lipid-soluble molecules and small pieces of matter transported across the cell membrane

vesicles

the measurement of a fluids resistance to flow is referred to as its

viscosity

osmosis will transport

water