apush 36-38

thurgood marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor., the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, he became head of the NAACP's legal section in 1938. he was a great lawyer and used his knowledge of the constitution to attack the foundations of segregation. his legal strategy was mostly based on the 14th amendment, which guarantees all citisens equal protection of the laws. it also forbids any state from making laws that interfere with the rights of the US citizens. marshall argued that this meant that all rights in the federal constitution were valid in the states, too. his ultimate goal was integration, an end to racial segregation., the first African American supreme court justice. He was the majority decision in Brown Vs. Board of Education - this decision led to the integration of schools

department of defense

A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon., Robert Gates, Created in 1947 under the national security act, which also created the pentagon and secretary of defense. It is important because it is the federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the UnitedStates

alger hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon., was a U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950, Accused of being a Russian spy and aiding the Soviets w/secret information. He wasn't convicted of espionage because there was no proof. However, he was convicted of perjury., accused of spying for the Soviet Union in 1948- Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against him

marshall plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe., Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. help britain and france.

jacob lawrence

An African American painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art, Harlem artist that portrayed the daily lives of African American heroes, an african american painter dynamic cubism though by his own account the primary influence was not so much French art as the shape and colors of Harlem, Style mixes African art, cubism and expressionism, dealt with social and racial issues, "Migration Series"

baby boom

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families., the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II, A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

disneyland

Disneyland opened in 1955 in Anaheim, California. It was a theme park, developed by Walt Disney and based around his cartoon characters. It was designated as a place for family entertainment., In 1955, Disneyland was created in Anaheim, CA as the first major theme park. It was important because it was exemplary of how Americans started to spend money on things like theme parkers because of the threat of the cold war, so why not? It was also the first park of its kind., Artificial world. Middle class main street town. A world of fantasy and we know it's not real. But the parking lot trains us to be a citizen because it imitates real life.

partition of germany

Divided among Allies - England, France, US, USSR - USSR section becomes E. Germany, others unite - W. Germany, division of Germany into three occupied zones, USSR, U.S, Britain, and France each occupied a part of Germany and would make sure it would no longer become a threat

the affluent society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance., Claimed pos WWII- US was rich in private sector but weak in public sector, popularized the phrase conventional wisdom, work by John Galbraith, by Galbraith; said that the nation's postwar prosperity was a new phenomenon...before, there used to be an "economy of scarcity" because of lack of resources and overpopulation, but due to the US's and other industrialized countries' technology, it was an "economy of abundance" (new business techniques and improved tech. enabled nations to produce an abundance of goods and services), Claimed pos WWII- US was rich in private sector but weak in public sector, popularized the phrase conventional wisdom, work by John Galbraith

k1c2

Korea, Corruption, and Communism, Ike's promise as Republican candidate in prez. election of '52 when he beat Adlai Stevenson, Korea, corruption, communism. Eisnerhower's campaign message. End war in korea, end corruption, anti-communism. Election of 1952 marks a change in campaigning through use of media. More money spent advertising candidates than ever before, Campaign slogan of Ike - "Korea First; Communism + Corruption second", Korea, corruption, communism. Eisnerhower's campaign message. End war in korea, end corruption, anti-communism. Election of 1952 marks a change in campaigning through use of media. More money spent advertising candidates than ever before

iron curtain speech

March 1946 Winston Churchill at Fulton College Missouri; said an "iron curtain" had fallen across the Continent., Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe., March, 1946 - Winston Churchill reviewed the international response to Russian aggression and declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe.

emmett till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement., fourteen year old who was lynched in 1955 for allegedly leering at a white woman, 14 year old black who vacationed in Mississippi, allegedly whistled at a white woman (Carolyn Bryant), was subsequently beaten, abused, and murdered then tied to a cotton gin and thrown into a river; death ignited racial controversy in Mississippi regarding handling of court case, A 14 boy who was murdered in Mississippi for supposedly whistling at a white woman, brutally beaten, motivating factor in Civil Rights movement

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality, led by W.E.B. Debois, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Its purpose was to fight for the rights of African Americans, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an organization with the goal of bringing social and economic equality to black people.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs, A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict., A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment, National Security Council planning paper no. 68 redefined America's national defense policy. Adopted in 1950, it committed the United States to a massive military buildup to meet the challenge believed, to be posed by the Soviet Union.

hydrogen bomb

One thousand more times more powerful than the atomic bomb. Truman ordered the development of it to outpace the Soviets., The Soviet Union's testing of an atomic bomb motivated America to develop a hydrogen bomb with 1000 times the power of the atomic bomb., Bomb first developed by the united states that was considered a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb. The first was exploded on an island in the South Pacific (bikini island) by the United States in 1952, followed by the Soviets in 1953, representing a new phase in the nuclear arms race of the Cold War. (874)

chief justice earl warren

The man who said "separate is inequal," he also gave the majority vote. ,Accepted cases involving controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused, presided over Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of Kennedy, Liberal judge; brown v. board of education - declared segregation unconstitutional, Miranda v. Arizona - right to plead the 5th among other rights that must be read to those arrested,, The man who said "separate is inequal," he also gave the majority vote. ,Accepted cases involving controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused, presided over Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of Kennedy. ( he supported the constitutional rights of citizens)

mccarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee., In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists in government that led to more than four years of charges and countercharges, ending when the Senate censured him in 1954. McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950's., Senate hearing created an atmosphere of conformity and fear--downfall of McCarthy occurred when he took on the Army in 1954, beleif that communist organizations throughout the U.S. were plotting to overthrow the government, The attacks by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being communists.

civil rights commission

To investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices. To issue public service announcements to discourage discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws., investigate violations of civil rights and authoriaed federal injuctions to protect voting rights, Established as a result of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, to investigate violations of civil rights.

election of 1948

Truman (Democrat) vs. Dewey (Republican). Truman won even though people thought that his integration policies would cause him to lose, as were disapproved by the Dixiecrats., Truman defeats Dewey in a stunning upset--Henry Wallace leds new Progressive party--Dewey Rublications, The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.

loyalty oaths

Truman orders background checks on 3 millon federal employees, and loyalty oaths were demanded, especially from teachers. Many citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government., increasingly demanded of employees esp teachers--many felt civil liberties suppressed, an element of President Truman's 1947 Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program which was designed to week out communists and other "subversives" from govt. employment, pledge not to join the Communist party; requirement to work in the govt; nationalistic, along with teacher certification and requirement of citizenship were introduced to control educational and political quality of teachers, oaths made by people in the government that they "weren't communist"

fair deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing, An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress., Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal., called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and extension of Social Security

national security act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council., 1947; enacted to back up the Truman Doctrine; established the National Security Council to advise the president, established the Central Intelligence Agency to gather information abroad and engage in covert activities in support of the nation's security, began the processes of transforming the old War and Navy Depts into the Department of Defense, and combined the leadership of the army,navy, and air force under the Joint Chiefs of Staff; showed Truman's and Americans' fears of communist invasion after WWII, 1947; changed War Dept -> Dept of Defense; single budget for Dept of Defense; created NSA and CIA

truman doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism., (HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

civil rights act of 1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Republicans in the United States since Reconstruction., The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower., First civil rights law since Reconstruction. It created the Civil Rights Commission and special division within Justice Department that could fight against those preventing people from voting. However, it was not particularly effective. Nonetheless, it paved the way for future laws, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

gi bill

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Created because the returning veterans threatened to increase the already high unemployment rate after they returned from war.

suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people., residential areas that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation, workers could commute, middle class whites, shopping malls replaced downtown stores in cities, blacks took over cities

the man in the gray flannel suit

Sloan Wilson against consumerism

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success., Alliance of church-based African American organizations formed in 1957 that was dedicated to ending discrimination. It was founded by MLK., This is a Civil Rights organization that was instrumental in the 60s Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King was its first president and it is rooted in nonviolent civil disobedience.

SNCC

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such, civil rights group made up of students; sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters, (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

berlin airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city., Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city, planes flew in food,fuel, and other supplies to 2 millioin berliners during the berlin blockade which cut off west berlin from the rest of the world

gunnar myrdal

Swedish economist; writes "The American Dilemma" says US biggest problem is racism because of stereotype of blacks as inferior among whites; blacks treated as second class by gov., exposed the contradiction between America's professed belief that all men are created equal, wrote An American Dilemma, Individual who described race relations as "an American dilemma" resulting from a conflict between the "American creed" and "American behavior", A Swedish economist who wrote "The American Dilemma". He claimed the US's biggest problem is racism because of stereotype of blacks as inferior among whites, blacks treated as second class by gov. He exposed the contradiction between America's professed belief that all men are created equal.

1950s television

The 1950s was about conformatism and the wonderful new television made its way into most homes. Elvis and his new style of music, called rock and roll, was also introduced during the 1950., screen shaped like TV, boxy eventually made wider screen

adlai stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower., Democratic nominee in the elections of 1952 and 1956. Both times he was defeated by the republican candidate (Eisenhower). During the campaigns, Stevenson criticised McCarthy and other republicans calling them "Fear mongers". (pg 887, 888), American politician, noted for intellectual demeanor and advocacy of liberal causes in the Democratic party. He served one term as governor of Illinois and lost, by landslides, in two races for president against Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956. He was Ambassador to the United Nations, 1961-65., American politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party. He served one term as governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 and 1956; both times he was defeated by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower.

orval faubus

The Governor who opposed the integration of Central High, Sent the Little Rock National Guard to keep them out. Then gave them no protection at all., governor of arkansas that brought in state troops to keep the black students from getting to school, He was the governor of Arkansas during the time of the Little Rock Crisis. He attempted to block the integration of the school by using the national guard, leading to a confrontation with the Eisenhower and ultimately integration of the school.

greensboro sit-ins

The Greensboro Sit-ins were protests where 4 students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College sat down at whites only lunch counter. Once they were there, they refused to move. Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. These sit-ins led to the formation of the SNCC. Led to sit-ins across the country., Black students politely order food from restaurant, not served, sat in place for days, gathering supporters. successful., 1960- Students at North Carolina AT&T were tired of segregation at Woolworth's Diner, nonviolent demonstrations and marches that challenged segregation laws, sat in diners to take up business, but wouldn't get served, stopped business

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,, a congressional Committee that investigated Commmunist influence inside and outside the US gov. after WWII, House Un-American Activities Committee- accused people of being communists and "blacklisted" them., The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda, Oranization investigating U.S. citizens accused of communism, the house unamerican activities committee. established to investigate disloyalty during ww2. Government agencies as well as Hollywood were investigated for communists.

korean war

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea., Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea., conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China came to North Korea's aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea.

dennis v. u.s.

The court held that the federal government can limit speech even if it does not directly lead to action. In doing so, the court was upholding the Smith Act- a law that made it a crime to support a communist organization, 1st amendment does not protect speech about communism; talk can cause convictions. Dennis reflects Americas "Mcarthy Era" fears of communism, 1st amendment does not protect speech about communism; talk can cause convictions, Free speech, publication and assembly prohibited if in furtherance of a conspiracy to overthrow gov't

jackie robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans., The first black baseball player to play in the major leagues. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and broke the color barrier in baseball and made way for other changes for equality., First black to integrate a professional sport team

martin luther king jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964), In 1963 made the famous "I Have a Dream Speech" during the March on Washington., 1950s; civil rights leader advocated non-violence and civil disobedience as tools for change; organized protests such as the March on Washington, as well as indirectly inspired sit-ins and protests across the nation, America's greatest civil rights leaders, 1955-1968; his nonviolent protests gained national attention and resulted in governmental protection of African American rights. He was assassinated in 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, reverend

rosa parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913), NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr., An African American woman who was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person. Her actions led to a Montgomery bus boycott, and finally, the Supreme Court's ruling in Novemeber 1956 that segregation on transportation is unconstitutional.

marilyn monroe

United States film actress noted for sex appeal (1926-1962), this movie star helped to popularize and commercialize new standards of sensuous sexuality, Female icon of the 1950s and 60s, she could sing, dance, act, and was the most infamous Playboy Bunny, A twentieth-century actress who became the leading sex symbol of the 1950s. While still in her thirties, she died of an overdose of sleeping pills. Among her best-known films are The Seven-Year Itch, Bus Stop, and Some Like it Hot.

robert oppenheimer

United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967), an American theoretical physicist, best known for his role as the director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons, at the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. Known as "the father of the atomic bomb," at the Trinity test, he said, quoting from the Bhagavad Gita, "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one. Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.", He a physicist who was the director of the Manhattan. Project. He helped to ensure the development of the atomic bomb before the axsi, manhattan project

dr. benjamin spock

Was a 1950's doctor who told the whole baby boom generation how to raise their kids. He also said that raising them was more important and rewarding than extra $ would be., the commonsense book of baby and child care--sold 1 million copies--said that womens primary responsibility was to stay home and nurture their children, Pediatrician and author of the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), which emphasized children's need for the love and care of full-time mothers

joe mccarthy

Winsconsin Senator that created a national witch hunt for socialist and communists inside the United States after WWII, This man started "witch hunts" in America, ruining the lives of many with false accusations., anti-communist Wisconson senator who started another "Red Scare" after he claimed to have a list of communists working in the government, accused people of being Communists without providing evidence., a senator from Wisconsin; known for his brutal interrogations of suspects resuting in ruining the lives of both guilty and innocent people, blacklisted people, HUAC, house un-american activities committee

world bank

a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments, A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834), an international bank that offers low-interest loans, advice, and information to developing nations, A union of international organizations established in 1945 to provide aid to countries seeking to participate in international exchange, and to reduce poverty around the world.

credit card

a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services

containment doctrine

a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its enroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if neccesary., Rather than attempting to create a unified, "open" world, the United States would work to "contain" the threat of further Soviet expansion., set forth singular rationale for us intervention-attempted expansion of the communist sphere of influence-that most americans found acceptable, although some considered it too passive

atomic energy commission

a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States, Created a monopoly for the Federal government's control of fissionable materials (Uranium and Plutonium), Control atomic energy, control spread of nuclear weapons. Russia refused to let the US inpect., Created a monopoly for the Federal government's control of fissionable materials (Uranium and Plutonium), 1946 est. from the McMahon Act. With control of all fissionable materials for both peacetime and military applications. This was a civilian not a military agency.

agribusiness

a large-scale farming enterprise, Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations., A general term for large-scale, mechanized industrial agriculture that is controlled by corporate interests

long telegram

a telegram sent from George Kennan to the USSR outlining the policy of containment, an influential five-thousand-word missive by diplomat George F. Kennan that outlined why America needed to develope an agressive foreign policy aimed at containing Soviet expansionist impulses.

united nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security, organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation., International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833), An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

national security council

chaired by the president, it is the lead advisory board in the area of national and international security. The other members of the council include the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and chair of the joint chiefs of staff., an office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant., The executive office established in response to intelligence lapses during WWI. Oversees American foreign policy and includes the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense and is lead by the National Security Advisor.

general douglas macarthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan, He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War), Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, however President Harry Truman removed him from his command after MacArthur expressed a desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria., led the peace plan in Korea, *President ordered him to send arms and troops to South Korea *Did not seek congressional approval for the decision *Set the precedent of waging war on executive authority alone

central intelligence agency

created after WW II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well., An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well., Eisenhower trained 2k men to invade cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro, an agency created after World War 2 to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well., Gathers information about the governments of other countries and deals with threats from foreign countries.

international monetary fund

created at the bretton woods conference, An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade., based in Washington, DC; provides financial advice and funding to countries that are experiencing debt payment difficulties, an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

mao zedong

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976), Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789), Third leader after the emporer; started the Great Leap Forward, the Great Cultural Revolution, the Red Book, the Red Guard, and the Red Brigade, wanted to get rid of the 4 olds. Communist.

jiang jieshi (chiang kai-shek)

Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan, (nationalist) Succeeded Sun (1925) energetic army officer, received military training in Japan and wanted to smash warlords and reunite China. 1926- march into north china, crushed warlords and advanced, capital Beijing, mid campaign-> strikes communism (threat to his power) 1927- Guomindang slaughters comm. members, thousands killed in Shanghai, The opposing person to Mao, who was in charge of the Nationalist Party. He dominated southwestern China, however in 1949, Mao got complete control of China. This person and his people fled to Taiwan, where the USA helped them set up a nationalist government

julius and ethel rosenberg

Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union., allegedly "leaked" atomic data to Moscow, These two were Soviet spies sent to steal information and technology. They helped the Soviets developed the atomic bomb, and their executions drew sympathy from those tired of the "red-hunts"

dean acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for., He was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman during 1949-1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War., - American Secretary of State under Truman Administration. Known as one of the architects of the cold war. Played important role in creation of Lend Lease, The Truman Doctrine, The Marshall Plan, NATO and the World Bank., predicted that if Greece and Turkey fell, communism would soon consume three-fourths of the world. He also noted that, "hostile reaction to segregation and discrimination.....growing in alarming proportions," endangering, "our moral leadership of the free and democratic nations of the world." He also supported transforming the military objective from containment to elimination of the enemy and unification of Korea.

george kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War., an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers., US minister-counselor in Moscow that warned about Russian communist intentions to take over the world, formulated the "containment doctrine" which stated that Russia was relentlessly expansionary. the soviet union was cautious. the flow of the soviet power could be stemmed by firm and vigilant containment.

strom thurmond

He was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner., Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party., Governor of South Carolina; 50yrs in senate congress known for his 26 hours of segregationist views; was the States Rights ("Dixiecrat") candidate in the 1948 election. He had 39 Electoral College votes and won for states in the south.

montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal., December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months., political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.

dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party., Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats., Southern Democrats split in 1948 and formed Democrats and Dixies nominated Strom Thurmond picked up 39 votes, The States' Rights Democratic Party was a segregationist, populist, socially conservative splinter party of the Democratic Party in the mid-20th century determined to keep the south the same, J. Strom Thurmond,Southern Democrats disgruntled over the strong civil rights proposals of the Democrats' 1948 National Convention. Formed the States' Rights Democratic Party and nominated Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for president.

white citizens' councils

stated that the south would not be integrated. it imposed economical and political pressure against those who favorered compliance with the supreme courts decision., southerners dedicated to blocking school integration

sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative, A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.

frostbelt

the northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States., the northern states, less agriculture, more auto/buildings, An unofficial region of the United States, generally consisting of the Northeast and Midwest. Mostly Industrial (Detroit, NY, etc.)

domino theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control, Theory that if one nation fell to Communism, all the surrounding nations would likely fall as well. Justification for Vietnam War (in part, obviously), The idea that countries bordering communist countries were in more danger of falling to communism unless the United States and other western nations worked to prevent it.

mccarran internal security bill

vetoed by Truman, authorized the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an "internal security emergency", 1950--required communist-front organizations to register with the attorney general and prevented members from defense work and travel abroad--Truman vetoed so the president could arrest and detain suspicious person during an internal security emergency, allowed the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an internal security emergency, vetoed by Truman but passed

elvis presley

white singer born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi; chief revolutionary of popular music in the 1950s, fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll, (1950s) a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s, when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s, fused black r&b with white country music, mixed racial music choices

the feminine mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities, Written by feminist Betty Friedan. It launched the modern women's movement. It was read by millions of able, educated women., written by Betty Friedan, analyzed the problems of middle-class American women and argued that they were being denied equality with men, 1963 book written by Betty Friedan which attacked the popular notion that women during this time could only find fulfillment through childbearing and homemaking. According to The New York Times obituary of Friedan in 2006, it "ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world" and "is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.

betty freidan

wrote The Feminine Mystique credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW, wrote "the Feminine Mystique" amd created NOW (National Organization of Women) worked for equal pay and opportunities for women in society, PRESIDENT OF NOW. wrote book "The Feminine Mystique" and concluded that many women felt trapped by their lives rather than fulfilled by it, She was one of the heads of the women rights movement and she wrote the Feminine Mystique that said that house wives were suffering silently and they needed to rise up., We must overcome our diversity of varied political beliefs. Our common commitment is to equality for women. And we are not single-issue people; we want a voice for all women, to raise our voices in decision making on all matters.

nuremberg war crimes trial

(1946) Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the Allies denazification program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences. (926)

san francisco conference

(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter., Conference in which WWII officially ended and Japan was no longer an imperial power, This was the international meeting that established the United Nations. The basic principles of a worldwide organization that would embrace the political objectives of the Allies had been proposed at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 and reaffirmed at the Yalta Conference in early 1945., April 25, 1945 United Nations Charter approved establishing a Security Council with Veto power for the Big Five Powers ( US, Germany, Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union and a general assembly

taft hartley act

(HT) 1947, , The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.

bretton woods conference

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe., Conference that led to creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, designed to secure international capitalism by preventing global economic catastrophes., The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to regulate and stabilize international currency exchange rates and thus to encourage world trade. The World Bank was set up to provide for economic development projects in less developed countries.

david riesman

Author who wrote The Lonely Crowd, which said Americans were conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than independently thinking on morals, Wrote the book The Lonely Crowd which argued that this conformity was changing people., Wrote "The Lonely Crowd", a sociological study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. Riesman argues that the character of post WWII American society impels individuals to "other-directedness", the preeminent example being modern suburbia, where individuals seek their neighbors' approval and fear being outcast from their community., sociologist. Described a mass society of "other directed" Americans doing nothing much more serious than looking to their peers for the right tastes and interests in music, clothes, and other trivia of popular culture. Contrasted these people with earlier generations of "inner-directed" individuals, self-motivated and independent. Suggested that modern conditions threaten independence and individuality. Examined the white middle classes in their suburbs

harry s truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb, The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery., 1945-1953, Democrat, favored civil rights, parties - States' Rights Party (dixiecrats), Progressive Party, also the establishment of the Truman Doctrine for foreign policy, which seeks to limit the spread of Communism., US president who urged the British to allow Jewish refugees into Palestine, fair deal

televangelists

Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton J. Sheen were known as this; they took to the airwaves to spread the Christian gospel, evangelical ministers who reached a large nationwide audience, People such as Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, and Fulton Sheen used TV to preach the gospel and encourage religion, term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks

john kenneth galbraith

Canada-US; (1900s); ambassador to India; American Capitalism, A Tenured Professor, The Affluent Society, United States economist (born in Canada) who served as ambassador to India (born in 1908), published The Affluent Society, in which he claimed that the nations postwar prosperity was a new phenomenon, questioned the relation b/t private wealth and the public good, the economist who believed that more government involvement and regulation of the economy would help improve society, a leading US economist producer sovereignty reigns and ppl in America are taught to spend more than we are taught to save

election of 1952

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) with Nixon as his VP (California business scandal) verses Adlai Stevenson (D) (Truman chose not to run again because he was unpopular because of the Korean war)...IKE wins with slogan "I LIKE IKE", Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois; Stevenson had gained a reputation in Illinois as an intellectual and eloquent orator. The Republican Party countered with popular war hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower and won in a landslide, ending 20 consecutive years of Democratic control of the White House., +The new technology of black-and-white television changed political campaigning. Television often over-simplified the complicated issues of the time. +Dwight Eisenhower won the election of 1952 by a large majority., Republicans nominated war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidential ticket along with Richard Nixon for VP. Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson. The election would mark the first Republican victory in 20 years.

satellite states

Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, E. European nations, under control of USSR; provided protection from invasion by western countries (NATO), Countries like Poland and Hungary became bound to the Soviet Union, Nations controlled by the Soviet Union/served as the Buffer Zone; Included: Poland, Czech., Hungary, Romania, and East Germany

i like ike

Eisenhowers slogan, running mate was Nixon

checkers speech

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal., Speech by Nixon that defended himself about using campaign money for personal reasons, Richard Nixon's speech on t.v. after being accused of many scams and other bad things, Nixon accused of financial improprieties when running as vice president with D.D.Eisenhower. Made a speech to the American people freeing him of the accusations. Speech got name from the name of his dog., a defensive speech made by senator nixon defending himself for taking money from his campaign and using it for his family

henry a wallace

FDR's VP, liveral Democrat and critic of containment who argued that the A-bomb made all warfare too risky and peace was imperative at all costs., head of the Progressive Party, another faction that branched off from the Dem Party before the election of 1948; was a liberal Democrat who were frustrated that Truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-Communist policies, Secretary of Commerce under President Truman who was fired in 1946 over a disagreement in foreign policy; ran for president against Truman in 1948 on the Progressive party ticket., FDR's Vice President. He was a liberal Democrat and critic of containment who argued that the A-bomb made all warfare too risky and peace was imperative at all costs. Wallace feuded publicly with Jesse Jones and other high officials so Roosevelt stripped him of his war agency responsibilities and entertained the idea of replacing him on the presidential ticket. The Democratic Party chose Harry S. Truman as Roosevelt's running mate at the 1944 Democratic convention and Truman came to succeed Wallace.

yalta conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula., (FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt. first tensions of cold war.

security council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces., A permanent section of the United Nations that authorizes war and is meant to keep peace.

mr.x

George Keenan. The ultimate objectives of containment were to prevent the expansion of Soviet power.

thomas dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952., He worked for a well known New York City law firm. He was Governor of New York State and was elected District Attorney in 1937. He was Governor 3 different times and ran for president twice although he was defeated both times. 1948 the newpapers had him defeating Truman but Truman won., The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment.

the buck stops here

I am the ultimate responsible person in this organization. President Truman said this, Taking responsibility for something, instead of blaming someone else., Historical- President Harry Truman has this sign on his desk; use today: I am the ultimate person responsible.

executive order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy., Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, this banned discrimination in the war industries., World War II measure that assured fair hiring practices in any job funded by the government.

levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII., Towns in which houses were built on an assembly line. The houses were cheap and all families could afford them.

north atlantic treaty organization

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence., (HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations and turkey all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all., Belgium, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the US founded a defensive pact, promising to regard an attack on one as an attack on all

richard nixon

he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam, President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned., He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President., president, 1969-1974; he extracted the United States from Vietnam slowly, recognized Communist China, and improved relations with the Soviet Union. His foreign policy achievements were overshadowed by the Watergate scandal.

smith act 1940

illegal to discuss overthrowing the government, 1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists, Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government., A United States federal statute that makes it a criminal offense for anyone to: knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association., first peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798

little rock nine

incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement., Nine black teenagers who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve., First black children in Little Rock Arkansas to go to an all white school. Kids had to be accompanied by soldiers to their classes and to and from school.

loyalty review board

investigated 3 million federal employees in fear of communism, Overt manifestation of Red Scare "security risk" govt employees (hundreds) fired, they accused Truman of being to soft on communism; the purpose of this group was to investigate gov't employees and dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. gov't, (1947) federal board set up by President Truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist., Reactionary policy under Truman to answer public hysteria over communist infiltration in the late 1940's and early 1950's into the US Government.

dwight d eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA, leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School, leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion., He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942.He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public., Nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961).As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System.

38th parallel

line of latitude that separated North and South Korea, Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War., dividing line between North and South Korea; at the end of WW2 Japanese troops north of the 38th Parallel surrendered to the Soviets; Japanese troops south of the parallel surrendered to the Americans. Two nations developed-one communist and one democratic

police action

phrase used to describe the U.S. intervention in Korea in 1950; the United States never officially declared war, President Truman's name for the Korean War. Truman did not go to Congress for a declaration of war, but sent US troops to Korea under the banner of the United Nations., Harry S Truman ordered the use of limited American air and sea forces in Korea without asking congress, loophole to legalize a military action taken without declaring war