APUSH 1.1 -14.3 All Key Terms AP Exam Review - ACTUAL final Miramontes Quizlet.

Freedom Summer

" (1964) A voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by a coalition of civil rights groups. The campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists. (903)" (13.4)

Scalawags

" Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican gov- ernments after the Civil War. (pg. 478, 7.8)"

Roosevelt Corollary

"(1904) A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order. (630)" (10.5)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

"(1905) The IWW, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions. (683)" (12.5)

Lochner v. New York (1905)

"(1905): A setback for labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (645)" (9.5)

Pure Food and Drug Act

"(1906) A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medi- cine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation. (650)" (9.6)

Meat Inspection Act

"(1906) A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspec- tion. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meat- packing plants that it mobilized public support for govern- ment action. (650)" (9.6)

Hepburn Act

"(1906) ICA Amendment. Power to set maximum railroad rates. Expansion of interstate commerce to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, railroad sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines." (649) (9.6)

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

"(1908): A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers. (645)" (9.5)

New Nationalism

"(1912): State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolida- tion of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain. (662)" (9.7)

Revenue Act 1913 (Underwood or Underwood-Simmons Tariff)

"(1913) This tariff provided for a sub- stantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. (664)" (9.8)

Federal Trade Commission Act

"(1914) A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods. (666)" (9.8)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

"(1914): Law extending the anti- trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. The act conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. (666)" (9.8)

Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee)

"(1917) A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep." (680)" (12.6)

Zimmerman Note

"(1917) German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance against the United States. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war. (678)" (12.1)

War Industries Board

"(1917): Headed by Bernard Baruch, this federal agency coordinated industrial production during World War I, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under the economic mobilization of the War Industries Board, industrial production in the United States increased 20 percent during the war. (682)" (12.5)

Agricultural Marketing Act

"(1929) This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help them- selves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depres- sion worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market. (740)" (11.4)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

"(1930) The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading. To the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare. (740)" (11.4)

Executive Order No. 9066 (Japanese Internment)

"(1942): Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorizing the War Department to remove Japanese "enemy aliens" to isolated internment camps. Immigrants and citizens alike were sent away from their homes, neighbors, schools, and businesses. The Japanese internment policy was held to be constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). (799)" (12.6)

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

"(1943): Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies. (803)" (12.5)

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

"(OPA) (1941-1947) A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well in parts of the country over- whelmed by war workers. The OPA was extended after World War II ended to continue the fight against inflation, but was abolished in 1947. (802)" (12.5)

Ku Klux Klan

"An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti- Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks. (479, 7.8)"

Battle at Gettysburg

"Battle of (July 1863): Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines. (pg. 445, 7.4)

Equal Rights Amendment

"Equal Rights Amendment, which declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution. (931)" (13.7)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

"Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. (pg. 238, 4.2)"

Triangular Trade *Atlantic Economy"

"Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. (83, 1.9)"

1964 Civil Rights Act

"Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminat- ing based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment. (898)" (13.4)

Federal Highways Act of 1956

"Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more eas- ily commute to urban jobs. (873)" (13.2)

Border States

"Five slave states—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia—that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union. (pg. 420, 7.2)"

Washington's Farewell Address

"George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. (193)" Significance: The advice given provided America with a basis for it's growing youth, for without dependent alliances it gave America the push it needed to develop itself to become a prominent power. (3.2)

Central powers

"Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I. (670)" (12.1)

Allied Powers

"Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I. (670)" (12.1)

Dust Bowl

"Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies." (764)" (11.6)

Hoovervilles

"Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration. (743)" (11.4)

Republican Motherhood

"Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. (pg. 159, 5.2)"

Ocala Demands

"In 1890, several regional farmers' alliances gathered in Ocala, Florida, where they drafted the ____________. In part, the demands advocated: *increased federal regulation of the railroads *an income tax *lower tariffs *silver currency *a federally regulated banking system The _____________ were incorporated into the Omaha Platform, the founding document of the Populist Party." (9.2) -Brainscape

Morill Tariff

"Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. (431)" (8.1)

Maize

"Indian Corn" Crop first found in the New World similar to Corn. It was easy and common to grow around the Americas, and fed large populations of Civilizations such as the Incas and Aztecs. (1.1)

United Nations

"International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing fur- ther world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council—Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. (844)" (12.7)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

"It was in effect a modern constitution, which established a regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens. Essential features of the Fundamental Orders were later borrowed by Connecticut for its colonial charter and ultimately for its state constitution." (1.6)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

"Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and abolished racial segregation in public schools. The Court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South. This deci- sion was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement. (868)" (13.3)

Irreconcilables

"Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization. (693)" (12.2)

Limited Liability Corporation

"Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares. (pg. 290)" The principle was used by corporations to provide a safeguard for investors. (4.6)

Copperheads

"Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort by attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation. (pg. 450, 7.4)"

Greenbacks

"Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar. (431)" (8.1)

Force Acts 1870 and 1871 (AKA Civil Rights Acts of 1870 and 1871)

"Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts. (480, 7.8)"

Burned-Over Districts

"Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. (309, 5.1)"

Pentagon Papers

"Secret US government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam war under President Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971 review instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war. (919)" (13.5)

Navigation Laws (Acts)

"Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. (49, 1.9)"

Appomattox Courthouse

"Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign." (pg 455, 7.5)"

Fort Sumter

"South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort. (pg. 419, 7.1)"

Encomienda

"Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland." (1.2)

Brain Trust

"Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many of them young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal. (752)" (11.5)

Levittown

"Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families. (838)" (13.1)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

"Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on inter- state waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. (238, 4.2)"

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

"Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. (pg. 209, 4.2)"

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

"Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. (pg. 238, 4.2)"

Darthmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

"Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. (pg. 238, 4.2)"

War Powers Act

"The 1973 law passed by Congress limiting the presidents ability to wage war without congressional approval. The act requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam war, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the presidents unilateral authority in military matters. (924)" (13.5)

Iranian Hostage Crisis

"The 444 days, from November 1979 to January 1981, in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries. The Iranian Revolution began in January 1979 when young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. Deeming the United States "the Great Satan," these revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The hostage crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostages' release the day Ronald Reagan became president, January 20, 1981. (939)" (14.2)

Texas Revolution

"The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 - April 21, 1836) began when colonists (primarily from the United States) in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government." -Google :) (6.1)

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

"The _______________________, resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in the Constitution and did not include many rights given by the individual states. Thus, a state may grant business monopolies to some of its citizens but not to others without running afoul of the Constitution." (10.3) (Workbook Link)

New Deal

"The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimu- late economic recovery. The New Deal built on reforms of the progressive era to expand greatly an American-style welfare state. (753)" (11.5)

Hetch Hetchy Valley

"The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. (654)" (9.6)

Sunbelt

"The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt"). (835)" (13.1)

Interlocking Directorates

"The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s. (522)" (8.6)

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

"Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members' youthful energies, SNCC in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives. (872)" (13.3)

New Netherlands

"_______________, later renamed New York, in the beautiful Hudson River area, was planted in 1623-1624 on a permanent basis (see Map 3.4). Established by the Dutch West India Company for its quick-profit fur trade, it was never more than a secondary interest of the founders. The company's most brilliant stroke was to buy Manhattan Island from the Indians (who did not actually "own" it) for virtually worthless trinkets—twenty-two thousand acres of what is now perhaps the most valuable real estate in the world for pennies per acre." (1.7)

Town Meeting

"________________ government predominated in New England; and a modification of the two developed in the middle colonies. In the town meeting, with its open discussion and open voting, direct democracy functioned at its best." (1.5)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

'(1909): While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed." (658)" (9.7)

Concentration (Reservation)

(*System) "The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times. (576)" (8.3)

Half-Way Covenant

(1662): Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. (1.5)

State Constitutions

(1776-ish) Continental Congress calls the states to draft constitutions. Each state drafted a constitution based on the same principles of the Declaration of Independence as well as the theory of Republicanism, drawing it's ideals from the people. These written documents were intended to represent a fundamental law, and gave the state legislatures sweeping power. Significance: Displayed the varying power between the national government and the state government, principles that remain in the state constitutions today. (2.6)

Shay's Rebellion

(1786) An alarming uprising that flared up in Western Massachusetts. Impoverished back country farmers, many revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms. Captain Daniel Shay lead a rebellion of hundreds that demanded the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. The rebellion was shut down quickly with a small army raised by the Massachusetts government, ending in 3 deaths. Significance: Served as an example of the weak power that the Articles of Confederation had on the Colonies, which lead to the eventual revision and draft of a new constitution. (2.6)

Annapolis Convention

(1786) Convention called by Virginia in Annapolis Maryland over the economic issues brought about because of the Articles of Confederation. Five states were represented, and although there wasn't much done at the council, Alexander Hamilton called Congress to summon another convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Significance: This meeting place demonstrated the colonists passion for creating the ideal society by meeting over issues of the country, as well as set the stage for the Constitutional Convention, which created the Constitution. (2.7)

Constitutional Convention

(1787) Convention in Philadelphia on may 25th called by Alexander Hamilton to "revise" the Articles of Confederation, although ended up completely creating a new constitution. 12 colonies were represented with 55 emissaries. George Washington was the chairman of this Convention. Significance: Constitution convention demonstrated the unity of the colonists to come together for the greater good of the country as well as being the birthplace of the constitution, a document that structures our society as we know it today. (2.7)

King Cotton

(1793) Spurred by the introduction of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin, the Cotton Industry became a huge agricultural factory that reaped great economic rewards. Britain became dependent on Cotton from the South, making Cotton the King. "If war should ever break out between North and South, northern warships would presumably cut off the outflow of cotton. Fiber-famished British factories would then close their gates, starving mobs would force the London government to break the blockade, and the south would triumph." (pg. 338, 5.4)

Citizen Genet

(1793ish) Supported by Jeffersonian Republicans, French Representative in America who took advantage of the Franco-American alliance and, disregarding the Neutrality Proclamation, took it upon himself to recruit armies of americans to invade Spanish and Canadian grounds, and was eventually shut down by the US government. Significance: Even though the National government issued a decree of neutrality, otherwise minded citizens take it upon themselves to do otherwise, specifically Jeffersonians, highlighting the differing opinions on policies between certain groups of people with the National government. (3.2)

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794) Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. (pg. 185) Significance: Demonstrated the ideology of the time among common folk that if they didn't like something, they could just rebel and change it, which was met with repercussions among the government. Likewise, it represented the new authority of the government to suppress rebellions and earned the government more respect. (3.1)

Quasi-War

(1798-1800) Resulting from the XYZ Affair, undeclared war between America and France. Was fought entirely on sea and the conflict was between American privateers and French vessels. Ended with the Convention of 1800. (3.3)

Convention of 1800

(1800) Treaty signed with France in Paris, agreed to end the unofficial war between America and France regarding trading vessel conflicts in the sea, resulting in America repaying the damages to French shipping vessels as well as France agreeing to annul the twenty-two-year-old marriage of (in)convenience. (3.3)

Dorothea Dix

(1802-1887) New England Teacher-Author who was a prominent advocated for better rights for people with "insanity" and better conditions for insane asylums. Her classic petition of 1843 to the Massachusetts Legislature resulted in improved conditions. (pg. 315, 5.1)

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805 - 1879) Radical Abolotionist who put his thoughts on paper through his newspaper The Liberator, as well as being the foundation for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Often appeared to be more interested in his own righteousness than in the substance of the slavery evil himself, and didn't provide clear instructions on how his methods would bring an end to slavery. (5.6)

"Fulton's Folly"

(1807) A steamboat with a special powerful engine, created by painter-engineer Robert Fulton, which the vessel was nicknamed after. The vessel sparked the steamboat craze. (4.6)

Second Bank of the United States

(1816) The Second Bank of the United States was created in 1816. In the five years since the expiration of the First Bank's charter, the federal government had struggled through the War of 1812, placing the treasury deeply into debt. In addition, the lack of a central bank to regulate state banks led to an explosion of small banks, many of which provided credit to speculators on easy terms, thus placing the national monetary system on unsteady ground. Congress finally passed a law chartering the Second Bank of the United States, which was created to help the national treasury out of its uncomfortable financial situation and to regulate the currency. (4.5)

Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) A close associate to Ralph Waldo Emerson (a notable scholar), as well as a poet, mystic, transcendentalist, and a noncomformist. As an individualist, he tried to pursue truth through study and meditation, and wrote about his Transcendentalist ventures in well-published books. His writings furthered idealistic thought, and influenced people such as Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule in India and, still later, inspired the development of Martin Luther King Jr's thinking of nonviolence (Significance right there) (pg. 329, 5.3)

Frederick Douglass

(1818 - 1895) Greatest of the black abolitionists, he escpaed from bondage in 1838 at the age of 21, and was known for being a powerful speaker, at the expense of being frequently beat and receiving death threats. He published his autobiography in 1845, which depicted his origins as a mulatto as well as his struggle to read and write, and escape north. (5.6)

Vesey Rebellion

(1822) A slave rebellion in Charleston led by a free black named Denmark Vesey, a rebellion which further fanned out a growing southern anxiety about possible federal interference with the institution of slavery. (pg. 255, 4.4)

Monroe Doctrine

(1823): Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (pg. 242, 4.2)

Alexis de Tocqueville

(1831) 26-year old Frenchman who spent 9 months observing all of America, trekking from Boston to Ohio down to New Orleans, keenly observing the democratic American scene. He put his observations into a book, called "Democracy in America," and "remains to this day probably the most insightful analysis of American society ever written, and provides an indispensable starting point for understanding both the nature of modern democracy and the American national character." (pg. 252, 4.3)

Nat Turner's Rebellion

(1831): Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings. (pg. 348, 5.5)

American Anti-Slavery Society

(1833-1870): Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters. (pg. 351, 5.6)"

John Muir

(1838-1914) Preservationist that became relevant during the late 1800's. Differing from Roosevelt's approach to preservation, this man believed in the "mystic allure of unspoiled nature," thus wanted to not use nature but simply preserve it. Did not receive Roosevelt's support in this regard. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness areas. (652) (9.6)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

(1842) A British American Agreement over the Maine/Canada border that ended in a half-half treaty over the disputed land north of Maine. The USA got 7,000 of the 12,000 open square miles. (6.3)

Thomas Alva Edison

(1847-1931) The most versatile inventor, this man was a gifted tinkerer and a tireless worker, but not necessarily a pure scientist. "Wondrous devices poured out of his "invention factory" in New Jersey—the phonograph, the mimeo- graph, the dictaphone, and the moving picture. He is probably best known for his perfection in 1879 of the electric lightbulb, which turned night into day and transformed ancient human habits as well." (521) (8.6)

Bessemer Process

(1850s) New process of making steel discovered by William Kelly, an american manufacturer, along with a British inventor named Bessemer. This process was much cheaper than other methods of making steel, and involved using cold air blown on hot iron to eliminate the impurities and create steel. This process was eventually accepted and allowed for America to become a dominant steel producer in the world market. (522) (8.6)

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) Prominent leader of black education, this man was an ex-slave who was "called in 1881 to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama... He taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security. [This man's] self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled 'accomodationist' because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy." Instead of focusing on social equality, he supported economic and educational development. (10.3)

Comstock Lode

(1859) Significant discovery of a massive deposit of silver and gold in Nevada, causing massive migration to the little-populated Nevada in search of wealth, dubbed "Fifty-Niners." About $340 million worth of minerals were mined between 1860-1890. (8.4)

Jane Addams

(1860-1935) Born into a prosperous Illinois family, she became one of the first generation of female college-educated students. After visiting England, she was inspired to buy Hull Mansion in 1889 and established the most prominent (though not first) American settlement house. She was considered a broad-gauge reformer who condemned poverty and war, and inspired other women to establish settlement houses in other cities. (549) (10.2)

Cattle Drives

(1866-1888) Stretch of cows, from 1,000-10,000, being driven by Texas cowboys (black, white, and mexican) across the unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City or Abilene, to sell the cows alive to a slaughterhouse. Faced challenges such as indians, stampedes, and cattle fever. (586) (8.4)

Grange/Granger Movement

(1867) Organization created to "enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities." Labeled the 'National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry' and started by Oliver H. Kelley. By 1875 had accumulated 800,000 members. Improved conditions of farmers by collective establishing cooperatively owned stores, grain elevators, and warehouses. Some went into politics, mainly in grain-growing regions of upper-Mississippi valley, and strove to regulate unfair railway rates and storage fees in an attempt to benefit the average farmer. (9.2)

W.E.B. DuBois

(1868-1963) Black leader who received a Ph.D. at Harvard (first of his race to do so) and demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He assailed Booker T. Washington for condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Advocated for the 'talented 10th' of the black community should receive full access to mainstream American life. (555) (10.3)

Barbed Wire

(1874) Perfected by Joseph F. Glidden, it was used by Railroad companies to prevent cowboys from intruding on their rails, as well as used by ranchers, solving the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies. Led to the eventual end of the Cattle Drive, preventing cowboys from leading groups of cattle across land owned by landowners and also was used by railroad companies to fence their own cattle and no longer needing the drives. (8.4)

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

(1877) Supreme Court case ruling that a "state law setting maximum rates for grain storage was constitutional, establishing the principle that states have the power to regulate [intrastate*] businesses with a 'public interest.'" (Workbook Link) (8.8)

Exodusters

(1878-1880) Whole communities of emancipated blacks that migrated from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi to Kansas, some 25,000 people, and this flood of people was only stemmed when steamboat captains refused to transport more black migrants across the Mississippi River. (pg. 467, 7.6)

Progress and Poverty, Henry George

(1879) Book written by Henry George that attempted to solve "the greatest enigma of our times" - "the association of progress with poverty. According to George, the pressure of a growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values... A single 100 percent tax on those windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth." This book was a best seller and sold 3 million copies, bringing George to lecture around America and Briton, where "he left an indelible mark on English Fabian Socialism. George's proposals resounded for decades." (559) (8.7)

Dumbbell Tenement

(1879) Housing for the poor in crowded urban areas, designed with "seven or eight stories high, with shallow, sunless, and ill-smelling air shafts providing minimal ventilation. Several families were sardined onto each floor of the barracks-like structures, and they shared a malodorous toilet in the hall." (542) (9.4)

A Century of Dishonor

(1881) Book published by author Helen Hunt Jackson, this book "chronicled the sorry record of government ruthlessness and chicanery in dealing with the Indians." (580) (8.3)

American Protective Association

(1887) Also known as APA, an anti-foreign organization carrying the same ideas as the late "Know-Nothings" party. Quickly claimed a million members, and in pursuit of Nativist goals this organization urged voting against Roman catholic candidates for offices and defamed the religion. (551) (10.2)

Billion Dollar Congress

(1889) 51st Congress that was the first congress to surpass a billion-dollar budget. Congress proceeded to shower pensions on Civil War veterans and increase government purchases of silver. To keep the flow of revenue, the congress also passed the McKinley Tariff act of 1890, which boosted rates to their highest peacetime levels. (505) (9.1)

The Influence of Sea Power upon History, Alfred Thayer Mahan

(1890) Book written by a Naval Captain which "argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance... [this book] helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum around the turn of the century." Consequently, Americans joined in the demands for a mightier navy and for an American-built Isthmian canal. (609) (10.4)

Frontier Thesis

(1893) Essay by Frederick Jackson Turner about the american uniqueness of the frontier. This essay hails "the gumption and moxie of the pioneers and commended them as the agents of civilization and democracy." Basically an article that praises the pioneers for their determination and resourcefulness for creating a life in the untamed west and their spreading of American democratic lifestyle.

Coxley's Army

(1894) A band of men gathered together for a protest march against them being victimized by an oppressive economic and political system. Headed by Jacob S. Coxey, these protesters went all the way to Washington to propose his plan to relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by $500 million in legal tender notes. (599) (8.9)

Cross of Gold Speech

(1896) Speech eloquently given by William Bryan where he encourages the return of Silver by telling the government they "shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." Democratic party used this speech as their defense for Silver and demanded inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold. (9.3)

William Jennings Bryan

(1896) Surprise democratic nominee that ran for presidency in 1896. Was a powerful rhetorician, and supported issues such as backing silver as currency, and delivered a powerful speech called the Cross of Gold speech. His political stance was often seen closer to Populist rather than democrat. (9.3)

Gentlemen's Agreement

(1907-1908) After San Francisco had a massive increase of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigration and consequently ordered for segregated schooling, Roosevelt arranges an agreement between America and Japan, where San Francisco repeals their offensive school order and Japan agrees to stop the flow of labor to the American mainland by withholding passports. (631) (10.2)

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

(1910) Dispute between Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, and Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry. Balliner opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, which angered Pinchot. Taft dismissed this issue on narrow grounds of subordination, and was met with protest among conversationalists and Roosevelt's friends, further dividing the president with the former president. (658) (9.7)

Reservationists

(1919) Supporters of the Fourteen Formal Reservations (Amendments) to the Treaty of Versailles, created by Senator Henry Lodge. These Amendments "reserved the rights of the United States under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution... and otherwise sought to protect American Sovereignty." Republican senators largely opposed the Treaty due to the League of Nations' proposal as well as their isolationist tendencies. After Senate votings ended in no clear majority, the Treaty of Versailles was not signed by the United States, and with it the League of Nations. (12.2)

Red Scare

(1919-1920) A period of intense anti-communism lasting from 1919-1920. The "Palmer raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities (700) (11.2)

Fr. Charles Coughlin

(1930) Known as a Magnetic 'Microphone Messiah', this man was a Catholic priest in Michigan who broadcasted "anti-New Deal harangues to some 40 million radio fans... [he] became so anti-Semitic, fascistic, and demagogic that he was silenced in 1942 by his ecclesiastical superiors." (759) (11.6)

Bank Holiday

(1933, March 6-10th) One of Roosevelt's first actions as President, he declared these days to be a Banking Holiday "as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis." (11.5) (754)

Nye Committee

(1934) A result from a growing movement against munitions manufacturers, this group of senators, headed by Gerald Nye, was appointed to investigate the 'blood business.' Concluded that the munitions makers were to blame for causing WWI, since they made money out of the war. (12.3) (782)

Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck

(1939) This book portrayed the dismal story of migrant farmers afflicted by the dust bowl with scarce food, shelter, and clothing, and the difficulties of migrating, and proved to be the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Dust Bowl. (764) (11.6)

Tripartite Pact

(1940) Extending from the Rome-Berlin Axis to include Japan, this pact included Germany, Italy, and Japan. These nations all united under resentment for the Treaty of Versailles, additional space for their population, and their increasing Fascism.* (12.3) (781)

Bataan Death March

(1942) March of the American and Filipino troops that were holding off Japanese invasion of the Phillipines until their surrender, and consisted of an 80-mile trek to the prisoner-of-war camps- "the first in a series of atrocities committed by both sides in the unusually savage pacific war." (12.4) (808)

Tehran Conference

(1943) Conference in Tehran, Iran (Persia) between major allied power leaders of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to coordinate the promised effort against the axis powers. Perhaps the most important achievement was "agreement on broad plans, especially those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east simultaneously with the prospective Allied assault from the west." (813) (12.4)

Truman's Loyalty Program

(1947) Launched as a result of an increasing anti-red chase, this program "investigated more than 3 million federal employees, some 3,00 of whom either resigned or were dismissed, none under formal indictment," as well as investigated disloyal organizations. (852) (12.8)

Massive Resistance

(1954) Movement of retaliation from the deep southern states against the desegregation efforts of Brown v. Board of Education. "More than a hundred southern congres- sional representatives and senators signed the "Decla- ration of Constitutional Principles" in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation. Several states diverted public funds to hastily created "private" schools, for there the integration order was more difficult to apply." Throughout the south white citizens thwarted attempts to make segregation a reality. (869) (13.3)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(1958) Established by Eisenhower in the midst of a "rocket fever" that swept the nation, this is an independent agency of the US responsible for aeronautical and aerospace research. First was directed billions of dollars to missile development, and especially prominent during Kennedy's presidency, and further represented America's space race with the Soviet Union. (12.9) (877)

U2 Incident

(1960) Occurring in the wake of the Camp David conference and right before the Paris "summit-conference," on the eve of this conference "an American U-2 spy plane was shot down deep in the heart of Russia. After bungling bureaucratic denials in Washington, "honest Ike" took the unprecedented step of assuming personal responsibility. Khrushchev stormed into Paris filling the air with invective, and the conference collapsed before it could get off the ground. The concord of Camp David was replaced with the grapes of wrath." (878) (12.9)

Silent Spring, Rachel Carson

(1962) Publication on the poisonous effects of pesticides by scientist Rachel Carson. This publication, a latter form of muckracking, gave a giant push to the Environmental Movement by increasing it's following and activism. (922) (13.6)

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

(1963) Letter from Martin Luther King while he was in jail at Birmingham, Alabama for protesting racial segregation as a part of the Birmingham campaign. This letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. Brought civil rights plea to the attention of the president, who could not ignore the civil rights movement anymore. (13.3)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

(1964) In wake of the two "attacks" from Northern Vietnam on US Navy Ships, LBJ exaggerated these attacks and used them to pass this act through Congress. "With only two dissenting votes in both houses, the lawmakers virtually abdicated their war-declaring powers and handed the president a blank check to use further force in Southeast Asia."(13.5) (901)

War on Poverty

(1964) Series of initiatives proposed by LBJ's administration to relieve, cure, and prevent the symptoms of poverty. Examples of this included the Food Stamp Act of 1964, which made food stamps permanent, and LBJ's particular concern for Appalachia, a location stricken with thousands unemployed from the coal industry. (900) (13.4)

Operation Rolling Thunder

(1965) Triggered by a Viet Cong (Vietnamese communist group) attack on American air base in South Vietnam, this was LBJ's military reprisal, consisting of "retaliatory bombing raids against military installations in North Vietnam and for the first time ordered attacking U.S. troops to land... [eventually consisted of] regular full-scale bombing attacks against Northern Vietnam." (13.5) (906)

Democratic National Convention of 1968

(1968) During this 1968 democratic nomination, candidates Hubert Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, and Robert Kennedy all ran for the nomination. Kennedy was assassinated before the nomination, which caused many angry antiwar zealots to storm the convention in Chicago, warranting police response to riots breaking out. McCarthy also amassed a large antiwar following, but was sharply blocked when Humphrey took the Democratic election. (13.5) (909)

Tet Offensive

(1968) Surprise offensive attack from Northern-Vietnam militants Viet Cong, consisted of savage attacks on 27 key South Vietnamese cities. "Although eventually beaten off with heavy losses, [Viet Cong's attacks] demonstrated anew that victory could not be gained by Johnson's strategy of gradual escalation... With an increasingly insistent voice, American public opinion demanded a speedy end to the war." (908) (13.5)

Economic Stagnation

(1970's) Post-Post-War decrease in economic productivity, causing the American spirit to give way to an unaccustomed sense of limits. Some cite the decrease to the increasing presence of women and teenagers in the workforce who typically had fewer sills than adult males, while other blame the "declining investment in new machinery, the heavy costs of compliance with government-imposed safety and health regulations, and the general shift of the American economy from manufacturing to services, where productivity gains were allegedly more difficult to achieve and measure." (916) (13.7)

Energy Crisis

(1973) Spurred from the Oil Embargo from OPEC nations, Energy deficit in the United States that "triggered a major economic recession not just in America but also in France and Britain (who were not directly affected by the American embargo but felt the affects indirectly due to the globalized interconnected world.) This shortage energized a number of energy projects and mounted for heavier use of coal and nuclear power, despite their environmental threat, and signaled an end to cheap and abundant energy in the US. (925) (14.2)

Milliken v. Bradley

(1974) Supreme Court case that "blindsided school integrationists when it ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines. The decision effectively exempted suburban districts from shouldering any part of the burden of desegregating inner-city schools, thereby reinforcing "white flight" from cities to suburbs." Decision also reinforced the least prosperous district to remain the poorest, often putting poor white communities against blacks. (13.7) (932)

Camp David Accords

(1978) A symbol of his spectacular presidential foreign policy achievements, Carter invites President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minster Menachem Begin of Israel to "a sumit conference at Camp David... Carter persuaded the two visitors to sign an accord that held considerable promise of peace." Israel promised to withdraw territory conquered from the 1967 war, and Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders, and both pledged to sign a formal peace treaty within 3 months. (934) (14.2)

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)

(1987) "Arms limitation agreement settled by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev after several attempts. The treaty banned all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe and marked a significant thaw in the Cold War. (949)" (14.2)

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(1992) Court case that ruled "states could restrict access to abortion as long as they did not place an 'undue burden' on that woman. Using this standard, the Court held that Pennsylvania could not compel a wife to notify her husband about an abortion but could require a minor child to notify parents, as well as other restrictions." (954) (14.1)

Lincoln's Assassination

(April 14 1865) Taking place in Ford's Theater and enacted by pro-Southern John Wilkes Booth. His death helped erase the memory of his shortcomings and caused his nobler qualities to stand out in clearer relief. Likewise, it increased the bitterness in the North against the south, and southerns began to recognize Lincoln's lenient treatment to the south was their only protective shield. Important because it eliminates potentially what reconstruction could've been with Lincoln as president and his ability to work with congress, and instead Andrew Johnson takes his place. (7.5)

Nativism

(Beginning in 1840-1850's) Also known as Antiforeignism, a political position with a strong opposition to foreigners because they feared they would "outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the old "native" stock" or a fear they would displace their jobs. Likewise, these people also hated foreigners because many of them were Roman Catholic. Happened both in 1st wave migration and 2nd wave migration. (10.1)

New South

(Late 1800's) Industrial Movement in the south that was only partially effective. Although absentee landownership with sharecropping characterized the south, there was still a boost in industrialization. In 1880, machine-made cigarettes replaced rolled-cigarettes, increasing consumption, and other efforts of industrialization were made by Henry W. Grady. One obstacle that hindered progress was the regional rates of railroad exports, where the North got preferential rates to ship manufactured goods than the South, keeping them in a form of servitude. (527) (10.3)

Nullification

(Literal Definition) the action of a state impeding or attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the United States -Merriam Webster If Nullification Crisis: "(1832-1833): Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833. (pg. 255, 4.4)"

Farmers' Alliance

(late 1870's) Organization where "farmers came together... to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling." Eventually the organization weakened itself by "ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers. Even more debilitating was the Alliance exclusions of blacks." (598) (9.2)

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

(~1828) The Exposition was a legislature created by South Carolinians in protest and opposition to the tariff of abominations, which hindered their important trade with the West Indies, and was secretly written by John C. Calhoun, denouncing the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. (4.4)

Telegraph

(~1844) "a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection." -Straight from Google (4.6)

Bonanza Farms

(~1890)Serving as an example of how industrialized agricultural was becoming, these were enormous farms of wheat in the Minnesota-North Dakota area, with at least half-dozen of them being larger than 15,000 acres. These farms foreshadowed the giant agribusiness of the next century. (9.2)

Huey Long ("Share our Wealth)

A Senator of Louisiana, this man promoted the "'Share Our Wealth' program, which promised to make "Every Man a King." Every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at the expense of the prosperous." (759) (11.6)

Lost Generation

A creative Circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post World War I Europe. (721) (11.2)

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem NY in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life. (11.2)

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. (11.2)

Intolerable Acts

A series of acts designed to chastise the Boston people. Most drastic was the Boston port act that closed the harbor until damages were paid. This is significant because it is an effect of the Boston tea party and it also caused colonial unity as many different colonies came to bostons aid as the British began punishing them for their actions. (2.3)

Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr was Jefferson's 1st-term Vice President, and provoked the fears among americans brought about by the Louisiana Purchase of secession and foreign intrusion. Burr joined with a group of federalists extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York, but was exposed by Alexander Hamilton. Then he fled West, and planned on creating a separate confederacy from the United States and invade spanish territories, until his partner Wilkinson abandoned the plan and Burr. Burr was arrested and tried for treason, but then was acquitted and fled to Europe, where he urged Napoleon to launch a join invasion with Britain of America. (3.4)

Gadsden Purchase

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern trans continental railroad. Page 392 (6.3)

Environmental Protection Act

Act which created the Environmental Protection Agency, "a governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, Emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the EPA marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement." (922) (13.6)

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington DC, and introduce a more stringent fugitive state law. Widely opposed in both the north and south, it did little to settle the escalating dispute overslavery. Page 384 (6.4)

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who made up 1/5th of the U.S. Army personnel on the frontier. This nickname was given to them by Indians, supposedly because their hair looked like a Bison's furry coat. (577)

Macon's Bill No. 2

After congress dismantled the Non-Intercourse Act in 1810, this act "'[reopened] American trade with all the world, [and] dangled what Congress hoped was an attractive lure. If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation. (pg. 218, 3.5)'"

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Also called Corps of Discovery, "(1804-1806): Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West. (213, 3.4)"

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between the north and south over the issue of slavery. Page 376 (6.4)

Newlands Act of 1902

An act created among other conversation efforts during Roosevelt's presidency, which stated that " Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects. Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now- productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises." (651) (9.6)

Teapot Dome Scandal

An affair involving the illegal lease of priceless federal oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which involved President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption. (11.3)

Railroad Pools

An early form of cooperation between rich railroad 'kings', this was an "agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits." (519) (8.5)

Buying on Margin

An economic crisis that allowed people to borrow most of the cost of stocks, making down payment as low as 10%. This made the economy susceptible to crash, as seen in the Great Depression. (11.3)

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

An example of Progressive Legislation, a landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregan, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace. (11.3)

Robert M. La Follette

An example of Progressivism bubbling up to the state level, this man was governor of Wisconsin. He was "an undersized but overbearing crusader who emerged as the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders... Routing the lumber and railroad "interests," he wrested considerable control from the crooked corporations and returned it to the people. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university at Madison." (645) (9.5)

Panic of 1893

Beginning during Cleveland's presidency and lasting about "four years, it was the most punishing economic downturn of the nineteenth century. Contributing causes were the splurge of overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression." Collapsed 8,000 american businesses, spurred unemployment, and most of the Americans weren't receiving aid from the Government due to it's Laissez-Faire policies. (9.1)

Dr. Francis Townshend

Capitalizing on the popular discontent by making pie-in-the-sky promises, this retired California physician created the Townshend plan which "promised everyone over sixty 200$ a month" by enlisting a 2% income tax, and to facilitate economic development this plan would require those receiving the 200$ to spend all of it by the end of the month.

Flappers

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" women of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, but wish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. There were hardly typical of American women, The flapper image reinforce the idea that women now had more freedom. (11.2)

Bleeding Kansas

Civil War in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national civil war. Page 400 (6.5)

Massive Retaliation

Cold War Philosophy used by Eisenhower which advocated to "relegate the army and the navy to the backseat and build up an airfleet of superbombers (called the Strategic Air Command, or SAC) equipped with city-flattening nuclear bombs. These fearsome weapons would inflict "massive retaliation" on the Soviets or the Chinese if they got out of hand." (874) (12.8)

Transcontinental Railroad

Connections of railroads ranging across the nation. Building railroads held some benefits, as it promised greater national unity and economic growth. The Railroad business flourished in the years following the Civil War, but was a costly business, unprofitable in areas that weren't built up. Congress advanced loans to 2 railroad companies and gave them land to build the cross-continental railroads. (8.5)

Consumption

Consumption is the movement that came about as mass production began to occur in America and the companies had to find markets to sell their goods.. American people became mass consumers relying on credit to maintain the materialistic desires they possessed Sig... Lead to advertisement uproar (sports, sex, etc.) (11.1)

Square Deal

Deal created by Roosevelt in effort to focus on public interest. The deal generally focused on 3 the three C's: "control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources."

Freeport Doctrine

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislature is, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. first argued by Stephen Douglas in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's Freeport question. Page 406 (6.6)

Countercultural

Defining characteristic of the 1960's. Used to describe the time period and the people in it, particularly the baby bloomers, which consisted of a replacement of traditional american values for new consciousness of human values, evident by movements such as Civil Rights and the Sexual Revolution. (13.6) (912)

Sodbusters

Farmers that used heavy iron plows pulled by Oxen to break the prairie sod of the west, allowing for farming in the west which proved to be astonishingly fruitful, and thereafter built homes from the very sod they dug from the ground and burned corncobs for warmth, a result of the tree-less plains.

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over speculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the north for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on Western public lands. Page 400 (6.6)

Advertising

Finding ways to sell goods, American advertisers, by persuasion and ploy, seduction and sexual suggestion, sought to make American chronically discontented with their paltry possessions and want more, more, more. A founder of this "profession" was Bruce Barton, prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. In 1925 Barton published, The Man Nobody Knows, which set forth his thesis stating that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time. (710) (11.1)

Smith Act (1940)

First peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798, became prominent in 1949 when eleven communists were "brought before a New York jury for violating [this act]... convicted of advocating the overthrow of the American government by force, and the defendants were sent to prison." (852) (12.8)

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis. Page 409 (6.6)

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Formed out of an overwhelming pressure to subdue arms traffic, these acts, when taken together, "stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent." (12.3) (782)

Fort Pillow

Fort in Tennessee where, after surrendering to the confederacy, several black soldiers were massacred because the south refused to recognize them as prisoners of War. Because of this, vengeful black units of the Union thereafter used this as a moral booster and swung into battle vowing to take no prisoners. (pg. 444, 7.4)

Radio

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian, invented wireless telegraphy in 1890's and this long-range communication during World War I. It was later used in the 1920's, especially for advertising "commercials" for American free enterprise. The radio drew people and families back into their homes to listen to the radio together. (716) (11.1)

Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read your novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened northern of support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict. Page 396 (6.5)

Moral Diplomacy

In contrast to 'Dollar Diplomacy,' or determining foreign policy in terms of material interest, President Wilson decided to determine foreign policy by aiding Latin American countries to be more democratic, often by replacing their governments with more 'moral' democratic governments. Examples of this include Wilson's opposition to the murderous Mexican government, as well as the Jones Act which granted Philippines the boon of territorial status 'eventually.' (669) (10.5)

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

In response to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, tribes of Indians (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creek, and Seminole) sued the Georgian government that tried to relocate them. Supreme court ruled that Georgia's displacement violated tribal treaties with the federal government, and the Indians had a right to their land. Jackson disagreed with this decision, and supposedly responded with "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." (Crash Course USH #14) (8.3)

Union and Confederate Conscription

In the north, drafts for the army wasn't necessary until 1863, for the first few years of the war enough men volunteered. After the conscription law was passed, many were outraged since it favored rich men due to the 300$ payment for a substitute, this outrage causing the New York Draft Riots. In the south, it also relied on volunteers at first, but since they had a smaller population they ran out of volunteers almost a year before the Union did. They also generally favored wealthy men, usually slaveowners, who could hire a substitute or receive outright exemption, and this injustice was likewise met with hostility from the poorer classes. (pg. , 7.3)

Tobacco

Known as a major cash crop in the Americas the 'poor man's crop', _________ originated in the Americas, and became a commodity in Europe. Because of this, growing Tobacco was very valuable, making Tobacco farming a prominent economic factor in the American colonies. (1.5)

Comstock Law

Laws created in 1873 by Anthony Comstock, who made a lifelong war on the immoral. These laws essentially attacked anything remotely sexual or suggestive, and were specifically unfair to women. This law "exposed to daylight the battle in late-nineteenth century America over sexual attitudes in the place of women." (559) (9.4)

Phyllis Shlafly

Leading figure of the Antifeminist movement of the 1970's, She was starkly opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment. The Antifeminists argued that "the ERA would remove traditional protections that women enjoyed by forcing the law to see them as men's equals. They further believed that the amendment would threaten the basic family structure of American society." (932) (13.7)

Loyalists

Loyalists were people who were loyal to the crown and to Britain (elderly, teachers, Anglican priests, wealthy, etc) who sided with the British in the war. They made up about 16% of the colonist population. They are significant because they were the people who fought the Patriots and still sided with British normally as an effect of their large wealth, their opposition to change, or their upbringing an teaching. (2.4)

Iron Curtain

Metaphorical veil of secret "isolation that Stalin clanged down across Europe from the Baltic to the Adriatic. The division of Europe would endure for more than four decades." This speech where Churchill coined this term led to an increase in anti-communistic fervor among the Western Powers. (846) (12.7)

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted in 1921 of the murder of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard. The jury and judge were prejudiced against the defendants since they were italian, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. They were electrocuted. If the atmosphere might have been less charged with anti-redism, then the outcome might've been a lot different. (11.2)

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory. Page 398 (6.5)

Maryland Act of Toleration

Passed in 1649, "Maryland's new religious statute guaranteed toleration to all Christians. But, less liberally, it decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus." (1.6)

Whigs

Political party containing many diverse elements, unified generally by their hatred of Jackson. This party rapidly evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson, such as supporters of Clay's American System, southern states' righters, larger northern industrialists and merchants. They considered themselves conservatives, yet progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms. Likewise, they advocated for internal improvements, welcomed the market economy, as well as apparently claimed to be the defenders of common man. (4.4)

Pontiac's uprising

Pontiac, an Ottawa chief who was frustrated by the loss of Spanish and French allies following the war, led a rebellion against British colonists by attacking all but three British posts west of the Appalachians. The uprising was killed by an emphatic British force(used smallpox-infested blankets to kill indians) This is significant because the end of this uprising signified the complete dominance of British power over all of the other North American powers as now the French, Indians, and Spanish has all been beaten. (2.1)

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, who's gratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces it was later voted down when Congress required at the entire constitution be put up for a vote. Page 400 (6.5)

Mellon's tax policies

Seeking to help the "poor" rich people, he engineered tax reductions for a wealthy person, also getting rid of the excess-profits tax, the gift tax, and also reducing excise taxes, the surtax, income tax, and estate taxes. He shifted the tax burden from the wealthy to the middle-income groups. (11.3)

Have-Not Powers

Self-proclaimed title for Germany, Japan, and Italy, these countries resented larger western powers, such as Britain and US, for unfair polices that required these smaller countries to shrink their militaries. Used this title in a defense, since had little military while the bigger countries had larger units. Demonstrated western resentment and unity of the soon-to-be axis powers. (12.3)

Jazz

Term used to describe the image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as the dominant symbol of that era. Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring Twenties." Also, many whites opposed Jazz because it is the type of music that the blacks would play. (11.2)

Albany congress

The Albany congress was a congress in New York centered around 2 things: keeping the Iroquois loyal to British in F&I war, and to achieve greater colonial unity. Led by Benjamin Franklin this is significant because it was one of the first movements which set about to actually create colonial unity (the congress consisted of delegates from 7 of the 13 colonies) (2.1)

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, or better yet called the explanation of independence, was an explanation and pronunciation of the English colonies splitting from Britain. Written by Thomas Jefferson, the document called out King Geroge on all of his misdoings and explained why the colonists were doing what they did. This is significant because July 4, 1763 set the stage for our great America, it fully began the revolutionary war, and it set the stage for the French Revolution to come 13 years after. (2.4)

French and Indian war

The French and Indian war was a land caused feud in America but it eventually became a world war. Involving many countries the war began in America but spread to Europe. This is significant because the War caused a great British debt which lead to the taxes on colonists which ultimately led to the American Revolution. (2.1)

Sedition Act 1918

The Sedition Act of 1918, enacted during World War I, made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production" of the things "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war," meaning it was a crime to express any disapproving thoughts about the government that could inhibit the sale of War Bonds. (PBS) (681) (12.6)

Boston Tea Party

The act in the Boston harbor where over 300 boxes of tea were dumped in the harbor as a visual opposition to British rule in the colonies. This is significant because it demonstrated for all colonies the ability to oppose the British and it also caused colonial unity as many different colonies came to bostons aid as the British began punishing them for their actions. (2.3)

Stamp Act Congress

The congress was centered around 27 distinguished colonists from 9 different colonies in 1765 who, after debate, drew up a statement calling for the repeal of the stamp act. The congress made no real headway in Europe and the stamp act was not repealed. It is significant because Although the congress made no headway or real change in Europe, it did lead to the beginning of colonial unity because it brought about different leaders from different colonies around the same table to discuss important matters. (2.2)

Boston Massacre

The massacre in Boston where frustrated colonists were throwing snowballs and jeering the British soldiers over the death of a ten year old boy. The soldiers, provoked by the crowd, opened fire and killed or wounded 11 citizens. This is significant because it is a cause of major frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

The men and women who accompanied colonial protests with violence by enforcing upon violators of the nonimportation agreements a fine coat of tar and feathers. They ransacked the houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, etc. This is significant because it is an effect of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Republic (republican form of government)

The republic form of government was a type of government where the power came from the people. Although Paine wasn't the first to present this, his words about splitting from a despotic monarch landed on responsive ears. This is significant because the ideals displayed here by Paine ultimately caused the American government we hold so dearly today. (2.4)

Stamp Tax

The stamp tax required stamps on paper transactions that demonstrated the payment of tax. The stamp act was significant because it was an effect of the French and Indian war and it was a plan to help fix some of the debt but it also served as a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Deterrence

Theory in line with Eisenhower's Massive Retaliation plan that advocates to build up military weapons, such as nuclear bombs, in order to deter enemies and make them afraid to attack you. (874) (12.8)

Olive Branch Petition

This petition in 1775 professed American loyalty to the king and begged for an end to hostility. The king however declined and formally proclaimed the colonies in rebellion. This is significant because this is the last straw in the American British pact and as King George turns this away, it begins the all out American Revolution. (2.4)

Monitor

This was an iron-clad clumsy warship from the North* that defied the Merrimack, another iron-clad ship from the South that was disrupting Union blockades. Definition of the two ships: "(1862): Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862. (pg. 439, 7.4)"

Antifederalists

Those who opposed a strong federal (national) government, therefore being against the new Constitution. Members were usually of the states' rights devotees, backcountry dwellers, one horse farmers - generally the poorest classes. Consisted of a few popular faces like Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. Significance: Both the Federalists and the Antifederalists represented the struggle between maintaining a balanced society stuck between decisions, particularly the ongoing conflict of State Power vs. National Power. (2.8)

Roger Williams

Threatening to puritan leaders, _______________ was a Salem minister with radical ideas and an unrestrained tongue. He was an extreme separatist, and wanted a clean breakaway from the Church of England. Eventually kicked out of Massachussettes Bay Colony, he created Rhode Island with the help of friendly Indians, established freedom of religion for anyone, including Jews. (1.6)

Injunction

Tool used by Corporations against labor unions. Corporations could call upon federal courts to issue ______s ordering the strikers to cease striking. (531) (8.9)

Rugged Individualism

Values often held by westward-migrants of America, being often ill-informed, isolated, superstitious, provincial, and fiercely individualistic, fitting into the touch and crude atmosphere of frontier life, although there were exceptions, specifically pioneers who needed help from their neighbors. (6.1)

Border Ruffians

When the vote over Kansas came to be a slave or free state, proslavery members from Missouri came over to vote early and often and they thus pushed the vote in the direction of slave owners and thus Kansas became a slave state. Page 399 (6.5)

Lexington and Concord

Where the Boston troops sent to seize stores of colonial gunpowder were met by the colonial "minute men" who refused to disperse fast enough. 8 Americans were killed where they then got to concord where the ready colonials began opening fire forcing British to retreat. This is significant because it not only began the war but it also demonstrates the last straw as the colonists were tire of Americans dying and suffering at the hands of the British. (2.3)

How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis

Written by Danish immigrant for the 'New York Sun', this account was of "a damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-gnawed human rookeries known as New York slums. The book deeply influenced a future New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt." (638) (9.5)

Confederate Constitution

Constitution of the Confederacy that, borrowing liberally from that of the union, nonetheless contained the fatal defect that, since the Confederacy was created by succession, the constitution could not deny succession for its states in the future. Also, although president Davis of the Confederacy was a supporter of a strong federal government, had to balance this ideal with strong states-rights supporters of the south. (pg. 428, 7.2)

Three Rs

Part of Roosevelt's New Deal plan, 'Relief, Recovery, and Reform.' Short-range goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long-range goals were permanent recovery and reform of current abuses, particularly those that had produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. (754) (11.5)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Part of Roosevelts New Deal as immediate relief, this act "made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages." (758) (11.5)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I and II)

Series of arms limitations between the US and Soviet Russia that constituted the first steps towards slowing the arms race. The 1st agreement took place in 1972 with Nixon and froze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years. The 2nd agreement was (1979) "between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (938)" (14.2)

Impeachment of Johnson

Sparked by his decision to abruptly dismiss Stanton (Secretary of War) in contrary to the new Tenure of Office Act, house of representatives voted 126 - 47 to impeach Johnson, he went on trial and his defense was the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional. The Senate voted, and Johnson barely avoided removal (He stays in office, impeachment was just the trial to get him removed). Important in that after the trial Johnson becomes less involved with Reconstruction and allows congress to completely take the reins. (pg. 481, 7.9)

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian war. France gave up all of its territories in mainland North America which ended and foreign threat to the colonies. This is significant because it gave the colonies more room to move west, but it's also significant because the end of the war left Britain In a large debt that hey needed to find out how to solve. (2.1)

Planters

The wealthy southern planter "aristocracy" that dominated the government of the south, creating a more Oligarchical style of government in the south. Used their money for selfish reasons, such as sending their children to private schools, and felt a keen sense of obligation to serve the public. This also widened the gap between rich and poor and hampered tax-supported public education. (5.4)

Domino Theory

Theory in defense of aggressive US intervention in potential communist countries, stated that if the United states declined to defend against communism in Europe (for example, in Vietnam) then "other countries would lose their faith in America's will (or their fear of American power) and would tumble on after the other like "dominoes" into the Soviet Camp." (857) (12.8)

Foraging and Hunting

Type of nomadic lifestyle used by underdeveloped* people, consisting of a non-sedentary tribe of people, getting their food by hunting animals and foraging berries and other foods. (1.1)

Suburbs

Type of settlement on the outskirts of Urban cities distinguished by large neighborhoods with moderate businesses and shops. These settlements expanded in population greatly after WWII due to reasons like home-loan guarantees that made it more economically attractive to own a suburb home, and building of highways that allowed convenient commute from city jobs to suburban homes.

Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty)

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the united states, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. (Page 240) (6.3)

Spanish American War

War between Spain and the United States, fought in 1898 on behalf of American intervention of Cuba. Americans were roused by accounts of Spanish mistreatment of Cuban natives, a resentment encouraged by the yellow press and directly inflamed by the explosion of the USS Maine. The US won the war easily, and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and gained temporary control over Cuba. (616)

Mexican War

War started between America and Mexico because of the US's annexation of Texas and interest in California. After Mexico shot American soldiers on disputed soil, president Polk declared war on Mexico through congress. The war was specifically to gain control of California, which after relatively little bloodshed was accomplished in 1848, paying about 18 million for the land. (pg. 367, 6.2)

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Wartime supreme court case of 1944 that upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese relocation and internment. Four decades later the US government apologized for its actions and paid reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor.

William penn

Wellborn young englishman who was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660. Reaching America, he created Pennsylvania, a colony advertised for forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens. Had very good relations with Indians, and his rule was unusually liberal and had a representative assembly elected by landowners. (1.7)

War of 1812

" (1812-1815): Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. (pg. 224, 3.5)"

10 Percent Reconstruction Plan

" (1863): Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation. (pg. 470, 7.6)"

Interstate Commerce Act

" (1887) Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business. (519)" (8.8)

Bracero Program

" (1942): Program established by agree- ment with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The pro- gram persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings. (803)" (12.5) (Corrected***)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill/GI Bill of Rights) 1944

" (1944) Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses and by making tuition and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs. The Act was also intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy. (831)" (13.1)

War Production Board

" (WPB) Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. The WPB had sweeping powers over the U.S. economy and was abolished in November 1945 soon after Japan's defeat. (802)" (12.5)

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

" An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. __________ argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I, __________ supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920). (562)" (9.4)

Watergate

" Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974 amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election. (925)" (13.7)

Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash and Carry)

" This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It rep- resented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks. (785)" (12.3)

Jamestown

"(1607): First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company." (1.3)

Mayflower Compact

"(1620): Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony." (1.4)

Pequot War

"(1636-1638): Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies" (1.6)

New England Confederation

"(1643): Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War. (48, 1.9)"

Bacon's Rebellion

"(1676): Uprising of Virginia back- country farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite." (1.5)

Dominion of New England

"(1686-1689): Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. (49, 1.9)

Glorious Revolution

"(1688): Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. (50, 1.9)"

Salutary Neglect

"(1688-1763): Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. (50, 1.9)"

Leisler's Rebellion

"(1689-1691): Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World." (1.7)

Protestant Reformation

"(16th Century): Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church." (1.3)

Great Awakening

"(1730s and 1740s): Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second ______________________ arose in the nineteenth century. (87, 1.10)"

Stono Slave Revolt

"(1739): Uprising, also known as the ______________, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia. (67, 1.8)"

Model Treaty

"(1776): Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements. (pg. 145)" Significance: Laid out the intentions and provided the framework for future foreign relations that seek to create peaceful and beneficial relationships with other countries, an intention that remains true to this day (2.5)

Articles of Confederation

"(1781): First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. (pg. 163)" Significance: The Articles of Confederation both provided France the evidence of American's success that they needed to ally with America, as well as layed the framework for the American government, containing basic ideals such as equality, ideals later used in the constitution, which holds true today. (2.6)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

"(1783): Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors. (pg. 151)" Significance: The Treaty of Paris (1783) remains the end point of the Revolution, establishing America as an official country and establishing its land boundaries. (2.5)

New Jersey Plan

"(1787) "Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. (pg. 170)" Significance: Similar to the Virginia Plan's significance, the New Jersey plan's significance demonstrates the struggle in maintaining a balanced and stable society regarding the representation of states in government, and the New Jersey Plan ended up in the Great Compromise, which is still active to this date. (2.7)

Embargo Act of 1807

"(1807) Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809. (pg. 217, 3.5)"

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

"(1787) : Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. (pg. 166)" Significance: Both provided means of inhabiting territory as well as set a regulation for admitting new states into the territory, along with the banning of slavery in expanded territories indicating a large step towards abolishing slavery in the colonies. (2.6)

3/5 Compromise

"(1787): Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states. (pg. 172)" Significance: The 3/5th compromise demonstrates the tensions and differing ideologies between the North and South states regarding slaves, North using less slaves whereas the South using more, a divide that lead to the eventual Civil War. (2.7)

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

"(1787): Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. (pg. 170)" Significance: The Great Compromise is significant in that it displays the lengths the government goes to maintain stability and keep equal representation, providing a framework for a plan that's still in use today. (2.7)

The Federalists Papers

"(1788): Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. (pg. 175)" Significance: This represents the influence that published documents had on the country at the time, being easily accessible as well as spreading federalists zeal, and likewise contained strong arguments supporting the constitution that are still looked up at today. (2.8)

First Bank of the United States (1791)

"(1791) Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. (pg. 185)" Significance: Demonstrated the ongoing struggle of power between State and National powers, where some argued banks should be reserved for the States, while others supported a national bank. It also brought up the question of what is constitutional, with sides of the debates arguing whether a literal or broad interpretation of the constitution is accurate. (3.1)

Bill of Rights

"(1791) Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. (182)" Significance: Represents another balance in the struggle between Federalists and Antifederalists, putting more power to the people and therefore the antifederalists, as well as being physical proof of power the people held. (3.1)

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation

"(1793) Shortly after the out- break of war between Britain and France, this epochal document not only proclaimed the government's offi- cial neutrality in the widening conflict but also sternly warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps." Significance: Avoided an unnecessary war that could've stunted the growth of the infant nation, as well as providing a framework for foreign affairs that was used throughout much of America's history. (3.2)

Cotton Gin

"(1793): Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South. (pg. 287, 4.6)"

Jay's Treaty

"(1794): Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. (193)" Significance: This demonstrates the first steps in the closing of the gap and lessening of the tensions between America and Britain since the American Revolution. (3.2)

Pinckney Treaty

"(1795): Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. (193)" Significance: Demonstrates America's growing power and recognition as a full nation, since Spain was afraid of the Anglo-American Alliance, as well as a growing affiliation between Spain and America. (3.2)

XYZ Affair

"(1797): Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. (195, 3.3)"

Alien Acts (Laws)

"(1798): Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. (196, 3.3)"

Sedition Act

"(1798): Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criti- cism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. (196, 3.3)"

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

"(1798-1799): Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. (198, 3.3)"

Louisiana Purchase

"(1803): Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement. (pg. 213, 3.4)"

Non-intercourse Act

"(1809) Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect. (pg. 218, 3.5)"

War Hawks

"(1811-1812): Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. (pg. 219, 3.5)"

Hartford Convention

"(1814-1815): Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. (228, 3.5)"

Treaty of Ghent

"(1815): Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. (227, 3.5)"

Era of Good Feelings

"(1816-1824) Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. (pg. 232, 4.1)"

Missouri Compromise

"(1820) Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'. (pg. 235, 4.1)"

The American System

"(1820s): Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. (231, 4.1)"

Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)

"(1828): Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures. (pg. 254, 4.4)"

Indian Removal Act

"(1830) Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. (258)" (8.3)

Force Bill

"(1833): Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties. (pg. 256, 4.4)"

Specie Circular

"(1836): U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, cur- rency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. (pg. 262, 4.4)"

Trail of Tears

"(1838-1839) Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. (258)" (8.3)

Amistad Case

"(1839): Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their even- tual release. (pg. 48, 5.5)"

Manifest Destiny

"(1840s and 1850s): Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism. (pg. 366, 6.1)"

Brook Farm

"(1841-1846): Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. (pg. 320, 5.3)"

Spot Resolution

"(1846): Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops. (pg. 370, 6.2)"

Bear Flag Republic

"(1846): Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States. (pg. 371, 6.2)"

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

"(1848) Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal." (pg. 318, 5.2)"

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

"(1848): Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching north- west from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts. (pg. 372, 6.2)"

Know Nothing Party

"(1850s): Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. (284)" (10.1)

Crittenden Compromise

"(1860): Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty. (pg. 413, 7.1)"

Morrill Act 1862

"(1861) Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. (431)" (8.7)

Trent Affair

"(1861): Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board. (pg. 427, 7.2)"

Pacific Railway Act

"(1862): Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. (473)" (8.5)

National Banking System

"(1863) Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased govern- ment bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. (431)" (8.1)

Gettysburg Address

"(1863): Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. (pg. 446, 7.4)"

Emancipation Proclamation

"(1863): Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non- rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. (pg. 440, 7.4)"

Vicksburg

"(1863): Two-and-a-half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. (pg. 448, 7.4)"

New York Draft Riots

"(1863): Uprising, mostly of working- class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions. (429, 7.3)"

13th Amendment

"(1865): Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union. (pg. 441, 7.7)"

Black Codes

"(1865-1866): Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies. (pg. 471, 7.7.)"

Freedman's Bureau

"(1865-1872): Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators. (pg. 469, 7.6)"

National Labor Union

"(1866-1872) This first national labor organization in U.S. history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the work- force, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dis- solved in 1872. (532)" (8.9)

Tenure in Office Act

"(1867): Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him. (480, 7.9)"

Credit Mobilier Scandal

"(1872) A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue. (490)" (8.1)

Battle of Little Bighorn

"(1876) A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white goldseekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution. (578)" (8.3)

Gilded Age

"(1877-1896): A term given to the period 1865- 1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era." (492) (8.1)

Chinese Exclusion Act

"(1882): Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history." (498) (10.1)

Pendleton Act

"(1883) Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system. (499)" (9.1)

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

"(1886) A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating [interstate*] railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry. (519)" (8.8)

Dawes Severalty Act

"(1887) An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. (581)" (8.3)

McKinley Tariff

"(1890) Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. (611)" (9.1)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

"(1890): A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations. (525)" (8.8)

Homestead Strike

"(1892) A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers. (506)" (9.2)

Pullman Strike

"(1894) An 1894 strike by railroad work- ers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to com- bat work stoppages. (599)" (8.9)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

"(1896): An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s. (496)" (10.3)

USS Maine

"(1898) American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine. (612)" (10.4)

Teller Amendment

"(1898): A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans. (614)" (10.4)

Anti-Imperialistic League

"(1898-1921) A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces. (620)" (10.4)

Open Door Policy (note)

"(1899-1900) A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China. (623)" (10.5)

Gold Standard Act

"(1900) An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign. (605)" (9.3)

Boxer Rebellion

"(1900) An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. (623)" (10.5)

Foraker Act

"(1900) Sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican from Ohio, this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. It was the first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for gov- ernance of territories acquired after the Spanish American War, and served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902. (620)" (10.4)

Hay - Pauncefote Treaty

"(1901) A treated signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America. (628)" (10.5)

Platt Amendment

"(1901) Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit. (621)" (10.4)

Elkins Act

"(1903) Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's. (649)" (9.6)

New Freedom

"(1912): Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts. (661)" (9.7)

Bolshevik Revolution

"(1917): The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and estab- lished a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar. (700)" (12.1)

Fourteen Points

"(1918) Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self- determination, and a new league of nations. (680)" (12.1)

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

"(1918): This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an eight-hour day. While granting some concessions to labor, it stopped short of supporting labor's most important demand: a government guarantee of the right to organize into unions. (682)" (12.5)

Schenck v. United States (1919)

"(1919): A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. (681)" (12.6)

League of Nations

"(1919): A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American signing of the Treaty of Versailles. (693)" (12.2)

Treaty of Versailles

"(1919): World War I concluded with this vengeful document, which secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Woodrow Wilson's chagrin, it incorporated very few of his original Fourteen Points, although it did include the League of Nations that Wilson had long sought. Isolationists in the United States, deeply opposed to the League, led the opposition to the Treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate. (694)" (12.2)

19th Amendment

"(1920): This Constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and rati- fied in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York. (684)" (12.5)

Dawes Plan

"(1924) An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany. (737)" (12.2)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

"(1928) A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war." (732)" (12.2)

Black Tuesday

"(1929) The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression. (740)" (11.4)

Bonus Army

"(1932): Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed the veterans with tear gas and bayonets. (746)" (11.4)

First Hundred Days

"(1933): The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal. (754)" (11.5)

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

"(1934) This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade. (780)" (12.2)

Social Security Act

"(1935): A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order." (767)" (11.6)

Wagner Act

"(1935): Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employers. Its passage marked the culmination of decades of labor pro- test. (767)" (11.6)

Court Packing Plan

"(1937): Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms. (771)" (11.7)

Atlantic Charter

"(1941) Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II. (793)" (12.3)

Pearl Harbor Attack

"(1941): An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941—a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into World War II. (794)" (12.4)

Lend-Lease Bill

"(1941): Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neu- trality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II. (791)" (12.3)

Manhattan Project

"(1942) Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bringing the war to an end: Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. (820)" (12.4)

Bretton Woods Conference

"(1944) Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries. (841)" (12.7)

D-Day

"(1944): A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of World War II in Europe. (813)" (12.4)

Yalta Conference

"(1945) Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, in February 1945 at an old Tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union. (839)" (12.7)

Potsdam Conference

"(1945): From July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed. (820)" (12.4)

Baby Boom

"(1946-1964): Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities. (838)" (13.1)

Cold War

"(1946-1991) The 45-year-long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. (841)" (12.7)

Truman Doctrine

"(1947) President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any commu- nist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet- backed insurgencies. (846)"

Taft-Hartley Act

"(1947) Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers. (830)" (13.1)

Marshall Plan

"(1948): Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domes- tic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947. (847)" (12.7)

Berlin Airlift

"(1948): Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War. (846)" (12.7)

Korean War

"(1950-1953) First "hot war" of the Cold War. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (855)" (12.8)

Army-McCarthy Hearings

"(1954): Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spec- tacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. (867)" (12.8)

Suez Crisis

"(1956) International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. The crisis led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. The Suez crisis marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs. (875)" (12.9)

Sputnik

"(1957) Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. This scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race. A month later, the Soviet Union sent a larger satellite, Sputnik II, into space, prompting the United States to redouble its space exploration efforts and raising American fears of Soviet superiority. (877)" (12.9)

Bay of Pigs

"(1961) CIA plot in 1961 to over- throw Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency. (893)" (12.9)

Freedom Riders

"(1961) Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement. (896)" (13.3)

Cuban Missile Crisis

"(1962) Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation. (895)" (12.9)

The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan

"(1963) Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. (861)" (13.6)

Great Society

"(1964-1968) President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, the Great Society aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty. Great Society programs included the War on Poverty, which expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor. Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots levels. (900)" (13.4)

Griswold v. Connecticut

"(1965) The Court struck down a state law that prohibited the use of contraceptives, even among married couples. The Court proclaimed (critics said "invented") a "right of privacy" that soon provided the basis for decisions protecting women's abortion rights." (921) (13.6)

Six Day War

"(1967) Military conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. The war ended with an Israeli victory and territorial expansion into the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The 1967 war was a humiliation for several Arab states, and the territorial disputes it created formed the basis for continued conflict in the region. (907)" (14.2) Affected America because, after backing Israel with war materials, the antagonistic Arabian nations announced an embargo on Oil Shipments to the US in 1973, creating an energy crisis and an increased reliance on coal and nuclear power. (924) (14.2)

Stonewall Rebellion

"(1969) Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to a rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. (913)" (13.6)

Kent-State Shooting

"(1970) Massacre of 4 college students by national guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam war into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. On May 14 and 15th, students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent state shooting when the highway patrolman fired into a student dormitory, killing two students." (919) (13.5)

Southern Strategy

"(1972) Nixon reelection campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement. (922)" (13.7)

Roe v. Wade

"(1973): Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement. (932)" (13.7)

Iran-Contra Affair

"(1987) Major political scandal of Ronald Reagan's second term. An illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support the contras in Nicaragua, the scandal deeply dam- aged Reagan's credibility. (951)" (14.2)

Operation Desert Storm

"(1991) U.S.-led multi-country military engagement in January and February of 1991 that drove Saddam Hussein's Iraqi army out of neighboring Kuwait. In addition to presaging the longer and more pro- tracted Iraq War of the 2000s, the 1991 war helped undo what some called the "Vietnam Syndrome," a feeling of military uncertainty that plagued many Americans. (959)" (14.2)

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

"(ADA, 1990) Landmark law signed by President George H. W. Bush that prohibited discrimination against people with physical or mental handicaps. It represented a legislative triumph for champions of equal protections to all. (961)" (14.1)

Civilian Conservation Corps

"(CCC) (1933) A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement. (757)" (11.5)

Second Great Awakening

"(Early nineteenth century) Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. (pg. 308, 5.1)"

House Un-American Activities committee

"(HUAC) Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subver- sion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss. (852)" (12.8)

Battle of Bull Run

"(Manassas Junction), Battle of (July 1861): First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory. (pg. 435, 7.3)"

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

"(NATO) Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the com- mon threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American international- ism. (849)" (12.7)

National Recovery Administration

"(NRA) (1933) Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and work- ing hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were fol- lowed by all firms in any particular industrial sector. (761)" (11.6)

NSC-68

"(NSC-68) (1950): National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity. (855)" (12.8)

Battle of Saratoga

"(October 1777): Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause. (pg. 145)" Significance: Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the American Revolution, with the American victory brought foreign powers to support the Patriots, specifically French aid, whose help eventually led to American independence. (2.5)

Pueblo Revolt

"(Pope's Rebellion*) : (1680): Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico." (1.2) *No definition for 'Pueblo Rebellion,' although since this is in the same place in the chapter they probably mean this term*

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

"(RFC) (1932): A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression. (746)" (11.4)

Battle of Antietam

"(September, 1862): Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. (pg. 440, 7.4)"

Tennessee Valley Authority

"(TVA) (1933) One of the most revolutionary of the New Deal public works projects, the TVA brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley. (766)" (11.6)

Canal (Erie)

"(completed 1825): New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (pg. 298, 4.6)"

Shakers

"(established c. 1770s) Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out. (320, 5.3)"

Anti-Masonic Party

"(established c. 1826): First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants. (pg. 258, 4.4)"

Massachusetts Bay Colony

"(founded in 1630): Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies" (1.4)

Hudson River School

"(mid-nineteenth century) American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. (pg. 325)." The movement valued the raw sublimity and grand divinity of nature, evident through their artists such as Thomas Cole and Asher Durand. (*Not a school*) (5.3)

Transcendentalism

"(mid-nineteenth century) Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. (pg. 327, 5.3)"

14th Ammendment

"(ratified 1868): Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process. (pg. 473, 7.7)"

15th Amendment

"(ratified 1870): Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage. (pg. 475, 7.8)"

Conquistadores

"16th Century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires." (1.2)

Haymarket Square Riot

"A May Day rally [involving Labor disorders that had broken out] that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893. (533)" (8.9)

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

"A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican- born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States. (720)" This organization sponsored african-related stores and business to "keep blacks' dollars in black pockets." Although Garvey eventually went bankrupt, "the race pride that Garvey inspired among the 4 million blacks who counted themselves UNIA followers... helped these newcomers to Northern cities gain self-confidence and self-reliance." He served as an example for the later founding of the Nation of Islam (Black Islam) movement. (10.3)

Electoral College

"A body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president." -Google Significance: Electoral College puts the voting for president resting on the shoulders of the elite, who were voted by the people, showing the government's trust (at the time) placed higher in the Elite to make educated decisions for his country rather than the common man. (2.7)

Joseph McCarthy

"A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti- communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anti- communist paranoia. (866)" (12.8)

Students for a Democratic Society

"A campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "par- ticipatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s. (913)" (13.6)

Good Neighbor Policy

"A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the _________________________ stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt. (780)" (12.2)

Pragmatism

"A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The ____________ thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of _____________ were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James. (557)" (8.7)

Homestead Act 1862

"A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thou- sands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. (433, 586)" (8.4)

Espionage Act 1917

"A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties. (681)" (12.6)

Trust

"A mechanism by which one company grants con- trol over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies. (521)" (8.6)

American Federation of Labor

"A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with bet- ter wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL's membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century. (536)" (8.9)

Social Gospel

"A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people. (639)" (8.7)

Beat Generation

"A small coterie of mid-twentieth- century bohemian writers and personalities, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who bemoaned bourgeois conformity and advocated free-form experimentation in life and literature. (884)" (13.2)

Miranda Warnings

"A statement of an arrested person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest. The warning came out of the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda V. Arizona in 1966 that accused people have the right to remain silent, consult an attorney, and enjoy other protections. The court declared that lawn enforcement officers must make sure suspects understand their constitutional right, thus creating a safeguard against forced confessions and self-implication." (13.6) (921)

Tweed Ring

"A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars. (490)" (8.1)

Fordism

"A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car." (711 (Glossary)) (11.1)

Scientific Management

"A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe." (711 (Glossary)) (11.1)

Panic of 1873

"A world-wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. (491)" (8.1)

Corrupt Bargain

"Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824. (pg. 246, 4.3)"

English Civil War

"Also called Great Rebellion, (1642-51), fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I (and his son and successor, Charles II) and opposing groups. The wars finally ended in 1651 with the flight of Charles II to France and, with him, the hopes of the British monarchy." -Britannica, Textbook definition unavaliable (1.9)

Immigration Act of 1924

"Also known as the "National Origins Act," this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. (703)" (10.2)

Containment

"America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doc- trine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War. (846)" (12.7)

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

"An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War of 1914-1918. (665)" (9.8)

Sharecropping

"An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations. (496)" (10.3)

Sharecropping

"An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. __________________ was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations. (pg. 496, 7.7)"

Keynesian Economics (Keynesianism)

"An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity. (772)" (11.7)

Abstract Expressionism

"An experimental style of mid-twentieth-century modern art exemplified by Jackson Pollock's spontaneous "action paintings," created by fling- ing paint on canvases stretched across the studio floor. (880)" (13.2)

Yorktown

"Battle of, (October 1781): George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace. (pg. 150)" Significance: Yorktown was the final breaking point in the Revolutionary War, as Britain's main troops were captured, 'dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.' (2.5)

Swift and Co. v. United States (1905)

"Beef Trust. Stream of Commerce." Roosevelt again crushed a monopoly, this time a beef trust. After the Trust appealed to the Supreme Court, Roosevelt's decision was upheld and the company dissolved, reinforcing the Stream of Commerce idea, which counted a stream of production as interstate commerce. (649) (9.6)

Slave Codes

"Beginning in Virginia in 1662, statutes appeared that formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks. These earliest "__________" made blacks and their children the property (or "chattels") for life of their white masters." (1.8)

Iroquois (Confederacy)

"Bound together five tribes - the Mohawks, the Oneiadas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas- in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State" "Inspired by a legendary leader named Hiawatha, created in the 16th century ... developed political and organizations skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors" (1.1)

Muckrakers

"Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the pas- sage of reform legislation. (639)" (9.5)

Lusitania

"British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by German [Submarine] on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. (672)" (12.1)

9/11

"Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which nineteen militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history. (974)" (14.3)

Independent Treasury Bill (Divorce Bill or Subtreasury Plan)

"Convinced that some of the financial fever was fed by the injection of federal funds into private banks, [the Independent Treasury Bill] favored the principle of "divorcing" the government from banking altogether. By establishing a so-called independent treasury, the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities. Government funds would thus be safe, but they would also be denied to the banking system as reserves, thereby shriveling available credit resources." (pg. 265) "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply (264)" in response to the Panic of 1837. (4.4)

Seneca Falls Declaration

"Declaration of Sentiments" (1848) Document created by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and read at the Women's Rights Convention at Seneca falls. In the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Sentiments declared that all men and women were created equal, and advocated for the ballot for women. (pg. 319, 5.2)

Black Power

"Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. Black Power activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights. (905)" (13.4)

Calvinism

"Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination — that only "the elect" were destined for salvation." (1.4)

Panic of 1837

"Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply. (pg.264, 4.4)"

Capitalism

"Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism" (1.2)

Supply Side Economics/Reaganomics

"Economic theory that underlay Ronald Reagan's tax and spending cuts. Contrary to Keynesianism, supply-side theory declared that government policy should aim to increase the supply of goods and services, rather than the demand for them. It held that lower taxes and decreased regulation would increase productivity by providing increased incentives to work, thus increasing productivity and the tax base. (945)" (14.1) "Informal term for Ronald Reagan's economic policies, which focused on reducing taxes, social spending, and government regulation, while increasing outlays for defense. (946)" (14.1) Although it resulted in massive budget deficits for the US, it consequently disabled the US from funding welfare programs, fulfilling Reagan's ambitions.

Market Revolution

"Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network. (pg. 302, 4.6)"

Deism

"Eighteenth-century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe. (pg. 307, 5.1)"

Headright System

"Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the sys- tem allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony" (1.5)

Puritans

"English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church mem- bership." (1.4)

Berlin Wall

"Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds. (891)" (12.9)

American Temperance Society

"Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption. (pg. 316)" Largely ran by women who had experienced the horrific effects of drunken husbands (5.1)

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

"Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the ___________ went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women. (646, 564)" (9.4)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

"Free trade zone encompassing Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place, the treaty passed despite opposition from protectionists and labor leaders. (969)" (14.3)

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

"From 1993 to 2010, the policy affecting homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces and President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homo- sexuality. At President Obama's urging, Congress repealed DADT in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform. (966)" (14.3)

Detente

"From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy pre- scription, détente marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War. (920)" (14.2)

Anne Hutchinson

"Held unorthodox views that challenged the authority of the clergy and the very integrity of the puritan experiment in the Massachusetts Bay Colony ... She carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination. She claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This assertion, known as antinomianism" (1.6)

New Immigrants

"Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighbor- hoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate. (543)" (10.2)

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. (pg. 170)" Significance: The Virginia plan demonstrates the struggle in maintaining a balanced and stable society regarding the representation of states in government, a plan which ended up in the Great Compromise, still in use today. (2.7)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

"Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot- denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation. The Voting Rights Act was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal. (903)" (13.4)

March on Washington

"Massive civil rights dem- onstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, the march was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech. (897)" (13.3)

Indentured Servants

"Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement." (1.5)

Vietnamization

"Military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the south Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry." (917) (13.5)

Settlement Houses

"Mostly run by middle-class native- born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighbor- hoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activ- ism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent. (549)" (10.2)

Dollar Diplomacy

"Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America. (657)" (10.5)

Populists (Populists Party)

"Officially known as the People's party, the _________ represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver. (598)" (9.1)

Populists

"Officially known as the People's party, the __________ represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver. (598)" (9.2) *Workbook repeats Populists twice, not sure why.*

The Oneida Community

"One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age. (pg. 320, 5.3)"

Black Panthers

"Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatis- faction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965. (905)" (13.4)

Judiciary Act of 1789

"Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. (pg. 182)" Significance: Act that holds the basis for the Judiciary System, one of the 3 branches of government, providing the people with a means of an ultimate decision as well as the ability to challenge authority. (3.1)

Wade-Davis Bill

"Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South. (pg. 470, 7.6)"

Judiciary Act of 1801

"Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. (pg. 208, 3.4)"

Reconstruction Act 1867 (Military Reconstruction Act)

"Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union. (pg. 475, 7.8)"

Civil Rights Bill 1866

"Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. (pg. 473, 7.7)"

Carpetbaggers

"Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure. (pg. 478, 7.8)"

Cult of Domesticity

"Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. (pg. 294, 5.2)"

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

"Pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value, beginning in 1879" (492) (8.1)

Spoils System

"Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system. (pg. 251, 4.3)"

Moral Majority

"Political action committee founded by evangelical Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979 to promote traditional Christian values and oppose feminism, abortion, and gay rights. The group was a major linchpin in the resurgent religious right of the 1980s. (951)" (14.1)

Popular Sovereignty

"Popular sovereignty was the political doctrine that the people who lived in a region should determine for themselves the nature of their government." Ideology used in the US that the people create the type of government through representation and voting." Significance: Represents the basis for the US Government, a special government unlike any other type of government before, containing a balance between the governed and the governing. (2.8)

Pet Banks

"Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833. (pg. 262, 4.4)"

Credit (installment buying)

"Possess today and pay tomorrow." Once-frugal descendants of Puritans went ever deeper into debt to own all kinds newfangled marvels. Prosperity accumulated an overhanging cloud of debt, and the economy became increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure (711) (11.1)

New Frontier

"President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful opti- mism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care. (889)" (13.2)

Nixon-Doctrine

"President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the united states would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars. (917)" (13.5)

Fair Deal

"President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act. (854)" (13.1)

Turnpike

"Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. (pg. 296, 4.6)"

Gag Resolution

"Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams. (pg. 256, 5.6)"

Federalists

"Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. (173)" Also Alexander Hamilton Significance: Both the Federalists and the Antifederalists represented the struggle between maintaining a balanced society stuck between decisions, particularly the ongoing conflict of State Power vs. National Power. (2.8)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

"Protest, sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus, by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses. The bus boycott lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movement. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing. (868)" (13.3)

Land Ordinance of 1785

"Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. (pg. 165)" Transfered the Northwest land to nationally owned, then allowed for a civilized manner of settling the land, with purchases that go to the national debt. Towns were created with a grid system which allowed for orderly method of buying sections of land. Significance: Provided a peaceful and more equal approach to the distribution of new land, avoiding conflict among the existing states who wanted the land as well as means of clearing up national debt. (2.6)

Northern Securities v. United States (1903)

"Railroad holding company. 1st Trust to be busted under the ICA. 5-4 Decision." Attack was initiated by Roosevelt, and the company being attacked was led by J. P. Morgan. This 'Railroad Holding Company' appealed to the Supreme Court, and were still required to dissolve. (649) (9.6)

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI/Star Wars)

"Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack. Derided as "Star Wars" by critics, the plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters. (946)" (14.2)

Union League

"Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation. (pg. 478, 7.8)"

American Colonization Society

"Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. (pg. 349, 5.6)"

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

"Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert. (pg. 310, 5.1)"

Quakers

"Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." (1.7)

Panic of 1819

"Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy. (pg. 233, 4.1)"

Joint-Stock Company (VA Company Example)

"Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures." (1.3)

Jim Crow

"System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid- twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the _____________ system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including res- taurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation. (496, 867)" (10.3)

Lowell System

"System" used by the Boston Associates' textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts. Their mill comprised of workers who were "virtually all New England farm girls, carefully supervised on and off the job by watchful matrons. Escorted regularly to church from their company board-houses and forbidden to form unions, they had few opportunities to share dissatisfactions over their grueling working conditions. (pg. 293, 4.6)"

Social Darwinism

"The idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some _____________ also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that power- ful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war. (525)" (8.7)

Vertical Integration

"The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition. (521)" (8.6)

Horizontal Integration

"The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market." (8.6)

Knights of Labor

"The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including the Knights' participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members. (533)" (8.9)

Columbian Exchange

"The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492" (1.2)

Middle Passage

"Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high. (66, 1.8)"

Civic Virtue

"Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. (pg. 159)" Significance: Imbued in American society the ideals similar to Republicanism that differentiated itself from British ideals, where Americans helped one another for the good of society, values that generally remain true today. (2.6)

Filipino Insurrection

(1899) After being denied freedom from America, Filipino insurgents headed by Emilio Aguinaldo revolted against occupying US Soldiers. Filipino rebels soon reverted to Guerrilla Warfare, but in 1901 Americans "broke the back of the Filipino Insurrection" by infiltrating a Guerrilla camp and capturing Aguinaldo. (622) (10.5)

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

(1911) A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City. The fire killed 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women. Demonstrates the consequences of not following safety regulations of factories, in this case the factory had locked doors and other violations that led to their deaths, and after this fire New York legislature passed stronger laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil. (646) (9.4)

Dynamic Conservatism

(1953) Philosophy pledged by General Eisenhower's administration which stated that "In all those things which deal with people, be liberal, be human... but when it came to 'people's money, or their economy, or their form of government, be conservative." "This balanced, middle-of-the-road course harmonized with the depression daunted and war-weary mood of the times." (872) (13.2)

Sit-ins

(February 1960) Spontaneous movement launched by four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina. They kept their seats at a white-only lunch counter, and each day more students started coming for the Sit-in, ending with a thousand students at the end of the week. Ignited more sit-ins across the South to compet equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration, and gave way to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to focus on these efforts.

Impeachment of Chase

(~1803) Samuel Chase was an arrogant and tart-tongued Supreme court Justice who was very unpopular, and Thomas Jefferson urged his impeachment. The House of Representatives pressed impeachment charges that went to the senate, who saw no evidence of guilt to be impeached except of unrestrained partisanship and a big mouth, and therefore didn't call to remove Chase. Since then, no real attempt has been made to reshape the Supreme Court by Impeachment, and was a reassuring victory for the independence of the judiciary and for the separation of powers among the federal branches of government. (3.4)

Jacksonian Democracy

(~1828) Revolutionary movement initiated during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that advocated for greater democracy for the common man, whereas at the time only privileged land-holding elites could participate in government. This movement also involved the strengthening of the executive branch and the presidency at the expense of the congress. During this time no progress of equality was made for African-Americans or Native Americans (4.3)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

(~1893) Act that reinstated the US Government's buying of silver and using it as a monetary backing. This act was repealed by Cleveland as a response to the deepening deficit of gold in the federal treasury that occurred during the Panic of 1893. (9.1)

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

*1st ______________________*: Started around 1610 by De La Warr, new governor of Virginia, as he amounted a declaration of War on the Indians and raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, torched cornfields, the usually. That is until it ended in 1614 through a peace treaty, sealed by Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. *2nd ______________________*: 1644, started by Indians. They got wrecked. The Peace treaty in 1646 "repudiated any thought of assimilating the native people into Virginia Society or of peacefully coexisting with them," and instead banned them from their lands. (1.3)

Zenger Trial

1734-1735 legal case involving John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer in New York, "reflecting the tumultuous give-and-take of politics in the middle colonies, where so many different ethnic groups jostled against one another." Zenger printed out claims against a corrupt royal governor, causing the governor to go to Court. Eventually the Court declared the governor not guilty, yet the "Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. It pointed the way to the kind of open public discussion required by the diverse society that colonial New York already was and that all America was to become." (1.10)

18th Amendment=

18 amendment to the US Constitution, ratified in 1918, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages for consumption: repealed in 1933. (11.2)

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by attorney general Mitchell Palmer in which the federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in 32 cities.Sig...demonstrates red scare (11.2)

Rosa Parks

A College-educated black seamstress who made history in Montgomery, Alabama on December 1955. "She boarded a bus, took a seat in the "whites only" section, and refused to give it up. Her arrest for violating the city's Jim Crow statutes sparked a year- long black boycott of city buses and served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to the absurdities and indignities of segregation." (868) (13.3)

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906. (11.2)

Continental association

A complete boycott of all British goods that was not accompanied with independence, just boycotting the goods from British. This associations ought merely to return to the happy days before taxes. This is significant because it shows the growing American independence movement and separation from the British as they have begun to move further and further apart and more together as Americans. (2.3)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers. (11.3)

First Continental Congress

A congress consisting of 12 of the 13 colonies, where inter colonial frictions were partially melted and where they produced many documents including a declaration of rights and solemn appeals to British colonies and to the king. This is significant because it was a great conduit of political unity that ultimately led to a greater American image and ideology. (2.3)

Ohio Gang

A group of poker playing, drinking men that were friends of president party, headed by Harry M Dougherty. He appointed them to offices they were often unfit for and they use their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved (11.3)

Common sense, Thomas Paine

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that appealed to the American people by calling out general common sense. He called the king a brute and talked about how the British shouldn't rule over the larger American land and ultimately his copies were widely sold, read, and believed. This is significant because it helped create the lust and drive for independence in America and it helped lay a base for foreign policy in the future. (2.4)

Stock Watering

A practice used by railroad stock promoters which they would "grossly inflated their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the railroad's actual value." The buyers would then have to charge high rates and wage competitive battles to pay off the high price. Term originates from a practice of bloating cattle with water before they were weighed to deceive buyers and sell the cows for a higher price. (518) (8.5)

Oil Shocks

A significant part of the overwhelming inflation in the 1980's, ________ is the exponential rise in price for imported oil that greatly contributed to "plunging America's balance of payments deeply into the red." It taught Americans a "painful but necessary lesson: That they could never again seriously consider a policy of economic isolation, as they had tried to do in the decades between the two world wars... By century's end, some 27 percent of GNP depended on foreign trade." (14.1) (936)

Regulator Movement

A small but nasty movement in North Carolina led by Scots-Irish against Easters domination of the colony's affairs. It is significant because it is an effect of an overpopulation of the colonies and the need to move west mixing of different races and ideals in the colonies (2.1)

Clinton Impeachment

After lying under oath about an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, Clinton was caught in the lie and confessed. A special prosecutor, originally investigating Whitewater, presented 11 possible grounds for impeachment in a report to a majority-Republican House of Representatives. However, in 1999, the impeachment failed to gain enough votes and Clinton was NOT impeached. (14.3)

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist who set forth the theory that higher forms of life had slowly evolved from lower forms, through a process of random biological mutation and adaptation. This caused many problems in the future, such as the Scopes Monkey Trial (11.2)

Oregon Country

An enormous wilderness that sprawled from west of the Rockies to the pacific ocean, and north of Carolina to the line of 54' 40'. Many nations have claimed stake on the area, but Britains' claims were strongest, based squarely on prior discovery and was used mainly for trading fur with Indians. American settlers swarmed this area in the period of 1840, much to Britain's dismay. (6.1)

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing society founded in mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920's. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-Internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger......but pro-AngloSaxon, and pro-Protestant. (11.2)

Gospel of Wealth

An ideology spurred by Andrew Carnegie and his speech, this was used by rich industrial plutocrats to justify their wealth by claiming that it was God that gave them their wealth, similar to a justification of divine right. Furthermore, says that the wealthy help advance society as a whole through innovations and economic prosperity. (525) (8.7)

Internal Slave Trade

Basically the 2nd Middle Passage, the internal slave trade was the trade of slaves between the breeding-upper south and the buying-deep south. Especially grew after the introduction of the cotton gin and served as a replacement for the ban on importing slaves from 1808. (, 5.5)

Wright Brothers

Because of the creation of gasoline engines, the Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur, in December 17, 1903 were able to have an engined plane fly for 12 seconds. (714) (11.1)

Flexible Response

Cold War philosophy developed by Kennedy, which advocates to " developing an array of military "options" that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand. To this end Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered the Special Forces (Green Berets)." (892) (12.9)

Committees of Correspondence

Committees whose main goal was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and keeping up opposition to British policy. Began in Boston in 1764 by Sam Adams, soon every colony had a committee This is significant because these caused great opposition in America but is also was a cause of greater colonial unity as colonists from far away now we're able to communicate together. (2.3)

Motion Pictures

Created around the 1890's with the help of inventors such as Thomas Edison, and caused rise in "nickelodeons." Hollywood, California became the movie capital of the world, because of maximum sunshine and other reasons. Motion picture really arrived during World War I as anti-German propaganda and helped a lot in selling war bonds and in boosting morale. (11.1)

Dixiecrats

During the presidential nomination of 1948 this group split from the democrats, due to their disdain towards the democratic nomination of Truman, and created there own sudo-political party. This party was comprised of mainly of 13 southern states, opposed to Truman's stand in favor of civil rights for blacks, and instead nominated Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. (853) (13.1)

Election of 1912

Election between Democrat Woodrow Wilson, Republican William Taft, and Progressive Republican Theodore Roosevelt. Both Roosevelt and Wilson promoted a progressive plan. Wilson won the election famously, with Roosevelt in second, showing that Progressivism was the actual runaway winner. This election " offered the voters a choice not merely of policies but of political and economic philosophies—a rarity in U.S. history." (662) (9.7)

Election of 1844

Election that involved Henry Clay, from the Whig Party, and James K. Polk, from the Democratic Party, known as america's first "surprise" presidential candidate. With the debate of the annexation of Texas at hand, much of the election's issues involved Texas and manifest destiny. (6.1)

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the presidential Democratic candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish American to run for president as a major party nominee. He was a "wet" and represented the progressive urban immigrant component through his championing of social welfare and civil rights he lost to Herbert Hoover. (11.3)

"Constraints School"

Group of Historians in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s that looked at the circumstances in which the New Deal unfolded. They concluded that the "New Deal offered just about as much reform as circumstances allowed and as the majority of americans wanted. the findings of these historians are impressive: the system of checks and balances limited presidential power; the disproportionate influence of southern Democrats in Congress stalled attempts to move toward racial justice; the federal system, in fact, inhib- ited all efforts to initiate change from Washington" (11.7)

Neoconservatives

Group of small but influential thinkers that Reagan drew upon during his campaign and presidency, these people "championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, and [took] tough, harshly anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy. They also questioned liberal welfare programs and affirmative-action policies and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and centrality of the family." (942) (14.1)

Food Administration

Headed by Herbert Hoover, this organization that was in charge of US army and allied food reserves. To accomplish this, the organization would rely on voluntary compliance rather than compulsory edicts. Some of their promotions for US food regulation included posters, billboards, newspapers, movies, etc. Hoover also proclaimed Wheatless Wednesdays and meatless tuesdays on a voluntary basis, and encouraged greater farm production which resulted in 1/4 increase in production.

Jonathan Edwards

Ignited the Great Awakening in Northampton, Massachusetts. Proclaimed that it was silly to believe that salvation comes through good works, but instead said that salvation should come through a complete dependence on God's grace. (1.10)

Internal Improvements

Improvements made to the infrastructure of a nation, usually by improving transportation such as building roads and canals. In 1817 Congress voted to distribute 1.5 million to the states for internal improvements, but President Madison sternly vetoed this handout measure as unconstitutional, and thus the individual states had to venture ahead with their own construction plans. (4.1)

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the 20th century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture. (720) (11.2)

Assembly Line Production

Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first assembly line while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920s, reaching a point where a finished automobile emerged every ten seconds. Assembly line manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930s. (11.1)

California Gold Rush

Inflow of thousands of minors to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in January 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The on slot of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849. Page 380 (6.4)

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the south and reach Freesoil Canada. Seeking to help the flow of runaway slaves to the north, Southern planters and congressmen push for a stronger fugitive state law. Page 382 (6.4)

Margaret Sanger

Margaret Sanger was a nurse who began the birth control and Planned Parenthood movements which openly championed the use of contraceptives in the 1920s.Sig...growing women's rights (11.2)

Sexual Revolution

Movement in the 1960's that challenged tradition gender roles of woman, particularly sexual chastity, and instead embraced the sexual appetites of youth. Innovations like the birth-control pill in 1960 ignited the movement by allowing women to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Support of gay rights also became encompassed in this movement, evident by the creation of the Mattachine Society. (912) (13.6)

Lone Star Republic

Nation created from the Texas Revolution that lasted about 10 years. Seeked to be apart of other powers such as America, Britain, Spain, and France. From Mexico's point of view, the Republic was still apart of Mexico and was experiencing a little revolt that would soon be quelled. Eventually was annexed into America in 1845, with much dismay from the Mexican government. (6.1)

One Big Reservation

Native American Land Policy enacted from the beginning of America to the beginning of large westward expansion/civil war (1776-1860). This policy stated that Native Americans were free to live in 'perpetuity' west of the Mississippi river. Later was changed as more settlers moved west, and future land policies were created, changing the Native American lands once again. (8.3)

King Phillips War

New England War in 1675 with the New England settlements vs Indians. Named after the leader of the Indian Tribe alliance, the alliance sought to resist European intrusion and expressed this through coordinated attacks on English villages, eventually attacking 52 towns in total. The War ended in 1676, and the Indian leader eventually was captured and beheaded. The War hindered westward expansion (1.6)

Popular Sovereignty

Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories. Page 378 (6.4)

Pueblo

People: "The Pueblo peoples in the Rio Grande valley constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields." (1.1)

Barbary Pirates

Pirates of North African Barbary States, had a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that entered the Mediterranean. Federalist administration had been forced to buy protection, until Jefferson came into office and didn't agree with paying tribute, and so Jefferson reduced the tribute money. The Pirates responded by declaring war on America, and, against his good judgement, Jefferson engaged in the war by dispatching the navy to the shores of Tripoli, and after 4 years of intermittent fighting eventual a treaty of peace was extorted from Tripoli in 1805 for only $60,000. (3.4)

Assimilation

Process of the attempt to 'civilize' Native Americans by integrating them into American culture. Some of these methods involved organizations, such as the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians, or simply missionaries sent by denominations into Indian Villages, or congress's $20,000 appropriation to the promotion of literacy and agricultural and vocational instruction among Indians. Most tribes resisted white encroachment, but some did assimilate, such as Cherokees of Georgia, who abandoned their semi-nomadic life for an adopted system of settled agriculture. For many whites, assimilation involved cutting Native American hair to 'acceptable' length and becoming farmers with personal property. (8.3)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the union and pave the way for a northern trans continental railroad. Page 394 (6.5)

Hamilton's First Report on the Public Credit

Report issued by Alexander Hamilton in order to encourage order in the economy for the benefit of commercial interests. Planned proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debt in full in order to bolster the Nation's credit, as well as the federal government to assume all state debts. Significance: Like his other policies, this policy was met with harsh criticism by anti federalists such as Jefferson, bringing about a national divide between citizens, the feds and the anti feds, with Hamilton's reports adding fuel to the fiery divide between the parties in the country. (3.1)

Hamilton's Second Report on the Public Credit

Report issued by Hamilton proposing the establishment of a federal bank, where the government would be the major stockholder and the federal treasury could deposit their surplus monies. Likewise, the addition of federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation, and provide needed paper money and a stable national currency. Significance: Like his other policies, this policy was met with harsh criticism by anti federalists such as Jefferson, bringing about a national divide between citizens, the feds and the anti feds, with Hamilton's reports adding fuel to the fiery divide between the parties in the country. (3.1)

Hamilton's Report on Manufactureres

Report issued by Hamilton regarding the commercial state of America, proposing that America encourages industrial development in order to become less dependent of foreign trade powers. Significance: Like his other policies, this policy was met with harsh criticism by anti federalists such as Jefferson, bringing about a national divide between citizens, the feds and the anti feds, with Hamilton's reports adding fuel to the fiery divide between the parties in the country. (3.1)

Ostend Manifesto

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the north. Page 390 (6.5)

Lincoln - Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the US Senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election that Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination. Page 406 (6.6)

Convention of 1818 (Anglo American Convention)

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed new England fisherman access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon country for 10 years (6.3)

Second Continental Congress

Similar to the first continental congress, this one met in May of 1775 and consisted of all 13 colonies. Although the congress met after Lexington and concord, the people were not fully set on independence. The people still wished to fight to make the king change his laws but they were not in a full out war mode yet. Despite this however, they did anticipate the British ignoring them so they came together to devise ways to raise money for an army and navy. This is significant because it demonstrates the full unity of the colonies and it demonstrates how close the British and Americans were to a full out war. (2.4)

"Island Hopping" Strategy

Strategy used against Japan by the United States during WWII, this "called for bypassing some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, capturing nearby islands, setting up air- fields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing." This proved strongly effective, as the Japanese outposts would slowly wither as a result of being deprived of essential supplies. (12.4) (810)

Annexation of Hawaii

Strong efforts began in 1890 invigorated by the McKinley Tariff, and although the Hawaiian queen resisted efforts of Annexation, desperate whites organized a revolt in 1893. President Cleveland denied the treaty of annexation that followed the revolt because he felt America had wronged Hawaii, and most natives opposed annexation. America eventually granted Hawaiian residents U.S. Citizenship in 1898 and Hawaii full territorial status in 1900. (611&614) (10.4)

Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States. Page 403 (6.6)

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme court case that "declared that the Fourteenth amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals." This case also declared unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which 'supposedly' prohibited racial discrimination and guaranteed equal accommodation. (495) (10.3)

Total War

Tactics expressed through "(1864-1865): Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort. (pg. 449, 7.4)"

Protective Tariffs (Tariff of 1816 as example)

Tariffs put in place for the primary purpose of protective American industries, as at the time Britain was dumping a plethora of finished goods into America at low costs, drowning out American manufacturers, but with the Tariff in place it put British goods on similar levels with the American produced goods. Ex. "Tariff of 1816: First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. (pg. 231, 4.1)"

Parliamentary Supremacy

The British ideal that parliament was supreme and undivided in legislature and taxation. This idea was heavily conflicted by the colonists who thought parliament had right to legislation, but not taxation because no colonists were seated on parliament. This is significant because it is a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

French Alliance

The French first aided the Americans in the revolution after the Battle of Saratoga, the French helped them with their strong naval fleet as well as lending them money, ammunition, supplies, and troops. Significance: The French aid put the Colonists on equal terms with Britain with their superior navy and supplies, giving them a fighting chance to not only withstand the British but push them back, allowing the Americans to win the war. (2.5)

New France

The French region in the new world located in Canada and the Ohio river valley. Generally Catholic, it began around the time of Jamestown and was directly under the French King. It is significant because New France played a major role in the French and Indian War which ultimately led to the American Revolution (2.1)

Mexican Cession

The Mexican Cession of 1848 is a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 -Wikipedia (6.3)

Convention of 1846

The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. Signed under the presidency of James K. Polk, the treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country; the area had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818. -Wikipedia (6.3)

Quartering Act

The Quartering act was the British law that stated British colonists had to proved lodging and food to any British troops who needed a place to say. This is significant because it is a cause of mounting frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Quebec Act

The Quebec act was the act that let the French have back the Quebec region where the Catholics could worship freely and they could still prosper. This act had huge repercussions across all of the colonies as this effected everyone. This is significant because it is a cause of growing frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies due to the unfair and unequal proclamations of parliament which ultimately led to revolution. (2.3)

Townshend Acts

The Townsend acts in 1767 were a set of small taxes set on small items like glass, paper, tea, etc. that was payable at American ports. Although this tax was paid to fellow colonists, it still frustrated the people as there was still taxation without representation. This is significant because it is a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Declaratory Act

The act which states that British parliament has the ability and power to "bind" the colonists in all cases whatsoever. The British government thereby made a statement about where they stood. This is significant because it is a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies due to the unfair and unequal proclamations of parliament which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Paxton Boys

The armed march on Philadelphia led by the Scots-Irish in 1764 who were protesting the Quakers lenient policy toward the Indians. This is significant because it shows remaining tensions between colonists and Indians even after the F&I war and it also demonstrates the effects of mingling cultures and races in the colonies and the different ideals they bring. (2.1)

Virtual Representation

The ideal that parliament did represent the American colonists because it was centered around belief that parliament represented all British subjects, no matter where they were located. The colonists scoffed at this idea and it left them very angry. This is significant because it is a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

Strict Construction

The interpretation of the Constitution as "what the Constitution did not permit it forbade." Supported by people such as Jefferson as well as states' rights disciples, and took the constitution literally, and was the refute against a national bank. Significance: Both Strict Constitution and Broad constitution were significant in that they showed that even though the US was independent and developed a strong constitution, there were still conflicts in the infant nation. It also demonstrated the ongoing struggle between States Rights and National Rights. (3.1)

Republicanism

The idea that, similar to Greek and Roman styles of life, a just society was one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private interests for the common good. This is significant because it demonstrates the colonies coming together for the good of each other and it also demonstrates an American ideal that we still hold today (2.2)

Broad Construction

The interpretation of the Constitution as "what the constitution did not forbade it permitted." Supported by people such as Alexander Hamilton, and was used to establish a national bank. Significance: Was significant in that it showed that even though the US was independent and developed a strong constitution, there were still conflicts in the infant nation. It also demonstrated the ongoing struggle between States Rights and National Rights. (3.1)

White-flight

The mass movement of white americans from their urban homes to the suburbs during the 1950's and 1960's. This caused the inner cities, especially those in the Northeast and Midwest, to be populated with people who are "black, brown, and broke. Migrating blacks from the South filled up the urban neighborhoods that were abandoned by the departing white middle class In effect, the incoming blacks imported the grinding poverty of the rural South into the inner cores of northern cities." (838) (13.1)

Great Migration

The movement of some 1.6 million blacks during WWII who "left the land of their ancient enslavement to seek jobs in the war plants of the West and North." Because of this movement, race relations became a national and not regional issue, and tensions exploded in the North over employment, housing, and segregated facilities. (805) (12.5)

Proclamation of 1763

The proclamation that prohibited settlements west of the Appalachians. Although meant to help ease Indian/colonist tensions, the colonists took it as a form of oppression This is significant because it was one of the first blows that the colonists received from the British and it began an early sense of anger in the colonies (2.1)

Rights of Englishmen

The rights that were normally accessible and available to people who lived in England. The idea in the colonies surfaced that colonists were being denied these basic rights. This is significant because it is a cause of early frustration with the British that began to surface in the colonies which ultimately led to revolution. (2.2)

John Brown

The same man from bleeding Kansas, in 1859, tried to lead a slave rebellion by taking northern abolitionists and firearms to western Virginia with about 20 men. He seized the federal arsenal then ended up killing 7 innocent including a free black. Then because no slaves heard about this, no slaves rose and thus it was a failed rebellion. Page 408 (6.6)

Scopes Trial

The scopes trial was a 1925 highly publicized trial where John Thomas scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and offended by Clarence Dorrough; scopes was convicted but the verdict was later changed. Sig...religious uproar and contrast over this issue (11.2)

Washington Disarmament Conference, Five, Four, and Nine-Power Treaties

Worried about the rising number of military forces and weapons, President Harding calls this conference in 1921-1922 with major naval powers to decrease their naval warpower (ships), and a few Treaties came out of this. The Five-Power Treaty says the US, Britain, and Japan should have a ratio of 5:5:3 on Battleships and Aircraft Carriers, with compensation to the disgruntled Japan. The Four-Power Treaty replaced the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and now bounded Britain, Japan, France, and the US to preserve the status quo in the Pacific. The Nine-Power treaty agreed to nail wide-open the Open Door in China. (731) (12.2)

Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen

Written by Thorstein Veblen, this article was a " a savage attack on "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous con- sumption." In Veblen's view the parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful "business" (or making money for money's sake) rather than productive "industry" (or making goods to satisfy real needs). He urged that social leadership pass from these superfluous titans to truly useful engineers." (638) (9.5)

George Whitefield

[This man] "loosed a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies." Was a phenomenal speaker which made people compelled to believe him. He spread the message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence. Major impact on the spread and burgeoning of the Great Awakening (1.10)

Interchangeable Parts

~1850 Another innovation created by Eli Whitney, this involving "the idea of having machines make each part, so that all the triggers, for example, would be as much alike as the successive imprints of a copperplate engraving." This principle was widely adopted by 1850, and gave rise to other innovations such as the Colt Revolver, as well as becoming the basis of modern mass-production assembly-line methods. (4.6)