apush

Fidel Castro

fascist leader of Cuba, US didn't like him because he wasn't friendly to US interests

Bloody Sunday

after the Selma Montgomery March, George Wallace (governor of Alabama) authorized State Troops to stop the march, beating and killing strikers

Three Mile Island Disaster

a mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Wabash v. Illinois

struck down the state's authority to regulate railroads

American Federation of Labor

organization created by Samuel Gompers that coordinated the activities of craft union and called for negotiations with employers for better benefits for skilled workers-most successful labor union

Boston Tea Party

the Sons of Liberty prevented East India Company ships from delivering their NY, Philadelphia, and Charleston -royal governor Hutchinson was determined to land the tea and collect the tax in Massachusetts -artisans, and laborers dressed as Indians boarded three ships (Dartmouth, Eleanor, Beaver) on 12/16/1773, broke open 342 chests and threw them in the harbor

granger laws

-1869-1875: a series of laws was enacted in the Granger states establishing public regulation of railroad rates and operating practices -the railroads, appalled by this development, immediately started lawsuits against these commission- enforced rates -main argument:such regulation constituted, in effect, confiscation of their property in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment

Pearl Harbor

-December 7, 1941: Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii -several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk -attack resulted in an American declaration of war the following day

George McGovern

-Democratic nomination for president in the 1972 election -a left-wing senator from South Dakota who eventually dumped his vice president nominee, Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri, after it was revealed that Eagleton was treated for psychological problems -election was an easy win for Nixon and his Republican party

Election of 1860

-Democrats divided, Republicans sensed victory -Republicans appealed to white voters with a free soil platform that opposed both slavery and racial equality -chose Lincoln as the presidential candidate, more moderate on slavery than William Seward and Salmon Chase, and conveyed a compelling egalitarian image, appealed to small holding farmers, wage earners, and midwestern voters -Lincoln won without 1 vote from the South

Domino Theory

-Eisenhower theorized that the fall of a non communist government to communism in Southeast Asia would trigger the spread of communism to neighboring countries

Big Three

-England (Churchill) -USSR (Stalin) -USA (FDR)

Deficit Spending

-English economist John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments cut taxes and increase spending in order to stimulate investment and consumption -effect: increase the deficit, more money was spent than was taken in

Espionage and Sedition Acts

-Espionage: enacted fines and imprisonment for false statements, inciting rebellion, or obstructing recruitment or the draft, and papers which opposed the government could be banned from the U.S. postal service -Sedition: made criticism of government illegal -showed American fears/paranoia about Germans and other perceived threats

Enlightenment

-European cultural movement which emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world -the enlightenment and the scientific revolution of the 1500s and 1600s challenged traditional ideas

Fair Employment Practice Committee

-FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work -guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories

Selma-Montgomery March 1965

-MLK organized a march in Selma -10,000s of black protesters petitioned for the right to vote outside of the city hall, ignored -marched to the governor's mansion in Montgomery -police met them with tear gas and clubs

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

-MLK wrote the letter while in jail after the Birmingham protests -explained the civil rights movement to critics -published and circulated nationwide

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

-published january 1776 -"a rousing call for independence and a republican form of gov't..." -assaulted the traditional monarchical order -argued for American independence by turning the traditional metaphor of patriarchal authority on its head: 'Is it the interest of a man to be a boy all his life?'" -Paine had been a minor customs official in England, fired for joining a protest against low wages, migrated to Philadelphia, met Patriots who shared his republican sentiments

Panama Canal

-purpose: have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa -cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred -new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal

IWW: Industrial Workers of the World

-radical union that aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests -worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers -advocated social revolution and led several major strikes -stressed solidarity.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

-NYC, March 25, 1911 -industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths -worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001 -led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry -located in the Asch Building

Jane Addams/Hull House

-a middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses -college educated (one of first generation) -established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants) -condemned war and poverty -won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

-a rousing manifesto extending to women the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence -many men and women dismissed and rejected this message -written at the Seneca falls convention for women's rights

War Industries Board

-controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations -intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad

crop lien/debt peonage

-country storekeepers furnish sharecroppers with provisions and took a lien on the crop as collateral -crop lien laws enforced lenders' ownership rights to the crop share -cotton prices declined in the 1870s, more and more sharecroppers fell into permanent debt -if the merchant was the landowner or conspired with the landowner, debt became a pretext for forced labor (aka peonage)

Martin Van Buren

-created the system of party government -claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power -created the first political machine -denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs

Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

-creation of the Food and Drug Administration: entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption -requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs -requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

-creation of the Second Bank of the United States 1816: allows banks to set up branches that competed with state-chartered banks -Maryland legislature imposed a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank, which refused and claimed that the text infringed on national powers and was unconstitutional -Jefferson's argument: Congress lacked constitutional authority to charter a national bank, even if a national bank was legit, Maryland could tax its activities within the state -Marshall rejected both of these -said the Second Bank was constitutional b/c "necessary and proper" -given national gov't's control over currency and credit, Maryland had no power to tax it -again asserted the dominance of national over state statutes

Fourierism

-decline of shakers gave rise to the Fourierist movement -Charles Fourier: French reformer, devised an 8 stage theory of social evolution that predicted the imminent decline of individual property rights and capitalist values -liberated workers from capitalist employees -members would work of the community, in cooperative groups called phalanxes, own its property in common -saw the phalanx as humane system that would liberate both women and men -most communities quickly collapsed as members fought over work responsibility and social policies -rapid decline revealed the difficulty of maintaining a utopian community in the absence of a charismatic leader/compelling religious vision

Fair Deal

-domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration (1949-53) -included civil rights legislation and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted

Open Door Policy

-statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China -issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899) -reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade

Frederick Douglass

-the foremost black abolitionist -attended the first Free Soil Party convention in 1848 and endorsed its strategy

Kent State

-massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio -in response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

-massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks -one of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement -occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech

Bleeding Kansas

-thousands of settlers rushed into the Kansas Territory, both sides of views on slavery -majority favored Free Soil -1856: both sides turned to violence, Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune labelled the territory "Bleeding Kansas

Zachary Taylor

-presidential nomination by the Whig party in 1848 -was a Louisiana slave owner, committed to the defense of slavery in the South but not in the territories -won him support in the North -won a majority in the electoral college

Bessemer Process

-process that turned iron into steel efficiently -Andrew Carnegie took advantage of this process and used it to build his steel empire

Woodrow Wilson

-progressive president known more for direction of country during WWI -expanded government's regulatory powers over business and banking

Tea Act of May 1773

-provided financial relief for the East India Company, which was deeply in debt -gave the company a gov't loan and canceled the import duties on tea the company exported to Ireland and the American colonies, made it so the East India Company tea would cost less than the smuggled Dutch tea -radical patriots accused the British ministry of bribing Americans with the cheaper tea

Sandra Day O'Connor

-first woman to be in the Supreme Court -appointed by Ronald Reagan, O'Connor was an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006

Big Stick Diplomacy

-foreign affairs policy that symbolizes Teddy Roosevelt's power and readiness to use military force if necessary -intimidated countries without actually harming them

America First Committee

-formed by isolationists to urge the nation to stay out of the war -held rallies, distributed posters, brochures, etc. to warn against involvement with Europe -response to interventionists' creation of Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Crisis at Central High

1957: Orval Faubus (governor) defied the the Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962: nuclear standoff between the USSR and the US when Soviets attempted to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

John Wilkes Booth

Southern sympathizer who killed lincoln -Unionists blamed confederates for his actions

19th Amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex

Stono Rebellion

South Carolina, 1739: the largest slave uprising in the mainland colonies -illustrated the impossibility of success for blacks in a white dominated world

13th Amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime -ratified 1865 -first of 3 reconstruction amendments

Emergency Banking Act

allowed the president to take control over banking, foreign exchange and reopen banks to help the economy

Equal Rights Amendment

amendment that declared "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Hacienda

large estate and regional networks of market exchange

Deregulation

the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer

Radical Republicans

members of the Republican party who completely opposed slavery and south slave owners since the mid 1850s -began to use use wartime legislation to destroy slavery

Conservation

movement in America to begin preserving natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of resources and land

International Monetary Fund

stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade (mostly US currency)

War Powers Act 1973

stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for over seas troop presence.

New Right

outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Lochner v. NY

overturned new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers

Title IX

part of the Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government

Collective Bargaining

process of negotiation between labor unions and employers and after WW2 this meant things such as rising wages and expanding benefits

Immigration Act 1965

replaced varying quotas with the limit of 20,000 immigrants per year from anyone outside the western hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western hemisphere

Red Scare

tried to scare people by raising awareness about the potential rise of communism after the Russian Revolution

Gerald Ford

twelve-term congressman that replaced the Vice President Agnew after he was forced to resign in October 1973 for taking bribes and "kickbacks" when he was a governor vice president

NATO

-1949: the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact -1955: the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence -mutual defense: when one nation in the pact is attacked all the nations strike back, mainly to counter communism

Plessy v. Ferguson

-Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana -Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites

Scopes Trial 1925

-a highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school -prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow -convicted but the verdict was later overturned -displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time

Eli Whitney

-a key innovator of the development of machine tools (machines that made parts for other machines)

Vertical Integration

-a model in which a company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods -pioneered by Gustavus Swift, who used it in his meat industry -by 1900 five firms who were all vertically integrated produced 90% of the meat shipped in interstate commerce

Jimmy Carter

-a peanut farmer from Georgia that was the presidential candidate for the Democratic party in 1976 who escaped with a narrow victory -against the American tax system and proposed tax reform and reduction

nation of Islam

-a religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims -founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion

Teller Amendment

-amendment to 1898 US declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the US to occupy Cuba -assured public that US would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

-an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930 -raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels

Treaty of Versailles 1919

-ended WW1. -redrew the map of the world -Germany had to take full responsibility for the war and had to pay 33 billion dollars -created British and French imperial "mandates" (catastrophic)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-extremely charismatic president -expanded the size of the federal government and enlarged presidential powers to combat the Great Depression

Jeanette Rankin

-first female member of Congress (House) -one out of 388 who didn't vote to declare war on Japan -committed pacifist who voted against entry into WWI

Free Silver

-policy to expand federal coinage to include silver and gold. Believed to encourage borrowing and stimulate industry -caused inflation (good for those in debt) -President Grover Cleveland (Democrat) was stubborn and stuck to the gold standard, ignoring rural and working class demands -everyone got mad and he caused democrats to lose the next 2 elections

NYC Draft Riots

-resistance from German and Irish immigrants to the draft: didn't like the loopholes and thought it wasn't their war -ran rampant for 5 days and burned everything -lynched African Americans, blamed them for the war -Lincoln rushed in troops who killed 100+ rioters -many working class people who had problems with conscription

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

-sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus, by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses -lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movements -led to the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing

Federalist Party

-supported by most merchants, creditors, and wheat-exporting slaveholders -given a majority in Congress by voters in the 1796 election

Mikhail Gorbachev

a Soviet leader whose policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) helped end the cold war

Our Bodies, Ourselves

a book put together by the Boston Women's Health Collective to tell women about their body's and health

patronage

a system in which benefits, including jobs, money, or protection are granted in exchange for political support

HUAC: House of Un-American Activities Committee

congressional committee that investigated Americans who might be disloyal to the government or might have associated with communists

Wagner Act

created a new National Labor Relation board to create labor unions again

World Bank

created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, the initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world

Rust Belt

decay of the once bustling factory-based economy regions of the northeastern United States

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed US sponsored invasion of Cuba in 1961 by anti Castro forces who planned to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime (Kennedy)

Freedman's Bureau

first federal agency created to helped African Americans and other war refugees by providing money to those in poverty and to provide social welfare -congress gave it direct funding and authorized its agents to investigate southern abuse

General Douglas MacArthur

five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army

Environmental Protection Agency

formed in 1970 along with the Occupational Health and Safety Administration to set safety standards in workplaces

Medicare

granted government money to states to provide medical aid to the underprivileged who could not retire yet

Gettysburg

largest and bloodiest battle ever fought in North America -first three days of July 1863 -small town in southern Pennsylvania -more than 50,000 men fell as casualties (men listed as killed, wounded, or missing/captured) -a scale of suffering never seen before or since on American soil -turning point of the American Civil War -Confederacy's best chance to achieve victory -breathed new life into the Union war effort

Pocket Veto

legislative maneuver that allows president/official with veto power to veto a bill by not taking action

John Lewis

long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike -SNCC

carpetbaggers

name given by ex-Confederates to northerners who moved to the South for personal opportunity and profit during the Reconstruction

scalawags

name given by ex-Confederates to white southerners who supported the Reconstruction and thought the ex-Confederates were traitors

reservations

native americans who were nomadic hunters were placed on reservations and thereby forced to live a sedentary lifestyle

Works Progress Administration

provided jobs and income to the unemployed by building public buildings, roads and projects including hiring artists to write, paint and perform

Medicaid

provided retried people with hospital insurance while establishing a voluntary plan that would take care of physicians' bills

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat in the "whites only" section of a bus, was arrested, and started the Montgomery bus boycott

Popular Sovereignty (1700s)

stated in the Declaration of Independence, governments derive "their just powers from the consent of the governed"

Anarchism

the revolutionary advocacy of a stateless society

Earl Warren

chief justice under whom the Supreme Court had made a noticeable shift to the left (liberal side) and was activist

New Lights

Pietists, progressivist, separatist churches

New Republican Coalition

Republican Revolution of 1980

Martin Luther King (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

(1929-1968) -Civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 -outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech -assassinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike

Division of Labor

(in factories) increased output

Ronald Reagan

40th President of the US, brought back many conservative initiatives such as deregulation of the economy, tax cuts, union resistance

Lincoln Steffens/The Shame of Cities

=most famous progressive indictment of urban corruptions -insisted that municipal corruption depended upon the active support of the most respectable and wealthiest citizens and upon the passive acquiescence of the middle class

Nisei

American born Japanese

Daughters of Liberty

American women reduced their household's consumption of imported goods by boycott

Camp David Accords

Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords, laying the groundwork for a permanent peace agreement between Egypt and Israel after three decades of hostilities

17th Amendment

Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote

Hirabayashi v. U.S. 1943

Gordon Hirabayashi, a Japanese American, refused to report for transportation to an internment camp -the Court upheld his arrest and conviction

Issei

Japanese born Japanese

Prohibition

Movement made by Protestants and Progressives to prohibit the consumption or selling of alcohol under the 18th amendment

OPEC Oil Embargo

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -raised price of oil from 3 dollars per barrel to about 12 dollars after the Arab Oil Boycott of 1973 -resulted in gas price inflation in the US

16th Amendment

Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan proposed the construction of an anti-missile defense system that can destroy enemy missiles in outer space (aka Star Wars)

New Nationalism

Roosevelt; an era of national unity in which government would coordinate and regulate economic activity

Alger Hiss

State Department official accused by a former communist of spying for the USSR, convicted of perjury (contempt of court)

Truman Doctrine 1947

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism (Greece and Turkey: close to the middle east US wanted the oil there)

Korematsu v. U.S. 1944

Supreme court ruled that the gov't was permitted to deny the Japanese their constitutional rights because of military considerations

Containment

US policy to prevent any further expansion of soviet power and communism

The Religious Right/Moral Majority

United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools -fundamentalist Christians -did not accomplish much, did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society

New Freedom

Wilson; concentrated economic power threatened individual liberty and monopolies had to be broken up so marketplace could become genuinely open

closed shop

a company that hires only union members

open shop

a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union

Hundred Days

a legendary session during the first few months of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in which Congress enacted fifteen major bills that focused primarily on four problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment

Bonus Army

a group of 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans who set up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945

Little Rock Arkansas 1957

a group on African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School, students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas

Fireside Chats

a series of informal radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained New Deal initiatives

matriarchy

a society dominated and traced through the female line; used by powerful Northeastern Native American groups (ex: Iroquois)

Joseph McCarthy

argued that the government was hiring communists, claimed many communists were part of the state department, and he was censored by congress

Betty Freidan

author of the Feminine Mystique (1963)

Social Security Act

ax collected from employees and employers would be distributed to people over 65, the disabled, the unemployed and mothers with dependent kids

Crittenden Compromise

called for: -a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed -the westward expansion extension of the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' N) to the California border, ban slavery north of the line and allow bound labor to the south, including any territories "hereafter acquired," raising attention to Cuba and Central America -Congressional Republicans rejected the second proposal on strict instructions from Lincoln -Lincoln feared it would unleash new imperialist adventures for slavery -1861: Lincoln promised to safeguard slavery where it existed but vowed to prevent its expansion; declared that the Union was "perpetual" and the secession of the Confederate states was illegal, if military forces was necessary to preserve the Union, like Jackson, he would use it (choice was the South's: return or face war)

Roe v. Wade

court decision in 1973 that legalized abortion

Glass Steagall Act

created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Eminent Doman

gives a government control of all property within its sovereign jurisdiction, and grants it the power to take and use property for public purposes provided that compensation is given to the owners

War on Poverty

nickname for legislation introduced by Johnson that sought to combat poverty in the US

Mayflower Compact

pilgrims, religious separatist Puritans, sailed to America aboard the Mayflower, combined themselves "together into a civill body politick" -used the Puritans' self governing religious congregation as the model for their political structure

Appomattox Court House, Virginia

place where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865

Eugene Bull Connor

police Commissioner who personally supervised a brutal effort to break up the peacful marches, arresting hundreds of demonstrators and using attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods, and fires hoses in full view of television cameras

Phyllis Schlafly

politically conservative american activist and constitutional attorner, known for her opposition to feminism and the Equal Rights Amendment

Old Lights

-Conservative Minister, condemned "cryings out" in revivalist meetings and the New Light's claims -repeatedly tried to foil the New Lights' plans and prevent them from speaking out and converting more people

Freedom Riders

-group of blacks and whites) who would travel by bus from DC to New Orleans seeing how effective laws prohibiting discrimination really were -led to Robert Kennedy's actions of desegregating transportation and schools and securing black voting rights

Stephen Austin

-leader of the peace party in mexico -negotiated with the central gov't in mexico city for greater political autonomy -won significant concessions for texas -won an exemption from a law ending slavery, which was nullified in 1835 by santa ana

Harry Truman

-33rd U.S. president, succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945 -best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945 -crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery

John F. Kennedy

-35th President of the United States -natural charm and charisma -marked by high tensions with Communist states, particularly Cuba -assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald

Détente

-1969-1979: a period of relaxed tension between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and China and the U.S. set up by Richard Nixon that established better relations between these countries to ease the Cold War -the Anti-ballistic Missile treaty as well as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were set up to prevent nuclear war

Theodore Roosevelt

-26th president -known for conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Vice Admiralty Court

- tribunals governing the high seas and run by British appointed judges, previously merchants accused of Navigation Acts violations were tried by local common law courts where friendly juries often acquitted them -the Sugar Act closed this legal loophole by extending the jurisdiction of the vice-admiralty courts to all customs offenses (no jury)

Deism

-"A way of thinking, not a religion" -belief that the Supreme Being (or Grand Architect) created the world and then allowed it to operate by natural laws but did not intervene in people's lives -rejected the authority of Jesus and the Bible -relied on 'natural reason,' and innate moral sense; many American leaders such as Jefferson and Franklin were deists -shift away from the widespread following of Christianity in Europe

Nathaniel Hawthorne

-"more pessimistic worldview, sounded powerful warning that unfettered egoism could destroy individuals and those around them" -explored the theme of excessive individualism in The Scarlet Letter -Hester and Dimmesdale decide to ignore social restraints, results not in liberation but in degradation: a profound sense of guilt and condemnation by the community

New Look Defense Policy

-(Eisenhower) focused on limiting cost of containment by relying on nuclear arsenals and deemphasizing expensive conventional forces; Eisenhower's administration stepped up production of hydrogen bomb and long range bombing capabilities but the soviets matched the US weapon for weapon

Cold War

-1947-1991: the U.S. struggle to contain Soviet communism worldwide -although full-scale war between the U.S. and Soviet Union did not occur, two major wars—Korea and Vietnam—and many smaller conflicts occurred between 1946 and 1991 over the battle between democracy and communism

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

-nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the Double V campaign -after World War II, became a major force in the civil rights movement

The Great Awakening

-1739: English minister George Whitefield read the German Pietists and became a follower of John Wesley, the founder of English Methodism, attracted many in America -printed accounts of Whitefield's travels, conversion narratives, sermons, and other literature helped confirm Pietists' faith and strengthen communication

Committees of Correspondence

-1772: first established "to state the Rights of the Colonists of this Province" -soon 80 Massachusetts towns had similar committees -allowed Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies when new threats to liberty occurred

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

-1774: Parliament passed 4 coercive acts to force Massachusetts to pay for the tea and to submit to imperial authority -Boston Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor to shipping -Quartering Act: mandated new barracks for British troops -Massachusetts Gov't Act: annulled the colony's charter, prohibited most town meetings -Justice Act: allowed trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or Britain

Virginia Dynasty

-1801-1825: 3 Republicans from Virginia served 2 terms each as president -Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe -completed Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800," reversed many Federalist policies, actively supported western expansion

Panic of 1819

-1815: Americans increased consumption of English woolen and cotton goods -1818: 30% drop in world agricultural prices -British closed the West Indies to American trade, wheat prices plummeted as well -Farmers' incomes in America declined, could not pay debts owed to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt -land prices dropped 50%

Republican Party

-1854: joined ex-Whigs, Free Soilers, and abolitionists to form a new Republican Party -agreed on 1 thing: antislavery

Henry David Thoreau

-1854: published Walden/Life in the Woods: account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society -"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." -advocated a thorough-going individuality avoiding unthinking conformity to social norms and peacefully to resist unjust laws

Emancipation Proclamation

-1863, Lincoln issued a "political astute" (a clever trick), let slavery remain in Union-controlled states and areas occupied by Union armies (including border states) -did not immediately free any slaves, but people did say that it was moving the South toward a system of free labor

Gilded Age

-1870s-1900s at the end of Reconstruction when politics was corrupt and stagnant -Republicans and Democrats traded control of the Senate 3 times between 1880 and 1894, hard for presidents to do anything if an opposing party controlled one or both houses -name came from title of novel written by Mark Twain: America was covered with a shiny coating of prosperity and lofty rhetoric but really suffered from moral decay on the inside -a handful of men made spectacular fortunes while a rising crisis of poverty, pollution and erosion of workers' rights emerged -political leaders did not ignore these problems, just disagreed about what to do -1880s: Congress passed federal legislation to clean up corruption and control corporate power: considered an early stage in the Progressive Era

election of 1824

-5 candidates: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay -Calhoun realized Jackson's appeal in the South, withdrew, and endorsed Jackson -Crawford: ideological heir to Jefferson, denounced Clay's american system as a scheme to consolidate political power -Jackson: benefitted from surge of patriotism after war of 1812, reputation as a "plain solid republican", elites saw him as a savage unworthy of president -no candidate received an absolute popular majority; went to House of Representatives -hurt Andrew Jackson: many congressmen feared the "military chieftain" might become a tyrant -Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker to thwart Jackson, assembles a coalition of representatives from NE to Ohio River Valley that voted Adams into the presidency 1825 -Adams appointed Clay his secretary of state, the traditional stepping stone to the presidency -Jackson's supporters accused Clay and Adams of making a corrupt bargain

Compromise of 1850

-5 separate laws won by Stephen Douglas -to satisfy South: Fugitive Slave Act: gave federal support to slave catchers -to satisfy North: the legislation admitted California as a free state -resolved a boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico -abolished the slave trade (but not slavery) in the District of Columbia -organized the rest of the conquered Mexican lands into the territories of New Mexico and Utah (and invoked popular sovereignty) -preserved national unity by accepting once again the stipulation advanced by the South since 1787: no Union without slavery -south still threatened secession -a majority of delegates remained committed to the union but only on the condition that congress protect slavery where it existed and grant statehood to any territory that ratified a proslavery constitution

Berlin Airlift

-After Germany split into democratic West-Germany and communist East-Germany, Stalin blockades East-Germany, Truman decides to air-drop Marshall Plan supplies into the western side -Stalin eventually ends the blockade

George Keenan/Long Telegram

-American advisor/diplomat known as the father of containment -advised Truman administration that Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal government and proposed the policy of containment

Harvey Milk

-American politician who became the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, -not open about his homosexuality, did not participate in civic matters until around the age of 40

Shays' Rebellion

-American state gov'ts in economic trouble due to war debts; merchants and landowners invested in state bonds during the war, other speculated in debt certificated, creditors and speculators demanded that gov'ts redeem the bonds and certificates quickly and at full value, would require tax increases and a decrease in the amount of paper currency -most legislatures refused this, instead authorized new issues of paper currency and allowed debtors to pay private creditors in installments in Massachusetts, power in the hands of a mercantile elite allowed them to ignore the interests of ordinary citizens, the legislature multiplied taxes by 5 to pay off wartime debts, had to be paid in hard currency -resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act, Shays's men consciously linked themselves to the Patriot movement with pine twigs in their hats -Massachusetts legislature passes the Riot Act to put down the rebellion, wealthy bondholders equipped a formidable fighting force, Governor James Bowdoin used to disperse Shays's army in winter 1786-87 -many Patriot families felt that American oppressors had replaced British tyrants -Henry Knox: events in Massachusetts formed "the strongest arguments possible for the creation of a strong general gov't" -ultimately led to the drafting of the US Constitution -George Washington, Robert Morris, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams had advocated a stronger central gov't -most states opposed a stronger gov't able to impose sovereignty and tariffs

Eugene Debs

-American union leader and leader of the Pullman Strike of 1894 -several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States -eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States

Panic of 1837

-Bank of England tried to boost the faltering British economy by sharply curtailing the flow of money and credit to the US -American planters, merchants, and canal corporations suddenly deprived of British funds, forced to withdraw gold from domestic banks to pay foreign debts -when Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. -these banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands -Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver, many state banks collapsed as a result -bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress

Albany Plan of Union

-Benjamin Franklin proposed a "Plan of Union" among the colonies to counter French expansion, it proposed that "one general gov't be formed in America including all the said colonies" -would have created a continental assembly to manage trade, Indian policy, and the colonies' defense, was attractive to some reformists but the plan would have compromised the independence of colonial assemblies and authority of Parliament -plan not considered

Virtual Representation

-Benjamin Franklin: "If you choose to tax us, give us Members in your Legislature, and let us be one People." (no taxation without representation) -besides William Pitt, British politicians found this too radical and rejected it, said the colonists already had virtual representation in Parliament because some of its members were transatlantic merchants and West Indian sugar planters

Lusitania

-British passenger ship, that was sunk by a German U-Boat -unrestricted submarine warfare lead to the US entering WW1

Salutary Neglect

-British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws to keep the American colonies obedient to England -in order to avoid abuse of patronage by royal governors and preserve American liberty, colonists strengthened powers of representative assemblies, unintentionally setting the stage for the future American independence movements

Richard Nixon

-California congressman who rose to national prominence for pursuing the case against Alger Hiss and exploiting an anti-Communist stance to win election to the Senate in 1950 -later elected president in 1969.

Gustuvus Swift

-Chicago cattle dealer -invented vertical integration and used it to make his Swift and Company (meat packing) expand to use by products of slaughter and offer cheaper prices -developed marketing strategies for his products -used predatory pricing (making everything really cheap for some time so that competitors go under and then raise them) since his company had enough profits and could afford to do that -used mass production, deskilling, etc

Chief Joseph/Nez Perce

-Chief Joseph was the chief of the Nez Perce tribe who lived on ancestral land in what is now Idaho, Washington and Oregon. -U.S. made a bunch of national parks that had "uninhabited wilderness": used it as an excuse to kick out a bunch of indians that were living there -Nez Perce was one of those tribes -1877: forcibly removed from their ancestral land by the federal government so they tried to run away to Canada but they were forced to surrender just short of the border -crossed Yellowstone during the journey to get supplies and made trouble with tourists since they "knew the country well" -made national headlines and people freaked out because they were proud of the new "pleasuring ground" (national parks), realized there was still native resistance

Roger Taney

-Chief Justice appointed by Andrew Jackson as John Marshall's successor in 1835 -partially reversed the naturist and vested-property-rights decisions of the Marshall Court, gave constitutionality to Jackson's policies of state's rights and free enterprise

Robert E. Lee

-Confederate army general, led the Army of Northern Virginia -led a 6 day attack that ended in 20,000 confederate losses vs 10,000 union losses but McClellan failed to exploit Confederate losses so Lincoln ended up ordering a withdrawal and Richmond remained safe -went offensive and joined Jackson's forces in northern Virginia, divided his force and sent Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry in West Virginia -McClellen got a copy of the plans but once again failed to take advantage of this and delayed an attack against Lee's weakened army -Lee got a strong defensive position west of Antietam Creek, but was still outnumbered and fought until Jackson backed him up -McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia because of large Union casualties

Bull Run/Manassas

-Confederate victory -July 1861: Lincoln ordered General Irwin McDowell launched a strong assault near Bull Run, Confederate troops counterattacked, Union troops panicked -retreat in disarray to Washington

compromise of 1877

-Congress met for the election of 1876: Constitution said that the (Republican) president of the Senate presides over the (Democratic) House of Representatives and the (Republican) Senate, appointed an electoral commission to settle the election (7 Republicans, 7 Democrats, and David Davis, a Supreme Court justice without a fixed party loyalty)

Wade Davis Bill

-Congress's tougher substitute for lincoln's 10 percent -required oath of allegiance by majority of state's voters -made new governments in the south only by people who haven't taken up arms against the union -permanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leader -Lincoln pocket vetoed it but at the same time he opened talks with key congressmen to try to compromise

Great Compromise

-Connecticut delegates proposed that the national legislature's upper chamber (the Senate) have 2 members from each state, while seats in the lower chamber (the House of Representatives) be apportioned by population -a bitter debate followed, delegates from populous states reluctantly accepted this Great Compromise

Worcester v. Georgia 1832

-Court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country -Marshall claimed only the federal gov't could do that, tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity -In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

-Dartmouth College: a private institution created by a royal charter by King George III -1816: New Hampshire's Republican legislature enacted a statute converting the school into a public university, Dartmouth trustees opposed this and hired Daniel Webster (renowned constitutional lawyer and leading Federalist) to plead their case -Webster cited the Court's decision in Fletcher v. Peck, argued that the royal charter was an unalterable contract -Marshall Court agreed, upheld Dartmouth's claims

Samuel Tilden

-Democratic candidate for president in 1876 -New York governor, Wall Street lawyer with reform reputation -favored home rule for the South, but so did Hayes but he was more discreet -little said about Reconstruction -led the popular vote in the election but the electoral vote stood at 184 to 165 (Tilden to Hayes) with 20 uncertain votes from Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana

paramount chiefdoms

-numerous communities with local chiefs banded together under a single, more powerful ruler -Eastern Woodland Indians, ex: Powhatan Chiefdom of Chesapeake Bay

Treaty of Alliance

-February 1778; alliance between the colonies and France -though France and America differed in both religious and political affiliations, and had been enemies to each other in the early days of settlement, the French foreign minister (Comte de Vergennes) was determined to avenge the loss of Canada during the Great War for Empire, got King Louis XVI to provide the colonies with a secret loan and gunpowder -after rebel victory at Saratoga, Vergennes sought a formal alliance. -specified that once France entered the war, neither partner would sign a separate peace without the "liberty, sovereignty, and independence" of the United States, the Continental Congress would recognize any French conquests in the West Indies

Yalta Conference

-February, 1945: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations -announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France -Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula

Federalist Papers

-Federalist response to antifederalism -James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton defended federalism in a series of 85 essays 1787-88, collectively titled The Federalist; denied that a centralized gov't would lead to domestic tyranny. -drew from Montesquieu's theories, John Adams' Thoughts on Gov't, and John Locke's ideas of the separation of branches of gov't -influenced political leaders throughout the country -won acclaim as an important treatise of practical republicanism

Scientific Management

-Frederick W. Taylor recommended that employers eliminate all brain work from manual labor, hiring experts to develop rules for the shop floor -workers must be required to "do what they are told promptly and without asking questions or making suggestions" -workers would be paid more if they completed a task within a set time limit: this was thought to lure workers to respond but in practice -not a great success -expensive to implement and workers were stubborn -corporate managers adopted pieces of this system and agreed that decisions should lie with management alone

Bakke v. University of California

-caused the Court to achieve racial balance by eliminating the use of quotas. -decision showed a turning point for the civil rights struggle -no longer a crusade for simple justice, but a more complex task involving competing groups and individual rights

XYZ Affair

-French seizures of American merchant ships; French foreign minister (Tallyrand) solicited a loan and a bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures -Adams charged that X, Y and Z (Tallyrand's agents) had insulted America's honor -Congress cut off trade with France in 1798, authorized American privateering (licensing private ships to seize French vessels) (undeclared maritime war)

Vicksburg

-General Grant mounted major offensive on Mississippi to split south in 2 and they crossed the river near Vicksburg mississippi where they laid siege to the city and defeated 2 confederate armies -Vicksburg surrendered 1863 -Union ended up controlling entire mississippi, told slaves to desert plantations -took a bunch of prisoners -as grant advanced towards vicksburg, confederates argued over the best response, president davis want to send army to tennessee to relieve pressure on mississippi river but lee wanted to invade the north to either draw grants forces to the east or give the confederacy a major victory to destroy the north's will to fight

Fletcher v. Peck 1810

-Georgia legislature had granted a huge tract of land to the Yazoo Land Company, a new legislature cancelled the grant, alleging fraud and bribery, those who has purchased Yazoo lands appealed to the Supreme Court -Marshall: Constitution Article I, Section 10: prohibits the states from passing any law "impairing the obligation of contracts" -Marshall ruled that the legislative grant was a contract that could not be revoked, limited state power, bolstered vested property rights, promoted the development of a national capitalist economy (protected out-of-state investors)

William Tecumseh Sherman/March to the Sea

-Grant instructed general sherman who shared his harsh outlook to invade georgia and take atlanta -ended up taking it in 1864 which turned the tables again and sparked a deep pessimism over the confederacy -helped Lincoln win his reelection.

Teapot Dome Scandal 1921-1922

-Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming -part of a larger pattern of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding's presidency

Marshall Plan

-Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947 -proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism

Robert Kennedy

-JFK's brother -entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration -later elected senator from New York, became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson -assassinated in California on June 6, 1968

Marcus Garvey

-Jamaican born leader of Harlem based Universal Negro Improvement Association which arose to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism (movement to create separate institutions for people of African descent in places dominated by whites) -wanted followers to move to Africa since they would never be treated justly in white countries -created an enterprise that would foster trade with West Indies and carry Blacks to Africa -declined quickly since he was imprisoned for mail fraud and deported -represented pan Africanism: people of African descent had common destiny, should cooperate in political action

Marbury v. Madison 1803

-James Madison (secretary of state) refused to deliver the commission of William Marbury (one of Adams' midnight appointees) -John Marshall (chief justice) asserted that Marbury had the right to the appointment but that the Court did not have constitutional power to enforce it -Marshall voided a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789, in effect asserting the Court's authority to review congressional legislation and interpret the Constitution (judicial review) -directly challenged the Republican view that the state legislatures had the power to declare legislation

Natural Rights

-John Locke's philosophy: the government is legitimate only with the consent of the governed and the gov't must protect the natural rights of the people: life, liberty, and property -established standards people wanted for themselves in oppressive regimes

Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution

-Johnson claimed Vietnamese forces were torpedoing US boats in international waters (Gulf of Tonkin) -allowed the president to send troops and money to Vietnam without formally declaring war

Tenure of Office Act/Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

-Johnson decided he wanted to suspend secretary of war Stanton and replace him Ulysses S. Grant -Grant openly objected his decisions -senate overruled Stanton's suspension, and Grant hated Johnson so he resigned - Johnson formally dismissed Stanton, who responded by locking himself in his office -House then introduced articles of impeachment for the first time (power to charge high officials with treason, bribery, or other high crimes), he was acquitted by the senate because they didn't reach a ⅔ majority, but the congress had still shown its power

Great Society

-Johnson's Great Society Program: his own version of Kennedy's program -envisioned a society that was resting on "abundance and liberty for all" and would be created first in the cities, countries, and classrooms -emphasizes the fact that the people of America must be the driving force in creating this Great Society -Johnson started his program by initiating a War on Poverty and campaign to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill -1964: Congress approved the $10 billion dollar tax cut proposed by Kennedy

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. 1837

-Justice Taney declared a legislative charter to build and operate a toll bridge -Congress could charter a competing bridge to promote the general welfare

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

-Kentucky and Virginia issued resolutions in 1798 declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts to be "unauthoritative, void, and of no force" -set forth a states' rights interpretation of the Constitution, asserting that the states had a "right too judge" the legitimacy of national laws

Glorious Revolution

-King James II, a Catholic, angered other English political leaders, Dutch William of Orange was invited to marry James's Protestant daughter, Mary, and led a quick and nearly bloodless coup and overthrew King James II -Whig politicians forced William and Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, justified John Locke's philosophy: legitimacy of gov't relies on consent of the governed and natural rights (life, liberty, property)

Brown v. Board of Education

-Landmark Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and abolished racial segregation in public schools -court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South -first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement

Battle of Little Big Horn

-Lieutenant Colonel George Custer declared the discovery of gold in South Dakota's black hills, and the United States pressured Sioux leaders to sell the Black Hills to it -chiefs said no U.S. demanded in 1876 that Sioux gather at federal agencies -Sitting Bull refused to report, and other Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahos followed him -slipped away from reservations and created a large village of over 7k people around Little Big Horn River -U.S. army dispatched 1k cavalry and infantrymen to drive Native Americans back to reservations -news arrived that Lieutenant Colonel Custer, leader of the 7th cavalry, had led 210 ill-prepared men in an assault on Sitting Bull's Camp -all died ("Custer's last stand") -last military victory of Plains Indians against the U.S. Army

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

-Lincoln emerged as the leading Republican in Illinois and in 1858 ran for the US Senate seat held by Douglas -race for the seat attracted attention: Douglas's prominence and Lincoln's reputation as a formidable speaker -Douglas declared support for white supremacy, attacked Lincoln for supporting "negro equality" -Lincoln argued that free blacks should have equal economic opportunities but not equal political rights -asked how Douglas could accept the Dred Scott decision (protected slave property in the territories) yet advocate popular sovereignty (allowed settlers to exclude slavery) -Douglas responded with the Freeport Doctrine: a territory's residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it (position did not please anti or proslavery) -Douglas narrowly reelected to the US Senate

George McClellan/Army of the Potomac

-Lincoln replaced General Irwin McDowell with General George McClellan and enlisted a million men to serve for 3 years in the new Army of the Potomac -McClellan spent the winter of 1861-62 training the recruits and launched a major offensive in March 1862 -ferried 100,000 troops down the Potomac River to the Chesapeake Bay -advanced slowly towards Richmond, allowing the Confederate to prepare a counterstrike (ignored Lincoln's advice was to strike a blow quickly) -Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson marched through western Virginia and threatened Washington, Lincoln recalled 30,000 of McClellan's troops to protect the capital -Jackson returned quickly to Richmond to help Robert E. Lee -McClellan failed to exploit the Confederates' losses, Lincoln ordered a withdrawal

Andrew Johnson

-Lincoln's successor -complete opposite of lincoln -"Common man": support from farmers and laborers -loyal to the union, didn't leave the senate when Tennessee (from TN) seceded Lincoln appointed him as the military governor of tennessee -war democrat -disagreement with the republicans and belligerent and contradictory actions wreaked political havoc -didn't really do much about reconstruction, left it to the radical republicans -talked about how he didn't like southern planters but his actions didn't show that -forgave ex confederate leaders by approving their pardons -South was happy but north wasn't -Johnson's policies allowed ex confederates to get more power -Republicans were mad at him for letting this happen so they made a ton of radical stuff

Battle of Saratoga 1777

-Lord North and Lord George Germain launched a military campaign in 1777 to isolate New England, wanted to converge on Albany but General William Howe instead decided to attack Philadelphia, the home of the Continental Congress, Howe succeeded, but the rebels fled to the countryside determined to continue the struggle. -John Burgoyne led another British army, took his time leisurely b/c he believed his large army would easily defeat the rebels, General Horatio Gates of the rebel troops slowed Burgoyne by felling trees in their path and raiding British supply lines to Canada -At summer's end, Burgoyne, 6000 British & German troops, 600 loyalists and indians were stuck near Saratoga, no supplies, a few skirmishes, Patriots "swarmed around the army like birds of prey", forced Burgoyne to surrender in October 1777 -American victory convinced the French the colonists had a chance and the French decided to aid the colonies

Huey Long

-Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" plan, which planned to give $5,000 to all families -outspoken populist who denounced the rich and the banks, and called for "Share our Wealth" -commanded wide networks of supporters and was willing to take forceful action -assassinated in 1935 -remains a controversial figure in Louisiana history: critics and supporters debating if he was a dictator, a demagogue, or a populist

Border States

-Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri: opinion of secession divided -yeomen farmers held greater political power -decision of border states between the union and confederacy was very important -kentucky: border on the ohio river, essential to movement of troops and supplies -maryland: bordered Washington DC on 3 sides -virginia, arkansas, tennessee, north carolina quickly joined confederacy -october 1861: yeomen in northwest Virginia voted overwhelmingly to create a breakaway territory, West Virginia, which joined the Union -Lincoln kept 4 border states (Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky) and NW Virginia

Court Packing Plan

-Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70 -following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs -Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no

Republic

-May 1776: The Second Continental Congress urged Americans to reject royal authority and establish republican gov'ts, -most states quickly complied; Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania ratified new constitutions, Connecticut and Rhode Island revised their colonial charters to delete references to the king -republicanism meant more than ousting the king: changed system of gov't -elected representatives

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

-Mexico's president -wanted to impose national authority throughout Mexico and end the lax enforcement of laws in Texas

My Lai Massacre

-Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children -produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971

Louisiana Purchase 1803

-Napoleon coerced Spain into signing a secret treaty that returned Louisiana to France, restricted American access to New Orleans -Jefferson questioned his pro-France foreign policy; "the day that France takes possession of New Orleans, we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation" -Jefferson dispatched James Monroe to Britain to negotiate an alliance and told Robert Livingston (American minister in Paris) to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans -1802: France in wartime crisis: invasion of St. Domingue failing, new war in Europe -offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million -forced Jefferson to reconsider his strict interpretation of the Constitution (believed the national gov't possessed only the powers expressly delegated to it, but no provision for adding new territory) -used treaty-making powers to complete the deal with France -"a means of tempting all our Indians on the East side of the Mississippi to remove to the West"

Henry Kissinger

-National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration -responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973

Navajo Code Talkers

-Native Americans served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the United States -most famous of this group, who translated U.S. code into the Native American language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

-New Deal program similar to unemployment relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation set up by Herbert Hoover and the US Congress in 1932 -established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933 -first direct relief operation under the New Deal, headed by Harry L. Hopkins

Civil Works Administration

-New Deal program that gave American jobs and raised the hopes of the American people and sparked great enthusiasm for the new president -4 million jobs; 40,000 schools; paid 50,000 schoolteachers; built half a million miles of roads.

Watergate Scandal

-Nixon during his campaign in 1972 had 5 guys try to plant bugs in the watergate complex, the democrats head quarters -led to Nixon's resignation when the story came out

Business Cycle

-Panic of 1819 gave Americans their first taste of a business cycle, boom and bust associated with an unregulated market economy

Continental Congress

-Patriot leaders convened a new continent-wide body in response to the coercive acts -southern representatives feared a British plot "to overturn the constitution and introduce a system of arbitrary gov't, advocated a new economic boycott -representatives from new england demanded political union and defensive military preparations -delegates from the middle atlantic colonies favored compromise -commercial warfare: delegates demanded the repeal of the coercive acts and stipulated that British control be limited to matters of trade, approved a program of economic retaliation: Americans would stop importing British goods in 12/1774 -if the coercive acts were not repealed by 9/1775, the Congress would cut off virtually all colonial exports to Britain, Ireland, and the British West Indies -a few British leaders still hoped for compromise, including William Pitt, who asked Parliament to renounce its power to tax the colonies and recognize the Continental Congress as a lawful body, in return the Congress should acknowledge parliamentary supremacy and provide a permanent source of revenue to help defray national debt -Pitt was rejected, Parliament would not back down three times -the Continental Congress was branded an illegal assembly, rejected Lord Dartmouth's proposal to send for negotiation, Lord North set terms: Americans must pay for their own defense and administration, acknowledge Parliament's authority to tax them, imposed a naval blockade on American trade with foreign nations

Lexington and Concord

-Patriot-controlled Massachusetts assembly gathered in Salem in open defiance of Parliament -Lord Dartmouth proclaimed Massachusetts to be in "open rebellion," ordered General Thomas Gage to march against the "rude rabble" -Gage dispatched 700 soldiers on 4/18/1775 to capture colonial leaders and supplies at Concord -Paul Revere and other riders warned Patriots, at dawn militiamen confronted the British regulars first at Lexington and then at Concord, a few deaths resulted -British retreated to Boston, militias from neighboring towns ambushed them, many British casualties less than half of Patriot casualties -first revolutionary battle

John Adams' Thoughts on Government

-Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 created a unicameral legislature with complete power (no governor to exercise a veto) -Adams published Thoughts on Government to counter the Pennsylvania constitution: adapted the British Whig theory of mixed gov't (sharing of power among the monarch, the House of Lord and the House of Commons) to a republican society -insisted on separate institutions to disperse authority and preserve liberty: -Legislatures: make laws -Executive: administer the laws -Judiciary: enforce laws -also demanded a bicameral legislature: an upper house of substantial property owners to offset the popular majorities in the lower one -proposed an elected governor with veto power and appointed judiciary

Nikita Khrushchev

-Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964 -a Communist Party official who emerged from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR -notably renounced Stalin's brutality in 1956, the same year that he crushed a pro-Western uprising in Hungary -1958: issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berlin, from which he backed down a year later -defended Soviet-style economic planning in the Kitchen Debate with American Vice President Richard Nixon in 1959, and attempted to send missiles to Cuba in 1962 but backed down when confronted by John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Jay's Treaty

-President George Washington sent John Jay to Britain to discuss the British secure of American neutral ships carrying French goods -John Jay returned with a treaty that ignored the American claim of "free ships make free goods," accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships, required the US gov't to make "full and complete compensation" to British merchants for pre-revolutionary war debts owed by American citizens -in return, allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the NW territory -barely fulfilled requirement for ratification by the Senate in 1795

Barry Goldwater

-Republican Arizona senator who attacked the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society

sharecropping

-Republican leaders counted on cotton to fuel economic growth southern landowners and national lawmakers envisioned former slaves as wage workers while freedmen wanted their own land -system where freedmen worked as renters, exchanging their labor for the use of land, house, implements and sometimes seed and fertilizer, typically gave half of their crops to the landlord -effective strategy in a "credit-starved agricultural region that grew crops for a world economy, enabled laborers and landowners to share risks and returns, unequal relationship, sharecroppers were penniless and had no way to make it through the first growing season without borrowing food and supplies

Rutherford B. Hayes

-Republicans' new candidate for president in 1876 (abandoned Grant), former Union general "who was untainted by corruption and-even more important-hailed from the key swing state of Ohio -won election -promised "a complete change of men and policy" for the South, as he sent troops from Texas border back to the South, the last Republican administrations in the South collapsed: end of Reconstruction

Reaganomics/Supply Side Economics

-Ronald Reagan's economic policies -focus on reducing taxes, social spending, and government regulation, while increasing outlays for defense

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

-Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine -the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Kansas-Nebraska Act

-Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted to open the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′, which was Permanent Indian Territory, to allow a transcontinental railroad to link Chicago to California -proposed to extinguish Native American rights on the Great Plains and create a large free territory called Nebraska -Southern politicians wanted to instead extend slavery throughout the Louisiana Purchase and to have a southern city as the eastern terminal of the railroad -to win their support, Douglas amended his bill to repeal the Missouri Compromise and organized the region for popular sovereignty -agreed on the formation of 2 territories: Nebraska and Kansas -passed in the Senate after weeks of bitter debate -1600 petitions opposing the bill came through the House of Representatives, barely passed

Daniel Webster

-Senator of Massachusetts -presented a nationalist interpretation that celebrated popular sovereignty and Congress's responsibility to secure the "general welfare" in response to the Nullification Crisis

John Marshall

-chief justice -dominated the Court from 1801-1822; strongly influenced decisions, Federalist policies lived on thanks to him -beliefs: federalist: judicial authority, supremacy of national laws, traditional property rights -claimed right of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

Brigham Young

-Smith's leading disciple, the sect's "prophet, seer, and revelator" after Smith's death -settled in the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah -governor of the Utah Territory set up by Congress in 1850 -ruled in an authoritarian fashion with his associates -Mormons' threat of nullification: openly vowed to resist federal laws -considered a declaration of war, President James Buchanan dispatched a small army to Utah -aggressive Mormon militia massacred a party of 120 California bound emigrants, murdered suspicious travelers and Mormons seeking to flee Young's regime

Fort Sumter

-South Carolina demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter and to cut off its supplies -President Buchanan backed down and refused to use the navy to supply to fort -after Crittenden Compromise, south decided quickly their stance on the Union -Lincoln dispatched an unarmed ship to resupply Fort Sumter -Jefferson Davis decided to seize the fort -Confederate forces opened fire on April 12 -April 15: Lincoln called 75,000 state militiamen into federal service for 90 days

referendum

-citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments -originated as a populous reform in the populist party, later picked up by the progressive reform movement

Land Ordinance of the 1780s

-The Ordinance of 1784: established the principle that territories could become states as their populations grew -The Land Ordinance of 1785: mandated a rectangular grid system of surveying and specified a minimum price of $1/acre; required that half of the townships be sold in single blocks of 13,040 acres each, the rest in parcels of 640 acres each, restricted their sale to well-to-do farmers -The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: created the territories that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin; prohibited slavery -specified that Congress would appoint a governor and judges to administer each new territory until the population reached 5000 free adult men, at which point the citizens could elect a territorial legislature, when the population reached 60,000, the legislature could devise a republican constitution and apply to join the Confederation -these ordinances provided for orderly settlement and the admission of new states on the basis of equality -extended the geographical division between slave and free areas that would haunt the nation in the coming decades, implicitly invalidated Native American claims to large amounts of territory

granger movement

-The Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, was founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States -financial crisis of 1873, along with falling crop prices, increases in railroad fees to ship crops, and Congress's reduction of paper money in favor of gold and silver devastated farmers' livelihoods and caused a surge in Grange membership in the mid-1870s -both at the state and national level, Grangers gave their support to reform minded groups such as the Greenback Party, the Populist Party, and, eventually, the Progressives

Treaty of Paris 1763

-Treaty to end the French and Indian War with a British victory -granted British sovereignty over French Canada, all French territory east of the Mississippi, Spanish Florida, recent conquests in Africa and India

Alfred Mahan/The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

-US naval officer who urged the United states to invest in the latest weapons like battleships, thought naval power was essential to past empires. -other European nations were building their naval power. -influenced the construction of battleships USS Texas and USS Maine

Tet Offensive

-Viet Cong (south) attacks major Vietnamese cities and US embassy -major turning point and downfall for US

William Henry Harrison

-Whigs' nomination for president in 1840 -military hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812

John Tyler

-Whigs' nomination for vice president in 1840

Fourteen Points

-Wilson's peace plan -points were designed to prevent future wars -each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose -called for self-determination (only European nations), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations -compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 -only point that remained was the 14th (League of Nations)

Atlantic Charter

-World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain -included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live: sympathy for decolonization

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

-a Governmental Agency with the responsibility for regulatory and enforcement of safety and health matters for most United States employees -an individual State OSHA agency may supercede the US Department of Labor OSHA regulations -government organization whose mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards -provided training, outreach, and education -encouraged continual improvement in workplace safety and health, regulated the workplace environment -ensured that workplaces are safe and healthful for employees

Tennessee Valley Authority

-a New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods around the Tennessee River Valley -created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs

Dorothea Dix

-a New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, c. 1830's.

USS Maine

-a battleship that exploded and sunk in the Havana harbor -a naval board blamed an underwater mine that Spain planted even though there was no evidence of it -fueled public outrage and the phrase "Remember the Maine" became a national chant -made the public want a war with spain -war was declared after 2 months

Feminine Mystique

-a book that criticizes the male-oriented society that subjugates women to menial roles such as housewifery -urged women to launch a modern women's movement and to reject traditional roles.

Zimmermann Telegram

-a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico at the height of World War I -the telegram instructed the ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form a military alliance against the United States -it was intercepted and decoded by the British and led to the US entering WW1

Securities and Exchange Commission

-a commission established by Congress in 1934 to regulate the stock market -broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information about corporate plans

indulgences

-a declaration given to someone who paid money to have their sins forgiven in exchange for a lessened time in purgatory -corruption of Roman Catholic Church, eventually led to Martin Luther's 95 Theses and the Protestant Reformation

Redemptioner

-a flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival, made by German immigrants to soon be able to dominate many districts in eastern Pennsylvania

Limited Liability

-a form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments -the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm

Booker T. Washington

-a former slave -encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival rather than leading a grand uprising -believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights -Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future -served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement

March on Washington

-a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963 -Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial -widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965)

Thurgood Marshall (NAACP)

-a lawyer in the Brown vs. Board of Education that decided to desegregate public schools -later became the Supreme Court's first African American justice -President Johnson was responsible for Marshall's nomination to the Supreme Court in 1967

Dominion of New England

-a merge of the colonies Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island in 1686, later added New York and New Jersey -extended the authoritarian model of colonial rule on Ireland to America, harsh restrictions and rejected original laws of the individual colonies, created tension

Pietism

-an evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God -appealed to believers' hearts instead of their minds, sparked a religious revival in Pennsylvania and New Jersey

Virginia Plan

-a scheme for a powerful national gov't devised by James Madison; -rejected state sovereignty in favor of "supremacy of national authority" -called for the national gov't to be established by the people (not the states) and for national laws to operate directly on citizens -proposed a three-tier election: ordinary votes would elect only the lower house, the lower house would select the upper house, both houses would appoint the executive and judiciary -two flaws: most state politicians and citizens vehemently opposed allowing the national gov't to veto state laws, the plan bases representation in the lower house on population -would allow large states by population to crush smaller ones with differing opinions -supported by larger states by population

Manhattan Project

-a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb -its success granted the U.S the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era

Columbian Exchange

-a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the atlantic, food of the western hemisphere significantly increased agricultural yields and population in europe: maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc, tomatoes. domestic animals and livestock transformed the americas (only llama and dog before), got cattle, oxen, horses, swine, chickens, honeybees, barley, rice, rye -set up the power balance towards europe with the population increase and the desire for more of the foods the americas had to offer

SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

-a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the USSR on the issue of nuclear arms reduction -helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two

Craft Union

-a strong sense of identity enabled specialized workers in traditional crafts to form unions and bargain with the master-artisan employers -resented low wages and long hours

Nathan Bedford Forrest

-accomplished Confederate general born into poverty, became a big slave trader and Mississippi planter, secessionist, fought at the battle of Shiloh -1864: his troops committed the massacre at Fort Pillows, Tennessee: killed black Union soldiers who were trying to surrender -determination to uphold white supremacy.

Declaratory Act of 1766

-after repealing the Stamp Act and reducing the Sugar Act down to a penny a gallon, Parliament explicitly claimed sovereignty over the colonies

Students For a Democratic Society

-against war, consumer culture, gap between rich and poor

SALT II

-agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter -despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979

Restrictive Covenants

-agreement in which employee agrees not to work similar employment within a certain geographic area, or within a specific time

Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

-allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents -American ships claimed a right to pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports, quickly took over the lucrative French-West Indian sugar trade

Manumission 1782

-allowed owners to free their slaves -10,000 slaves won their freedom

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

-allowed the Indians a form of self-government, willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government -provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs (repealed the Dawes Act)

Quebec Act 1774

-allowed the practice of Roman Catholicism in Quebec, reignited religious passions in New England, where Protestants associated Catholicism with arbitrary royal gov't -extended Quebec's boundaries into the Ohio River Valley -angered land speculators and settlers in Virginia and Pennsylvania -not meant as a coercive measure but colonists saw it as one

Bill of Rights 1791

-an added "Declaration of Rights" to the Constitution; eased Antifederalists' fears -secured Constitution's legitimacy -first 10 amendments to the Constitution to "safeguard fundamental personal rights (speech, religion) and mandate legal procedures (trial by jury)

Battle at Midway

-an enormous battle that raged for four days near the small American outpost at Midway Island -the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious -the action regained control of the central Pacific for the US

Trancendentalism

-an intellectual movement celebrating the liberation of the individual; individual self-realization -"the infinitude of the private man, the radical free person" -"rooted in the religious soil of New England" -ideal setting for the transcendent discovery: "under an open sky, in solitary communion with nature"; "an individual in the woods, alone, joining with God in a mystical union" -"optimistic but not naive"

guild

-artisan organizations that regulated trades and safeguarded commercial transactions -granted privileges by the monarch -encouraged domestic manufacturing and foreign trade, in return for the privileges, taxed towns and loans from merchants to support armies

54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

-attack on the infantry in 1863 convinced union officers of the value of black soldiers -eventually they recruited 200k black soldiers and lincoln declared without them they would have to abandon the war in weeks -made people a little less racist than before but they were still racist -blacks earned less and died more -made southern fears come true: african american rose a successful rebellion against slavery

Indian Removal Act 1830

-authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi -led to the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

-authorized by Eisenhower to expand the highway system in case of an attack -construction spending vastly greater than New Deal

National Recovery Act

-authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program -set standards for products, prices, and price increases: set min wages and max hours

Executive Order 9066

-authorized the Secretary of War and the U.S. Armed Forces to declare military areas from which any or all persons may be excluded -led to the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

Alien and Sedition Acts

-authorized the deportation of aliens -made it harder to become a citizen -prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress

Ulysses S. Grant

-awesome general for the union: exactly what lincoln was looking for, he wanted a really aggressive guy -both agreed that the cautiousness of previous commanders prolonged the war -worked together really well, lincoln came up with strategies and grant implemented them -both planned on a simultaneous advance against major confederate armies to achieve a decisive victory before election of 1864 -relied on industrial technology and targeted the entire society -sieged Vicksburg and used railroads to rescue endangered Union army in tennessee -willing to accept heavy casualties that earned him a reputation as a butcher of enemy armies and his own men -took 2 major offensives: the one with Tecumseh and one in richmond where he hoped to force Lee to fight in open fields where union manpower and artillery would be superior -lee remained in defensive positions -Grants forces still eroded lee's forces but union casualties were higher

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

-became a government lending bank -designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads

Silent Spring

-book written by Rachel Carson to voice the concerns of environmentalists -launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

-boosted opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act -converted the moral principles of abolitionism in heart-wrenching personal situations -sparked an unprecedented discussion of race and slavery

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall

-boss tweed: boss of tammany hall political machine of New York City a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism -Tammany Hall was powerful New York political organization, drew support from immigrants: relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services -gave immigrants rights to vote.

Commonwealth System

-by 1820, state governments had created a republican political economy -funneled state aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare

Abraham Lincoln

-came from a yeoman farm family continually on the move -socially ambitious, rejected father's life as a subsistence farmer, became a store clerk, studied law -middle-of-the-road policies: took a middle ground by voting for military appropriations but also for the Wilmot Proviso's ban on slavery in any occupied territories -introduced legislation that would require the gradual emancipation of slaves in the District of Columbia -favored the colonization of freed blacks in Africa or South America

Reconquista

-campaign by spanish catholics to drive Muslim Arabs from the European mainland -launched the brutal Inquisition against suspected Christian heretics, expelled or forcibly converted Jews and Muslims

Benevolent Empire

-campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by Christian ideals and endorsed my upper middle class in the 1820s -ministers insisted people who experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate

Double V Campaign

-campaign popularized by American Black Leaders during WW2 emphasizing the need for double victory over Germany and Japan and also over racial prejudice in the US -many blacks were fought in WW2 were disappointed that the America they returned to still had racial tension-labor and civil rights leaders in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters -demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries -FDR agreed only after he threatened a march on Washington by African Americans

Consumer Revolution

-colonists increased exports to pay for British manufactures, Americans used their profits to buy English manufactures -raised living standards in Britain, landed many consumers and the colonies as a whole in debt, made Americans more dependent on overseas credit

Brook Farm

-communal experiment outside Boston where Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller were residents/frequent visitors -"inspired the young with a passion for study, and the middle-aged with deference and admiration" -intellectual excitement and spiritual rewards, but was an economic failure -planned to produce their own food and exchange the surplus for other supplies -most members had few farming skills, only the money of affluent residents supported it -devastating fire in 1846, disbandment and sold the farm

National War Labor Board

-composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers -settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts

National War Labor Board (2)

-composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers -settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts

Factory

-concentrated production of products not suited to the outwork system under one roof -some boasted impressive new technology

Treaty of Ghent 1814

-concluded the War of 1812 -retained prewar borders of the US

Taft Hartley Act

-condemned by Labor leaders as a "slave labor law" -outlawed the "closed" shop -made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath -passed over Truman's veto -"Tough Heartless Act"

Haymarket Square Riot

-conflict in Chicago, both workers and policemen were killed during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists -created backlash against all labor organization

Federal Reserve Act

-created 12 district banks that would lend $ at discount rates (could increase/decrease amt. of $ in circulation) -loosen/tighten credit with nation's needs -first central banking system since 1836

Cotton Gin

-created by Eli Whitney in 1793 -separated the seeds in a cotton boll from the delicate fibers

Machine Tools/Interchangeable Parts

-created by Eli Whitney on his quest for fortune-deceived to manufacture military weapons -designed machine tools that could rapidly produce interchangeable musket parts -brought him the wealth and fame he craved

William Levitt/Levittown

-created by the Levitt brothers -revolutionized techniques of home construction -built hundreds/thousands of homes in a single project -specialized crews worked from standardized plans much like an assembly line

14th Amendment

-created to protect civil rights and stated that people born or "naturalized" are citizens of the US -no states could deprive the citizens of their privileges or "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" or deny anyone of "equal protection" -Johnson opposed this -power shifted to the radical republicans after this

New Jersey Plan

-delegates from smaller states supported a plan by William Paterson of New Jersey -have the Confederation the power to raise revenue, control commerce, make binding requisitions on the states, preserved the states' control of their own laws, guaranteed their equality -each state would have 1 vote in a unicameral legislature -a bare majority of the states agreed to use the Virginia Plan

Stagflation

-described the high inflation and stagnant growth during Nixon's administration. -unemployment was at 6% in 1970, GDP was in decline, the US was in a trade deficit, and inflation was at 12% in 1974

Missouri Compromise 1820

-devised by henry clay -Maine would enter the Union as a free state in 1820 and Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state in 1821 -prohibited new slave states in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′

Medgar Evers

-director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks -murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Act 1867

-divided conquered land from the South into 5 military districts controlled by the US general -to reenter the Union Confederate states had to grant vote to freedmen and not to ex-confederates, follow new constitution and state legislature had to ratify the 14th amendment -Johnson vetoed this but the congress overrode his veto

Francis Townsend

-doctor who thought New Deal did not do enough to help older Americans -attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citizen over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month

Black Power

-doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965 -rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration -promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights

Dwight D. Eisenhower

-elected 1953, pushed for armistice in Korean War -foreign policy: guided by containment -novice in domestic affairs -wanted to use covert operations with the newly created CIA to get rid of communism (coups that American public didn't know about)

Evangelical Black Protestantism

-emergence of black christianity illustrated the synthesis of african and european cultures -generally ignored the doctrines of original sin and predestination -preachers didn't use biblical passages that encouraged unthinking obedience to authority

tribute

-employed by Aztecs as a sort of tax system -brought in gold, textiles, turquoise, obsidian, tropical bird feathers, cacao to Tenochtitlan from subjects -made Tenochtitlan very wealthy, envied/admired by Europeans, who had not seen such a wealthy and prosperous market anywhere else (c. 1519)

Civil Rights Act 1964

-enacted during Johnson's presidency -stated that employers and unions must not be discriminated against -the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission would be established to enforce nondiscrimination laws and African American voting rights were secured

Navigation Acts

-english ministers wanted to control the trade with colonies, required that goods be carried on english owned ships or colonial merchant owned ships (1651), in 1660 and 1663, parliament strengthened ban, colonists could export only to england and import europeans goods only through england -many colonists violated the navigation acts, the massachusetts bay assembly declared "The laws of England...do not reach America", customs official called for troops to "reduce Massachusetts to obedience"

National Defense Education Fund

-established by Congress and gave federal aid to fund science and math programs in schools -created due to concern that the Soviet Union was becoming scientifically and technologically superior to the US

redeemers/redemption

-ex-Confederates staged a massive insurgency to take back the South (signal of end of Reconstruction) -ex-Confederates terrorized Republicans, especially in districts with a large proportions of black votes, black leaders were shot, hanged, beaten to death, one was beheaded -name of "redemption" created by Democrats, made it sound like a heroic name

pure and simple unionism

-expression was coined by Samuel Gompers in a speech at the 1890 AFL convention in Detroit in which he opposed the inclusion of political parties in trade union organizations -argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation" -phrase came to represent the AFL's rejection of political action and social reform in favor of pragmatic economic strategies servicing the immediate needs of its members, such as wages, hours of work, and procedures for handling grievances

John Brown

-extremely antislavery -a proslavery force looted and burned the free soil town of Lawrence -John Brown was enraged and avenged Lawrence by murdering 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie -started a guerrilla war in Kansas that took nearly 200 lives

transcontinental railroad

-failure of different regions to fund a transcontinental railroad left them being disconnected from the rest of the country but it was literally all their fault -the republicans thought this was a factor in starting the civil war -even while the civil war was going on, congress kept trying to fund the transcontinental railroad -launched the transcontinental railroad and a new national banking system, raised the protective tariff on a range of manufactured goods (textiles, steel, wool, sugar) -began in 1830s-complete in 1869

Household mode of production

-families swapped labor and goods in order for all to get what they need -helped New Englanders maximize agricultural output and preserve the freehold ideal

Milton Freidman

-famous American economist -strongly promoted the idea of free trade and condemned government regulation and socialism

Cesar Chavez/United Farm Workers Union

-farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers -helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them

Interstate Commerce Act

-federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices -required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates

encomienda

-grants given from the crown of the mother colony to allow the collecting of tribute in the form of labor and goods (from natives) -set up the social and economic hierarchy

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-female abolitionist, asserted that the traditional gender roles resulted in domestic slavery of women -"How can we endure our present marriage relations [which give a woman] no charter of rights, no individuality of her own?" -many female abolitionists began to advocate greater rights for themselves -worked extensively with Susan B. Anthony

Lucretia Mott

-female suffrage activist

Erie Canal

-financed by the New York legislature in 1817 -364 mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie -backed by vigorous support of NYC's merchants (wanted access to western markets), NY's governor (De Witt Clinton who wanted to finance the waterway from tax revenues, tolls, and bond sales to foreign investors) -first great engineering project in American history, altered the ecology of an entire region -farming communities and market towns sprang up along the waterway, -millions of trees cut down to provide wood for houses & barns and to open the land for growing crops & grazing animals -instant economic success, brought prosperity to the farmers of central and western New York and the entire Great Lakes region -inspired civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose waterways to link their cities to the Midwest

Jackie Robinson

-first African American player in the major league of baseball -helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans

Samuel Gompers

-first and longest-serving president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) -under his leadership, the AFL became the largest and most influential labor federation in the world

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

-first federal attempt to forbid any "combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade" -regulated interstate corporations -extended pensions to all Union veterans -dealt with the public outrage over trusts -passed when Republicans gained control of Congress and the White House after a decade of divided government

Jacob Riis/How the other Half Lives

-first generation of reformers to attempt reliving poverty -believed cause of urban distress was immigrants' lack of self-discipline and self-control -focused on moral improvement and exposing squalid tenement housing-iIgnored low wages and dangerous working conditions -humanitarian conditions eventually turned into missions to Americanize immigrants

Ku Klux Klan (1800s)

-first group formed in late 1865/early 1866 in Tennessee, targeting William G. Brownlow(Republican governor)'s black supporters -eventually turned to Forrest as it spread through the state, at a secret meeting Forrest wore robes of the Grand Wizard, the activities were a mystery but it was definite that the Klan would strike against the Republican government of Tennessee -became virtually identical to the Democratic Party -"murderous campaign of terror"

Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor

-first published in 1881 that chronicled the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on injustices -attempt to change government ideas/policy toward Native Americans at a time when effects of the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act (making the entire Native American population wards of the nation) had begun to draw the attention of the public

Sputnik

-first satillite to orbit the earth -Soviet achievement marked the beginning of the space race

nativism

-formed by some American born citizens confronted by Catholic and German speaking immigrants -condemned immigration and asserted the superiority of Protestant religious and cultural values -social tensions stemmed from industrialization intensified nativist and anti-Catholic attitudes -unemployed Protestant mechanics and factory workers joined mobs that attacked Catholic immigrants -accused them of taking jobs and driving down wages -undercut trade unionism -Protestant wage earners sided more with their Protestant employers than their Catholic co-workers -religious and cultural tensions led to violence -Anti-Irish violence escalated into open warfare between Protestants and the Pennsylvania militia -as the American economic revolution attracted millions of European immigrants, it divided society along lines of ethnicity, religion, and class

Nye Committee

-formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI solely to make profit -increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts

Jefferson Davis

-former US senator and secretary of war -named the Confederacy's president -Alexander Stephens was named vice president

American Colonization Society

-founded in 1817 by a group of prominent citizens -some Americans redefined slavery as a problem rather than an old social condition -belief that African Americans should be relocated back to Africa

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

-founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans -got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

National Organization for Women

-founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women -also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution

Joseph Smith

-founder of Mormonism -stressed communal discipline to safeguard the Mormon "New Jerusalem" -goal: church-directed society that would restore primitive Christianity and encourage moral perfection -Illinois official arrested him in 1844 for treason for allegedly conspiring to create a Mormon colony in Mexican territory -an anti-Mormon mob stormed the jail and murdered Smith and his brother

Lend Lease Act

-gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers -a sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease -money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion -over the next few years the British government repaid $650 million of this sum

1968 Democratic National Convention

-held in Chicago; purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic Party's choice for president in the 1968 election -events that led to convention: assassination of Martin Luther King and JFK -riots broke out from Anti-Vietnam war protesters during the time of the convention, turned into bloody battles after the Chicago police tried to stop the protesters -Democrats settled on Hubert Humphrey but lost to Richard Nixon; shows a large split in the party over the Vietnam War

Counterculture

-hippies, social rebellion against middle class culture and societal norms -LSD, other drugs, peace, free love, woodstock, etc

Articles of Confederation

-idea of a central gov't with limited power: Continental Congress should regulate the affairs of trade, war, peace, alliances, etc but "should by no means have authority to interfere with the internal police or domestic concerns of any colony." -Articles of Confederation approved by Continental Congress in November 1777, provided for a loose union in which "each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." -Confederation had significant powers on paper, could declare war, make treaties, borrow & print money, requisition funds from the states, adjudicate disputes between states, but had major weaknesses -had neither a chief executive nor judiciary -could not enforce provisions of their treaties since states remained sovereign -***lacked power to tax the states or the people -won formal ratification in 1781

Cash and Carry Policy

-if a warring nation wanted to buy nonmilitary goods from the U.S. they had to pay cash and carry them in their own ships -kept the U.S. out of potentially dangerous naval warfare

Stamp Act of 1765

-implemented to help cover the costs of keeping British troops in America, required a tax stamp on all printed documents -bore more on the rich (a lawyer's license could be 10 pounds while a newspaper could be a penny a sheet

Townshend Act 1767

-imposed duties on colonial imports paper, paint, glass and tea -Revenue Act of 1767: created a board of customs commissioners in Boston and vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston, Townshend intended to undermine American political institutions by using parliamentary taxes to finance imperial administration

Progressivism

-in response to rising power of big business, increasing gap b/w rich and poor -there was violent conflict b/w labor and capital, woman's suffrage, and dominance of corrupt political machines in the cities -favored changes or reform through governmental action -reformers spoke out about the need for laws regulating tenement housing and child labor -called for better working conditions for women

headright system

-in virginia: guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony -by buying additional indentured servants and slaves, the colony's largest planters got greater claims to the land

Democratic-Republican Party

-included southern tobacco and rice planters, debt-conscious western farmers, Germans and Scots-Irish in the southern backcountry, and subsistence farmers in the NE

Hartford Convention 1814

-increasing opposition to war in New England -Massachusetts Federalists called for a convention "to lay the foundation for a radical reform in the National Compact" -some delegated proposed secession, most wanted to revise the Constitution -proposed a constitutional amendment limiting the office to a single four year term and rotating it among citizens from different states -also suggested amendments restricting commercial embargoes to 60 days and requiring 2/3 majority in Congress to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit a new state to the Union

Henry Clay's american system

-integrated mercantilist program of national economic development similar to the commonwealth system of the state gov'ts -protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing -federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce -national bank to control credit and provide a uniform currency -wanted to strengthen the Second Bank of the United States, raise tariffs, and use tariff revenues to finance internal improvements (public works) -similar to Hamilton's financial program

Harlem Renaissance

-intellectual movement that celebrated the Black race: Harlem was the center -most famous product of the movement: jazz music. -music, art, writing inspired by social upheavals of Great War at home -celebrated pride in race, daily life, aspirations, and suppressed anger of African Americans

League of Nations

-international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities -was formed, but US didn't join

Platt Amendment

-introduced to Congress by Senator Orville H. Platt on February 25, 1901 -passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 43 to 20 -initially rejected by the Cuban assembly, eventually accepted by a vote of 16 to 11 with four abstentions and integrated into the 1901 Cuban Constitution -outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and the Caribbean: limited the right to make treaties with other nations, restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations, established that Cuba's boundaries would not include the Isle of Pines until its title could be established in a future treaty, demanded that Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations -after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt withdrew federal troops from the island in 1902, Cuba signed the treaty the next year, which specified the terms of a lease of land to the United States for a coaling and naval station at Guantánamo Bay

War Hawks (1800s)

-jingoistic Americans favoring war with Britain c. 1812

muckrakers

-journalists who would expose social wrongs -rose at the start of the twentieth century to make a vast public aware of society's problems

A. Phillip Randolph

-labor and civil rights leaders in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters -demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries -FDR agreed only after he threatened a march on Washington by African Americans

National Origins Act 1924

-law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2% of that nationality's percentage of the US population as it had stood in 1890 -severely limited immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe

Alexander Hamilton

-lawyer and George Washington's former military aide -chosen by George Washington to be secretary of treasury in his cabinet -devised bold policies to enhance national authority

Charles Sumner

-leader of Radical Republicans in the Senate -fiery abolitionist

Crazy Horse

-leader of the Oglala Lakota tribe which was a division of the Sioux -led one of the Indian war parties to victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn -attributed with delaying the arrival of Custer's reinforcements which was decisive to his defeat -respected and known for his fighting prowess with traditional enemy tribes and colonial settlers -a regular leader of large war parties of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors -surrendered with his tribe eventually and died in captivity

Sitting Bull

-leader of the powerful Lakota Sioux on the northern plains who openly refused to go on a reservation -repeatedly ran off to Canada every time he was pressured by U.S. troops -led the Sioux, Cheyennes and Arapahos to live around Little Big Horn River -announced in 1885 that he wanted his children to be "educated like the white children are" during the time when Indians were selectively adopting white customs

Ralph Waldo Emerson

-leading voice of transcendentalism -unitarian: people could come to know the infinite and the eternal; stood outside the mainstream of American Protestantism -rejected all organized religion -argues that people were trapped by inherited customs and institutions -"individual could be remade only by discovering their original relation with Nature and entering into a mystical union with the currents of the Universal Being" -celebrated those who rejected tradition and practiced self-discipline and civic responsibility -individualistic ethos spoke directly to many middle-class American -worried that the new market society (focus on work, profits, and consumption) was debasing Americans' spiritual lives

Andrew Carnegie

-led the steel industry and made it into a major U.S. industry -produced almost as much as Germany and Britain combined -arrived from Scotland as poor 12 year old, worked his way up -eventually became iron manufacturer but due to tariffs he entered the steel industry and made a huge steel mill outside Pittsburgh with the Bessemer converter -at first he was really nice to his workers (good wages, etc.) then he realized machines can probably replace them so he hired Henry Clay Frick to do his dirty work and get rid of collective bargaining -Frick locked the doors of the Homestead mill, if workers wanted to come back to work they had to abandon the union and sign individual contracts -Carnegie hired a bunch of armed guards and got the state militia to arrest labor leaders on riot and murder -most of locked out workers lost jobs, the union was dead

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

-left their father's plantation in South Carolina, converted to Quakerism, and taken up the abolitionist cause in Philadelphia -addressed the question: "What is the actual condition of the slaves in the US?"

Clayton Antitrust Act

-lengthened Sherman Antitrust Act's list of practices -exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members

SEATO: South East Asia Treaty Organization

-linked US and major European allies with Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand -part of extensive system of defense alliances that eventually ties US to over 40 countries

Stamp Act Congress

-made of delegates from 9 assemblies, met in NYC in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the rights to trial by jury -challenged the legitimacy of the Stamp and Sugar Acts -declared only the colonists' elected representatives could levy taxes -moderate delegates wished to keep the peace, petitioned for repeal of the Stamp Act, some Americans favored active and peaceful resistance by boycott of British goods -independence not considered

Tenancy

-many NY landlords wanted to live like the European gentry but few migrants wanted to labor as peasants, so tenants were wanted to rent land and work for money so they could eventually buy their own farmsteads -kept the rich rich and the poor poor: making enough to buy land was not easy for a poor family

Thomas "Stonewall Jackson

-marched a Confederate force rapidly north through Shenandoah Valley in western Virginia, but later returned quickly to help Lee's army when Lincoln recalled 30k troops from McClellan's army to protest the union capital -joined Lee when he went offensive, saved Lee when he was fighting off McClellen at Antietam, saving Confederates from a major defeat.

Baby Boom

-markedly higher birth rate in the years following World War II -led to the biggest demographic "bubble'' in American history.

Wounded Knee

-massacre of fleeing Lakotas/Sioux Indians by American cavalry at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota -wanted to suppress the Ghost Dance and feared further spread of the religion will create war

Bretton Woods Conference

-meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II -led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries

Shakers

-members of The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing -first successful American communal movement -embraced the common ownership of property -accepted strict oversight by church leaders, pledged to abstain from alcohol, tobacco, politics and war, repudiated sexual pleasure and marriage -held that God was "a dual person, male and female"; led Shakers to repudiate male leadership and place community governance in the hands of both genders (the Eldresses and the Elders) -their agriculture and crafts acquired a reputation for quality that made most Shake communities self-sustaining -relied on conversions and the adoption of young orphans to increase their numbers -communal intimacy and sexual equality attracted 3000 adults (mostly women) -growth slowed in 1840s virtually disappeared by 1900

Mormons

-members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -religious utopians with a conservative social agenda: to perpetuate close-knit communities and patriarchal power -emerged from religious ferment among families of Puritan descent who lived among the Erie Canal and heirs to a religious tradition that believed in a world of wonders, supernatural powers and visions of the divine -polygamy: the practice of a man having multiple wives -enraged nearby Christians

indentured servitude

-men contracted to be bound to work for a master for 4 or 5 years, after which they would be free, emancipation did not often actually happen -set up the standard of unfree labor -half died before the contract was up, masters could go to court to extend the term under conditions

Monroe Doctrine

-warned Spain and other European powers to keep their hands off the newly independent republics in Latin America -in return Monroe pledged that the United States would not interfere in the internal concerns of European nations -"The American continents were not 'subject for further colonization'"

self-made man

-men of the middle class who rose to wealth or to a higher social status from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits -became a central theme of American popular culture, inspired many men and few women to seek success -linked the middle and business classes of the new industrializing society -as this generation became parents, they stressed the importance of discipline and hard work and often provided a high school education to their children -previously American protestants believed that diligent work in an earthly calling was a duty owed to God -the business elite and the middle class gave this idea a secular twist-celebrated works as the key to individual social mobility and national prosperity

Whigs

-mid-1830s: created of a second national party (Whigs vs Democrats) -many evangelical Protestants became Whigs, more Catholic immigrants and traditional Protestants joined the Democrats -conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools -called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines -claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the Democrats the party of corruption -supported the natural harmony of society and the value of community -favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.

Vietnamization

-military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969 -reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry

National Consumer League

-modeled after an English organization -became a powerful lobby for legislation protecting women and children -led by Florence Kelley -boycotted manufacturers employing children, and pushed through the 10 hour law in Oregon that Louis Brandeis would defend successfully before the SC -paired wealthy women and reformers to aid working women in their efforts to organize unions

William Lloyd Garrison

-most determined abolitionist -1820s: worked in Baltimore on an antislavery newspaper: The Liberator -1830: arrested, convicted of libeling a New England merchant engaged in the domestic slave trade -1831: moved to Boston, immediately started his own weekly (The Liberator) and founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society

Ghost Dance

-movement during the late 1880s and early 1890s that fostered Native American's hopes that they could, through sacred dances, bring back bison and drive away the disgusting white people -upon Christian as well as native elements -as it spread across reservations, Native Americans developed new forms of pan-Indian identity and cooperation -white people responded to it with misunderstanding and lethal exertion of authority

Squatters

-new migrants in the 1720s forced to illegally settle on land they eventually hoped to be able to own legally -led to one of the most infamous land frauds of the 1700s: the Walking Purchase of 1737: exploitation of an Indian deed

political machine

-new parties emerging in the 1820s, usually run by professional politicians, often middle class lawyers and journalists -efficiently wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups

Unconditional Surrender

-no guarantees to surrendering party -rising class resentment from poor south and people realizing that they're fighting for slavery which is something only rich people have -soldiers flee from units and no one really supports anymore -lots of union victories -symbolic end of war in Virginia when Grant controlled crucial railroad junction at Petersburg which forced lee to abandon richmond and grant cut off his escape route so he had to surrender at Virginia -Grant allowed confederate officers and men to go home if they promised not to fight again

W.E.E. Dubois

-one of Washington's harshest critics, believing that Washington's pacifist plan would only perpetuate the second-class-citizen mindset -felt that immediate "ceaseless agitation" was the only way to truly attain equal rights -editor of the black publication "The Crisis" -publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the "Niagara Movement" -eventually grew weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States, renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, died two years later -served as important role model for later leaders of the civil rights movement

Antifederalists

-opponents of the Constitution diverse backgrounds and motives -some believed state gov't would lose power (i.e. Governor George Clinton of NY) -rural democrats protest that the document lacked a declaration of individual rights -feared the central gov't would be run by wealthy men

Black Panthers

-organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights -represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965

Seneca Falls Convention

-organized gathering of women's rights activists by Susan B. Anthony, Elization Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott

Free Soil Party

-organized in 1848 -abandoned the Garrisonians' and Liberty Party's emphasis on the sinfulness of slavery and the natural rights of African Americans -depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society -broad support from white farmers

American/Know Nothing Party

-origins in the anti-immigrant and anti catholic movements of the 1840s -1850: banded together as the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, a year later formed the American Party -members very secretive "I know nothing" -wanted to mobilize native born Protestants against the "alien menace" of Irish and German Catholics, prohibit further immigration, and institute literacy tests for voting -dozens elected to the House of Representatives and given control of state gov'ts of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania -significance: emergence of a Protestant based nativist party to replace the Whigs

Hamilton's Financial Plan

-outlined a program of national mercantilism -Public Credit: asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by investors -argued the US needed good credit to secure loans -National Bank: created the Bank of the United States: argued the bank would provide stability to the economy by making loans to merchants, handling gov't funds, and issuing bills of credit (like the Bank of England) -would be jointly owned by private stockholders and national gov't -granted a 20 year charter by Congress, sent legislation to President -Thomas Jefferson (secretary of state) and James Madison opposed a national bank, said it was unconstitutional -President signed the legislation (yas GW) -Revenue through Tariffs: to pay on annual interest of national debt -Congress imposed excise taxes (ex: whiskey) -Hamilton suggested higher tariffs on foreign imports to raise more "Report on Manufactures" (1791) -a very modern and successful fiscal system

Great Migration

-over 400,000 African Americans migrated from the rural south to the industrial cities of the north (during and after WW1)

Populists

-party concerned with rights of farmers and workers -wanted stronger government to protect ordinary americans -called for public ownership of railroad and telegraph systems, protection of land from monopoly and foreign ownership, a federal income tax on rich, and a looser monetary policy to help borrowers -grassroots activism -didn't like rich people -created in 1890 when Kansas Alliance joined with the Knights of Labor -popular in south and west -criticized by Republicans and Democrats as too radical

Middle Passage

-passage taken by African slaves on overcrowded ships in horrible conditions from Africa to America

Personal Liberty Laws

-passed by the state legislatures in the North, who argued that the Fugitive Slave Act violated state sovereignty -personal liberty laws guaranteed to all residents (including alleged fugitives) the right to a jury trial -1857: Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in Ableman v. Booth that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional b/c it violated the rights of Wisconsin's citizens -denied the authority of the federal judiciary to review its decision -1859: Chief justice Roger B. Taney led a unanimous Supreme Court in affirming the supremacy of federal courts and upholding the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act

Thaddeus Stevens

-passionate advocate of freedmen's political and economic rights -led Radical Republicans in the House

Second Continental Congress

-patriot leaders gathered in may 1775 in Philadelphia, 3000 British troops attacks American fortifications on Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, dislodged the Patriot militia -John Adams convinced the Congress to create a continental army, nominated George Washington to lead it, Congress approved only "by bare majorities"

Treaty of Paris 1783

-peace between the colonies and Britain -the French and the Spanish stalled the peace treaty in hopes of seizing a West Indian island, infuriated American diplomats, Americans secretly negotiated with the British, prepared if necessary to ignore the Treaty of Alliance and sign a separate peace, British ministers were eager, wanted peace and feared the loss of a rich sugar island -Americans got extremely favorable terms with the British -Great Britain formally recognized American independence and relinquished its claims to lands south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, Cherokees forced to relinquish claims to 5 million acres -Continental Congress pressed the Iroquois and Ohio Indians to cede much of their land, granted Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, prohibited British from "carrying away any negroes or other property" -guaranteed freedom of navigation on the Mississippi River to American citizens 'forever" -us gov't allowed British merchants to pursue legal claims for prewar debts, encouraged state legislatures to return confiscated property to loyalists & grant citizenship

Treaty of Versailles

-peace treaty between Britain, France and Spain, Spain and France did not gain much -Spain reclaimed Florida but not the strategic fortress at Gibraltar -France received the Caribbean island of Tobago, did not make up for the sharply raised taxes and quadrupled the national debt, sparked French Revolution 6 years later -America was the only one to profit from the treaties

War Hawks (1700s)

-people supporting war -rising British statesman William Pitt and Lord Halifax, the new head of The Board of Trade, expansionist -persuaded Henry Pelham, British Prime Minister, to start an American War against France, treated Indians dismissively, denied rank to colonial officers -created tension against British

Liberal Consensus

-period between 1945 and 1968 saw the first stage of United States global hegemony and domestic affluence -liberal ideology was dominant

Price Revolution

-period of rapid inflation in Western Europe during the 15th-17th centuries -this period saw a shift from a mostly agrarian lifestyle to increasingly larger towns and cities

Confiscation Act

-permit court proceeding for any property aiding the Confederation including slaves

Quakers

-persecuted in england because they refused to serve in the military or pay taxes to support the church of england, sought to restore christianity to its early simplicity like puritans, but rejected Puritan's pessimistic Calvinist doctrines (restricted salvation to a small group) -Penn's Frame of Government (1681) applied to the radical beliefs of the Quakers to politics: religious freedom, prohibited a legally established church, promoted political equality, all property owning men can vote and hold office, lots of Quakers and other religiously persecuted peoples flocked to Pennsylvania

Robert Oppenheimer

-physicist, director of the Manhattan Project -helped to ensure the development of the atomic bomb before the axis powers

Horizontal Integration

-pioneered by John D. Rockefeller -the strategy of driving competitors to the brink of failure through predatory pricing, then invited them to merge their local companies into his conglomerate -most agreed b/c they had no choice -through these mergers, Standard Oil had control of 95% of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s

D-Day (Operation Overlord)

-planned June 6 1944 -invasion of Germany through France -successful

Walt Whitman

-poet, influential publicist for the Democratic Party -recorded in verse his efforts to transcend various "invisible boundaries" -wrote about human suffering with passion

political machines

-political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities -very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. -stole millions from taxpayers using fraud and overinflation -did minor philanthropy to boost their public image -gave money to support businesses, immigrants, and the poor in return for their votes

great american desert

-popular belief of the American public that the grasslands was a desert (great american desert) -republicans wanted farms in the plains, but had to convince farmers that it wasn't a desert and that crops would actually grow there -soil beneath the grass was very deep and fertile, use of steel plows helped them grow them crops

Temperance Movement

-practice of moderation (chiefly describing sobriety) -one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behavior by the Catholic Church and an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions -created by evangelical Protestants in 1826, followed Lyman Beecher in demanding total abstinence from alcohol -denounced the evil of drinking and promoted the expulsion of drinkers from church

Warren G. Harding

-president in 1921, horrible president -wanted "return to normalcy" (classical liberalism, less gov intervention) -Republican who didn't believe in government intervention -appointed capable men to most important cabinet officers and attempted to stabilize the nation troubled foreign policy -lacked strength to abandon party hacks who created his success

Battle of New Orleans

-prior to the news of the Treaty, General Jackson's troops crushed British forces on 1/8/1815 -made Jackson a national hero, redeemed national pride, undercut the Hartford Convention's demands

Deindustrialization

-process by which US industry transferred industrial plants abroad to take advantage of cheaper labor and tax breaks -32-38 million jobs were lost during the 1970's -especially affected northeastern US where factory closures could affect entire communities -led to the decline in power of labor unions under the threat of moving jobs overseas

South Atlantic System

-produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical/subtropical products, plantation societies ruled by European planter-merchants, worked by enslaved Africans, centered in West Indies and Brazil -European merchants, investors, and planters got the profits by mercantilist principles, provided equipment, tools, and African slaves to grow and process sugarcane

Affirmative Action

-program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education -grew from an executive order issued by John F. Kennedy in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices -President Nixon's Philadelphia Plan changed the meaning of affirmative action to require attention to certain groups, rather than protect individuals against discrimination

Embargo 1807

-prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and French stopped restricting US trade -overestimated the reliance of Britain and France on American shipping -underestimated the resistance of merchants -weakened the entire national economy -James Madison then elected, replaced the embargo with new economic restrictions which also failed to protect American commerce

Committee on Public Information

-propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans -depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, served to censor the press -helped spur up the anti-German feelings in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

-proposed by Abraham Lincoln during the civil war that was never implemented -would have given amnesty to most ex confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the union when 10 percent of its voters took a loyalty oath and the state approved of the 13th amendment which abolished slavery -plan was similar to Johnson's -Confederate states rejected it anyways even though they were defeated

Wilmot Proviso

-proposed by David Wilmot (antislavery Democratic congressman) in 1846 -a ban on slavery in any territories gained from the Mexican war] -Whigs and antislavery democrats in the house of representatives quickly passed the bill -rejected by the senate -divided congress along sectional lines

Voting Rights Act 1965

-proposed by Johnson after MLK Jr.'s march for a voter registration drive in Alabama ended in violence at the Edmund Pettis Bridge on Bloody Sunday -federal courts stood up for the marchers against the Alabama police, and Johnson pushed for this legislation as it would allow federal examiners to register voters and ensure that the process was fair for African Americans

Whiskey Rebellion 1794

-protested Hamilton's excise tax on spirits, which had cut demand for corn whiskey made by farmers -Whiskey Rebels assailed tax collectors -waved banners with the French slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" -President raised 12,000 militia troops and dispersed the rebels to deter popular rebellion and uphold national authority

David Walker's Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

-protested black "wretchedness in the Republican Land of Liberty!!!!!" -was a free black from North Carolina who had moved to Boston, self-educated author -ridiculed the religious pretensions of slaveholders, justified slave rebellion, and in biblical language warned of a slave revolt if justice was delayed -called a national convention in Philadelphia, the delegates refused to endorse either Walker's radical call for a slave revolt or the traditional program of uplift for free blacks -this new generation of activists demanded freedom and "race equality" for those of African descent, urged free blacks to use every legal means to break "the shackles of slavery"

Greensboro Sit-ins 1960-1961

-protests by black college students, took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served -in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South

GI Bill of Rights

-provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation -provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

-provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5000 -assured people that their money was safe and secure -agency still functions today

Coxey's Army

-radical businessman Jacob Coxey proposed that U.S. government hire unemployed to fix America's roads -1894: organized hundreds of jobless men (Coxey's Army) to march peacefully to Washington and appeal for the program -Americans thought he was a dangerous extremist and was driven away by police and property owners (he was arrested) -protest scared rich and contributed to the developing fear wealthy had of the populist party and socialism

Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857

-raised the controversial issue of Congress's constitutional authority over slavery -Dred Scott argued that his residence in a free state and a free territory had made him free -7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave -Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a slave owner, "wrote that Negroes, whether enslaved or free, could not be citizens of the United States and that Scott therefore had no right to sue in federal court

Individualism

-rapid economic growth and geographical expansion had expansion had weakened traditional institutions, forcing individuals to fend for themselves -native-born white Americans were "no longer attached to each other by any tie of caste, class, association, or family," and so lived in social isolation

suburbanization

-rapid expansion of the suburbs stimulated growth in industries like automobiles, road and highway construction -cause: provided larger and more affordable homes than cities, could more easily form communities with people from similar backgrounds, good for family life, racist whites mostly separate from poorer blacks

15th Amendment

-ratified in 1869 -states that states could not deny any citizen the right to vote -kept immigrants and the poor from voting by having literacy requirements to vote and a poll tax

Second Great Awakening

-series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism -stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects -attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans -had an effect on moral movements: prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery

Pendleton Act 1883

-reform that resulted from the assassination of president James Garfield 4 months after he was elected -reformers blamed the spoils system and argued that Charles Guiteau, the murderer, killed out of disappointment in the scramble for patronage (granting of government jobs to party loyalists) -act established a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination -at first it only applied to about 10% of such jobs, by the 1910s it covered most federal positions and cities/states enacted similar laws -laid the groundwork for a sweeping transformation of public employment

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

-reformers' most sweeping effort to assimilate with Indians -Senator Dawes of Massachusetts, a leader in the Indians Rights Association, wanted to turn Indian reservation land into homesteads through severalty, the division of tribal lands -wanted Native Americans to have a sense of independence by giving them the same rights as white farmers -the act was a disaster and white people ruined everything: took the all the land -Native Americans lost 66% of their land between the 1880s and 1930s

New Deal

-relief, recovery, reform -programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy -increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life

Sugar Act of 1764

-replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, which imposed a tax rate on French molasses so high that New England merchants regularly made a profit off smuggling in molasses for a cheaper price -made tax lower but sought to investigate and actually convict smuggling

Agricultural Adjustment Act

-restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock -purpose: reduce crop surplus, effectively raise the value of crops

Jerry Falwell

-reverend from Virginia -began the Moral Majority in 1979 -meant to express the political power of Evangelical Christians, for Falwell saw the opportunity with the growth of evangelicals in denominations like the Southern Baptist Convention -condemned behaviors like drug usage, homosexuality, and abortion -revived Christianity in the Republican party and in politics

Ku Klux Klan (1900s)

-revival in 1920s brought on by increased nativism and Woodrow Wilson's praise for Birth of a Nation which celebrated the KKK -advocated native, white, protestant supremacy and targeted immigrants, Catholics and Jews in addition to Blacks with physical intimidation, arson and economic boycotts -had a lot of power and 3 million+ members -declined after 1925 when the anti immigration bill made them have less of an argument since immigration declined

Iranian Hostage Crisis

-revolutionaries took American people from the American embassy in Iran as hostages -wanted their old leader to be returned from America to Iran for a trial in exchange for the hostages

Knights of Labor

-secret society of garment workers in Philadelphia -like Grangers, knights believed that ordinary people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked -proposed to set up shops owned by employees, transforming America into what they called a cooperative commonwealth -practiced open membership (but they did exclude Chinese immigrants) -advocated personal responsibility and self discipline -demands to the government: workplace safety laws, prohibition of child labor, a federal tax on the nation's highest incomes, public ownership of telegraphs and railroads, and government recognition of workers' right to organize -by the 1880s, the Knights union was sprawling and decentralized across different trades of work and all over the country -greatest growth resulted from spontaneous grassroots striking -1885: 1000s of workers on the Southwest Railroad walked off the job to protest wage cuts, then telegraphs the Knights to be admitted as members -1886: protest at the McCormick reaper works in Chicago led to a clash with police that left 4 strikers dead

Lewis and Clark

-sent by Jefferson to collect information on the Louisiana territory (physical features, flora and fauna, native peoples) -Meriwether Lewis: Jefferson's personal secretary -William Clark: an army officer -traveled with a party of American soldiers and frontiersmen for 1000 miles until winter (to the Mandan and Hidatsa peoples (Bismarck, ND)) -Mandans: smallpox epidemic previously, now threatened by ferocious fighters: Sioux peoples "pirates of the Missouri" -spring 1805: 1300 mi journey; accompanied by Toussaint Charbonneau (a French Canadian fur trader) and his Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, a guide and translator crossed the Rocky Mountains (far past the Louisiana territory) to the Pacific Ocean -Indians very commonly asked for guns for defense against other armed tribes -1806: provided Jefferson with the first maps of the territory and a detailed account of natural resources and inhabitants -helped inspire the manifest destiny in some Americans

Neutrality Acts 1935, 1936

-series of laws that provided Americans could not ship weapons, loan money, travel on belligerent ships, extend credit, or deliver goods to any belligerent countries -isolationism, all were repealed between 1939 to 1941

Palmer Raids

-series of raids led by Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer on radical organizations (raided homes of suspected radicals) -peaked in January 1920 when federal agents arrested six thousand citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel

Great Railroad Strike 1877

-showed how problems caused by industrial labor was a big deal, huge negative impact on workers -1000s of rail workers protest steep wage cuts during depression of 1873 -had a strike and also protested in the streets of Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Chicago -thought that railroad companies wanted to block workers from "all fellowship of mutual aid" (aka union type things) protested economic injustice and dangers of railroads -strike stopped rail travel and commerce -PA governor sent state militia to break strike but pittsburgh crowds react by burning rail property and overturning locomotives -over 50 people dead, 40 mil worth of damage mostly to railroad company -many rail workers were blacklisted and fired

Nat Turner

-slave in Southampton Country, Virginia -staged a bloody revolt as Walker threatened violence in Boston (coincidence) -he and relatives and friends killed at least 55 white men, women, and children -hoped 100s of slaves would rally to his cause but he only mustered 60 men, quickly dispersed by the white militia, who killed 40

Popular Front

-small group of Americans that wanted greater involvement in Europe (unlike majority who were isolationists) to oppose fascism -worked with Communists in Western Europe and liberals; backed Loyalists in fight against fascist Francisco Franco

Malcolm X

-sought to use Islam to help with Civil Rights in the US -a charismatic black leader who was a hypnotizing speaker who could rivet and arouse crowds with his call for separatism

Black Codes

-south refused to accept the end of slavery so these codes tried to get former slaves back to plantation labor -imposed severe penalties on blacks who didn't hold full year labor contracts and made procedures for taking black children from parents and apprenticing them to former slave masters

Chinese Exclusionary Act 1882

-specifically barred Chinese laborers and almost all Chinese women from coming into the US -each year provisions got tighter until it was repealed in 1943

Four Freedoms

-speech, religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear -part of Roosevelt's speech to persuade Congress to increase aid to Britain whose survival he thought was key to American security -claimed war was to defend democratic societies: outlined liberal international order -similar to Wilson's speech championing national self determination after WWI

Black Nationalism

-spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites -appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK

Upton Sinclair/The Jungle

-story of struggling immigrants destroyed by American industry, the hero turns to socialism -novel has graphic descriptions of the meat packing houses, an expose of the packing houses and for its role in the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906: animals were required to pass inspection before slaughter and cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses

John D. Rockefeller/Standard Oil

-strong nerves, sharp eye for able partners, genius for finance -ent into kerosene (gas for light and heat) business and borrowed heavily to expand -soon Standard Oil of Ohio became Cleveland's leading refiner -succeeded through vertical integration -added a lot of pipelines to oil fields, allied with railroad executives who hated oil's boom and bust cycles and gave Rockefeller secret rebates -pioneered horizontal integration -created trusts (legal form organizing small group of associates to hold stock from group of combined firms while managing them as a single entity) -invested in Mexican oil fields and competed in world markets against Russian and Middle Eastern producers

Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

-struck down a NY law granting a monopoly to Aaron Ogden for steamboat passenger service across the Hudson River to New Jersey -Marshall asserted that the Constitution gave the federal gov't authority over interstate commerce (sided with Thomas Gibbons: held a federal license to run steamboats between the 2 states) -again asserted the dominance of national over state statutes

Federalists

-suggested they supported a federal union (a loose decentralized system), concealing their commitment to a strong national gov't -supporters of the Constitution

Schenck v. U.S. 1919

-supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed -limit to free speech, violating freedom of speech

Military Industrial Complex

-symbiotic relationship between nation's military, economy, and politics -if the military becomes the biggest client for manufactures then the nation will invest more of its economy into the military -politically national budgets are heavily weighed in military favor, Eisenhower warned against the dangers of allowing it to take control of the US in his farewell address and said it would lead to excessive congressional spending

Jim Crow

-system of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century -based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites -sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation -informal system, generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation

House of Burgesses

-system of representative government made by the virginia company in jamestown (1619) could make laws and taxes, governor and company can veto -by 1622, land ownership, self-government, and a judicial system attracted new recruits and immigrants

mercantilism

-system of state-assisted manufacturing where the colony is there to benefit the mother country, seen in england -balance of trade: more exports than imports: favored the mother country, got raw materials from the colony and had a monopoly on the market for products in the colony

Kitchen Debate

-televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon -meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning -Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960

Robber Baron

-term for wealthy powerful businessmen like Swift, Rockefeller and Carnegie -negative term coined during the Great Depression (1930) -criticism for corporations for defaulting on loans, lying to public, cultivating political "friends"

Dust Bowl

-term given to the Great Plain, top soil killing all of the crops of the region -topsoil turned to a fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained -Plains farmers saw their land literally blow away

Sun Belt

-the 15 state area from Virginia through Florida and Texas to Arizona and California -large population growth rate -pioneers sought jobs, sunny weather, and lower taxes -abundant jobs in electronics industry

Herbert Hoover

-the 31st president of the United States (1929-1933) -term was notably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression

Korean War

-war where North Korea backed by communist Soviets, and South Korea backed by the US/UN fought for the 38th parallel -North Korea wanted to unite the Korean peninsula -ended in Limited Victory of the current divider; not an American war, was UN collective security

Competency (freeholding)

-the ability to keep their households solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation -set apart social classes: higher classes married other of high class and low class had to work hard to become freeholders

Tribalization

-the adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states -many native american tribes banded together to gain strength against the Europeans, particularly with their military

54°40' or Fight

-the cry of polk's campaign -referred to the disputed border for the oregon territory -insisted that the United States defy British claims and occupy "the whole of the territory of Oregon to the Alaskan border"

Conscription

-the first legally binding drafts in American history (enacted first by the Confederacy) -both the Union and the Confederacy needed drafting because citizens were starting to learn the reality of warfare and all the disease and violence that came with it, which led to the decline of enlistments -laws were enacted to make existing soldiers serve for the remainder of the war, all men between the ages of 18 and 35 were required to serve for a minimum of 3 years -after Antietam, the age limit jumped to 45 -South's draft had two loopholes: it exempted one white man (planter overseer, or son) for every 20 slaves, and draftees could hire substitutes (who were paid $300 in gold by the time this loophole was closed)

Trail of Tears

-the forced movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west of Mississippi River forced by the U.S. Army -lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long, many Indians died along the way -once in oklahoma, the cherokee excluded anyone of "negro or mulatto parentage" from governmental office-affirmed that full citizenship was racially defined -United States was a "white man's country," Indian Territory was a "red man's country"

American Exceptionalism

-the idea that the US has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage -one of the intellectual trends that favored imperialism -thought white people were superior and should rule over foreign people of color

rotation in office/spoils system

-the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power -practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

Keynesian Economics

-theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes -government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms

Secession

-to preserve black's subordination and white supremacy, radical southerners chose the dangerous enterprise of secession -Lincoln and the North would not let them go in peace, believed that the American Union might forever destroy the possibility of democratic republican governments -December 1860: Union collapsed first in South Carolina: home of John C. Calhoun, nullification, and southern rights -the Deep South quickly called conventions similar to South Carolina's to enact secession ordinances -February 1861: secessionists met in Montgomery, Alabama to proclaim the Confederate States of America, adopted a provisional constitution -less secessionist fervor in the Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas: less slaves, Virginia and Tennessee refused to join the secessionist movement, urged a compromise

primogeniture

-traditional common law in which the eldest son inherits the entire state of his parents -encouraged colonization as many plantations in the American colonies were established by younger sons

Restraining Act

-two acts passed in 1775 by the Parliament in response to the unrest in Massachusetts and overall colonial boycott on British goods -required New England colonies to trade exclusively with Great Britain as of July 1

Civilian Conservation Corps

-unemployment relief act that hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting, flood control, spawn drainage, etc

Roosevelt Recession

-unemployment suddenly surged after industrial output had stabilized some -Roosevelt stopped spending for fear people were too dependent -Roosevelt would eventually ask for money for PWA and WPA in 1938

Stonewall Riots 1969

-uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York -led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s

Outwork System

-used until the 1810s -merchants and artisans bought wool from farmers: paid propertyless workers and land poor farm people to spin it into yarn and weave it into cloth on foot powered spinning wheels and looms

Antietam/Sharsburg

-very savage and bloody -September 1862 -Lincoln declared it a victory for the Union, but privately he criticized McClellan for not fighting Lee until the bitter end

Freedom Sumner

-voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by a collaboration of civil rights groups -drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north -marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists

Total War

-war in which all efforts of the nations go to the war effort -peace = impossible -both regions made a draft (harder for south to harness resources) -Union gets rid of habeas corpus and makes military courts try people who resist draft or support confederacy -more woman in the wage earning workforce -north made high tariff, free land to farmers, national bank and national financed transportation to assist economic development in an even stronger way than the American system -increased production of meat, shoe, coal etc. -public finance system (tariff, tax, bonds, paper money) -a lot of south people didn't like Davis's policies because of states rights

Mexican American War

-war over the texas annexation -in response to santa ana in fear of central control, the war party provoked a rebellion that most of the Americans settlers supported -March 2, 1836: the American rebels proclaimed the independence of Texas and adopted a constitution legalizing slavery

John Dickinson's Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer

-widely read and reprinted throughout the 13 colonies and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts -argued that the colonies were sovereign in their internal affairs, taxes laid upon the colonies by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue, rather than regulating trade, were unconstitutional

Deskilling of Labor

-work became more unskilled labor through mass production -machines increasingly operated with little human oversight, standard parts became huge -industrialization advanced workers lost independence of craft work due to deskilling -unskilled work = lower wages

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

-youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights -coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives

Covenant Chain

Iroquois alliance with New York, neutrality of the colonies made them attractive as allies -soon became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples

American Indian Movement (AIM)

October 1972: native american activist organization in the U.S. movement gathered its forces from across the country onto the Trail of Broken Treaties championing the Indian unity

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States Repealed December 5, 1933

Muller v. Oregon 1908

Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Omaha Platform

an 1892 statement by the Populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans when they split from mainstream parties

2nd Hundred Years War

beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689, lasted until defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 (seven major wars in the period) -recurrent wars spilled into the Americas, gov'ts created new alliances with neighboring Native Americans -war brought money to colonies but placed new demands on colonial gov'ts to support the militant British Empire, British leaders spent 75% of its revenue on military and naval expenses

Welfare Capitalism

paternalistic techniques employed by some bosses to improve working conditions to lead to a more stable workforce

recall

people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election

Iranian Contra Affair

secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran during the administration of Ronald Reagan

Declaration of Rights

set up a constitutional monarchy in England -enhanced powers of House of Commons at the expense of the crown

Popular Sovereignty (1800s)

the ability of a territory to choose whether or not to legalize slavery in that territory by popular vote

Manifest Destiny

the american dream and god given destiny of america to spread over the continent from the atlantic to the pacific

The Alamo

to put down the rebellion by the American rebels, Santa Ana led an army that wiped out the Texan garrison defending the Alamo in San Antonio and then captured Goliad

Task System

workers had to complete a precisely defined job each day, when they finished they would be done for the day no matter what time it was