apush 12-15

list Lincoln's concerns about the issue of slavery

- "an unqualified evil" (evil is not a complement) 1) keeping the support of the border states (practical) 2) the constitutional protections of slavery (important) 3) the racial prejudice of many Northerners (most troublesome) 4) the fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election (politics)

describe the battle of fredericksburg

- General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan - (December 1862), large Union army attacked Lee's army at Fredericksburg, Virginia and suffered immense losses (12,000 dead or wounded compared to 5,000 Confederate casualties) -both Generals were slow to learn that improved weaponry took the romance out of heroic charges against entrenched positions

describe the battle of antietam

- Lee led his army across the Potomac into Maryland - hoped that a major victory would gain official support and recognition of Britain - McClellan was in command of the Union army and had Lee's battle plan because it was dropped by a Confederate officer - Union intercepted the Confederates at Antietam Creek in Maryland town of Sharpsburg - bloodiest single day of combat (more than 22,000 soldiers were killed or wounded) - Lee retreated to Virginia _ McClellan fired for not pursuing Lee's weakened army, (Lincoln, "bad case of the slows") - a decisive battle because the Confederates failed to get open recognition from a foreign power

describe Grant as a commander

- Lincoln finally found a general who could fight and win - brought Grant to east Virginia and made him commander of all Union armies (1864) - aimed to wear down the Confederate's armies and systematically destroy their vital lines of supply

describe the Ostend Manifesto

- Polk offered to purchase Cuba from Spain for $100 million - Spain refused to sell the last major remnant of its once glorious empire - some forays tried to take the island by force of arms but were executed by Spanish firing squads - Franklin Pierce dispatched three American diplomats to Ostend, Belgium, where they secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain - the manifesto was leaked and President was forced to drop the scheme

describe the election of 1864

-Democrat's nominee was General George McClellan - platform called for peace and had wide appeal among millions of war-weary voters -Republicans renamed their party the Unionist Party to attract votes of "War Democrats" - chose Lincoln as its presidential candidate and loyal War Democrat from Tennessee, Senator Andrew Johnson as his running mate - Lincoln-Johnson won 212 electoral votes - Democrats won 21 - McClellan took 45 percent of popular vote

list the immediate causes of the war with Mexico

-Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to move his army toward the Rio Grande across territory claimed by Mexico -Mexico army crossed the Rio Grande and captured an American army patrol, killing 11 -used the killing as a prepared war message to Congress -Abraham Lincoln opposed going to war and doubted Polk's claim that American blood had been shed on American soil -the Whig protests were in vain; a large majority in both houses approved the war resolution

describe the Gasden Purchase

-President Pierce succeeded in adding a strip of land to the American Southwest for a railroad - Mexico sold thousands of acres to the US for $10 million - land forms the southern sections of present-day New Mexico and Arizona

describe monitor vs. Merrimac

-Union's blockade strategy (the Anaconda Plan) was placed in jeopardy by the Confederate ironclad ship the Merrimac attacked and sunk several Union wooden ships in March 1862 near Hampton Roads, VA - the Union's own ironclad ship, the Monitor, engaged with the Merrimac in a 5 hour duel and ended in a draw - Monitor prevented the Confederate's formidable new weapon from challenging US naval blockade - vulnerable wooden ships being replaced by far more formidable ironclad ones (turning point in naval warfare)

describe the railroads (expanding economy)

-canal-building era was replaced with rail lines - across the Northeast and Midwest - soon emerged as America's largest industry - they required immense amounts of capital and labor - US Gov granted 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico (1850)

describe the Emancipation Proclamation

-decided to use his powers as commander in chief - justified his policy as a "military necessity" - After Battle of Antietam (Sept. 22), he issued a warning that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be then, thenceforward, and forever free

describe the industrial technology (expanding economy)

-factory production had been centered in the textile mills of New England - spread rapidly to the other Northeast states - new factories produced shoes, sewing machines, clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new technologies - Elias Howe invented the sewing machine - Samuel F. B. morse invented an electric telegraph

describe the military campaigns for the war with Mexico

-most of the war was fought in Mexican territory by relatively small armies of Americans -General Stephen Kearney succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory and south California -John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in northern California -Zachary Taylor's force of 6,000 men drove the Mexican army from Texas, crossed the Rio Grande into northern Mexico, and won a major victory at Buena Vista -General Winfield Scott with the army of 14,000 succeeded in taking the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City

described the Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

-negotiated in Mexico by American diplomat Nicholas Trist -Mexico recognized the rio grande as the southern border of Texas -the US took possession of the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico - the Mexican Cession - for these territories, the US paid $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico

describe the boundary dispute in Oregon

Spain, Russia, Great Britain, US: Spain gave up its claim to Oregon in a treaty with the US (the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819), Britain based its claim to Oregon on the hudson Fur company's profitable fur trade with the American Indians, US based its claim on the (1) discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray in 1792, (2) the overland expedition to the Pacific Coast by Lewis and Clark in 1805, and (3) the fur trading post and for in Astoria, Oregon, established by John Jacob Astor in 1811

describe the 13th amendment

abolished slavery, after Lincoln's death ratified by the required number of states December 1865

compare the first battle of bull run to the second battle

first: - first major battle of the war (July 1861) -30,000 federal troops marched from Washington DC, to attack Confederate forces positioned near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia - union victory seemed close, but Confederate reinforcements under General Stonewall Jackson counterattacked and sent Union troops in flight back to DC second: - Lee took advantage in the change in Union generals and struck quickly at Pope's army in Northern Virginia - drew Pope into a trap and then struck the enemy's flank and sent the Union army backward to Bull Run -Pope withdrew to the defenses of Washington

list the three parts of the era of territorial expansion

industrial technology, railroads, foreign commerce

explain the economic change on civilian life

- Union borrowed 2.6 billion for war from government bonds - Congress raised tariffs, added excise taxes and instituted the first income tax - issued more than 430 million in paper currency (inflation) -prices in north rose 80 percent - Congress created a national bank ACTS: Morrill Tariff Act- raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers Homestead Act - promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or farmed that land for at least 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act - encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges Pacific Railway Act - authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a Northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to eastern states

describe Grant in the West

- Union's campaign for control of the Mississippi River was under command of Ulysses S. Grant - used a combination of gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River - these victories (captured 14,000 Confederates) opened up the state of Mississippi to Union attack

describe the Walker Expedition

- William Walker tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853 (unsuccessful) - took over Nicaragua in 1855 - his scheme to develop a proslavery Central America empire collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him - executed by Honduran authorities in 1860

describe the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

- ambition was to build a canal through Central America (shared with Great Britain) - both agreed on this treaty in 1850 - neither nation would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America - new one signed in 1901 (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty) gave the US a free hand to build a canal without British participation

explain the social change on civilian life

- increased responsibilities of women - stepped into labor vacuum created by the war -operated farms and plantains, took factory jobs - women were military nurses and as volunteers in soldiers' aid socieites - women vacated their jobs when war ended - field of nursing was now open to women for the first time - enormous responsibilities undertaken by women during the war gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women - 4 million people were freed men and women by the 13th amendment - 15 billion in war costs -devastated southern economy

list reasons why the war with Mexico was a prelude to the civil war

- increasing tensions between the North and South -sectionalism (the acquisition of vast western lands renewed the sectional debate over the extension of slavery), Wilmot Proviso was a first round in an escalating political conflict that led ultimately to civil war, some northerns viewed the war as part of a southern plot to extend the slave power,

describe the Peninsula Campaign

- new commander, General George McClellan, insisted that his troops be given a long period of training before going into battle - army invaded Virginia in March 1862 and was stopped by brilliant tactics of Robert E. Lee (Confederate General) - forced to retreat and ordered back to the Potomac - replaced by General John Pope

President Polk and John Slidell and the war with Mexico

- president pol dispatched John Slidell as his special envoy to the government in Mexico city -wanted him to persuade Mexico to sell the California and New Mexico territories to the US -to settle the disputed Mexico-Texas border (disagreed)

describe the political change on civilian life

- secession created Republican majorities in Congress (both houses) - Republicans were radical (immediate abolition) and moderate (economic opportunities for whites) Democrats supported the war but criticized Lincoln - Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland and other states with strong pro-Confederate sentiment -Dems charged Lincoln acted no better than a tyrant - Conscription Act made al men between the ages of 20 and 45 liable for military service

rate the consequences of the war with Mexico

- the war was a military disaster from the start -the Mexican government was unwilling to sue for peace and conceded the loss of its northern lands -agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot proposed that an appropriations bill be amended to forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico -passed the house twice but defeated in the Senate

describe the Confederate States of America

- their constitution was modeled after the US one - exceptions: single six-year term, and line item veto power for president, denied Confederate congress the powers to tax or appropriate funds for internal improvements - it did prohibit foreign slavery - President Jefferson Davis wanted to increase executive powers but Southern governors resisted attempts at centralization - VP Alexander Stephens urged the secession of Georgia in response to the despotic actions of the Confederate Gov - Capital city in Richmond, Virginia - chronically short of money (tried loans, income and taxes) - issued more than $1 billion in paper money, caused inflation (value of a confederate dollar was less than two cents) - nationalized railroads and encouraged industrial development -sustained nearly 1 million troops at its peak

list the factors that went into Britain;s decision not to recognize the Confederacy

1) Britain obtained cotton from other sources (Egypt and India) 2) Lee's setback at Antietam played a role (no decisive Confederate military victory) 3) Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the end of slavery an objective of the Union, a position that appealed strongly to Britain's working class

rate the impact of the three things that began the war

1) fort sumter - a harbor of Charleston, South Carolina - cut off from vital supplies and reinforcements by Southern control of the harbor - Lincoln sent provisions of food and gave South Carolina a choice: the fort could hold out or opening fire with its shore batteries - the guns thundered their reply on April 12, 1861 thus starting the war 2) succession of the upper south - prior to fort sumter, seven states of the Deep South had suceded - four states of the Upper South - Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas also seceded in seeing that Lincoln would use troops in the crisis 3) keeping the border states in the union - 4 slaveholding states remained in the Union (Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky) - because of the Union sentiment in those states and the result of shrewd federal policies (Maryland) - pro-secessionists attacked Union troops and threatened to railroad Washington (Missouri) - presence of US troops prevented South elements in the state from gaining control (Kentucky) the state legislature voted to remain neutral int he conflict - keeping the border states in the Union was a primary military and political goal for Lincoln

list the 3 consequences of the emancipation proclamation

1) immediately freed only about 1 percent of slaves 2) Union armies were fighting against slavery, not merely against secession 3) authorized the use of freed slaves as Union soldiers

list three wartime advantages

1) military - Confederates had an advantage (defensive war) and moved shorter distances than the Union - Union hoped its 22 million against the Confederate's 5.5 million (free whites) would work in favor - immigration in the North brought 800,000 and emancipation brought 180,000 African Americas into the Union army -Union was able to count on a loyal US Navy 2) economic - Union dominated the nation's economy (85% of factories, 70% of railroads and 65% of farmland) - skills of Northern clerks and bookkeepers proved valuable in the logistical support of large military operations - Confederates hoped that European demand for its cotton would bring recognition and financial aid 3) poltical - two sides had distinct goals - Confederate were struggling for independence - Union was fighting to preserve the Union - (ironic) confederates needed a well-established central government and the Union had a strong base - Confederates hoped that the people would turn against Lincoln and the Republicans would quit because the war was too costly

list the factors that played a role in the foreign commerce (expanding economy)

1) regular schedules used for shipping firms for trade and travel across the Atlantic 2) demand for whale oil to light homes caused a whaling boom 3) improvements in ship design helped cut the six-month trip from New York to San Francisco to as little as 89 days 4) steamships replaced clipper ships because they had greater storage capacity, maintained at a low cost, and could follow a regular schedule 5) sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry and a fleet of naval ships to Japan and pressured Japan's gov to sign the Kanagawa Treaty, allowed US vessels to enter two Japanese ports to take on coal (panic of 1857) - prices dropped sharply, and unemployment increased - southern cotton prices remained high - Southerns believed that their plantation economy was superior and didn't need to be in union with the Northern economy

explain the three-part union strategy

1) use the US Navy to blockade Southern Ports (called the Anaconda Plan), cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy 2) take control of the Mississippi Rive, dividing the Confederacy in two 3) raise and train an army of 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond drafted by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, veteran of the 1812 and Mexican wars

describe the revolt and independence of Texas

Mexico had just won its independence from Spain hoping to attract settlers to the northern frontier province of Texas, Mexico outlawed slavery and required all immigrants to convert to Roman Catholicism, Texas was a new republic and granted all territory north of the Rio Grande, when the news of San Jacinto reached Mexico City, the Mexican legislature rejected the treaty and insisted that Texas was still part of Mexico

list and describe the two events at the end of the war

Surrender at Appomattox: - Confederates tried to negotiate peace - Lincoln wanted to restore the Union - Davis wanted independence - Lee retreated from Richmond with less than 30,000 men - Grant treated him with respect and allowed his men to return home Assassination of Lincoln: -(April 14) John Wilkes Booth shot and killed the president at Ford's Theater in Washington - a co-conspirator attacked and wounded Secretary of State William Seward (on the same night)

list and describe two battles that the union triumphed in (1863-1865)

Vicksburg: -Union controlled New Orleans and most of Mississippi River -objective was to secure complete control of the river -siege lead by General Grant - bombarded Vicksburg for seven weeks and the Confederates surrendered 29,000 soldiers on July 4 - Union controlled full Mississippi River and cut off Texas Louisiana, and Arkansas from the Confederacy Gettysburg: Lee took the offense, hoped to force the Union to call for peace, surprise Union units in southern Pennsylvania, most crucial battle of the war and bloodiest, with more than 50,000 casualties, destroyed a key part of the Confederate army

list the 7 major parts of the first years of the war

first battle of bull run (union strategy), peninsula campaign, second battle of bull run, antietam, fredericksburg, monitor vs. Merrimac, grant in the west

describe mainfest destiny

expressed the popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America, enthusiasm for expansion reached a fever pitch in the 1840s

describe the reasons why Presidents Jackson and Van Buren both put off the request for annexation of Texas

political opposition among northerners to the expansion of slavery, the potential addition of up to give new states created out of the Texas territories

list the three effects of the war

political, economic, social

list the reasons (number of forces) for increased enthusiasm in the 1840s

nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals

explain why some northern critics argued against expansion

northern critics feared that at the root of the expansionist drive was the Southern ambition to spread slavery into western lands

describe the election of 1844

northerners were opposed to Texas' annexation, Martin Van Buren opposed immediate annexation, Southerner, John C. Calhoun, ran for the Democratic nomination, the dispute caused the Democratic convention to deadlock, the Democrats finally nominated a dark horse (lesser known candidate) which was James K. Polk of Tennessee, Polk favored the annexation of Texas, the "reoccupation" of all of Oregon and the acquisition of California, the slogan "fifty-four forty or Fight!" appealed strongly to American westerners and southerners (marked the line of latitude, 54 degrees 4o', that marked the northern border between the Oregon Territory and Russian Alaska), Henry Clay of Kentucky, the Whig nominee, attempted to straddle theTexas annexation which alienated a group of voters in New York who abandoned the Whig Party and caused the Whigs to loose and Polk won (Democrats interpreted the election as a mandate to add Texas to the Union)

describe the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

the Aroostook War ("battle of the maps"), treaty was negotiated by US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and the British ambassador, Lord Alexander Ashburton, raised over the ill-defined boundary between Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick, the disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada, settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory