Management final exam
What is the integrated model of leadership
comprised of traits, leader behaviors and leadership effectiveness
what are the parts of relationship-oriented leadership
consideration, empowering, ethical and servant
What are the four perspectives on motivation
content, process, job design, reinforcement
What is McClelland's acquired needs theory
has three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power needs are learned and one need often dominates
What is task identity characteristic in job design
how many different tasks are required to complete the work
What is task significance in job design
how many other people are impacted by your job
What is the skill variety technique in job design
how many skills your job requires
What is Autonomy characteristic in job design
how much discretion does your job give you
Agreeableness
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is
what is job enlargement
increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation- giving additional tasks of similar difficulty- horizontal loading
what are the parts of task-oriented leader behaviors
initiating structure and transactional
What are the elements of the equity theory
inputs, outputs, comparison
what is positive task-oriented traits
intelligence, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability, positive affect
What are self-managed teams
workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision
what is the modern way of job design and what is it
· Fitting jobs to people- based on the assumption that people are underutilized at work and that they want more variety, challenges, and responsibility based on scientific management
what is laissez-faire leadership
• A form of "leadership" characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading.
what is ethical leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style
• Represents normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model.
what is a formal group
◦ A group assigned by organizations or its managers to accomplish specific goals ◦ Established to do something productive for an organization ◦ Headed by a leader
What is an informal group
◦ A group formed by people whose overriding purpose is getting together for friendship or a common interest ◦ Formed by people seeking friendship ◦ Has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge
What is a group
◦ A group is two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals, and have a common identity
what are roles in building effective teams and what are the two types
◦ A socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position. Task roles and maintenance roles
What is effective team process in building effective teams
◦ Are "members' independent acts that convert inputs to outcomes through cognitive, verbal, and behavioral activities directed toward organizing task work to achieve collective goals."
What is the norming stage in the stages of group and team development
◦ Conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge ◦ Group cohesiveness
What are advice teams
◦ Created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions. Committees and review panels
What is the performing stage in the five stages of group and team development
◦ Members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks
What are production teams
◦ Responsible for performing day-to-day operations ◦ Assembly teams, maintenance crews
What are action teams
◦ Work to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination ◦ Hospital surgery teams, airline cockpit crews, police SWAT teams
What are project teams
◦ Work to do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members of a cross-functional team ◦ Task forces, research groups
what is the storming process of the five stages of group and team development
◦ characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group
what is collaborating in the five conflict-handling style
"Let's cooperate to reach a win-win solution that benefits both of us" High in concern for others, high in concern for self
What is accommodating in the five conflict-handling styles
"Let's do it your way" Low in concern for self, high in concern for others
WHat is the process perspective on motivation
- Focus on the thought processes through which people choose among alternative courses of action and he perceptions that motivate behavior.
What are the types of teams
1. advice teams 2. production teams 3. project teams 4. action teams 5. self-managed problem-solving cross-functional continuous improvement top-management virtual
What is the difference between a group and a team
A group is a collection of people, and a team is a powerful unit of collective performance. All teams are groups but not all groups are teams
Attitude
A learned predisposition toward a given object, directly influences our behavior Predisposition (feeling or belief) towards a given object (people, events, etc.) As such, they are influenced by values and by personality
Values
Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations
Process perspectives on motivation
Concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act-how employees choose behavior to meet their needs Goal is to go further and try to understand why employees have different needs
what is job redesign
Designing a better fit between workers and their jobs Combining tasks Forming natural work groups Establishing client relationships
What is equity theory of the process perspective of motivation
Employees evaluate their treatment relative to the treatment of others the comparison of the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs
What is the psychological empowerment type of relationship-oriented leadership style
Employees' belief that they have control over their work Increasing employees' meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and progress
what two theories are important in the process perspectives on motivation
Equity and Expectancy
what are positive and negative interpersonal attributes
Extraversion(+), agreeableness(+), Emotional intelligence(+), Narcissism(-), Machiavellianism(-), Psychopathy(-)
what is passive leadership
Form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills
What are the principles governing reinforcement
Law of effect, law of contingent reinforcement and law of immediate reinforcement
What is the consideration leadership in relationship leadership
Leader behavior that is concerned with group members' needs and desires and that is directed at creating mutual respect or trust
Content perspectives include what four theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs McClelland's acquired needs theory Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory Hertzberg's two-factor model
what is the Content perspective on motivation
Motivation results from the individual's attempts to satisfy needs. Emphasizes needs as motivators
What is the empowering leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style
Represents the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others
What is a team
Small group of people working together with a common purpose, performance goals, and mutual accountability
What is reinforcement
The administration of a consequence as a result of a behavior.
What is Law of contingent reinforcement.
The reward must be delivered only if the desired behavior is exhibited.
Law of immediate reinforcement
The reward must be given as soon as possible after the desired behavior is exhibited.
What is the equity theory
a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give and take relationships Based on cognitive dissonance- the psychological discomfort people experience between their cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior Discomfort is motivating and inspires desire to change
what is the law of effect
a principle governing reinforcement Behavior that results in a pleasant outcome is likely to be repeated while behavior that results in an unpleasant outcome is not likely to be repeated.
Emotional intelligence
ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated
what is the reinforcement theory
attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior with negative consequences is unlikely to be repeated
what is the trust triange
authenticity, logic, and empathy
What are five conflict-handling styles
avoiding, accommodating, forcing, compromising, and collaborating
What are the elements of the expectancy theory
boils down to deciding how much effort to exert in a specific task situation, involves an relationship between your effort and your performance and the desirability of the outcomes. Affected by the three elements effort, performance, outcome valence
What is job enrichment
building into a job such motivating factors such as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement- giving employees more responsibility-vertical loading adding a motivating factor
what is transactional leadership in trait-oriented leadership
clarifies employees' roles and task requirements and provides rewards and punishments contingent on performance.
what are the components of building effective teams
collaboration, trust, performance goals and feedback, motivation through mutual accountability, team composition, roles, norms, and effective team processes
what are work-related attitudes and behaviors managers are concerned with
commitment, satisfaction, and engagement
what are the two types of programmed conflict
devil's advocacy and dialect method
what is the servant leadership in the relationship-oriented leadership style
focuses on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to oneself
What are the two types of groups
formal and informal
What are the five stages of group and team development
forming storming norming performing adjourning
What are the two techniques to job design
job enlargement and job enrichment
What are problem-solving teams
knowleadgeable workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then disband
What three critical psychological states are impacted by the five job design characteristics
meaningfulness of work, responsibility for results, and knowledge of results
what are cross-functional teams
members composed of people from different departments pursuing a common objective
what is a top management team
members consist of the CEO, president, and top department head and work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals
what is a work team
members engage in collective work requiring coordinated effort, purpose of team is advice, project, or action
what is the adjourning step in the five stages of group and team development
members prepare for disbandment
What are contingency factors
necessary knowledge and skills, desire for personal growth, and context satisfactions- the right physical working conditions
What is outputs in the equity theory of the process perspective of motivation
pay, benefit, praise and recognition
What are the two types of power in McClelland's acquired needs theory
personal power and institutional power
what are the three types of conflict
personality, intergroup, multi-cultural
What are the four types of reinforcement
positive, negative, extinction, punishment
what are the trait approaches to the integrated model of leadership
positive-task oriented positive or negative imporsonal attributes humility
what is the forming process of the five stages of group and team development
process of getting oriented and getting aquainted
Negative reinforcement
process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
Punishment
process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
What are the five core job characteristics of job design
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback
what is initiating structure
structure leadership organizes and defines what employees should be doing to maximize output.
what are the four leader behaviors
task-oriented leadership, relationship oriented leadership, passive leadership, and transformational leadership
Motivation
the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. Can be intrinsic or extrinsic
expectancy/ effort-to performance expectancy
the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance
What is job design
the division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction
Instrumentality/ performance-to-reward expectancy
the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired
Extinction
weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Valence
the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward
What is inputs in the equity theory of the process perspective of motivation
time, effort, training, experience, and education
what are the two different models to job design
traditional(fitting people to jobs and modern (fitting jobs to people)
What are the elements in the simple model of motivation
unfulfilled need, motivation, behaviors, rewards, feedback
Positive reinforcment
use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior
What is the continuous improvement teams
volunteers of workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace workplace and quality-related problems
what is devil's advocacy in programming conflict
◦ process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality testing
What is dialect method in programming conflict
◦ process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal
what is trust in building effective teams
◦ reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors ◦ Trust triangle