APUSH

A The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following most directly supports Blight's argument in the excerpt? A The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson B The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877 C The industrialization of some segments of the southern economy in the late nineteenth century D The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP

C Social darwinism

"Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization." The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought? A Dialectical materialism B Utopian socialism C Social Darwinism D Transcendentalism E Existentialism

D Midwestern farmers

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? A Urban workers B Railroad executives C New York City financiers D Midwestern farmers E White-collar and professional workers

E Booker T. Washington

"In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." The statement above expressed the ideas of A Sojourner Truth B W. E. B. Du Bois C Ida B. Wells D Theodore Roosevelt E Booker T. Washington

B An African American journalist in the 1890s

"One by one the southern states have legally disfranchised the Afro-American, and since the repeal of the Civil Rights Bill nearly every southern state has passed separate [railroad] car laws with a penalty against their infringement. The race, regardless of advancement, is penned into filthy, stifling partitions cut off from smoking cars." The author of the statement above was A a Scalawag in the 1870s B an African American journalist in the 1890s C a White segregationist in the 1910s D a White southern Democrat in the 1930s E an African American Civil Rights worker in the 1970s

B. the consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the A growth of cities in both size and number B consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies C efforts by workers to organize local and national unions D government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade

D Laissez-faire economics

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported? A The use of federal power to redistribute wealth B Government creation of jobs for unemployed people C Increased regulation of corporations D Laissez-faire economics

C People's party

"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform? A American Federation of Labor B Union-Labor Party C People's Party (Populists) D National Grange E Democratic Party

C Link unit on members with patriotic and religious images

A banner of the International Longshoreman's Association is shown. The photo of George Washington appears at the top section with the American flag in its background. An eagle sits atop the flag with its wings wide open. The words "Our Motto" are written below Washington's photo, along with an open bible on its left and a page scroll with a text that reads the famous saying, "In Union Is Strength" on its right. A handshake followed by a goods ship sailing on the water is shown at the center of the banner. The bottom of the banner shows different views from a dockyard with tools and equipment. It also features a space at the bottom to fill the name and local address of longshoremen who are members of the association. The union membership card pictured above is designed to accomplish which of the following? A Encourage United States workers to unite against foreign competition B Assure the public that strikes and walkouts were not part of union policy C Link union membership with patriotic and religious images D Point out the dangers of working as a longshoreman E Show that membership in the longshoremen's union was open only to workers born in the United States

B Restrictive congressional legislation

A multiple line graph titled "Immigration to the United States, 1870 to 1900, by area of origin" is shown. The vertical axis of the graph is labeled "Immigrants (thousands)" ranging from 100 to 600, in increments of 100. The horizontal axis of the graph is labeled "Year of Arrival" representing the years from 1870 to 1900, in increments of five years. The immigrations to the United States from Northern and Western Europe for the years are marked as follows: 1870, 300; 1875, 100; 1880, 200; 1885, 400; 1890, 300; 1895, 150; 1900, 150. The immigrations to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe for the years are marked as follows: 1870, 0; 1875, 5; 1880, 10; 1885, 100; 1890, 120; 1895, 100; 1900, 350. The immigrations to the United States from Asia, Africa, and the Americas for the years are marked as follows: 1870, 80; 1875, 70; 1880, 90; 1885, 40; 1890, 10; 1895, 8; 1900, 8. Which of the following best accounts for the curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900? A Rapid expansion of the British Empire into the Southern Hemisphere B Restrictive congressional legislation C Immigration to less-settled areas of the world D Improved worldwide economic conditions E Reduction of potential immigrant populations by widespread epidemics

C Many American farmers struggled financially

A multiple line graph titled "Wholesale Commodity and Consumer Indices, 1865 to 1897" is shown. The vertical axis of the graph ranges from 0 to 200, in increments of 20. The horizontal axis of the graph represents the years from 1865 to 1897, in increments of three years. The estimated values provided in the graph are summarized as follows: • In 1865, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 105, 0, and 195 respectively. • In 1869, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 97, 130, and 170 respectively. • In 1873, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 85, 110, and 145 respectively. • In 1877, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 80, 70, and 135 respectively. • In 1881, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 85, 85, and 152 respectively. • In 1885, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 75, 62, and 98 respectively. • In 1889, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 78, 65, and 85 respectively. • In 1893, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 75, 50, and 62 respectively. • In 1897, the consumer prices, cotton prices, and wheat prices are 75, 50, and 85 respectively. The chart above supports which of the following conclusions regarding economic conditions in the United States during the last third of the nineteenth century? A Americans with relatively stable incomes found it increasingly difficult to make ends meet. B Wheat farming became more lucrative. C Many American farmers struggled financially. D Cheap foreign goods were the primary cause for the decline in prices. E Industrial workers refused to demand higher wages due to declining prices.

A Municipal corruption

A political cartoon depicts Boss Tweed wearing a hat and puffing out smoke while leaning on a ballot box inscribed with a phrase, "In Counting There Is Strength." He is shown as a pot-bellied man, with one hand in the pocket of his shirt worn under a coat. The cartoon above is a commentary on late-nineteenth-century A municipal corruption B imperialism C labor unrest D business monopolies E civil-rights campaigns

B Jane Addams

A prominent leader in promoting the settlement house movement was A Alice Paul B Jane Addams C Carry Nation D Margaret Sanger E Aimee Semple McPherson

D A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops

After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states? A An agricultural region consisting of small farms focused on growing food crops B An industrial region whose economic mainstays would be the mining and smelting of minerals and metals C An agricultural region of large plantations growing cotton, tobacco, and rice, worked by sharecroppers D A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops E A postindustrial region whose economy revolved around health care, insurance, and financial services

E dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering

All of the following account for nativist sentiment against the "new immigrants" of the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that the immigrants A practiced different religions B had different languages and cultures C were willing to work for lower wages than were native-born workers D were not familiar with the United States political system E dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering

C was financed by private corporations without government assistance

All of the following are true of railroad expansion in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that it A opened new territories to commercial agriculture B accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones C was financed by private corporations without government assistance D led to new managerial forms and techniques E was often capitalized beyond what was needed

B Federal recognition of American Indian land claims

All of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A excessively cold winters B federal recognition of American Indian land claims C a drop in cattle prices at stockyards D overgrazing E production of crops for distant markets

E The implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for black progress

All of the following were objectives of W.E.B. DuBois EXCEPT A the total enfranchisement of all eligible Black citizens B the establishment of an organization to seek legal redress of Black grievances C the establishment of Black political power D cooperation with White people in obtaining Black progress E the implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress

D Labor unions

Although the Sherman Antitrust Act was originally intended to inhibit the growth of business monopolies, courts initially used its provisions successfully against A urban political machines B banks C public schools D labor unions E immigrants

C Utopian communities were desirable because they protected the well-being of people living in poverty.

Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth endorsed which of the following views? A Major industries should be nationalized to ensure equitable distribution of wealth. B Trusts and combinations were desirable because they guaranteed job stability to immigrant workers. C Utopian communities were desirable because they protected the well-being of people living in poverty. D All workers could attain wealth by following a diligent work ethic. E Wealthy individuals have a duty to return their fortunes to society.

C Finance philanthropic endeavers

Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth was based on the belief that wealthy industrialists should use their wealth to A acquire additional landholdings in the West B create new businesses C finance philanthropic endeavors D pay workers better wages and benefits E live in luxury

C Vertical integration

At the end of the nineteenth century, the desire of American business to control supplies of raw materials led to A automation of industry B horizontal integration C vertical integration D development of the factory system E development of the putting-out system

B Limit production of crops

Between 1870 and 1900, farmers did all of the following in an attempt to better their condition EXCEPT A seek state regulation of railways B limit production of crops C organize cooperative marketing societies D form a third political party E advocate inflation of the currency

A Black northerners

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? A Black northerners B Southern Protestant farmers C Roman Catholic immigrants D Unskilled wage earners E Confederate war veterans

E Reconstructive housing civenants

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, southern state governments used all of the following methods to restrict African American freedoms EXCEPT A literacy tests B Jim Crow laws C poll taxes D grandfather clauses E restrictive housing covenants

B Educated middle class women

During the late nineteenth century, members of which of the following groups were most likely to advocate settlement houses as a means of social reform? A African Americans leaders B Educated middle-class women C Scandinavian immigrants D Labor leaders E Democratic politicians

D The western frontier had land that could be distributed to former slaves.

Frederick Jackson Turner's theory emphasized the significance of the frontier for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A An open frontier led to the development of the unique American character. B Free land promoted freedom of opportunity on the frontier. C The frontier helped establish democratic institutions. D The western frontier had land that could be distributed to former slaves. E The frontier was a safety valve for the excess population of eastern cities.

E break up tribal landholdings

From the 1880's to the beginning of the New Deal, the dominant American Indian policy of the United Stated government sought to A strengthen traditional tribal authority B relocate all American Indians to the Oklahoma territory C encourage American Indian emigration to Canada D encourage American Indians to preserve their languages and religions E break up tribal landholdings

E Assimilate them into white culture

From the 1880s to the New Deal, the dominant United States government policy toward American Indians was to try to A strengthen tribal authority B relocate all tribes to Oklahoma C encourage migration to Canada D preserve native languages and customs E assimilate them into White culture

E European farms and villages

Immigrants to the United States in the last quarter of the nineteenth century came primarily from A Latin America B Asia C Canada D middle-class backgrounds E European farms and villages

C Support for African American self-help

In his Atlanta Compromise speech, Booker T. Washington called for which of the following? A African American voting rights B An end to racial segregation C Support for African American self-help D Educational equality for African Americans E Racial integration of religious organizations

C The American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas

In its report for 1890, the United States Census Bureau indicated that A industrialization was closing the gap in wealth between rich and poor B the United States had more Catholics than Protestants C the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas D infant mortality was no longer a serious problem E Boston was the second largest city in the United States

E An increase in acres under civilization

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, American agriculture was characterized by A a decline in the number of tenant farmers B a decline in foreclosures on midwestern farms C a decline in the number of farm cooperatives D an increase in wholesale prices for farm products E an increase in acres under civilization

E Discriminatory freight rates

In the late nineteenth-century United States, farmers sought federal relief from distress caused by A low tariffs B natural disasters C inflationary monetary policies D excise taxes on agricultural products E discriminatory freight rates

C Low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the formation of labor unions was often a response to A federal protection of workers' rights to organize B the large numbers of immigrants working in factories C low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work D the presence of women in certain areas of industrial work E the emergence of multinational companies and increased global competition

A) northern industrial interests

In the three decades following the Civil War, the policies of the Republican Party generally favored A) northern industrial interests B) southern agricultural interests C) the interests of laborers D) inflationary currency policies E) woman suffrage

C Immigrants

Jane Addams began the settlement house movement with her Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services primarily to A single mothers B alcoholics C immigrants D African Americans E orphaned children

E Sharecroppers from the south

Members of which of the following groups were most likely to support the Populist Party? A Industrialists in the Midwest B Chinese railroad workers from the West C Bankers from the East D Irish immigrants in New England cities E Sharecroppers from the South

C conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society

Progressive reformers rejected Social Darwinism because they believed that A all races were equal in ability B personal development was influenced solely by hereditary factors C conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society D science had no role in society E society was fixed by the laws of nature and incapable of significant change

A Growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the A growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming B emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment C development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening D rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers

B Progressive movement

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 The ideas of the Populist Party, as expressed in the excerpt, had the most in common with the ideas of the A Federalists in the 1790s B Progressive movement C Whigs in the 1830s D Civil Rights movement

D Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century? A Establishment of a transcontinental network of trains and the improvement of roads in the western United States B Expansion of United States influence in Central America and access to new international markets C Social and political reform guided by the idea of the survival of the fittest D Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

B A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers

Question refers to the excerpt below.. "Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Article 6 of the treaty most likely reflected which of the following sentiments? A A desire by many American Indians to change their way of life B A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers C A need felt by many American Indians to more clearly legitimize their claims to the land D A wish by some in government to protect American Indian landholdings from encroachments by railroads

B Claims to land

Question refers to the excerpt below.. "Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing A styles of farming B claims to land C forms of government D family structures

D The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

Question refers to the excerpt below.. "Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? A The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands B A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations C The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land D The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

C They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations.

Question refers to the excerpt below.. "Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? A They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. B They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. C They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. D They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.

D Midwest and Northeast

Questions refers to the graph below. The figure presents a bar graph titled Immigration to the United States by Decade, eighteen twenty one through nineteen ten. The vertical axis is labeled Number of Immigrants, in millions, and the numbers 0 through 10 are indicated. There are nine vertical bars corresponding to successive decades, labeled on the horizontal axis. The approximate data are as follows.Eighteen twenty one through eighteen thirty, 0 point 2 million. Eighteen thirty one through eighteen forty, 0 point 5 million.Eighteen forty one through eighteen fifty, 1 point 8 million. Eighteen fifty one through eighteen sixty, 2 point 7 million. Eighteen sixty one through eighteen seventy, 2 point 4 million. Eighteen seventy one through eighteen eighty, 2 point 8 million.Eighteen eighty one through eighteen ninety, 5 point 2 million. Eighteen ninety one through nineteen hundred, 3 point 7 million. Nineteen oh one through nineteen ten, 8 point 8 million The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the A West and Midwest B South and Midwest C South and Northeast D Midwest and Northeast

B The transformation of the United States into an industrial society

Questions refers to the graph below. The figure presents a bar graph titled Immigration to the United States by Decade, eighteen twenty one through nineteen ten. The vertical axis is labeled Number of Immigrants, in millions, and the numbers 0 through 10 are indicated. There are nine vertical bars corresponding to successive decades, labeled on the horizontal axis. The approximate data are as follows.Eighteen twenty one through eighteen thirty, 0 point 2 million. Eighteen thirty one through eighteen forty, 0 point 5 million.Eighteen forty one through eighteen fifty, 1 point 8 million. Eighteen fifty one through eighteen sixty, 2 point 7 million. Eighteen sixty one through eighteen seventy, 2 point 4 million. Eighteen seventy one through eighteen eighty, 2 point 8 million.Eighteen eighty one through eighteen ninety, 5 point 2 million. Eighteen ninety one through nineteen hundred, 3 point 7 million. Nineteen oh one through nineteen ten, 8 point 8 million Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph? A Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets B The transformation of the United States into an industrial society C Progressive Era reforms of social conditions in the United States D The outbreak of global war

A proposal that African Americans emphasize making economic progress over the quest for political and social equality

The "Atlanta Compromise" is the name given to the A proposal that African Americans emphasize making economic progress over the quest for political and social equality B political concessions southern White politicians made to African Americans in order to win their support against northerners C southern agreement to supply raw materials to the North and West in exchange for manufactured products D political deal made by northern Republicans and southern Democrats to pass legislation favoring the gold standard E agreement expected to forge a new Republican Party of northern moderates and southern conservatives

A Upheld segregation railroads facilitaties

The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson did which of the following? A Upheld segregated railroad facilities. B Declared civil rights legislation unconstitutional. C Upheld literacy testing as a condition of voting in federal elections. D Outlawed segregation in public schools. E Restricted the right to purchase or sell land.

A Divided Native American tribal land into individual holdings

The Dawes Act (1887) did which of the following? A Divided Native American tribal lands into individual holdings. B Promoted the preservation of Native American cultural identity. C Granted immediate citizenship to Native Americans. D Set up the reservation system. E Forbade the use of Native American languages in public schools.

E distress over loss of tribal autonomy

The Ghost Dance was an American Indian religious movement associated with A the Pueblo Revolt B an American Indian victory at Little Bighorn C an infusion of Hispanic cultural traditions D the outbreak of King Philip's War E distress over loss of tribal autonomy

A American Indians' distress over loss of tribal authority

The Ghost Dance, a religious movement that developed in the late nineteenth century, emerged from which of the following? A American Indians' distress over loss of tribal authority B African Americans' efforts to cope with Jim Crow laws C Southern White peoples' reactions to their loss of authority during Reconstruction D Western migrants' nostalgia for life in the East E East European immigrants' response to industrial life

A An increase in the money supply

The People's Party (Populist) advocated which of the following? A An increase in the money supply B Support for civil rights legislation C A decrease in agricultural production D Joint ownership of businesses by urban laborers and farmers E Public ownership of the means of production

C Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka directly contradicted the legal principle established by A Dred Scott v. Sanford B Schechter v. United States C Plessy v. Ferguson D Schenck v. United States E Miranda v. Arizona

B Sanctioned separate but equal public facilities for African Americans

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) did which of the following? A Denounced business combinations in restraint of trade. B Sanctioned separate but equal public facilities for African Americans. C Declared that the Fourteenth Amendment applied principally to the protection of corporations. D Defined the Constitution as color-blind. E Empowered Congress to cancel treaties with American Indian tribes unilaterally.

E Please v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court decision on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka essentially reversed which of the following earlier Court decisions? A Marbury v. Madison B Dred Scott v. Sanford C Roe v. Wade D Gideon v. Wainwright E Plessy v. Ferguson

C Bolstered American commercial interests in China.

The United States Open Door policy in Asia did which of the following? A Guaranteed military support for China's territorial integrity. B Opened China to Western trade for the first time. C Bolstered American commercial interests in China. D Rid China of European spheres of influence. E Repudiated Japan's interest in China.

A Strengthened the position of big business.

The decisions of the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally did which of the following? A Strengthened the position of big business. B Strengthened the regulatory powers of the federal government. C Strengthened the position of organized labor. D Protected the civil and political rights of African Americans. E Protected the civil and political rights of women.

A Periodic economic panic and depression

The era from the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of the First World War was characterized by A periodic economic panic and depression B uninterrupted economic growth C a sluggish economy except during times of mobilization for war D persistent inflation because of the influx of gold and silver into the economy E the emergence of large federal deficits

C The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy

The figure shows a cartoon of four men in suits riding in a hot air balloon. The cartoon is titled "A PARTY OF PATCHES." Across the middle of the hot air balloon a label reads The People's Party, Cincinnati May 1891. The hot air balloon appears to be patched together with pieces of fabric with the following labels: Prohibition Part, Free Silver Party, Socialists, Old Granger Party, Knights of Labor Party, Anarchists, Farmers' Alliance, Communists, Old Greenback Party, and Woman's Rights. Air is leaking from several seams between the fabric patches on the balloon. The balloon basket holding the men is labeled Platform of Lunacy. From left to right, the first man is raising his top hat as if to a crowd and is wearing a prize ribbon on his lapel with the word Powderly on it. His top hat is slightly crumpled and appears to have holes in it. The second man is wearing a black top hat and the word Butler appears on his collar. The third man does not have a hat and is wearing a similar scarf or ribbon as the first man, but with the word Simpson on it. The fourth man is not wearing a hat, has a long beard, and has the word Peffer labeled on his shirt. The men, particularly Peffer, are tossing papers out of the balloon and into the air. The papers have the following labels: Unlimited Greenbacks, Free Coinage, and Government Control of R Roads & Telegraph. The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends? A The efforts of businesses to gain control over markets and resources abroad B The influx of migrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe C The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy D The development of political machines

B Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

The figure shows a cartoon of four men in suits riding in a hot air balloon. The cartoon is titled "A PARTY OF PATCHES." Across the middle of the hot air balloon a label reads The People's Party, Cincinnati May 1891. The hot air balloon appears to be patched together with pieces of fabric with the following labels: Prohibition Part, Free Silver Party, Socialists, Old Granger Party, Knights of Labor Party, Anarchists, Farmers' Alliance, Communists, Old Greenback Party, and Woman's Rights. Air is leaking from several seams between the fabric patches on the balloon. The balloon basket holding the men is labeled Platform of Lunacy. From left to right, the first man is raising his top hat as if to a crowd and is wearing a prize ribbon on his lapel with the word Powderly on it. His top hat is slightly crumpled and appears to have holes in it. The second man is wearing a black top hat and the word Butler appears on his collar. The third man does not have a hat and is wearing a similar scarf or ribbon as the first man, but with the word Simpson on it. The fourth man is not wearing a hat, has a long beard, and has the word Peffer labeled on his shirt. The men, particularly Peffer, are tossing papers out of the balloon and into the air. The papers have the following labels: Unlimited Greenbacks, Free Coinage, and Government Control of R Roads & Telegraph. The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following? A The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty B Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system C Support for United States expansionism D Advocacy of individual rights

D government policies favoring corporations

The figure shows a cartoon of four men in suits riding in a hot air balloon. The cartoon is titled "A PARTY OF PATCHES." Across the middle of the hot air balloon a label reads The People's Party, Cincinnati May 1891. The hot air balloon appears to be patched together with pieces of fabric with the following labels: Prohibition Part, Free Silver Party, Socialists, Old Granger Party, Knights of Labor Party, Anarchists, Farmers' Alliance, Communists, Old Greenback Party, and Woman's Rights. Air is leaking from several seams between the fabric patches on the balloon. The balloon basket holding the men is labeled Platform of Lunacy. From left to right, the first man is raising his top hat as if to a crowd and is wearing a prize ribbon on his lapel with the word Powderly on it. His top hat is slightly crumpled and appears to have holes in it. The second man is wearing a black top hat and the word Butler appears on his collar. The third man does not have a hat and is wearing a similar scarf or ribbon as the first man, but with the word Simpson on it. The fourth man is not wearing a hat, has a long beard, and has the word Peffer labeled on his shirt. The men, particularly Peffer, are tossing papers out of the balloon and into the air. The papers have the following labels: Unlimited Greenbacks, Free Coinage, and Government Control of R Roads & Telegraph. The cartoonist most likely supported A reform of local government B women's political equality C redistribution of wealth D government policies favoring corporations

A Sharecroppers

The figure shows a cartoon of four men in suits riding in a hot air balloon. The cartoon is titled "A PARTY OF PATCHES." Across the middle of the hot air balloon a label reads The People's Party, Cincinnati May 1891. The hot air balloon appears to be patched together with pieces of fabric with the following labels: Prohibition Part, Free Silver Party, Socialists, Old Granger Party, Knights of Labor Party, Anarchists, Farmers' Alliance, Communists, Old Greenback Party, and Woman's Rights. Air is leaking from several seams between the fabric patches on the balloon. The balloon basket holding the men is labeled Platform of Lunacy. From left to right, the first man is raising his top hat as if to a crowd and is wearing a prize ribbon on his lapel with the word Powderly on it. His top hat is slightly crumpled and appears to have holes in it. The second man is wearing a black top hat and the word Butler appears on his collar. The third man does not have a hat and is wearing a similar scarf or ribbon as the first man, but with the word Simpson on it. The fourth man is not wearing a hat, has a long beard, and has the word Peffer labeled on his shirt. The men, particularly Peffer, are tossing papers out of the balloon and into the air. The papers have the following labels: Unlimited Greenbacks, Free Coinage, and Government Control of R Roads & Telegraph. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party? A Sharecroppers B Industrialists C Immigrants D Bankers

A Assimilate American Indians into the mainstream o American culture

The intent of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to A assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American culture B recognize and preserve the tribal cultures of American Indians C legally establish the communal nature of American Indian landholding D restore to American Indians land seized unjustly E remove all American Indians to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

B draw the attention of Protestant churches to the plight of the urban poor

The major goal of the Social Gospel movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was to A encourage support for Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution B draw the attention of Protestant churches to the plight of the urban poor C send missionaries to convert American Indians to Protestantism D promote the spread of Protestantism in United States territorial possessions E stimulate public interest in the principles of Anglo-Saxon superiority

A Relied on the use of power driven machinery

The method of mass production that developed during the nineteenth century was a process that A relied on the use of power-driven machinery B utilized wireless communications to improve efficiency C gave workers greater autonomy, less supervision, and the chance to be creative D relied on guilds to train artisans E promoted more cooperation between labor unions and factory owners

E cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents

The precipitating factor in the 1894 Pullman strike was Pullman's A dismissal of union workers B introduction of scrip in part of payment wages C retraction of its promise to provide an employee insurance and retirement plan D employment of immigrant labor at less than a living wage E cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents

A African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality

W. E. B. Du Bois differed in philosophy from Booker T. Washington in that Du Bois believed A African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality B economic success would lead to political equality C job training was ultimately more important than formal education D civil rights would come through local efforts rather than national organization E segregation was a southern problem more than a national one

A Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen

Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s? A Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen B Its organization of all workers within a single industry into one union C Its policy of racial inclusiveness D Its campaign for a minimum wage E Its active recruitment of immigrant workers

B Wealthy individuals should use their wealth for social betterment

Which of the following best describes the main idea of Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth? A Privately held wealth should be handed over to the government to be redistributed. B Wealthy individuals should use their wealth for social betterment. C Parents have an obligation to pass on their wealth to their children. D Using wealth to help others is wrong, since it undermines their self-reliance. E Accumulating large amounts of wealth violates Christian principles.

A W. E. B. Du Bois and the Niagara movement

Which of the following had integration rather than Black separatism as a goal? A W.E.B. Du Bois and the Niagara movement B Marcus Garvey and the Back-to-Africa movement C Elijah Muhammad and the Black Muslim movement D Stokely Carmichael and the Black Power movement E Huey Newton and the Black Panther movement

A It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations

Which of the following is true of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? A It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations. B It quickly limited the number of mergers taking place. C It led to federal control of the railroads. D It forced businesses to adopt pooling agreements. E It ended effective cooperation between business and the federal government.

C The American federation of labor

Which of the following labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved work conditions? A The Knights of Labor B The Molly Maguires C The American Federation of Labor D The Industrial Workers of the World E The National Labor Union

A Chinese and irish

Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were most prominent in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad? A Chinese and Irish B Irish and Japanese C Chinese and Japanese D Italians and Irish E Chinese and Italians

D The only states with complete woman suffrage before 1900 were west of the Mississippi.

Which of the following statements about woman suffrage is true? A The six states of New England were the first to have complete women suffrage. B Women suffrage was introduced in the South during Radical Reconstruction. C No state granted woman suffrage before 1900. D The only states with complete woman suffrage before 1900 were west of the Mississippi. E California and Oregon were the first states to have complete women suffrage.

E Dorothea Dix

Which of the following was LEAST involved in the struggle for women's rights? A Elizabeth Cady Stanton B Alice Paul C Lucretia Mott D Carrie Chapman Catt E Dorothea Dix

B They were mainly female

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of immigrants in the late nineteenth century? A They were primarily unskilled laborers. B They were mainly female. C They were predominately from southern and eastern Europe. D They often formed ethnic communities. E They tended to settle in urban areas.

C American Indians lost control of millions of acres of land

Which of the following was a result of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ? A It encouraged cooperative landownership among American Indians. B American Indians in the West led attacks on United States forts. C American Indians lost control of millions of acres of land. D American Indians and Whites challenged each other over landownership in range wars. E Most American Indians were relocated to the west of the Mississippi.

E It was involved in a number of violent strikes

Which of the following was true of the American labor movement in the late nineteenth century? A It was controlled by immigrant socialists and anarchists. B It was confined to factory workers. C It was protected from employer harassment by federal law and policy. D It was allied with the Democratic party. E It was involved in a number of violent strikes.

C Landowners widely adopted sharecropping and tenant farming.

Which of the following was true of the South in the post-Civil War period? A A large immigrant population moved to the region. B Big business and railroads came to dominate the Southern economy just as they did in the North. C Landowners widely adopted sharecropping and tenant farming. D The cotton market experienced a twenty-year boom. E A strong labor movement emerged in the textile industry.

A They included large numbers of middle-class, college-educated women

Which of the following was true of the settlement house workers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A They included large numbers of middle-class, college-educated women. B They devised programs that departed radically from those of English settlement houses. C They established settlement houses in middle-class environments. D They avoid political involvement. E They endeavored to suppress immigrant cultures.

C Advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver

William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" oration was primarily an expression of his A fundamentalist religious beliefs B neutral stance toward the belligerents of the First World War C advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver D opposition to teaching the theory of evolution in public schools E anti-imperialist convictions