Apush 28-30

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is ws has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 Question The Schenck case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following? Responses A)Critiques by radicals of United States foreign policy B)African American migration from the rural South to the urban North C)Challenges by women to their prescribed status in society D)Nativist resistance to migration from abroad

A)Critiques by radicals of United States foreign policy

Which of the following best characterizes the conservationist approach to the environment that emerged in the Progressive Era? Responses A)Designation of national parks and forests for recreation and managed use B)Use of federal money to clean up polluted industrial sites C)Passage of legislation banning the use of pesticides in agriculture D)Passage of legislation to ensure clean air and waterways E)Preservation of both land and wildlife in pristine condition

A)Designation of national parks and forests for recreation and managed use

Which of the following generalizations can be supported by the information provided in the map above? Responses A)Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equality for women. B)Fewer women lived in the southeastern states than in other parts of the country; therefore, suffrage was less of an issue. C)None of the states of the Confederacy granted votes to women before 1920. D)The Seneca Falls Movement resulted in gains in the area of political and legal rights for women. E)States that made free public education a priority led the way in extending the vote to women.

A)Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equality for women.

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautifuthen she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 Question The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect the ideals of which of the following? Responses A)Progressivism B)Conservatism C)Expansionism D)States' rights

A)Progressivism

Magazine advertisement from 1924 Courtesy of Duke University Libraries Digital Collections A A greater awareness of regional and national cultures B Increased personal mobility for most Americans C Increased participation in traditional leisure activities D Greater purchasing power for working-class families

A A greater awareness of regional and national cultures

Which of the following best characterizes the writings of American authors F. Scott Fitzgerald, e. e. cummings, and Sinclair Lewis? Responses A Disillusionment with modern American society B Glorification of modern American capitalism C Celebration of Black culture D Glamorization of war E Reaffirmation of traditional American Values

A Disillusionment with modern American society

During the 1920s, both the Sacco and Vanzetti case and the rise of the new Ku Klux Klan reflected Responses A public fear and resentment of southern and eastern European immigrants B increased racism resulting from the migration of Black southerners to urban centers in the North C growing lawlessness resulting from the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) D the decreased influence of fundamentalist religious groups E widespread opposition to Congress' decision to join the League of Nations

A public fear and resentment of southern and eastern European immigrants

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . hen she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 Question The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following? Responses A)Social injustice and rising economic inequality B)The expansion of government regulation of corporations C)The transformation of rural society by mechanized agriculture D)Fears about the growing number of immigrants in the United States

A)Social injustice and rising economic inequality

Which of the following occurred on the home front during the First World War? Responses A)The United States public expressed widespread anti-German sentiment. B)Military commanders desegregated the armed forces. C)The United States government placed Japanese Americans in relocation camps. D)Women joined the military in large numbers. E)The federal government issued rationing coupons for food and gasoline.

A)The United States public expressed widespread anti-German sentiment.

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not a.everything else is useless.... [D]o not forget that the conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 Question Based on the excerpt, Marion Crocker was most likely Responses A)a Progressive Era reformer B)an advocate for an expansion of the New Deal C)an advocate for African American civil rights D)a member of the Populist Party

A)a Progressive Era reformer

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 Question The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to Responses A)challenge political inequality B)advocate a return to agrarianism C)justify the inequality of wealth D)oppose United States imperialism

A)challenge political inequality

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 Question A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it Responses A)expressed opposition to war with Germany B)was given by an influential political leader C)asserted that Germans supported the war D)was delivered during the war declaration debates

A)expressed opposition to war with Germany

One reason early twentieth century muckrakers were able to have a significant impact on society was because Responses A)sales and circulation of newspapers and magazines increased B)most citizens of the United States were already convinced that Jim Crow laws must be overturned C)they had the sympathy and support of industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller D)drought conditions in the Midwest drew attention to social problems E)radio programs devoted to the problems in cities attracted wide listening audiences

A)sales and circulation of newspapers and magazines increased

Marcus Garvey's prominence during the 1920s arose from his Responses A establishment of a political party focusing on civil rights issues B emphasis on the importance of Black pride and Black nationalism C development of a national network of Blackowned businesses D financial and literary contributions to the Harlem Renaissance E service as an unofficial adviser to Presidents and cabinet members

B emphasis on the importance of Black pride and Black nationalism

The purpose of the immigration restriction acts passed in the 1920s was to Responses A exclude Chinese immigration for a period of ten years B favor northern and western European immigration C favor southern and eastern European immigration D deny citizenship to immigrants from Asia and Africa E limit immigration from Canada and Mexico

B favor northern and western European immigration

After the war, propaganda such as that employed by the image was used to help justify which of the following policies? Responses A)The pursuit of more open international trade B)The expansion of compulsory education C)Literacy requirements for voting rights D)Red Scare prosecutions

D)Red Scare prosecutions

Which of the following best describes the Harlem Renaissance? Responses A The rehabilitation of a decaying urban area B An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity C The beginning of the NAACP D The most famous art show of the early twentieth century E The establishment of motion picture palaces

B An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity

Which of the following best describes the Harlem Renaissance? Responses A The rehabilitation of a decaying urban area B An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity C The beginning of the NAACP D The most famous art show of the early twentieth century E The establishment of the back-to-Africa movement

B An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity

Magazine advertisement from 1924 Courtesy of Duke University Libraries Digital Collections A Nativist organizations increased membership and gained national influence. B Internal migration led to new art forms and expression of regional identities. C Suburban communities spread throughout the Sun Belt region. D New technologies gave rise to cinema as mass entertainment.

B Internal migration led to new art forms and expression of regional identities.

Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ? Responses A Increasing birth rates B Job opportunities in industry C The promise of religious freedom D Growing employment in agriculture

B Job opportunities in industry

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic aracters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 Which of the following contributed to Hubert's criticism in the excerpt of White Americans who visited Harlem in the 1920s? Responses A The inability of African American artists to influence popular culture B Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations C Opposition to recruiting African American soldiers for the United States Army D Racial restrictions on the freedom of speech imposed during the First W

B Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations

CHART Source: Adapted from data in James N. Gregory, The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America, 2005. A The integration of the United States military B The cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance C The federal effort to support the integration of public schools D The loosening of restrictions on immigration to the United States

B The cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance

"For Summer Sport. . . . "Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air. "Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away. "Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ." Advertisement for radios, published in 1923 The development depicted in the excerpt had most in common with which of the following earlier developments? Responses A The passage of land reforms during the Civil War B The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age C The enactment of moral reform legislation during the Progressive Era D The efforts to mobilize popular support for the First W

B The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age

In the 1960s, the policy referenced in the image was Responses A determined to be in the purview of the states rather than the federal government B overturned by the passage of new legislation C made permanent through an amendment to the United States Constitution D left largely unchanged because it did not apply to immigrants from parts of the world other than Europe

B overturned by the passage of new legislation

American writers of the 1920's have often been called the "lost generation" because they Responses A found it difficult to get their work published B were disillusioned with the course of American life C failed to achieve fame in their lifetimes D were politically radical in a conservative era E preferred to write for a European rather than an American audience

B were disillusioned with the course of American life

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Question The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments? Responses A)The first Red Scare B)Industrialization C)The Great Depression D)Reconstruction

B)Industrialization

"There is hardly an office from United States Senator down to Alderman in any part of the country to which the businessman has not been elected; yet politics remains corrupt, government pretty bad, and the . . . citizen has to hold rties to the politicians, and would vote not for the party, not even for men, but for the city, and the State, and the nation, we should rule parties, and cities, and States and nation." Lincoln Steffens, journalist, The Shame of the Cities, 1904 Question Sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following developments? Responses A)Limitations on local governments' ability to regulate businesses B)Passage of legislation expanding political power to citizens C)Elimination of legal and social segregation in northern cities D)Strengthening of political machines in major urban areas

B)Passage of legislation expanding political power to citizens

1908 photograph by Lewis Hine of Sadie Pfeifer, one of many children working in a South Carolina cotton mill Courtesy of the Library of Congress Question Conditions such as those shown in the photograph contributed most directly to which of the following? Responses A)A constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote B)Pressure from progressive activists to reform business practices C)Political initiatives to reform city governments D)Creation of the federal income tax

B)Pressure from progressive activists to reform business practices

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shoutingwar, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 Question The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States? Responses A)Arguments for self-government asserted in the Declaration of Independence B)Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791 C)Assertion of federal power over states' rights in the 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland decision D)Expansion of voting rights during President Andrew Jackson's administration

B)Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791

1908 photograph by Lewis Hine of Sadie Pfeifer, one of many children working in a South Carolina cotton mill Courtesy of the Library of Congress Question Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the photograph most likely would have agreed with which of the following perspectives? Responses A)That ensuring fair wages was primarily the responsibility of labor unions B)That the government had an obligation to establish workplace safety standards C)That the use of child labor was necessary to maintain competitiveness D)That the government should not interfere with private business practices

B)That the government had an obligation to establish workplace safety standards

In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans EXCEPT: Responses A)Voting rights previously gained were denied through changes in state laws and constitutions. B)The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) endorsed the Back-to-Africa movement. C)African American leaders disagreed on the principal strategy for attaining equal rights. D)Numerous African Americans were lynched, and mob attacks on African American individuals occurred in both the North and the South. E)African Americans from the rural South migrated to both southern and northern cities.

B)The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) endorsed the Back-to-Africa movement.

"There is hardly an office from United States Senator down to Alderman in any part of the country to which the businessman has not been elected; yet politics remains corrupt, government pretty bad, and the . . . citizen has to hold himself in readiness. . . . The commercial spirit is the spirit of profit, not patrio and the State, and the nation, we should rule parties, and cities, and States and nation." Lincoln Steffens, journalist, The Shame of the Cities, 1904 Question The excerpt best reflects the development of which of the following? Responses A)The influence of nativist politicians on local governance B)The emergence of muckrakers who called for political change C)The consolidation of businesses into corporations D)The strengthening of the organized labor movement

B)The emergence of muckrakers who called for political change

Which of the following contributed to the development depicted in the image? Responses A)The expansion of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau B)The growth in support for Progressive reform programs C)The shrinking membership of nativist groups D)The declining influence of Social Darwinist theories

B)The growth in support for Progressive reform programs

"The remedy for... inefficiency lies in systematic management.... The fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corpand then draw it out properly loaded.... With data of this sort before him, . . . the man who is directing shovelers can first teach them the exact methods which should be employed to use their strength to the very best advantage." Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Question Taylor's ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to which of the following developments in the United States? Responses A)The need for rebuilding infrastructure after the Civil War B)The rise of industrial capitalism C)An increase in the standard of living D)Excessive government regulation of business

B)The rise of industrial capitalism

"Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, oneo do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able." John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912 Which of the following arguments about Progressives could Muir's point of view best be used to support? Responses A)They were advocates for the control of natural resources by corporations rather than the government. B)They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization. C)They were concerned that suburbanization was causing metropolitan areas to expand too rapidly. D)They were focused on ensuring the health of people rather than increasing the quality of the environment.

B)They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization.

When war broke out in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson established a policy that called for Responses A)immediate American aid to the Allied powers B)acknowledgment of American neutral rights on the high seas C)American trade with Europe on a cash-and-carry basis only D)a strict embargo on trade with all warring nations E)strict prohibition of American travel on the ships of belligerents

B)acknowledgment of American neutral rights on the high seas

The purpose of the Liberty Loan Campaign illustrated in the drawing above was to Responses A)encourage young men to enlist in the army B)finance American involvement in the First World War C)support the establishment of Boy Scout troops throughout the nation D)aid in the implementation of New Deal programs E)support funding for Franklin Roosevelt's Lend-Lease program

B)finance American involvement in the First World War

Constitutional amendments enacted during the Progressive Era concerned all of the following EXCEPT Responses A)imposition of an income tax B)imposition of poll taxes C)extension of suffrage to women D)prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages E)procedures for electing United States senators

B)imposition of poll taxes

Although Progressive Era reformers held different opinions about many issues of the day, they shared a belief in Responses A)the creation of a classless society B)the capacity of trained professionals to find rational, scientific solutions to society's problems C)an ideal society based on shared ownership through voluntary organizations rather than increasing government power D)the expanding role of the United States as an imperial power E)the creation of an organization to promote international peace

B)the capacity of trained professionals to find rational, scientific solutions to society's problems

Which of the following best characterizes the National Origins Act of 1924 ? Responses A It allowed Chinese immigrants entry into the United States after 1930. B It allowed increased levels of immigration from southern and eastern Europe. C It established immigration quotas based on a percentage of each nationality residing in the United States in 1890. D It established procedures for the immigration of alien spouses of United States citizens after 1935. E It set restrictions on the importation of certain goods.

C It established immigration quotas based on a percentage of each nationality residing in the United States in 1890.

The trend depicted in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following developments after 1920 ? Responses A A decline in internal migration B Federal efforts to return Mexican immigrants to their homeland C Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe D Total exclusion of immigration from China

C Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

Magazine advertisement from 1924 Courtesy of Duke University Libraries Digital Collections A The federal government relaxed previous restrictions on immigration. B Civil rights activists achieved some legal victories over segregation. C Social tensions intensified over gender roles, race, and modern values. D Liberalism reached a high point of acceptance in national politics.

C Social tensions intensified over gender roles, race, and modern values

"For Summer Sport. . . . "Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air. "Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away. "Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ." Advertisement for radios, published in 1923 The excerpt best reflects which of the following changes to United States society compared to previous periods? Responses A The decline of segregationist policies in public spaces B The resistance to labor organization by corporations C The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time D The increased importance of defense industries after the Fi

C The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time

"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sgnificance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period? Responses A The period from after the Seven Years' War through the 1760s B The period from after the War of 1812 through the 1820s C The period from after the First World War through the 1920s D The period from after the Second World War through the 1950s

C The period from after the First World War through the 1920s

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlemarlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 Which of the following best explains a context for the development depicted in the excerpt? Responses A African American sharecropping led to the creation of a new southern regional identity. B African American painters created works to advocate against fascist ideologies. C Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression. D Market instability caused African Americans to seek work as writers.

C Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression.

Which of the following is true of women in the 1920s? Responses A A majority of women attended college. B Flappers became role models for women of all social strata. C Women's political activism declined despite their gain of the right to vote. D Most women supported the Equal Rights Amendment. E The number of women in the medical and legal professions increased.

C Women's political activism declined despite their gain of the right to vote.

The 1920s photograph above illustrates a production process that led to Responses A government ownership of the automobile industry B the promotion of individual craftsmanship and pride among workers and artisans C lower prices and greater availability for mass-produced consumer goods D the establishment of training and educational requirements for workers E a sharp drop in labor union membership due to high employee satisfaction

C lower prices and greater availability for mass-produced consumer goods

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Question Studies similar to Riis' were most effective in prompting action by the federal government during the Responses A)1920s B)1950s C)1960s D)1980s

C)1960s

"The remedy for... inefficiency lies in systematic management.... The fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations.... At the works of Bethlehem Steel, for example,... thousands of stop-watch ntage." Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Question Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to oppose Taylor's management ideas? Responses A)Tenant farmers B)Owners of large businesses C)Factory workers D)White-collar professionals

C)Factory workers

Which of the following correctly describes the Committee on Public Information? Responses A)It was the first organization to oppose legalizing abortion. B)It was a business lobby against Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. C)It was established to mobilize domestic support for the war effort during the First World War. D)It was the effort led by Samuel Adams to rally colonists against British taxes. E)It was an antislavery group that formed after the Compromise of 1850.

C)It was established to mobilize domestic support for the war effort during the First World War.

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course... to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not dy into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 Question Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt? Responses A)Americans did not assert rights of neutrality early in the war. B)The vast majority of popular opinion was in favor of declaring war. C)Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention. D)Cultural connections made Americans sympathetic toward the Allied Powers.

C)Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.

Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the ideas expressed in the image? Responses A)Isolationists and opponents of the First World War B)African American migrants to northern cities C)Managers and owners of business enterprises D)Radical labor movements such as the Industrial Workers of the World

C)Managers and owners of business enterprises

"Housewifery. This old-fashioned word is used here to include the methods and processes connected with the actual work of the house. . . . This department of household management is a combination of sanitation and the economics of labor. . . . "helpers come in, and in time we may bring order out of chaos when employers and employees are all properly trained and have the right relation to each other." Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts, 1914 A Union organizers B Laundry workers C Middle-class families D Farm laborers

C)Middle-class families

The poster above advertising a 1913 labor union pageant was designed to do which of the following? Responses A)Promote the idea that labor unions exist primarily for the purpose of supporting the arts B)Warn the community about the union's communist connections C)Portray the strikers as the heroic champions of workers and ordinary people D)Intimidate citizens into supporting a powerful labor movement E)Advocate employment for striking workers

C)Portray the strikers as the heroic champions of workers and ordinary people

"Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able." John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912 Question Which of the following arguments could best be supported by the purpose of the excerpt? Responses A)Urbanization led to the transformation of the natural landscape in every part of the country. B)Industrialization resulted in the use of fewer raw materials because of efficient production. C)Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources. D)Wartime mobilization contributed to the use of national parks for military purposes.

C)Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.

1908 photograph by Lewis Hine of Sadie Pfeifer, one of many children working in a South Carolina cotton mill Courtesy of the Library of Congress Question The use of images in the late 1800s and early 1900s such as the one shown had most in common with which of the following? Responses A)Novels that promoted the idea that young people could achieve success through honesty and hard work B)The concept, proposed by leading industrialists, that wealthy people had a moral responsibility to people living in poverty C)The reporting of journalists that raised public awareness of social injustices in United States cities D)The promotion of Christianity as a means to build good character and virtue

C)The reporting of journalists that raised public awareness of social injustices in United States cities

"Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples "That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad argrove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able." John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912 Question The excerpt could best be used to explain the significance of which of the following historical situations? Responses A)The impact of segregation in the South B)The result of federal policies toward American Indian nations C)The role of journalism in reform movements D)The challenges faced by immigrants settling in the

C)The role of journalism in reform movements

Which of the following best characterizes the muckrakers of the early twentieth century? Responses A)They were primarily concerned with racial issues. B)They were mostly recent immigrants to the United States. C)They were leading critics of urban boss politics. D)Their influence on public opinion was greatest after the First World War. E)They wrote primarily for an academic audience.

C)They were leading critics of urban boss politics.

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germn of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 Question The point of view in the excerpt best supports which of the following historical arguments about United States involvement in the First World War before 1917 ? Responses A)Great Britain was defending humanitarian ideals shared with the United States. B)The actions of Germany promoted the democratic principles of the United States. C)United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality. D)German attacks on American ships justified a United States military response.

C)United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.

Progressive reformers rejected Social Darwinism because they believed that Responses A)all races were equal in ability B)personal development was influenced solely by hereditary factors C)conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society D)science had no role in society E)society was fixed by the laws of nature and incapable of significant change

C)conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Question By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by Responses A)government unemployment programs B)acceptance of immigrants by native-born Americans C)efforts of middle-class reformers D)consolidation of large corporations

C)efforts of middle-class reformers

Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives is a study of Responses A)Jim Crow segregation and its effect on African Americans B)the plight of Great Plains farmers in the 1890's C)immigrant urban poverty and despair in 1890's D)corruption in city political machines in the 1890's E)the rise of industrial capitalists in the late nineteenth century.

C)immigrant urban poverty and despair in 1890's

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 Question People who shared Crocker's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by Responses A)proposing the use of new technologies to reduce pollution B)seeking partnerships with business leaders to manage emissions C)promoting federal legislation to protect the environment D)creating alliances with politicians to promote sustainable farming

C)promoting federal legislation to protect the environment

Jacob Riis's principal involvement in the reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was his effort to Responses A)bar obscene materials from the United States mail system B)organize the transfer of urban orphans to homes in rural areas C)publicize poor housing and sanitation in urban tenements D)establish special homes for juvenile delinquents E)pass federal laws to end prostitution

C)publicize poor housing and sanitation in urban tenements

Wilson's Fourteen Points incorporated all of the following EXCEPT Responses A)open diplomacy B)freedom of the seas C)recognition of Allied economic and territorial agreements made during the war D)creation of an international organization to preserve the peace and security of its members E)national self-determination

C)recognition of Allied economic and territorial agreements made during the war

A key goal of the Progressive movement was to A)replace capitalism with socialism B)transform the United States into an agrarian republic C)use government power to regulate industrial production and labor conditions D)eliminate class differences in the United States E)bring about racial integration in public accommodations

C)use government power to regulate industrial production and labor conditions

A key goal of the Progressive movement was to Responses A)replace capitalism with socialism B)transform the United States into an agrarian republic C)use government power to regulate industrial production and labor conditions D)eliminate class differences in the United States E)bring about racial integration in public accommodations

C)use government power to regulate industrial production and labor conditions

Which of the following has been viewed by some historians as an indication of strong anti-Catholic sentiment in the presidential election of 1928? Responses A The increased political activity of the Ku Klux Klan B The failure of the farm bloc to go to the polls C Alfred E. Smith's choice of Arkansas senator Joseph T. Robinson as his running mate D Alfred E. Smith's failure to carry a solidly Democratic South E Herbert Hoover's use of "rugged individualism" as his campaign slogan

D Alfred E. Smith's failure to carry a solidly Democratic South

Magazine advertisement from 1924 Courtesy of Duke University Libraries Digital Collections A An emphasis on families as the primary drivers of the economy B The federal efforts to regulate the trade practices of large corporations C The shift from an industrial economy to a service-based one D An increase in the production and sale of consumer goods

D An increase in the production and sale of consumer goods

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 Question Which of the following groups is most credited with advancing Progressivism? Responses A)Anarchist activists B)Recent immigrants C)Agricultural workers D)Middle-class women

D)Middle-class women

"We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. "We bs at home and abroad.... Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 Which of the following later movements held ideas closest to those expressed by Garvey in the excerpt? Responses A A. Philip Randolph's organizing of Black railroad workers into the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters B Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's legal efforts to desegregate schools in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka C Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, efforts to win equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent civil disobedience D Malcolm X's Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-suff

D Malcolm X's Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-sufficiency

"For Summer Sport. . . . "Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [rang in music from cities a thousand miles away. "Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ." Advertisement for radios, published in 1923 Which of the following best explains a long-term result of the development depicted in the excerpt? Responses A New labor demands resulted in fewer people working in agriculture. B New types of art emerged within urban African American communities. C New prosperity brought working-class citizens into the middle class. D New forms of mass media contributed to the spread of national culture.

D New forms of mass media contributed to the spread of national culture.

"Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and expectations in the postwar era. The prosperity of the period broadened that this was a 'quarter century of sustained growth at the highest rates in recorded history.' Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that the United States at the time was enjoying 'the greatest prosperity the world has ever known.'" — James T. Patterson, historian, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974, published in 1996 The increased culture of consumerism during the 1950s was most similar to developments in which of the following earlier periods? Responses A The 1840s B The 1860s C The 1910s D The 1920s

D The 1920s

"We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 Which of the following most plausibly influenced Garvey's argument in the excerpt? Responses A The emerging support for United States intervention in the affairs of Asia and Latin America B Calls for integration of the United States armed forces C New cultural expressions that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance D The concept of self-determination debated at the Treaty of Versailles peace talks

D The concept of self-determination debated at the Treaty of Versailles peace talks

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem. Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments by the 1920s? Responses A The growing similarity of rural and urban African American culture B The decline in racial violence against African Americans C The rise of African American civil rights advocacy organizations in the North D The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration

D The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration

The assembly-line production of Henry Ford's Model T automobile resulted in which of the following by the end of the 1920's? Responses A A sharp decrease in railroad passenger traffic B The federal government's abandonment of research on air travel C The development of a large international market for American automobiles D Widespread purchase of automobiles by average American families E Construction of the federal interstate highway system

D Widespread purchase of automobiles by average American families

D. W. Griffith's epic film The Birth of a Nation (1915) became controversial because of its Responses A portrayal of the Sons of Liberty as a radical mob B celebration of American freedoms at a time of protest against radical groups C celebration of America's cultural diversity D depiction of Ku Klux Klan activities as heroic and commendable E sympathetic treatment of Germany in the years before the First World War

D depiction of Ku Klux Klan activities as heroic and commendable

The cartoon above was intended primarily as a satirical comment on Responses A Social Darwinism B the Ku Klux Klan C the election of 1896 D the Scopes trial E Lochner v. New York

D the Scopes trial

"There is hardly an office from United States Senator down to Alderman in any part of the country to which the businessman has not been elected; yet politics remains corrupt, government pretty bad, and the . . . citizen has to hold himself io do is establishot for the party, not even for men, but for the city, and the State, and the nation, we should rule parties, and cities, and States and nation." Lincoln Steffens, journalist, The Shame of the Cities, 1904 Question Which of the following best reflects a continuity with the sentiments described in the excerpt? Responses A)Arguments for greater philanthropy among wealthy industrialists during the Progressive Era B)Advocacy for policies of international isolationism following the First World War C)Requests for support of the development of new communication technologies during the 1920s D)Demands for increased government accountability during the New Deal

D)Demands for increased government accountability during the New Deal

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whfort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 Question The federal government most enhanced its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following later periods? Responses A)In the 1970s, following antiwar protests against United States involvement in Vietnam B)In the 1980s, following the renewed United States concerns over the Soviet threat C)In the 1990s, following United States military interventions in Somalia D)In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the United States

D)In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the United States

African American migration to the urban North during the First World War was due primarily to Responses A)racially integrated residential neighborhoods in Northern cities B)increased educational opportunities resulting from affirmative-action programs C)recruitment efforts by labor unions D)expanded job opportunities in Northern factories E)encouragement by White Protestant churches in the North

D)expanded job opportunities in Northern factories

President Theodore Roosevelt addressed all of the following issues during his presidency EXCEPT Responses A)unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry B)monopolization and consolidation in the railroad industry C)railroad freight rates D)insider trading on the stock market E)unsafe drug products

D)insider trading on the stock market

Conservative Republican opponents of the Treaty of Versailles argued that the League of Nations would Responses A)isolate the United States from postwar world affairs B)prevent the United States from seeking reparations from Germany C)violate President Wilson's own Fourteen Points D)limit United States sovereignty E)give England and France a greater role than the United States in maintaining world peace

D)limit United States sovereignty

One stated objective of Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after the First World War was to Responses A)ensure the military dominance of the United States over the European powers B)ensure that the Central Powers paid the Allied nations for war damages C)destroy the Central Powers' military strength D)promote the right of national self-determination E)provide monetary assistance to rebuild Europe

D)promote the right of national self-determination

"Article X says that every member of the League, and that means every great fighting power in the world, ... solemnly engages to respect and preserve ... the territorial integrity and existing political independence of the other members of the League. If you do that, you have absolutely stopped ambitious and aggressive war." Woodrow Wilson's statement above was made in justification of his Responses decision to send troops to northern Russia and Siberia after the Bolshevik Revolution decision to send troops to northern Russia and Siberia after the Bolshevik Revolution A)refusal to award Fiume to the Italians B)insistence on "open treaties, openly arrived at" C)opposition to the resolution on racial equality put forward at the Paris peace negotiations by the Japanese delegation D)refusal to accept the "reservations" proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge in the Senate debate over ratification of the Treaty o

D)refusal to accept the "reservations" proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge in the Senate debate over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

Which of the following best characterizes the stance of the writers associated with the literary flowering of the 1920s, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald? Responses A Sympathy for Protestant fundamentalism B Nostalgia for the "good old days" C Commitment to the cause of racial equality D Advocacy of cultural isolationism E Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism

E Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism

Which of the following was NOT a figure in the Harlem Renaissance? Responses A James Weldon Johnson B Langston Hughes C Zora Neale Hurston D Josephine Baker E A. Philip Randolph

E A. Philip Randolph

What was the main reason for the major decrease in the number of Europeans immigrating to the United States in the 1920s? Responses A There was widespread prosperity in Europe after the First World War. B Most European countries passed laws forbidding immigration to the United States. C A significant increase in emigration from Latin America left fewer jobs for European immigrants. D Fear of political persecution after the Palmer raids and the Sacco and Vanzetti case discouraged many Europeans from emigrating. E The United States passed the National Origins Act.

E The United States passed the National Origins Act.

Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, and James Weldon Johnson were all similar in that they Responses A followed a style of painting called Cubism B organized labor unions during the Gilded Age C were persecuted by Senator Joseph McCarthy D protested United States involvement in the Vietnam War E contributed to the Harlem Renaissance

E contributed to the Harlem Renaissance

Around 1920, the number of children aged 10 to 15 in the industrial workforce began to decline for which of the following reasons? Responses A)The Supreme Court sustained laws barring the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor. B)Introduction of the minimum wage made child labor uneconomical. C)The American birth rate declined, thus reducing the number of children available to work. D)Factory owners advocated state child labor laws. E)States began to require children to attend school until a certain age and to limit the ages at which they could be employed.

E)States began to require children to attend school until a certain age and to limit the ages at which they could be employed.

The cartoon above portrays President Wilson trying to Responses A)conceal from the public the true reason for United States entry into the First World War B)arouse public support for United States entry into the First World War C)assess the public's support of his bid for a third presidential term D)warn the public that Germany had not been treated fairly at Versailles E)arouse public support for the Treaty of Versailles

E)arouse public support for the Treaty of Versailles

During the presidency of William H. Taft, United States policy in Latin America was driven primarily by A)the administration's desire to benefit from European colonial inroads in the region B)the President's goal of founding an effective Pan-American organization to deal with hemispheric issues C)Congress' determination to ameliorate the hostility engendered by Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick policy D)concern for the development of democracy and the protection of civil rights in the region E)concern for United States economic and strategic interests in the region

E)concern for United States economic and strategic interests in the region

During Woodrow Wilson's administration, the federal government attempted to counteract the economic influence of big business by Responses A)eliminating the gold standard B)increasing tariff rates C)centralizing economic planning D)applying the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to corporations E)establishing the Federal Trade Commission

E)establishing the Federal Trade Commission

Jacob Riis is best known for his work in the 1890s as a Responses A)labor organizer and Socialist Party activist B)leader of the People's Party C)reformer who encouraged new immigrants to homestead D)playwright whose dramas celebrated the assimilation of immigrants into American society E)journalist and photographer who publicized the wretched conditions in which many immigrants lived

E)journalist and photographer who publicized the wretched conditions in which many immigrants lived

The term "muckrakers" was used in the early twentieth century to refer to Responses A)laborers who worked in the meatpacking industry B)baseball players who lost important games on purpose to collect large bribes C)writers who wrote articles sympathetic to big business D)captains of industry who defended the accumulation of wealth in lectures and pamphlets E)journalists who wrote articles exposing political corruption and urban poverty

E)journalists who wrote articles exposing political corruption and urban poverty

The leaders of the Progressive movement were primarily Responses A)farmers interested in improving agricultural production B)immigrant activities attempting to change restrictive immigration laws C)representatives of industries seeking higher tariffs D)workers concerned with establishing industrial unions E)middle-class reformers concerned with urban and consumer issues

E)middle-class reformers concerned with urban and consumer issues

The United States home front during the First World War was marked by an increase in all of the following EXCEPT Responses A)tax rates on individuals and estates B)government regulation of fuel, food, and transportation C)employment opportunities for African Americans and Mexican Americans D)participation of women in factory work, government service, and volunteer work E)support of individual liberties by the Supreme Court

E)support of individual liberties by the Supreme Court

All of the following contributed to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment legislating Prohibition in 1919 EXCEPT Responses A)the continued efforts of the Anti-Saloon League B)the fervor of the First World War lending patriotism to the cause of prohibition C)the Progressive belief in social reform D)the cumulative impact of state prohibition laws E)the high death toll from alcohol-related automobile accidents

E)the high death toll from alcohol-related automobile accidents

Woodrow Wilson hardened Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles by his refusal to compromise on the issue of Responses A)reparations limited to the amount Germany could afford to pay B)plebiscites to determine the new borders of Germany C)the border between Italy and Yugoslavia D)protectorate status for African colonies seized from Germany E)the unconditional adherence of the United States to the charter of the League of Nations

E)the unconditional adherence of the United States to the charter of the League of Nations