Management final exam

What is the integrated model of leadership

comprised of traits, leader behaviors and leadership effectiveness

what are the parts of relationship-oriented leadership

consideration, empowering, ethical and servant

What are the four perspectives on motivation

content, process, job design, reinforcement

What is McClelland's acquired needs theory

has three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power needs are learned and one need often dominates

What is task identity characteristic in job design

how many different tasks are required to complete the work

What is task significance in job design

how many other people are impacted by your job

What is the skill variety technique in job design

how many skills your job requires

What is Autonomy characteristic in job design

how much discretion does your job give you

Agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

what is job enlargement

increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation- giving additional tasks of similar difficulty- horizontal loading

what are the parts of task-oriented leader behaviors

initiating structure and transactional

What are the elements of the equity theory

inputs, outputs, comparison

what is positive task-oriented traits

intelligence, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability, positive affect

What are self-managed teams

workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision

what is the modern way of job design and what is it

· Fitting jobs to people- based on the assumption that people are underutilized at work and that they want more variety, challenges, and responsibility based on scientific management

what is laissez-faire leadership

• A form of "leadership" characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading.

what is ethical leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style

• Represents normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model.

what is a formal group

◦ A group assigned by organizations or its managers to accomplish specific goals ◦ Established to do something productive for an organization ◦ Headed by a leader

What is an informal group

◦ A group formed by people whose overriding purpose is getting together for friendship or a common interest ◦ Formed by people seeking friendship ◦ Has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge

What is a group

◦ A group is two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals, and have a common identity

what are roles in building effective teams and what are the two types

◦ A socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position. Task roles and maintenance roles

What is effective team process in building effective teams

◦ Are "members' independent acts that convert inputs to outcomes through cognitive, verbal, and behavioral activities directed toward organizing task work to achieve collective goals."

What is the norming stage in the stages of group and team development

◦ Conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge ◦ Group cohesiveness

What are advice teams

◦ Created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions. Committees and review panels

What is the performing stage in the five stages of group and team development

◦ Members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks

What are production teams

◦ Responsible for performing day-to-day operations ◦ Assembly teams, maintenance crews

What are action teams

◦ Work to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination ◦ Hospital surgery teams, airline cockpit crews, police SWAT teams

What are project teams

◦ Work to do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members of a cross-functional team ◦ Task forces, research groups

what is the storming process of the five stages of group and team development

◦ characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group

what is collaborating in the five conflict-handling style

"Let's cooperate to reach a win-win solution that benefits both of us" High in concern for others, high in concern for self

What is accommodating in the five conflict-handling styles

"Let's do it your way" Low in concern for self, high in concern for others

WHat is the process perspective on motivation

- Focus on the thought processes through which people choose among alternative courses of action and he perceptions that motivate behavior.

What are the types of teams

1. advice teams 2. production teams 3. project teams 4. action teams 5. self-managed problem-solving cross-functional continuous improvement top-management virtual

What is the difference between a group and a team

A group is a collection of people, and a team is a powerful unit of collective performance. All teams are groups but not all groups are teams

Attitude

A learned predisposition toward a given object, directly influences our behavior Predisposition (feeling or belief) towards a given object (people, events, etc.) As such, they are influenced by values and by personality

Values

Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations

Process perspectives on motivation

Concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act-how employees choose behavior to meet their needs Goal is to go further and try to understand why employees have different needs

what is job redesign

Designing a better fit between workers and their jobs Combining tasks Forming natural work groups Establishing client relationships

What is equity theory of the process perspective of motivation

Employees evaluate their treatment relative to the treatment of others the comparison of the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs

What is the psychological empowerment type of relationship-oriented leadership style

Employees' belief that they have control over their work Increasing employees' meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and progress

what two theories are important in the process perspectives on motivation

Equity and Expectancy

what are positive and negative interpersonal attributes

Extraversion(+), agreeableness(+), Emotional intelligence(+), Narcissism(-), Machiavellianism(-), Psychopathy(-)

what is passive leadership

Form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills

What are the principles governing reinforcement

Law of effect, law of contingent reinforcement and law of immediate reinforcement

What is the consideration leadership in relationship leadership

Leader behavior that is concerned with group members' needs and desires and that is directed at creating mutual respect or trust

Content perspectives include what four theories

Maslow's hierarchy of needs McClelland's acquired needs theory Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory Hertzberg's two-factor model

what is the Content perspective on motivation

Motivation results from the individual's attempts to satisfy needs. Emphasizes needs as motivators

What is the empowering leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style

Represents the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others

What is a team

Small group of people working together with a common purpose, performance goals, and mutual accountability

What is reinforcement

The administration of a consequence as a result of a behavior.

What is Law of contingent reinforcement.

The reward must be delivered only if the desired behavior is exhibited.

Law of immediate reinforcement

The reward must be given as soon as possible after the desired behavior is exhibited.

What is the equity theory

a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give and take relationships Based on cognitive dissonance- the psychological discomfort people experience between their cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior Discomfort is motivating and inspires desire to change

what is the law of effect

a principle governing reinforcement Behavior that results in a pleasant outcome is likely to be repeated while behavior that results in an unpleasant outcome is not likely to be repeated.

Emotional intelligence

ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated

what is the reinforcement theory

attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior with negative consequences is unlikely to be repeated

what is the trust triange

authenticity, logic, and empathy

What are five conflict-handling styles

avoiding, accommodating, forcing, compromising, and collaborating

What are the elements of the expectancy theory

boils down to deciding how much effort to exert in a specific task situation, involves an relationship between your effort and your performance and the desirability of the outcomes. Affected by the three elements effort, performance, outcome valence

What is job enrichment

building into a job such motivating factors such as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement- giving employees more responsibility-vertical loading adding a motivating factor

what is transactional leadership in trait-oriented leadership

clarifies employees' roles and task requirements and provides rewards and punishments contingent on performance.

what are the components of building effective teams

collaboration, trust, performance goals and feedback, motivation through mutual accountability, team composition, roles, norms, and effective team processes

what are work-related attitudes and behaviors managers are concerned with

commitment, satisfaction, and engagement

what are the two types of programmed conflict

devil's advocacy and dialect method

what is the servant leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style

focuses on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to oneself

What are the two types of groups

formal and informal

What are the five stages of group and team development

forming storming norming performing adjourning

What are the two techniques to job design

job enlargement and job enrichment

What are problem-solving teams

knowleadgeable workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then disband

What three critical psychological states are impacted by the five job design characteristics

meaningfulness of work, responsibility for results, and knowledge of results

what are cross-functional teams

members composed of people from different departments pursuing a common objective

what is a top management team

members consist of the CEO, president, and top department head and work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals

what is a work team

members engage in collective work requiring coordinated effort, purpose of team is advice, project, or action

what is the adjourning step in the five stages of group and team development

members prepare for disbandment

What are contingency factors

necessary knowledge and skills, desire for personal growth, and context satisfactions- the right physical working conditions

What is outputs in the equity theory of the process perspective of motivation

pay, benefit, praise and recognition

What are the two types of power in McClelland's acquired needs theory

personal power and institutional power

what are the three types of conflict

personality, intergroup, multi-cultural

What are the four types of reinforcement

positive, negative, extinction, punishment

what are the trait approaches to the integrated model of leadership

positive-task oriented positive or negative imporsonal attributes humility

what is the forming process of the five stages of group and team development

process of getting oriented and getting aquainted

Negative reinforcement

process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

Punishment

process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive

What are the five core job characteristics of job design

skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

what is initiating structure

structure leadership organizes and defines what employees should be doing to maximize output.

what are the four leader behaviors

task-oriented leadership, relationship oriented leadership, passive leadership, and transformational leadership

Motivation

the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. Can be intrinsic or extrinsic

expectancy/ effort-to performance expectancy

the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance

What is job design

the division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction

Instrumentality/ performance-to-reward expectancy

the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired

Extinction

weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.

Valence

the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward

What is inputs in the equity theory of the process perspective of motivation

time, effort, training, experience, and education

what are the two different models to job design

traditional(fitting people to jobs and modern (fitting jobs to people)

What are the elements in the simple model of motivation

unfulfilled need, motivation, behaviors, rewards, feedback

Positive reinforcment

use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior

What is the continuous improvement teams

volunteers of workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace workplace and quality-related problems

what is devil's advocacy in programming conflict

◦ process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality testing

What is dialect method in programming conflict

◦ process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal

what is trust in building effective teams

◦ reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors ◦ Trust triangle