APUSH 9.1 - 14.3 - Final Miramontes Quizlet.

Interstate Commerce Act

" (1887) Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business. (519)" (8.8)

Bracero Program

" (1942): Program established by agree- ment with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The pro- gram persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings. (803)" (12.5) (Corrected***)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill/GI Bill of Rights) 1944

" (1944) Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses and by making tuition and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs. The Act was also intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy. (831)" (13.1)

Freedom Summer

" (1964) A voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by a coalition of civil rights groups. The campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists. (903)" (13.4)

War Production Board

" (WPB) Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. The WPB had sweeping powers over the U.S. economy and was abolished in November 1945 soon after Japan's defeat. (802)" (12.5)

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

" An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. __________ argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I, __________ supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920). (562)" (9.4)

Watergate

" Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974 amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election. (925)" (13.7)

Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash and Carry)

" This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It rep- resented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks. (785)" (12.3)

Indian Removal Act

"(1830) Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. (258)" (8.3)

Trail of Tears

"(1838-1839) Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. (258)" (8.3)

Know Nothing Party

"(1850s): Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. (284)" (10.1)

Morrill Act 1862

"(1861) Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. (431)" (8.7)

Pacific Railway Act

"(1862): Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. (473)" (8.5)

National Banking System

"(1863) Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased govern- ment bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. (431)" (8.1)

National Labor Union

"(1866-1872) This first national labor organization in U.S. history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the work- force, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dis- solved in 1872. (532)" (8.9)

Credit Mobilier Scandal

"(1872) A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue. (490)" (8.1)

Battle of Little Bighorn

"(1876) A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white goldseekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution. (578)" (8.3)

Gilded Age

"(1877-1896): A term given to the period 1865- 1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era." (492) (8.1)

Chinese Exclusion Act

"(1882): Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history." (498) (10.1)

Pendleton Act

"(1883) Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system. (499)" (9.1)

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

"(1886) A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating [interstate*] railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry. (519)" (8.8)

Dawes Severalty Act

"(1887) An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. (581)" (8.3)

McKinley Tariff

"(1890) Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. (611)" (9.1)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

"(1890): A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations. (525)" (8.8)

Homestead Strike

"(1892) A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers. (506)" (9.2)

Pullman Strike

"(1894) An 1894 strike by railroad work- ers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to com- bat work stoppages. (599)" (8.9)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

"(1896): An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s. (496)" (10.3)

USS Maine

"(1898) American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine. (612)" (10.4)

Teller Amendment

"(1898): A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans. (614)" (10.4)

Anti-Imperialistic League

"(1898-1921) A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces. (620)" (10.4)

Open Door Policy (note)

"(1899-1900) A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China. (623)" (10.5)

Gold Standard Act

"(1900) An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign. (605)" (9.3)

Boxer Rebellion

"(1900) An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. (623)" (10.5)

Foraker Act

"(1900) Sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican from Ohio, this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. It was the first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for gov- ernance of territories acquired after the Spanish American War, and served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902. (620)" (10.4)

Hay - Pauncefote Treaty

"(1901) A treated signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America. (628)" (10.5)

Platt Amendment

"(1901) Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit. (621)" (10.4)

Elkins Act

"(1903) Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's. (649)" (9.6)

Roosevelt Corollary

"(1904) A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order. (630)" (10.5)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

"(1905) The IWW, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions. (683)" (12.5)

Lochner v. New York (1905)

"(1905): A setback for labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (645)" (9.5)

Pure Food and Drug Act

"(1906) A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medi- cine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation. (650)" (9.6)

Meat Inspection Act

"(1906) A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspec- tion. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meat- packing plants that it mobilized public support for govern- ment action. (650)" (9.6)

Hepburn Act

"(1906) ICA Amendment. Power to set maximum railroad rates. Expansion of interstate commerce to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, railroad sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines." (649) (9.6)

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

"(1908): A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers. (645)" (9.5)

New Freedom

"(1912): Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts. (661)" (9.7)

New Nationalism

"(1912): State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolida- tion of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain. (662)" (9.7)

Revenue Act 1913 (Underwood or Underwood-Simmons Tariff)

"(1913) This tariff provided for a sub- stantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. (664)" (9.8)

Federal Trade Commission Act

"(1914) A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods. (666)" (9.8)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

"(1914): Law extending the anti- trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. The act conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. (666)" (9.8)

Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee)

"(1917) A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep." (680)" (12.6)

Zimmerman Note

"(1917) German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance against the United States. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war. (678)" (12.1)

War Industries Board

"(1917): Headed by Bernard Baruch, this federal agency coordinated industrial production during World War I, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under the economic mobilization of the War Industries Board, industrial production in the United States increased 20 percent during the war. (682)" (12.5)

Bolshevik Revolution

"(1917): The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and estab- lished a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar. (700)" (12.1)

Fourteen Points

"(1918) Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self- determination, and a new league of nations. (680)" (12.1)

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

"(1918): This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an eight-hour day. While granting some concessions to labor, it stopped short of supporting labor's most important demand: a government guarantee of the right to organize into unions. (682)" (12.5)

Schenck v. United States (1919)

"(1919): A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. (681)" (12.6)

League of Nations

"(1919): A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American signing of the Treaty of Versailles. (693)" (12.2)

Treaty of Versailles

"(1919): World War I concluded with this vengeful document, which secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Woodrow Wilson's chagrin, it incorporated very few of his original Fourteen Points, although it did include the League of Nations that Wilson had long sought. Isolationists in the United States, deeply opposed to the League, led the opposition to the Treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate. (694)" (12.2)

19th Amendment

"(1920): This Constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and rati- fied in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York. (684)" (12.5)

Dawes Plan

"(1924) An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany. (737)" (12.2)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

"(1928) A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war." (732)" (12.2)

Black Tuesday

"(1929) The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression. (740)" (11.4)

Agricultural Marketing Act

"(1929) This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help them- selves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depres- sion worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market. (740)" (11.4)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

"(1930) The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading. To the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare. (740)" (11.4)

Bonus Army

"(1932): Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed the veterans with tear gas and bayonets. (746)" (11.4)

First Hundred Days

"(1933): The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal. (754)" (11.5)

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

"(1934) This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade. (780)" (12.2)

Social Security Act

"(1935): A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order." (767)" (11.6)

Wagner Act

"(1935): Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employers. Its passage marked the culmination of decades of labor pro- test. (767)" (11.6)

Court Packing Plan

"(1937): Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms. (771)" (11.7)

Atlantic Charter

"(1941) Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II. (793)" (12.3)

Pearl Harbor Attack

"(1941): An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941—a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into World War II. (794)" (12.4)

Lend-Lease Bill

"(1941): Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neu- trality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II. (791)" (12.3)

Manhattan Project

"(1942) Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bringing the war to an end: Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. (820)" (12.4)

Executive Order No. 9066 (Japanese Internment)

"(1942): Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorizing the War Department to remove Japanese "enemy aliens" to isolated internment camps. Immigrants and citizens alike were sent away from their homes, neighbors, schools, and businesses. The Japanese internment policy was held to be constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). (799)" (12.6)

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

"(1943): Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies. (803)" (12.5)

Bretton Woods Conference

"(1944) Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries. (841)" (12.7)

D-Day

"(1944): A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of World War II in Europe. (813)" (12.4)

Yalta Conference

"(1945) Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, in February 1945 at an old Tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union. (839)" (12.7)

Potsdam Conference

"(1945): From July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed. (820)" (12.4)

Baby Boom

"(1946-1964): Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities. (838)" (13.1)

Cold War

"(1946-1991) The 45-year-long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. (841)" (12.7)

Truman Doctrine

"(1947) President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any commu- nist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet- backed insurgencies. (846)"

Taft-Hartley Act

"(1947) Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers. (830)" (13.1)

Marshall Plan

"(1948): Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domes- tic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947. (847)" (12.7)

Berlin Airlift

"(1948): Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War. (846)" (12.7)

Korean War

"(1950-1953) First "hot war" of the Cold War. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (855)" (12.8)

Army-McCarthy Hearings

"(1954): Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spec- tacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. (867)" (12.8)

Suez Crisis

"(1956) International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. The crisis led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. The Suez crisis marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs. (875)" (12.9)

Sputnik

"(1957) Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. This scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race. A month later, the Soviet Union sent a larger satellite, Sputnik II, into space, prompting the United States to redouble its space exploration efforts and raising American fears of Soviet superiority. (877)" (12.9)

Bay of Pigs

"(1961) CIA plot in 1961 to over- throw Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency. (893)" (12.9)

Freedom Riders

"(1961) Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement. (896)" (13.3)

Cuban Missile Crisis

"(1962) Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation. (895)" (12.9)

The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan

"(1963) Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. (861)" (13.6)

Great Society

"(1964-1968) President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, the Great Society aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty. Great Society programs included the War on Poverty, which expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor. Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots levels. (900)" (13.4)

Griswold v. Connecticut

"(1965) The Court struck down a state law that prohibited the use of contraceptives, even among married couples. The Court proclaimed (critics said "invented") a "right of privacy" that soon provided the basis for decisions protecting women's abortion rights." (921) (13.6)

Six Day War

"(1967) Military conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. The war ended with an Israeli victory and territorial expansion into the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The 1967 war was a humiliation for several Arab states, and the territorial disputes it created formed the basis for continued conflict in the region. (907)" (14.2) Affected America because, after backing Israel with war materials, the antagonistic Arabian nations announced an embargo on Oil Shipments to the US in 1973, creating an energy crisis and an increased reliance on coal and nuclear power. (924) (14.2)

Stonewall Rebellion

"(1969) Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to a rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. (913)" (13.6)

Kent-State Shooting

"(1970) Massacre of 4 college students by national guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam war into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. On May 14 and 15th, students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent state shooting when the highway patrolman fired into a student dormitory, killing two students." (919) (13.5)

Southern Strategy

"(1972) Nixon reelection campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement. (922)" (13.7)

Roe v. Wade

"(1973): Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement. (932)" (13.7)

Iran-Contra Affair

"(1987) Major political scandal of Ronald Reagan's second term. An illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support the contras in Nicaragua, the scandal deeply dam- aged Reagan's credibility. (951)" (14.2)

Operation Desert Storm

"(1991) U.S.-led multi-country military engagement in January and February of 1991 that drove Saddam Hussein's Iraqi army out of neighboring Kuwait. In addition to presaging the longer and more pro- tracted Iraq War of the 2000s, the 1991 war helped undo what some called the "Vietnam Syndrome," a feeling of military uncertainty that plagued many Americans. (959)" (14.2)

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

"(ADA, 1990) Landmark law signed by President George H. W. Bush that prohibited discrimination against people with physical or mental handicaps. It represented a legislative triumph for champions of equal protections to all. (961)" (14.1)

Civilian Conservation Corps

"(CCC) (1933) A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement. (757)" (11.5)

House Un-American Activities committee

"(HUAC) Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subver- sion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss. (852)" (12.8)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

"(NATO) Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the com- mon threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American international- ism. (849)" (12.7)

National Recovery Administration

"(NRA) (1933) Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and work- ing hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were fol- lowed by all firms in any particular industrial sector. (761)" (11.6)

NSC-68

"(NSC-68) (1950): National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity. (855)" (12.8)

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

"(OPA) (1941-1947) A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well in parts of the country over- whelmed by war workers. The OPA was extended after World War II ended to continue the fight against inflation, but was abolished in 1947. (802)" (12.5)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

"(RFC) (1932): A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression. (746)" (11.4)

Tennessee Valley Authority

"(TVA) (1933) One of the most revolutionary of the New Deal public works projects, the TVA brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley. (766)" (11.6)

Haymarket Square Riot

"A May Day rally [involving Labor disorders that had broken out] that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893. (533)" (8.9)

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

"A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican- born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States. (720)" This organization sponsored african-related stores and business to "keep blacks' dollars in black pockets." Although Garvey eventually went bankrupt, "the race pride that Garvey inspired among the 4 million blacks who counted themselves UNIA followers... helped these newcomers to Northern cities gain self-confidence and self-reliance." He served as an example for the later founding of the Nation of Islam (Black Islam) movement. (10.3)

Joseph McCarthy

"A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti- communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anti- communist paranoia. (866)" (12.8)

Students for a Democratic Society

"A campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "par- ticipatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s. (913)" (13.6)

Good Neighbor Policy

"A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the _________________________ stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt. (780)" (12.2)

Pragmatism

"A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The ____________ thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of _____________ were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James. (557)" (8.7)

Homestead Act 1862

"A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thou- sands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. (433, 586)" (8.4)

Espionage Act 1917

"A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties. (681)" (12.6)

Trust

"A mechanism by which one company grants con- trol over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies. (521)" (8.6)

American Federation of Labor

"A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with bet- ter wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL's membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century. (536)" (8.9)

Social Gospel

"A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people. (639)" (8.7)

Beat Generation

"A small coterie of mid-twentieth- century bohemian writers and personalities, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who bemoaned bourgeois conformity and advocated free-form experimentation in life and literature. (884)" (13.2)

Miranda Warnings

"A statement of an arrested person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest. The warning came out of the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda V. Arizona in 1966 that accused people have the right to remain silent, consult an attorney, and enjoy other protections. The court declared that lawn enforcement officers must make sure suspects understand their constitutional right, thus creating a safeguard against forced confessions and self-implication." (13.6) (921)

Tweed Ring

"A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars. (490)" (8.1)

Fordism

"A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car." (711 (Glossary)) (11.1)

Scientific Management

"A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe." (711 (Glossary)) (11.1)

Panic of 1873

"A world-wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. (491)" (8.1)

Immigration Act of 1924

"Also known as the "National Origins Act," this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. (703)" (10.2)

Containment

"America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doc- trine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War. (846)" (12.7)

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

"An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War of 1914-1918. (665)" (9.8)

Sharecropping

"An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations. (496)" (10.3)

Keynesian Economics (Keynesianism)

"An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity. (772)" (11.7)

Abstract Expressionism

"An experimental style of mid-twentieth-century modern art exemplified by Jackson Pollock's spontaneous "action paintings," created by fling- ing paint on canvases stretched across the studio floor. (880)" (13.2)

Swift and Co. v. United States (1905)

"Beef Trust. Stream of Commerce." Roosevelt again crushed a monopoly, this time a beef trust. After the Trust appealed to the Supreme Court, Roosevelt's decision was upheld and the company dissolved, reinforcing the Stream of Commerce idea, which counted a stream of production as interstate commerce. (649) (9.6)

Muckrakers

"Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the pas- sage of reform legislation. (639)" (9.5)

Lusitania

"British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by German [Submarine] on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. (672)" (12.1)

9/11

"Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which nineteen militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history. (974)" (14.3)

Black Power

"Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. Black Power activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights. (905)" (13.4)

Supply Side Economics/Reaganomics

"Economic theory that underlay Ronald Reagan's tax and spending cuts. Contrary to Keynesianism, supply-side theory declared that government policy should aim to increase the supply of goods and services, rather than the demand for them. It held that lower taxes and decreased regulation would increase productivity by providing increased incentives to work, thus increasing productivity and the tax base. (945)" (14.1) "Informal term for Ronald Reagan's economic policies, which focused on reducing taxes, social spending, and government regulation, while increasing outlays for defense. (946)" (14.1) Although it resulted in massive budget deficits for the US, it consequently disabled the US from funding welfare programs, fulfilling Reagan's ambitions.

Equal Rights Amendment

"Equal Rights Amendment, which declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution. (931)" (13.7)

1964 Civil Rights Act

"Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminat- ing based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment. (898)" (13.4)

Federal Highways Act of 1956

"Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more eas- ily commute to urban jobs. (873)" (13.2)

Berlin Wall

"Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds. (891)" (12.9)

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

"Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the ___________ went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women. (646, 564)" (9.4)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

"Free trade zone encompassing Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place, the treaty passed despite opposition from protectionists and labor leaders. (969)" (14.3)

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

"From 1993 to 2010, the policy affecting homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces and President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homo- sexuality. At President Obama's urging, Congress repealed DADT in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform. (966)" (14.3)

Detente

"From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy pre- scription, détente marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War. (920)" (14.2)

Central powers

"Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I. (670)" (12.1)

Allied Powers

"Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I. (670)" (12.1)

Dust Bowl

"Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies." (764)" (11.6)

Hoovervilles

"Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration. (743)" (11.4)

New Immigrants

"Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighbor- hoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate. (543)" (10.2)

Ocala Demands

"In 1890, several regional farmers' alliances gathered in Ocala, Florida, where they drafted the ____________. In part, the demands advocated: *increased federal regulation of the railroads *an income tax *lower tariffs *silver currency *a federally regulated banking system The _____________ were incorporated into the Omaha Platform, the founding document of the Populist Party." (9.2) -Brainscape

Morill Tariff

"Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. (431)" (8.1)

United Nations

"International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing fur- ther world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council—Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. (844)" (12.7)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

"Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and abolished racial segregation in public schools. The Court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South. This deci- sion was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement. (868)" (13.3)

Irreconcilables

"Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization. (693)" (12.2)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

"Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot- denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation. The Voting Rights Act was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal. (903)" (13.4)

March on Washington

"Massive civil rights dem- onstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, the march was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech. (897)" (13.3)

Vietnamization

"Military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the south Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry." (917) (13.5)

Settlement Houses

"Mostly run by middle-class native- born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighbor- hoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activ- ism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent. (549)" (10.2)

Dollar Diplomacy

"Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America. (657)" (10.5)

Populists (Populists Party)

"Officially known as the People's party, the _________ represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver. (598)" (9.1)

Populists

"Officially known as the People's party, the __________ represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver. (598)" (9.2) *Workbook repeats Populists twice, not sure why.*

Black Panthers

"Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatis- faction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965. (905)" (13.4)

Greenbacks

"Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar. (431)" (8.1)

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

"Pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value, beginning in 1879" (492) (8.1)

Moral Majority

"Political action committee founded by evangelical Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979 to promote traditional Christian values and oppose feminism, abortion, and gay rights. The group was a major linchpin in the resurgent religious right of the 1980s. (951)" (14.1)

Credit (installment buying)

"Possess today and pay tomorrow." Once-frugal descendants of Puritans went ever deeper into debt to own all kinds newfangled marvels. Prosperity accumulated an overhanging cloud of debt, and the economy became increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure (711) (11.1)

New Frontier

"President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful opti- mism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care. (889)" (13.2)

Nixon-Doctrine

"President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the united states would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars. (917)" (13.5)

Fair Deal

"President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act. (854)" (13.1)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

"Protest, sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus, by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses. The bus boycott lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movement. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing. (868)" (13.3)

Northern Securities v. United States (1903)

"Railroad holding company. 1st Trust to be busted under the ICA. 5-4 Decision." Attack was initiated by Roosevelt, and the company being attacked was led by J. P. Morgan. This 'Railroad Holding Company' appealed to the Supreme Court, and were still required to dissolve. (649) (9.6)

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI/Star Wars)

"Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack. Derided as "Star Wars" by critics, the plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters. (946)" (14.2)

Pentagon Papers

"Secret US government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam war under President Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971 review instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war. (919)" (13.5)

Brain Trust

"Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many of them young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal. (752)" (11.5)

Levittown

"Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families. (838)" (13.1)

Jim Crow

"System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid- twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the _____________ system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including res- taurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation. (496, 867)" (10.3)

War Powers Act

"The 1973 law passed by Congress limiting the presidents ability to wage war without congressional approval. The act requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam war, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the presidents unilateral authority in military matters. (924)" (13.5)

Iranian Hostage Crisis

"The 444 days, from November 1979 to January 1981, in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries. The Iranian Revolution began in January 1979 when young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. Deeming the United States "the Great Satan," these revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The hostage crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostages' release the day Ronald Reagan became president, January 20, 1981. (939)" (14.2)

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

"The _______________________, resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in the Constitution and did not include many rights given by the individual states. Thus, a state may grant business monopolies to some of its citizens but not to others without running afoul of the Constitution." (10.3) (Workbook Link)

New Deal

"The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimu- late economic recovery. The New Deal built on reforms of the progressive era to expand greatly an American-style welfare state. (753)" (11.5)

Hetch Hetchy Valley

"The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. (654)" (9.6)

Sunbelt

"The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt"). (835)" (13.1)

Social Darwinism

"The idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some _____________ also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that power- ful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war. (525)" (8.7)

Interlocking Directorates

"The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s. (522)" (8.6)

Vertical Integration

"The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition. (521)" (8.6)

Horizontal Integration

"The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market." (8.6)

Knights of Labor

"The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including the Knights' participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members. (533)" (8.9)

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

"Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members' youthful energies, SNCC in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives. (872)" (13.3)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

'(1909): While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed." (658)" (9.7)

Concentration (Reservation)

(*System) "The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times. (576)" (8.3)

John Muir

(1838-1914) Preservationist that became relevant during the late 1800's. Differing from Roosevelt's approach to preservation, this man believed in the "mystic allure of unspoiled nature," thus wanted to not use nature but simply preserve it. Did not receive Roosevelt's support in this regard. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness areas. (652) (9.6)

Thomas Alva Edison

(1847-1931) The most versatile inventor, this man was a gifted tinkerer and a tireless worker, but not necessarily a pure scientist. "Wondrous devices poured out of his "invention factory" in New Jersey—the phonograph, the mimeo- graph, the dictaphone, and the moving picture. He is probably best known for his perfection in 1879 of the electric lightbulb, which turned night into day and transformed ancient human habits as well." (521) (8.6)

Bessemer Process

(1850s) New process of making steel discovered by William Kelly, an american manufacturer, along with a British inventor named Bessemer. This process was much cheaper than other methods of making steel, and involved using cold air blown on hot iron to eliminate the impurities and create steel. This process was eventually accepted and allowed for America to become a dominant steel producer in the world market. (522) (8.6)

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) Prominent leader of black education, this man was an ex-slave who was "called in 1881 to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama... He taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security. [This man's] self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled 'accomodationist' because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy." Instead of focusing on social equality, he supported economic and educational development. (10.3)

Comstock Lode

(1859) Significant discovery of a massive deposit of silver and gold in Nevada, causing massive migration to the little-populated Nevada in search of wealth, dubbed "Fifty-Niners." About $340 million worth of minerals were mined between 1860-1890. (8.4)

Jane Addams

(1860-1935) Born into a prosperous Illinois family, she became one of the first generation of female college-educated students. After visiting England, she was inspired to buy Hull Mansion in 1889 and established the most prominent (though not first) American settlement house. She was considered a broad-gauge reformer who condemned poverty and war, and inspired other women to establish settlement houses in other cities. (549) (10.2)

Cattle Drives

(1866-1888) Stretch of cows, from 1,000-10,000, being driven by Texas cowboys (black, white, and mexican) across the unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City or Abilene, to sell the cows alive to a slaughterhouse. Faced challenges such as indians, stampedes, and cattle fever. (586) (8.4)

Grange/Granger Movement

(1867) Organization created to "enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities." Labeled the 'National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry' and started by Oliver H. Kelley. By 1875 had accumulated 800,000 members. Improved conditions of farmers by collective establishing cooperatively owned stores, grain elevators, and warehouses. Some went into politics, mainly in grain-growing regions of upper-Mississippi valley, and strove to regulate unfair railway rates and storage fees in an attempt to benefit the average farmer. (9.2)

W.E.B. DuBois

(1868-1963) Black leader who received a Ph.D. at Harvard (first of his race to do so) and demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He assailed Booker T. Washington for condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Advocated for the 'talented 10th' of the black community should receive full access to mainstream American life. (555) (10.3)

Barbed Wire

(1874) Perfected by Joseph F. Glidden, it was used by Railroad companies to prevent cowboys from intruding on their rails, as well as used by ranchers, solving the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies. Led to the eventual end of the Cattle Drive, preventing cowboys from leading groups of cattle across land owned by landowners and also was used by railroad companies to fence their own cattle and no longer needing the drives. (8.4)

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

(1877) Supreme Court case ruling that a "state law setting maximum rates for grain storage was constitutional, establishing the principle that states have the power to regulate [intrastate*] businesses with a 'public interest.'" (Workbook Link) (8.8)

Progress and Poverty, Henry George

(1879) Book written by Henry George that attempted to solve "the greatest enigma of our times" - "the association of progress with poverty. According to George, the pressure of a growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values... A single 100 percent tax on those windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth." This book was a best seller and sold 3 million copies, bringing George to lecture around America and Briton, where "he left an indelible mark on English Fabian Socialism. George's proposals resounded for decades." (559) (8.7)

Dumbbell Tenement

(1879) Housing for the poor in crowded urban areas, designed with "seven or eight stories high, with shallow, sunless, and ill-smelling air shafts providing minimal ventilation. Several families were sardined onto each floor of the barracks-like structures, and they shared a malodorous toilet in the hall." (542) (9.4)

A Century of Dishonor

(1881) Book published by author Helen Hunt Jackson, this book "chronicled the sorry record of government ruthlessness and chicanery in dealing with the Indians." (580) (8.3)

American Protective Association

(1887) Also known as APA, an anti-foreign organization carrying the same ideas as the late "Know-Nothings" party. Quickly claimed a million members, and in pursuit of Nativist goals this organization urged voting against Roman catholic candidates for offices and defamed the religion. (551) (10.2)

Billion Dollar Congress

(1889) 51st Congress that was the first congress to surpass a billion-dollar budget. Congress proceeded to shower pensions on Civil War veterans and increase government purchases of silver. To keep the flow of revenue, the congress also passed the McKinley Tariff act of 1890, which boosted rates to their highest peacetime levels. (505) (9.1)

The Influence of Sea Power upon History, Alfred Thayer Mahan

(1890) Book written by a Naval Captain which "argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance... [this book] helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum around the turn of the century." Consequently, Americans joined in the demands for a mightier navy and for an American-built Isthmian canal. (609) (10.4)

Frontier Thesis

(1893) Essay by Frederick Jackson Turner about the american uniqueness of the frontier. This essay hails "the gumption and moxie of the pioneers and commended them as the agents of civilization and democracy." Basically an article that praises the pioneers for their determination and resourcefulness for creating a life in the untamed west and their spreading of American democratic lifestyle.

Coxley's Army

(1894) A band of men gathered together for a protest march against them being victimized by an oppressive economic and political system. Headed by Jacob S. Coxey, these protesters went all the way to Washington to propose his plan to relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by $500 million in legal tender notes. (599) (8.9)

Cross of Gold Speech

(1896) Speech eloquently given by William Bryan where he encourages the return of Silver by telling the government they "shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." Democratic party used this speech as their defense for Silver and demanded inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold. (9.3)

William Jennings Bryan

(1896) Surprise democratic nominee that ran for presidency in 1896. Was a powerful rhetorician, and supported issues such as backing silver as currency, and delivered a powerful speech called the Cross of Gold speech. His political stance was often seen closer to Populist rather than democrat. (9.3)

Filipino Insurrection

(1899) After being denied freedom from America, Filipino insurgents headed by Emilio Aguinaldo revolted against occupying US Soldiers. Filipino rebels soon reverted to Guerrilla Warfare, but in 1901 Americans "broke the back of the Filipino Insurrection" by infiltrating a Guerrilla camp and capturing Aguinaldo. (622) (10.5)

Gentlemen's Agreement

(1907-1908) After San Francisco had a massive increase of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigration and consequently ordered for segregated schooling, Roosevelt arranges an agreement between America and Japan, where San Francisco repeals their offensive school order and Japan agrees to stop the flow of labor to the American mainland by withholding passports. (631) (10.2)

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

(1910) Dispute between Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, and Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry. Balliner opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, which angered Pinchot. Taft dismissed this issue on narrow grounds of subordination, and was met with protest among conversationalists and Roosevelt's friends, further dividing the president with the former president. (658) (9.7)

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

(1911) A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City. The fire killed 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women. Demonstrates the consequences of not following safety regulations of factories, in this case the factory had locked doors and other violations that led to their deaths, and after this fire New York legislature passed stronger laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil. (646) (9.4)

Reservationists

(1919) Supporters of the Fourteen Formal Reservations (Amendments) to the Treaty of Versailles, created by Senator Henry Lodge. These Amendments "reserved the rights of the United States under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution... and otherwise sought to protect American Sovereignty." Republican senators largely opposed the Treaty due to the League of Nations' proposal as well as their isolationist tendencies. After Senate votings ended in no clear majority, the Treaty of Versailles was not signed by the United States, and with it the League of Nations. (12.2)

Red Scare

(1919-1920) A period of intense anti-communism lasting from 1919-1920. The "Palmer raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities (700) (11.2)

Fr. Charles Coughlin

(1930) Known as a Magnetic 'Microphone Messiah', this man was a Catholic priest in Michigan who broadcasted "anti-New Deal harangues to some 40 million radio fans... [he] became so anti-Semitic, fascistic, and demagogic that he was silenced in 1942 by his ecclesiastical superiors." (759) (11.6)

Bank Holiday

(1933, March 6-10th) One of Roosevelt's first actions as President, he declared these days to be a Banking Holiday "as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis." (11.5) (754)

Nye Committee

(1934) A result from a growing movement against munitions manufacturers, this group of senators, headed by Gerald Nye, was appointed to investigate the 'blood business.' Concluded that the munitions makers were to blame for causing WWI, since they made money out of the war. (12.3) (782)

Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck

(1939) This book portrayed the dismal story of migrant farmers afflicted by the dust bowl with scarce food, shelter, and clothing, and the difficulties of migrating, and proved to be the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Dust Bowl. (764) (11.6)

Tripartite Pact

(1940) Extending from the Rome-Berlin Axis to include Japan, this pact included Germany, Italy, and Japan. These nations all united under resentment for the Treaty of Versailles, additional space for their population, and their increasing Fascism.* (12.3) (781)

Bataan Death March

(1942) March of the American and Filipino troops that were holding off Japanese invasion of the Phillipines until their surrender, and consisted of an 80-mile trek to the prisoner-of-war camps- "the first in a series of atrocities committed by both sides in the unusually savage pacific war." (12.4) (808)

Tehran Conference

(1943) Conference in Tehran, Iran (Persia) between major allied power leaders of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to coordinate the promised effort against the axis powers. Perhaps the most important achievement was "agreement on broad plans, especially those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east simultaneously with the prospective Allied assault from the west." (813) (12.4)

Truman's Loyalty Program

(1947) Launched as a result of an increasing anti-red chase, this program "investigated more than 3 million federal employees, some 3,00 of whom either resigned or were dismissed, none under formal indictment," as well as investigated disloyal organizations. (852) (12.8)

Dynamic Conservatism

(1953) Philosophy pledged by General Eisenhower's administration which stated that "In all those things which deal with people, be liberal, be human... but when it came to 'people's money, or their economy, or their form of government, be conservative." "This balanced, middle-of-the-road course harmonized with the depression daunted and war-weary mood of the times." (872) (13.2)

Massive Resistance

(1954) Movement of retaliation from the deep southern states against the desegregation efforts of Brown v. Board of Education. "More than a hundred southern congres- sional representatives and senators signed the "Decla- ration of Constitutional Principles" in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation. Several states diverted public funds to hastily created "private" schools, for there the integration order was more difficult to apply." Throughout the south white citizens thwarted attempts to make segregation a reality. (869) (13.3)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(1958) Established by Eisenhower in the midst of a "rocket fever" that swept the nation, this is an independent agency of the US responsible for aeronautical and aerospace research. First was directed billions of dollars to missile development, and especially prominent during Kennedy's presidency, and further represented America's space race with the Soviet Union. (12.9) (877)

U2 Incident

(1960) Occurring in the wake of the Camp David conference and right before the Paris "summit-conference," on the eve of this conference "an American U-2 spy plane was shot down deep in the heart of Russia. After bungling bureaucratic denials in Washington, "honest Ike" took the unprecedented step of assuming personal responsibility. Khrushchev stormed into Paris filling the air with invective, and the conference collapsed before it could get off the ground. The concord of Camp David was replaced with the grapes of wrath." (878) (12.9)

Silent Spring, Rachel Carson

(1962) Publication on the poisonous effects of pesticides by scientist Rachel Carson. This publication, a latter form of muckracking, gave a giant push to the Environmental Movement by increasing it's following and activism. (922) (13.6)

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

(1963) Letter from Martin Luther King while he was in jail at Birmingham, Alabama for protesting racial segregation as a part of the Birmingham campaign. This letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. Brought civil rights plea to the attention of the president, who could not ignore the civil rights movement anymore. (13.3)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

(1964) In wake of the two "attacks" from Northern Vietnam on US Navy Ships, LBJ exaggerated these attacks and used them to pass this act through Congress. "With only two dissenting votes in both houses, the lawmakers virtually abdicated their war-declaring powers and handed the president a blank check to use further force in Southeast Asia."(13.5) (901)

War on Poverty

(1964) Series of initiatives proposed by LBJ's administration to relieve, cure, and prevent the symptoms of poverty. Examples of this included the Food Stamp Act of 1964, which made food stamps permanent, and LBJ's particular concern for Appalachia, a location stricken with thousands unemployed from the coal industry. (900) (13.4)

Operation Rolling Thunder

(1965) Triggered by a Viet Cong (Vietnamese communist group) attack on American air base in South Vietnam, this was LBJ's military reprisal, consisting of "retaliatory bombing raids against military installations in North Vietnam and for the first time ordered attacking U.S. troops to land... [eventually consisted of] regular full-scale bombing attacks against Northern Vietnam." (13.5) (906)

Democratic National Convention of 1968

(1968) During this 1968 democratic nomination, candidates Hubert Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, and Robert Kennedy all ran for the nomination. Kennedy was assassinated before the nomination, which caused many angry antiwar zealots to storm the convention in Chicago, warranting police response to riots breaking out. McCarthy also amassed a large antiwar following, but was sharply blocked when Humphrey took the Democratic election. (13.5) (909)

Tet Offensive

(1968) Surprise offensive attack from Northern-Vietnam militants Viet Cong, consisted of savage attacks on 27 key South Vietnamese cities. "Although eventually beaten off with heavy losses, [Viet Cong's attacks] demonstrated anew that victory could not be gained by Johnson's strategy of gradual escalation... With an increasingly insistent voice, American public opinion demanded a speedy end to the war." (908) (13.5)

Economic Stagnation

(1970's) Post-Post-War decrease in economic productivity, causing the American spirit to give way to an unaccustomed sense of limits. Some cite the decrease to the increasing presence of women and teenagers in the workforce who typically had fewer sills than adult males, while other blame the "declining investment in new machinery, the heavy costs of compliance with government-imposed safety and health regulations, and the general shift of the American economy from manufacturing to services, where productivity gains were allegedly more difficult to achieve and measure." (916) (13.7)

Energy Crisis

(1973) Spurred from the Oil Embargo from OPEC nations, Energy deficit in the United States that "triggered a major economic recession not just in America but also in France and Britain (who were not directly affected by the American embargo but felt the affects indirectly due to the globalized interconnected world.) This shortage energized a number of energy projects and mounted for heavier use of coal and nuclear power, despite their environmental threat, and signaled an end to cheap and abundant energy in the US. (925) (14.2)

Milliken v. Bradley

(1974) Supreme Court case that "blindsided school integrationists when it ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines. The decision effectively exempted suburban districts from shouldering any part of the burden of desegregating inner-city schools, thereby reinforcing "white flight" from cities to suburbs." Decision also reinforced the least prosperous district to remain the poorest, often putting poor white communities against blacks. (13.7) (932)

Camp David Accords

(1978) A symbol of his spectacular presidential foreign policy achievements, Carter invites President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minster Menachem Begin of Israel to "a sumit conference at Camp David... Carter persuaded the two visitors to sign an accord that held considerable promise of peace." Israel promised to withdraw territory conquered from the 1967 war, and Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders, and both pledged to sign a formal peace treaty within 3 months. (934) (14.2)

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)

(1987) "Arms limitation agreement settled by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev after several attempts. The treaty banned all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe and marked a significant thaw in the Cold War. (949)" (14.2)

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(1992) Court case that ruled "states could restrict access to abortion as long as they did not place an 'undue burden' on that woman. Using this standard, the Court held that Pennsylvania could not compel a wife to notify her husband about an abortion but could require a minor child to notify parents, as well as other restrictions." (954) (14.1)

Nativism

(Beginning in 1840-1850's) Also known as Antiforeignism, a political position with a strong opposition to foreigners because they feared they would "outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the old "native" stock" or a fear they would displace their jobs. Likewise, these people also hated foreigners because many of them were Roman Catholic. Happened both in 1st wave migration and 2nd wave migration. (10.1)

Sit-ins

(February 1960) Spontaneous movement launched by four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina. They kept their seats at a white-only lunch counter, and each day more students started coming for the Sit-in, ending with a thousand students at the end of the week. Ignited more sit-ins across the South to compet equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration, and gave way to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to focus on these efforts.

New South

(Late 1800's) Industrial Movement in the south that was only partially effective. Although absentee landownership with sharecropping characterized the south, there was still a boost in industrialization. In 1880, machine-made cigarettes replaced rolled-cigarettes, increasing consumption, and other efforts of industrialization were made by Henry W. Grady. One obstacle that hindered progress was the regional rates of railroad exports, where the North got preferential rates to ship manufactured goods than the South, keeping them in a form of servitude. (527) (10.3)

Farmers' Alliance

(late 1870's) Organization where "farmers came together... to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling." Eventually the organization weakened itself by "ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers. Even more debilitating was the Alliance exclusions of blacks." (598) (9.2)

Bonanza Farms

(~1890)Serving as an example of how industrialized agricultural was becoming, these were enormous farms of wheat in the Minnesota-North Dakota area, with at least half-dozen of them being larger than 15,000 acres. These farms foreshadowed the giant agribusiness of the next century. (9.2)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

(~1893) Act that reinstated the US Government's buying of silver and using it as a monetary backing. This act was repealed by Cleveland as a response to the deepening deficit of gold in the federal treasury that occurred during the Panic of 1893. (9.1)

18th Amendment=

18 amendment to the US Constitution, ratified in 1918, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages for consumption: repealed in 1933. (11.2)

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by attorney general Mitchell Palmer in which the federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in 32 cities.Sig...demonstrates red scare (11.2)

Rosa Parks

A College-educated black seamstress who made history in Montgomery, Alabama on December 1955. "She boarded a bus, took a seat in the "whites only" section, and refused to give it up. Her arrest for violating the city's Jim Crow statutes sparked a year- long black boycott of city buses and served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to the absurdities and indignities of segregation." (868) (13.3)

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906. (11.2)

Huey Long ("Share our Wealth)

A Senator of Louisiana, this man promoted the "'Share Our Wealth' program, which promised to make "Every Man a King." Every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at the expense of the prosperous." (759) (11.6)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers. (11.3)

Lost Generation

A creative Circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post World War I Europe. (721) (11.2)

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem NY in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life. (11.2)

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. (11.2)

Ohio Gang

A group of poker playing, drinking men that were friends of president party, headed by Harry M Dougherty. He appointed them to offices they were often unfit for and they use their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved (11.3)

Stock Watering

A practice used by railroad stock promoters which they would "grossly inflated their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the railroad's actual value." The buyers would then have to charge high rates and wage competitive battles to pay off the high price. Term originates from a practice of bloating cattle with water before they were weighed to deceive buyers and sell the cows for a higher price. (518) (8.5)

Oil Shocks

A significant part of the overwhelming inflation in the 1980's, ________ is the exponential rise in price for imported oil that greatly contributed to "plunging America's balance of payments deeply into the red." It taught Americans a "painful but necessary lesson: That they could never again seriously consider a policy of economic isolation, as they had tried to do in the decades between the two world wars... By century's end, some 27 percent of GNP depended on foreign trade." (14.1) (936)

Environmental Protection Act

Act which created the Environmental Protection Agency, "a governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, Emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the EPA marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement." (922) (13.6)

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who made up 1/5th of the U.S. Army personnel on the frontier. This nickname was given to them by Indians, supposedly because their hair looked like a Bison's furry coat. (577)

Clinton Impeachment

After lying under oath about an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, Clinton was caught in the lie and confessed. A special prosecutor, originally investigating Whitewater, presented 11 possible grounds for impeachment in a report to a majority-Republican House of Representatives. However, in 1999, the impeachment failed to gain enough votes and Clinton was NOT impeached. (14.3)

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist who set forth the theory that higher forms of life had slowly evolved from lower forms, through a process of random biological mutation and adaptation. This caused many problems in the future, such as the Scopes Monkey Trial (11.2)

Newlands Act of 1902

An act created among other conversation efforts during Roosevelt's presidency, which stated that " Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects. Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now- productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises." (651) (9.6)

Teapot Dome Scandal

An affair involving the illegal lease of priceless federal oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which involved President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption. (11.3)

Railroad Pools

An early form of cooperation between rich railroad 'kings', this was an "agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits." (519) (8.5)

Buying on Margin

An economic crisis that allowed people to borrow most of the cost of stocks, making down payment as low as 10%. This made the economy susceptible to crash, as seen in the Great Depression. (11.3)

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

An example of Progressive Legislation, a landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregan, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace. (11.3)

Robert M. La Follette

An example of Progressivism bubbling up to the state level, this man was governor of Wisconsin. He was "an undersized but overbearing crusader who emerged as the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders... Routing the lumber and railroad "interests," he wrested considerable control from the crooked corporations and returned it to the people. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university at Madison." (645) (9.5)

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing society founded in mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920's. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-Internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger......but pro-AngloSaxon, and pro-Protestant. (11.2)

Gospel of Wealth

An ideology spurred by Andrew Carnegie and his speech, this was used by rich industrial plutocrats to justify their wealth by claiming that it was God that gave them their wealth, similar to a justification of divine right. Furthermore, says that the wealthy help advance society as a whole through innovations and economic prosperity. (525) (8.7)

Wright Brothers

Because of the creation of gasoline engines, the Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur, in December 17, 1903 were able to have an engined plane fly for 12 seconds. (714) (11.1)

Panic of 1893

Beginning during Cleveland's presidency and lasting about "four years, it was the most punishing economic downturn of the nineteenth century. Contributing causes were the splurge of overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression." Collapsed 8,000 american businesses, spurred unemployment, and most of the Americans weren't receiving aid from the Government due to it's Laissez-Faire policies. (9.1)

Dr. Francis Townshend

Capitalizing on the popular discontent by making pie-in-the-sky promises, this retired California physician created the Townshend plan which "promised everyone over sixty 200$ a month" by enlisting a 2% income tax, and to facilitate economic development this plan would require those receiving the 200$ to spend all of it by the end of the month.

Flappers

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" women of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, but wish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. There were hardly typical of American women, The flapper image reinforce the idea that women now had more freedom. (11.2)

Massive Retaliation

Cold War Philosophy used by Eisenhower which advocated to "relegate the army and the navy to the backseat and build up an airfleet of superbombers (called the Strategic Air Command, or SAC) equipped with city-flattening nuclear bombs. These fearsome weapons would inflict "massive retaliation" on the Soviets or the Chinese if they got out of hand." (874) (12.8)

Flexible Response

Cold War philosophy developed by Kennedy, which advocates to " developing an array of military "options" that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand. To this end Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered the Special Forces (Green Berets)." (892) (12.9)

Transcontinental Railroad

Connections of railroads ranging across the nation. Building railroads held some benefits, as it promised greater national unity and economic growth. The Railroad business flourished in the years following the Civil War, but was a costly business, unprofitable in areas that weren't built up. Congress advanced loans to 2 railroad companies and gave them land to build the cross-continental railroads. (8.5)

Consumption

Consumption is the movement that came about as mass production began to occur in America and the companies had to find markets to sell their goods.. American people became mass consumers relying on credit to maintain the materialistic desires they possessed Sig... Lead to advertisement uproar (sports, sex, etc.) (11.1)

Motion Pictures

Created around the 1890's with the help of inventors such as Thomas Edison, and caused rise in "nickelodeons." Hollywood, California became the movie capital of the world, because of maximum sunshine and other reasons. Motion picture really arrived during World War I as anti-German propaganda and helped a lot in selling war bonds and in boosting morale. (11.1)

Square Deal

Deal created by Roosevelt in effort to focus on public interest. The deal generally focused on 3 the three C's: "control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources."

Countercultural

Defining characteristic of the 1960's. Used to describe the time period and the people in it, particularly the baby bloomers, which consisted of a replacement of traditional american values for new consciousness of human values, evident by movements such as Civil Rights and the Sexual Revolution. (13.6) (912)

Dixiecrats

During the presidential nomination of 1948 this group split from the democrats, due to their disdain towards the democratic nomination of Truman, and created there own sudo-political party. This party was comprised of mainly of 13 southern states, opposed to Truman's stand in favor of civil rights for blacks, and instead nominated Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. (853) (13.1)

Election of 1912

Election between Democrat Woodrow Wilson, Republican William Taft, and Progressive Republican Theodore Roosevelt. Both Roosevelt and Wilson promoted a progressive plan. Wilson won the election famously, with Roosevelt in second, showing that Progressivism was the actual runaway winner. This election " offered the voters a choice not merely of policies but of political and economic philosophies—a rarity in U.S. history." (662) (9.7)

Sodbusters

Farmers that used heavy iron plows pulled by Oxen to break the prairie sod of the west, allowing for farming in the west which proved to be astonishingly fruitful, and thereafter built homes from the very sod they dug from the ground and burned corncobs for warmth, a result of the tree-less plains.

Advertising

Finding ways to sell goods, American advertisers, by persuasion and ploy, seduction and sexual suggestion, sought to make American chronically discontented with their paltry possessions and want more, more, more. A founder of this "profession" was Bruce Barton, prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. In 1925 Barton published, The Man Nobody Knows, which set forth his thesis stating that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time. (710) (11.1)

Smith Act (1940)

First peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798, became prominent in 1949 when eleven communists were "brought before a New York jury for violating [this act]... convicted of advocating the overthrow of the American government by force, and the defendants were sent to prison." (852) (12.8)

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Formed out of an overwhelming pressure to subdue arms traffic, these acts, when taken together, "stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent." (12.3) (782)

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the presidential Democratic candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish American to run for president as a major party nominee. He was a "wet" and represented the progressive urban immigrant component through his championing of social welfare and civil rights he lost to Herbert Hoover. (11.3)

"Constraints School"

Group of Historians in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s that looked at the circumstances in which the New Deal unfolded. They concluded that the "New Deal offered just about as much reform as circumstances allowed and as the majority of americans wanted. the findings of these historians are impressive: the system of checks and balances limited presidential power; the disproportionate influence of southern Democrats in Congress stalled attempts to move toward racial justice; the federal system, in fact, inhib- ited all efforts to initiate change from Washington" (11.7)

Neoconservatives

Group of small but influential thinkers that Reagan drew upon during his campaign and presidency, these people "championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, and [took] tough, harshly anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy. They also questioned liberal welfare programs and affirmative-action policies and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and centrality of the family." (942) (14.1)

Radio

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian, invented wireless telegraphy in 1890's and this long-range communication during World War I. It was later used in the 1920's, especially for advertising "commercials" for American free enterprise. The radio drew people and families back into their homes to listen to the radio together. (716) (11.1)

Food Administration

Headed by Herbert Hoover, this organization that was in charge of US army and allied food reserves. To accomplish this, the organization would rely on voluntary compliance rather than compulsory edicts. Some of their promotions for US food regulation included posters, billboards, newspapers, movies, etc. Hoover also proclaimed Wheatless Wednesdays and meatless tuesdays on a voluntary basis, and encouraged greater farm production which resulted in 1/4 increase in production.

Moral Diplomacy

In contrast to 'Dollar Diplomacy,' or determining foreign policy in terms of material interest, President Wilson decided to determine foreign policy by aiding Latin American countries to be more democratic, often by replacing their governments with more 'moral' democratic governments. Examples of this include Wilson's opposition to the murderous Mexican government, as well as the Jones Act which granted Philippines the boon of territorial status 'eventually.' (669) (10.5)

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

In response to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, tribes of Indians (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creek, and Seminole) sued the Georgian government that tried to relocate them. Supreme court ruled that Georgia's displacement violated tribal treaties with the federal government, and the Indians had a right to their land. Jackson disagreed with this decision, and supposedly responded with "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." (Crash Course USH #14) (8.3)

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the 20th century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture. (720) (11.2)

Assembly Line Production

Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first assembly line while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920s, reaching a point where a finished automobile emerged every ten seconds. Assembly line manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930s. (11.1)

Comstock Law

Laws created in 1873 by Anthony Comstock, who made a lifelong war on the immoral. These laws essentially attacked anything remotely sexual or suggestive, and were specifically unfair to women. This law "exposed to daylight the battle in late-nineteenth century America over sexual attitudes in the place of women." (559) (9.4)

Phyllis Shlafly

Leading figure of the Antifeminist movement of the 1970's, She was starkly opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment. The Antifeminists argued that "the ERA would remove traditional protections that women enjoyed by forcing the law to see them as men's equals. They further believed that the amendment would threaten the basic family structure of American society." (932) (13.7)

Margaret Sanger

Margaret Sanger was a nurse who began the birth control and Planned Parenthood movements which openly championed the use of contraceptives in the 1920s.Sig...growing women's rights (11.2)

Iron Curtain

Metaphorical veil of secret "isolation that Stalin clanged down across Europe from the Baltic to the Adriatic. The division of Europe would endure for more than four decades." This speech where Churchill coined this term led to an increase in anti-communistic fervor among the Western Powers. (846) (12.7)

Sexual Revolution

Movement in the 1960's that challenged tradition gender roles of woman, particularly sexual chastity, and instead embraced the sexual appetites of youth. Innovations like the birth-control pill in 1960 ignited the movement by allowing women to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Support of gay rights also became encompassed in this movement, evident by the creation of the Mattachine Society. (912) (13.6)

One Big Reservation

Native American Land Policy enacted from the beginning of America to the beginning of large westward expansion/civil war (1776-1860). This policy stated that Native Americans were free to live in 'perpetuity' west of the Mississippi river. Later was changed as more settlers moved west, and future land policies were created, changing the Native American lands once again. (8.3)

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted in 1921 of the murder of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard. The jury and judge were prejudiced against the defendants since they were italian, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. They were electrocuted. If the atmosphere might have been less charged with anti-redism, then the outcome might've been a lot different. (11.2)

Three Rs

Part of Roosevelt's New Deal plan, 'Relief, Recovery, and Reform.' Short-range goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long-range goals were permanent recovery and reform of current abuses, particularly those that had produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. (754) (11.5)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Part of Roosevelts New Deal as immediate relief, this act "made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages." (758) (11.5)

Assimilation

Process of the attempt to 'civilize' Native Americans by integrating them into American culture. Some of these methods involved organizations, such as the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians, or simply missionaries sent by denominations into Indian Villages, or congress's $20,000 appropriation to the promotion of literacy and agricultural and vocational instruction among Indians. Most tribes resisted white encroachment, but some did assimilate, such as Cherokees of Georgia, who abandoned their semi-nomadic life for an adopted system of settled agriculture. For many whites, assimilation involved cutting Native American hair to 'acceptable' length and becoming farmers with personal property. (8.3)

Mellon's tax policies

Seeking to help the "poor" rich people, he engineered tax reductions for a wealthy person, also getting rid of the excess-profits tax, the gift tax, and also reducing excise taxes, the surtax, income tax, and estate taxes. He shifted the tax burden from the wealthy to the middle-income groups. (11.3)

Have-Not Powers

Self-proclaimed title for Germany, Japan, and Italy, these countries resented larger western powers, such as Britain and US, for unfair polices that required these smaller countries to shrink their militaries. Used this title in a defense, since had little military while the bigger countries had larger units. Demonstrated western resentment and unity of the soon-to-be axis powers. (12.3)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I and II)

Series of arms limitations between the US and Soviet Russia that constituted the first steps towards slowing the arms race. The 1st agreement took place in 1972 with Nixon and froze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years. The 2nd agreement was (1979) "between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (938)" (14.2)

"Island Hopping" Strategy

Strategy used against Japan by the United States during WWII, this "called for bypassing some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, capturing nearby islands, setting up air- fields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing." This proved strongly effective, as the Japanese outposts would slowly wither as a result of being deprived of essential supplies. (12.4) (810)

Annexation of Hawaii

Strong efforts began in 1890 invigorated by the McKinley Tariff, and although the Hawaiian queen resisted efforts of Annexation, desperate whites organized a revolt in 1893. President Cleveland denied the treaty of annexation that followed the revolt because he felt America had wronged Hawaii, and most natives opposed annexation. America eventually granted Hawaiian residents U.S. Citizenship in 1898 and Hawaii full territorial status in 1900. (611&614) (10.4)

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme court case that "declared that the Fourteenth amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals." This case also declared unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which 'supposedly' prohibited racial discrimination and guaranteed equal accommodation. (495) (10.3)

Jazz

Term used to describe the image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as the dominant symbol of that era. Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring Twenties." Also, many whites opposed Jazz because it is the type of music that the blacks would play. (11.2)

Sedition Act 1918

The Sedition Act of 1918, enacted during World War I, made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production" of the things "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war," meaning it was a crime to express any disapproving thoughts about the government that could inhibit the sale of War Bonds. (PBS) (681) (12.6)

White-flight

The mass movement of white americans from their urban homes to the suburbs during the 1950's and 1960's. This caused the inner cities, especially those in the Northeast and Midwest, to be populated with people who are "black, brown, and broke. Migrating blacks from the South filled up the urban neighborhoods that were abandoned by the departing white middle class In effect, the incoming blacks imported the grinding poverty of the rural South into the inner cores of northern cities." (838) (13.1)

Great Migration

The movement of some 1.6 million blacks during WWII who "left the land of their ancient enslavement to seek jobs in the war plants of the West and North." Because of this movement, race relations became a national and not regional issue, and tensions exploded in the North over employment, housing, and segregated facilities. (805) (12.5)

Scopes Trial

The scopes trial was a 1925 highly publicized trial where John Thomas scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and offended by Clarence Dorrough; scopes was convicted but the verdict was later changed. Sig...religious uproar and contrast over this issue (11.2)

Domino Theory

Theory in defense of aggressive US intervention in potential communist countries, stated that if the United states declined to defend against communism in Europe (for example, in Vietnam) then "other countries would lose their faith in America's will (or their fear of American power) and would tumble on after the other like "dominoes" into the Soviet Camp." (857) (12.8)

Deterrence

Theory in line with Eisenhower's Massive Retaliation plan that advocates to build up military weapons, such as nuclear bombs, in order to deter enemies and make them afraid to attack you. (874) (12.8)

Injunction

Tool used by Corporations against labor unions. Corporations could call upon federal courts to issue ______s ordering the strikers to cease striking. (531) (8.9)

Suburbs

Type of settlement on the outskirts of Urban cities distinguished by large neighborhoods with moderate businesses and shops. These settlements expanded in population greatly after WWII due to reasons like home-loan guarantees that made it more economically attractive to own a suburb home, and building of highways that allowed convenient commute from city jobs to suburban homes.

Spanish American War

War between Spain and the United States, fought in 1898 on behalf of American intervention of Cuba. Americans were roused by accounts of Spanish mistreatment of Cuban natives, a resentment encouraged by the yellow press and directly inflamed by the explosion of the USS Maine. The US won the war easily, and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and gained temporary control over Cuba. (616)

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Wartime supreme court case of 1944 that upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese relocation and internment. Four decades later the US government apologized for its actions and paid reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor.

Washington Disarmament Conference, Five, Four, and Nine-Power Treaties

Worried about the rising number of military forces and weapons, President Harding calls this conference in 1921-1922 with major naval powers to decrease their naval warpower (ships), and a few Treaties came out of this. The Five-Power Treaty says the US, Britain, and Japan should have a ratio of 5:5:3 on Battleships and Aircraft Carriers, with compensation to the disgruntled Japan. The Four-Power Treaty replaced the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and now bounded Britain, Japan, France, and the US to preserve the status quo in the Pacific. The Nine-Power treaty agreed to nail wide-open the Open Door in China. (731) (12.2)

How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis

Written by Danish immigrant for the 'New York Sun', this account was of "a damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-gnawed human rookeries known as New York slums. The book deeply influenced a future New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt." (638) (9.5)

Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen

Written by Thorstein Veblen, this article was a " a savage attack on "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous con- sumption." In Veblen's view the parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful "business" (or making money for money's sake) rather than productive "industry" (or making goods to satisfy real needs). He urged that social leadership pass from these superfluous titans to truly useful engineers." (638) (9.5)