APUSH American Pageant

"Hoovercrats"

"Dry," Protestant southern Democrats who rebelled against their party's "wet," Catholic presidential nominee in 1928 and voted for the Republican candidate

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Babe Ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America

San Francisco school crisis

"separate but equal doctrine" that segregated Chinese school children from others

Louis XIV

"the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles; engaged in efforts to increase his power by taking attacking Huguenots and engaging in wars to acquire more territory and power

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Battle of Okinawa

(1945) World War II victory for the Allied troops that resulted in the deaths of almost all of the 100,000 Japanese defenders; the battle claimed 12,000 American lives

Norris-LaGuardia Act

(Hoover) attempt to improve the lot of the union worker. It outlawed Yellow Dog Contracts, banned federal courts from issuing injunctions against workers in non-violent strikes, and protected the right of workers to unionize

James K. Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

Lodge reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Arminians

1560- 1609 taught that God chose to save all who will believe in Christ that it is possible to resist the grace of God and that it is possible for true believers to fall away ad lose their salvation

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Great Migration

1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Stimson doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Army-McCarthy hearings

1954 televised hearings on charges that Senator Joseph McCarthy was unfairly tarnishing the United States Army with charges of communist infiltration into the armed forces; hearings were the beginning of the end for McCarthy, whose bullying tactics were repeatedly demonstrated

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Tet offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

Barack Obama

2008-2016 Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell

Eugene O'Neill

20th Century playwright. Desire Under the Elms, The Hairy Ape, and The Iceman Cometh. Nobel laureate in literature

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

Viet Cong

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.

Douglas MacArthur

A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines. Was tasked with taking down the Bonus Army.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader who urged the Mormons to move farther west. They settled at the edge of the lonely desert near the Great Salt Lake.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Divorce Bill

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Daniel Shays

A captain veteran of the Revolutionary War, He led impoverished back country farmers to rebellion in Massachusetts. The rebellion stressed the importance of a strong central government.

Union party

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats

baby boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Federal Housing Administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

"containment doctrine"

A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.

Quakers

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

confederation

A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.

joint resolution

A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Richard Montgomery

A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. His attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

USS Merrimack

A frigate, best known as the hull upon which the ironclad warship CSS Virginia was constructed during the American Civil War.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Union

A general term for the United States during the Civil War which also was used to refer to the Northern army.

postmodernism

A general term used to refer to changes, developments and tendencies which have taken place in literature, art, music, architecture, philosophy, etc. in the post WWII era.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Boston Associates

A group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

Scottish Presbyterians

A group of Puritan American settlers from Great Britain who were Calvinists.

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

injunction

A judicial order to a party to do or stop doing something

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

credibility gap

A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Eugene V. Debs

A leader of the Socialist and Labor movements, He lived in the mid 19th century to the early 20th century and advocated for peace. He was arrested under the Espionage act to silence both his voice and the voice of the Unions he led.

trust

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

social gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

"the forgotten man"

A nickname given to everyday Americans people by FDR during the depression

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

red scare

A period of general fear of communists

antifederalist

A person who opposed the adoption of the United States Constitution.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

iron curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Whitewater

A political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governer of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal.

Iran-Contra Affair

A political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo in hopes of securing the release of hostages and allowing U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Roscoe Conkling

A politician from New York who served both as a member of the House and Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Johns Hopkins University

A private university which emphasized pure research. It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.

Henry Hobson Richardson

A prominent American architect who designed buildings in Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and other cities. The style he popularized is named for him: Richardsonian Romanesque.

Samuel Chase

A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. Despite his record of outstanding accomplishment on the Supreme Court, Congress voted to impeach him in 1804. His support of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts and his overly zealous handling of treason and sedition trials involving Jeffersonians caused him to anger the president and his backers in Congress. While spared by only a narrow margin, he was acquitted, with the result that his trial discouraged future attempts to impeach justices for purely political reasons.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Robert M. La Follette

A proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He ran for President as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924.

Department of Homeland Security

A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

Charles Coughlin

A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

Bear Flag revolt

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians in 1939 that said that they would not attack each other should war break out. Hitler broke this agreement later on.

Zimmermann note

A secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side

Mesabi Range

A section of low hills in Minnesota owned by Rockefeller in 1887, it was a source of iron ore for steel production.

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Open Door notes

A series of letters sent in 1899 by US secretary of state John hey to Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, howling for equal economic access to the China market for all states and for the maintenance of the Tarrant Oreo and administrative integrity of the Chinese empire.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Protestant ethic

A set of values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes stressing hard work, thrift, and self-discipline.

George Rogers Clark

A soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky militia throughout much of the war.

Covenant

A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made.

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

plantation system

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Jackson Pollock

A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

modernization theory

A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment.

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

The Red Badge of Courage

A war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

states' rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

National Labor Relations Board

Act establishing federal guarantee of right to organize trade unions and collective bargaining.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

Seamen's Act

Act that was designed to improve the safety and security of United States seamen. Proposed by La Follette.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

"Jelly Roll" Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

James Baldwin

African American who explored racial tensions and homosexuality in America.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

"radical" regimes

After military occupation was put in place, these emerged for Southerners who organized their governments to put their needs and rights first again.

"Rocket fever"

After the USSR launched Sputnik into space in 1957, the race to put as many things in space as possible was on

Kentucky bluegrass

After the land in the tobacco region was exhausted, it was discovered that ______ was perfect in the burned cane field, which helped to feed livestock.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

three-fifths compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Confederacy

Alliance of southern states that seceded from the Union over slavery

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the this would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. This was drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dust bowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

John Trumbull

American painter during the American Revolution; credited with his work "The Declaration of Independence".

Charles William Eliot

An American academic who was selected as Harvard's president in 1869. He transformed the provincial college into the preeminent American research university.

Andrew Mellon

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

Tampico incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

abstract expressionism

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

Human Genome Project

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

Washington Disarmament Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

Penn's Woodland

Another name for Pennsylvania, the king referred to it as this.

lyceum

Aristotle's school of philosophy.

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Michael Harrington

Author of famous book, The Other Americans - Poverty in the US, which he wrote in 1962. He argued that 25% of the country was actually in poverty, and highlighted the inequalities that plagued the country. It was regarded as a driving force behind the War on Poverty by the Johnson Administration

Lyndon B. Johnson

Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Nancy Pelosi

Became the first female Speaker of the House following the 2006 elections

"peace without victory"

Before entering the war, Wilson presented a plan to Congress for the U.S. for maintaining peace through a permanent league of nations after the war. He wanted this war to end all wars, and build world peace, not punish the Germans

Panic of 1857

Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South.

Keynesianism

Belief in aggressive government intervention to combat recession & promote economic growth, especially by massive federal spending ("stimulus")

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Chester W. Nimitz

Commander of the US naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island hopping campaign

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, this was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

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Erie Canal

The Federalist Papers

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

Founded to minister to the spiritual needs of young men in cities, revival of Christian values in cities

Lillian Wald

Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY and Founder of Public Health Nursing

1

Gadsden Purchase

Great Ice Age

Geological era that occurred between ca. 2 million and 11,000 years ago. As a result of climate shifts, large numbers of new species evolved during this period, also called the Pleistocene epoch.

U-boat

German submarine

William Harrison

He led the militia assault upon Tecumseh's village at Tippecanoe Creek in October 1811. In 1840, he became the first Whig President, winning the election with a "log cabin" and "hard cider" appeal to the common people. The 68-year-old caught a cold at his inauguration and died after serving only one month in office.

Victoriano Huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

Russell Conwell

He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

John L. Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

He was a world renowned sculpture maker and made a bronze sculpture of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment that still stands today in Boston

Alexander Graham Bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

"Boss" Tweed

Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the his reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

John Quincy Adams

Helped overrule to gag rule.

H-Bomb

Hydrogen bomb. This bomb is 67 times more powerful than the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. The U.S. developed it first, closely followed by the Soviet Union.

William F. Cody

Idiolized the "cowboy" life during the migration to the west, offered people in East a look into what was occurring on the other side of the country; "Buffalo Bill"

Black Hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832

National Endowment for the Arts

Important government organization that helps support musicians and other artists

Fetterman Massacre

In 1866, a tribe of Oglala Sioux under Chief Red Cloud, provoked by the building of the Bozeman Trail through their hunting ground in southern Montana, massacred a U.S. army unit commanded by Captain W. J. Fetterman.

James A. Garfield

In 1880, a divided Republican Party chose him as its dark horse presidential nominee. After winning the general election, his brief time in office was marked by political wrangling. In July 1881, he was shot by a disgruntled constituent and died less than three months later.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Mondale.

Visible Saints

In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.

"16 to 1"

In the Democratic platform they wanted unlimited coinage of silver at this ratio of silver to gold in ounces. It would make the silver in a dollar worth 50 cents. It was the magic number for Populists and it helped them to fuse with the Democrats and Bryan.

Harold Ickes

Interior Secretary under the Roosevelt administration. He organized liberal Republicans for Roosevelt in 1932.

Specie Circular

Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in this. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Regulator movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

economic coercion

Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.

The Affluent Society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Phillip II

King of Spain. Married to Queen Mary I of England; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, Africa, India, and the East Indies.

War of Jenkin's Ear

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border.

The Weary Blues

Langston Hughes's poem about a musician who throws away all his troubles in his music, takes place on Lenox Avenue

Bonanza farms

Large scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate. Basically, a factory version of a farm.

"Redeemers"

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Brady Bill

Law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer.

mobocracy

Lawless control of public affairs by the mob or populace.

Sumptuary Laws (Blue Laws)

Laws aimed at making sure pleasures stayed simple by repressing certain human instincts. I.e, no public kissing

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2 and commander in D-Day invasion

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the nation of Islam from 1945 to his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong advocate of civil rights, but was involved in some shady activities and lost the favor of Malcolm X, who went on to form his own civil rights group.

Norman Podhoretz

Leading neoconservative intellectual who attacked excesses of 1960s liberalism and provided ideological support for Ronald Reagan

"America letters"

Letters from immigrants in the United States to friends and relatives in the old country, which spurred further immigration. (Low taxes, no compulsory military service and 3 meals per day)

"merchants of death"

Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.

Aroostook War

Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook Rive in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.

Donna Shalala

Motivated by Kennedy's actions, was the secretary of heath and human services (1990's). She had joined the peace corps and it made her a "World Citizen".

Ohio fever

Movement after the War of 1812 in which many citizens and immigrants (many European) moved to the Ohio River Valley to grow crops, since the Native American threat was eliminated

Navajo "code talkers"

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

John J. Audubon

Naturalist who painted wild fowl in their natural habitat. Birds of America received considerable popularity.

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Nebraska Territory

Passive resistance

Nonviolent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

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Ohio and Erie Canal

Democratic party

One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

Anti-Saloon League

Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society; supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol.

Neutrality Acts

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Twenty second amendment

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

"fourth party system"

Period of close party balance overturned in 1896 between W Jennings Bryan and William McKinley. Industrial growth after Civil War led to hardship for farmers. 1896=government promotion of economic justice. Disgruntled farmers blamed problems on railroads that eastern bankers.

Creole

Person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendent of Spanish settlers

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

the "three Rs"

Relief, Reform, Recovery

Henry A. Wallace

Secretary of Commerce under President Truman who was fired in 1946 over a disagreement in foreign policy; ran for president against Truman in 1948 on the Progressive party ticket.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

Chappaquiddick

Senator Edward Kennedy, brother of John F. Kennedy, was at a Bachelor party on an island. There were some young women there and there was some drinking and Kennedy ended up taking one of the young ladies off the island. But when they were crossing a bridge Kennedy's car went off the bridge. The young woman was killed. Kennedy's story was that he swam across a bay to get help but it was too late. There was much controversy over this incident about Kennedy's motives, such as if he was trying to kill the lady because she knew something and that Kennedy was already married.

"outsourcing"

Sending industrial processes out for external production. The term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low.

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill

Taft signed this law that increased import taxes. This was a very regressive tax (regressive = costs the poor and middle class more than it costs the rich). Teddy knew it would be difficult to get Congress to lower taxes on the poor and middle class but was outraged when Taft agreed to sign this law that so clearly increased taxes on working people.

Richard Ballinger

Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands

"positive good"

Term coined by the republican aristocracy in favor of slavery, it allowed for a civilized lifestyle for whites and provided structure for genetically inferior Africans

"boll weevils"

Term for conservative southern Democrats who voted increasingly for Republican issues during the Carter and Reagan administrations.

"Mulligan letters"

Term for the letters written by James Blaine to a Boston businessman linking in a corrupt deal of federal favors to a railroad.

slavocracy

Term the North used to describe the Slaveholding South and its "schemes" to gain more slave-land, the northerners' idea of the south. The idea had to do with Texas joining the union. People from the north thought the southern was involved in a conspiracy to bring new slave states to America. This was what the north used to refer to the south's system of slavery.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and pentagon

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Texas

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Benjamin Harrison

The 23rd President of the United States in 1888. He improved America's foreign policy goals (including his proposal to annex the Hawaiian Islands) displayed his expanded vision of the nation's role in world affairs. In 1890, he signed into law the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first piece of legislation designed to prohibit industrial combinations, or trusts. In 1892, he lost his bid for reelection to Grover Cleveland by a wide margin.

William McKinley

The 25th president of the United States, a Republican. In 1898, he led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence. In general, his bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, he was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in 1901.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. He led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Constitution of the United States

The document which established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. It can be changed through amendments. Written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states

Acadians

The residents of the portion of France's North American empire once called Acadia (present day Nova Scotia and nearby territories)

Sister Carrie

Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty

Henry Ward Beecher

Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman & reformer, & author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage & for temperance, & a foe of slavery, he bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas

Oral Roberts

This American Pentecostal televangelist was famous for his healing ministry and the university he founded in Tulsa.

John W. Davis

This Clarksburg native, who was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1924, represented the school systems in the historic U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.

Immigration Act of 1924

This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama.

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

Comstock Law

United States federal law that made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" — with contraceptive devices and information explicitly put in that category — materials through the mail An example of censorship and wave of "New Morality" in the United States

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Charles Dana Gibson

United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the 'Gibson girl'

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title "Shame of the Cities"

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Vicksburg

conversion

When your life is changed by giving yourself to God

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment

Students for a Democratic Society

a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," They emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s

Royal charter

a grant given by the King of England to companies or groups to start colonies in the Americas.

Bakke case

landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the permissible scope factors in an admissions program, but only for the purpose of improving the learning environment through diversity in accordance with the university's constitutionally protected First Amendment right to Academic Freedom

anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

plutocracy

society ruled by the wealthy

Mayflower

the ship that transported English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth in England to the New World

"Every Man a King"

the slogan of the share our wealth movement of Louisiana senator Huey Long

Plymouth Bay

where the pilgrims aboard the Mayflower landed

Federal Employees' Compensation Act

Law that provides benefits to employees who have suffered work-related injuries or occupational diseases

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

lockout

When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached

McCulloh v. Maryland

1819. case involves a state trying to tax the bank of US. Supremacy clause established, federal government is supreme over the states. Ruled bank of US is constitutional

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Model T

A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

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36°30′

U.N. Security Council

A 15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace.

Francisco Villa

A Mexican rebel who crossed into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

Patrick Henry

A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies, "Give me liberty or give me death".

Daniel Burnham

A leading architect and city planner, produced a magnificent plan for redesigning Chicago

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

nonimportation agreement

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

Saddam Hussein

As president of Iraq, He maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, he repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view him with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

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Atlanta

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777.

heresies

Beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings

Anglicans

Belonged to church of England and came to America; "purified" version of Catholics

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

The Lonely Crowd

Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.

Ben-Hur

Book written by Lew Wallace

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

"culture wars"

Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld

"don't ask, don't tell"

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

Sand Creek, Colorado

Colonel J.M. Chivington's militia massacred some four hundred Indians in cold blood—Indians who had thought they had been promised immunity and Indians who were peaceful and harmless.

Tories

Colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Thomas J. Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Union Pacific Railroad

Congress commissioned this railroad to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

spot resolutions

Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.

Liberty League

Conservatives who did not agree with Roosevelt, they wanted government to let business alone and play a less active role in the economy. Members of this organization complained that the New Deal interfered too much with business and with people's lives.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state

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Cumberland Road

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Cumberland Road

Second Battle of Bull Run

Decisive victory by General Robert E. Lee and Confederate forces over the Union army in August 1862.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract

John Kerry

Decorated Vietnam War veteran who lost the 2004 Presidential Election. Later Secretary of State under Barack Obama

William Hope Harvey

Defended a white man who married an African American woman. Practiced law in Illinois and Ohio. Known for his support of using silver to back currency rather than the gold standard.

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Detroit

sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).

George A. Custer

Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota, his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence)

market revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

The Sun Also Rises

E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. All characters suffering some way from WWI.

Haymarket Square anarchists

Eight men were arrested and charged with murder at Haymarket. Though they all opposed Chicago's elite businessmen, whom they believed stood for "starvation of the masses, privileges and luxury for the few," the eight held very different ideas about what action to take. Some advocated change through violence, while others believed progress could come via social engineering.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Adlai E. Stevenson

Eloquent Democratic presidential candidate who was twice swamped by popular Republican war hero

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

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Erie Canal

Yellowstone

Established in 1872 by Congress, this was the United States's first national park

5

Evergaldes

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Evolved as a way for Congress to handle large and complex work-load; divides up law-making into major subject areas; major responsibility for debating & marking up bills + oversight of execution of laws (the bureaucracy)

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

W. E. B. Du Bois

First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard, strongly disagreed with Booker T Washington's gradual approach and founded the Niagra Movement. Set up the NAACP.

Glorious Revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful.

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

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Fort McHenry

5

Fort Niagara

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Fort Sumter

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Citizen Edmond Genet

French ambassador sent to US during French Rev. to encourage Americans to send out privateers against Spain and Britain, as well as organizing a militia to assault Spanish-sympathizers in Florida. All actions he takes are condemned by US gov., including Thomas Jefferson, because they threaten to bring US out of neutrality.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecoeur

French writer and naturalist who traveled to America in the 1700s and wrote Letters from an American Farmer.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

John Ashcroft

George W. Bush's controversial attorney general who sharply restricted civil liberties and detained or deported immigrants suspected of terrorism.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

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Gettysburg

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Goliad

trustbusting

Government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF)

Ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. Had to be destroyed by USSR and US after making a treaty for it.

Nicaraguan Contras

Guerrilla army sponsored by CIA to attack pro communist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam

Horace Kallen

He defended the immigrants and said they needed their different cultures because they were unique, and stressed the preservation of identity

Civilian Conservation Corps

Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

Joseph Pulitzer

His New York World newspaper was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. Filled newspaper with stories of crimes and disasters and feature stories about political and economic corruption. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

ecological imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Muscle Shoals Bill

Hoover fights all schemes he regards as "socialistic". This was designed to dam the Tennessee River and was ultimately embraced by Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee Valley Authority. (He thinks that it is suspiciously "socialistic"). Hoover vetoed this measure because he opposed the government's selling electricity in competition with its own citizens in private companies.

"Crime of '73"

In 1873 congress dropped coinage of silver dollars because of the lack of value that was put on it and the stoppage of miners selling silver. In the later 1870's new silver discoveries were made that shot production up and prices down. Westerners from silver mining states wanted a return for silver and called for the stoppage of this. Like paper money, the demand for more silver was just another scheme to promote inflation.

invasion of Ethiopia

In 1935, Mussolini brutally attacked this place with bombers and tanks, while natives were left to defend their country with spears and outdated weapons. This all could have been avoided if the League of Nations had declared an oil embargo on Italy.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered this with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.

Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

My Lai massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

Hinton R. Helper

Individual who tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that slavery actually reduced their standard of living

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

James Gibbons

Inspired the devoted support of old and new immigrants alike by defending the Knights of Labor and the cause of organized labor

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas

jeremiads

In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon called the ____. The _____ focused on the teachings of _____, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

2

Indian Territory

Eugene V. Debs

one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

The Call of the Wild

Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

"China incident"

Japanese soldiers dressed as Chinese and attacked a Japanese crossing. This started a large war between the two countries.

kamikazes

Japanese suicide pilots

rainbow coalition

Jesse Jackson's idea of forging an alliance between groups of minorities and the disadvantaged

grandfather clause

Jim Crow era state laws that discouraged African Americans from voting by saying that if your grandpa couldn't vote, then neither can you. The newly-freed slaves grandpas couldn't vote, so neither could they. Declared unconstitutional in 1915.

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

John Peter Zegner

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Suez crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

6

Kansas Territory

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."

Underwood Tariff

Law passed by Congress in 1913 that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for the lost revenue by providing for a graduated income tax

Haymarket Square

Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.

9

Lake Champlain

3

Lake Erie

2

Lake Huron

1

Lake Michigan

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Unitarianism

Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

slave code

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

The Shame of the Cities

Lincoln Steffens; revealed the prevalence of municipal corruption in a series of articles later compiled into this work.

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Dia de la Raza

Mexicans celebrate Columbus Day as this; the birthday of a wholly new race of people

12

Maine

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican

Griswold v. Connecticut

Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment

independent treasury

Martin Van Buren passed the "Divorce Bill" in 1840 which created this that took the government's funds out of the pet banks that Jackson created and put them in vaults in several of the largest cities. This way the funds would be safe from inflation and denied to the state banks as revenue.

naval stores

Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of the Republican Party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country and had lost the Federalists much influence and respect (The practical end of the Federalist Party).

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

6

Michilimackinac

abolitionism

Militant effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Guantanamo Bay

Military base in Cuba that interrogates suspected terrorists

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

3

Missouri Territory

17

Mobile

4

Montgomery

Colored Farmers' National Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers.

Colored Farmers National Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. The history of racial division in the South made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization.

"Billy Yank"

Name for stereotypical Northern Soldier

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and he withdrew.

praying towns

New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

1

New Orleans

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Frostbelt

Northeast, were hard hit by the amount of federal money being received by the Sunbelt, tried to rally support to gain federal support

popular sovereignty

Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.

Tippecanoe

November 7, 1811 victory by General Harrison, in which he destroyed the headquarters of Tecumseh's Indian confederation. Although the US forces suffered heavy losses, Harrison was considered a victor and a hero.

Sooner State

Oklahoma's nickname because about 500,000 people illegal entered that state before it became an official state in 1907.

Winfield Scott

Old Fuss and Feathers, marched on Mexico City in 1847, considered to be the ablest general of his generation

World Trade Center

Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

Abu Ghraib

One of Saddam's most notorious prisons for dissenters; when Americans took over, it became notorious for a place of torment and humiliation for detainees

Chautauqua movement

One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

Judiciary Act of 1801

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.

John C. Breckenridge

One of the two democratic candidates against Lincoln. The other was Stephen A Douglas. He was nominated by the Southern Democrats. Buchanan's VP.

Old Guard

One of two major factions largely within the Republican party, composed of the party regulars and professional politicians. They were preoccupied with building up the party machinery, developing party loyalty, and acquiring and dispensing patronage. They were challenged by progressives from around 1896 to the 1930s.

Caleb Cushing

Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese

pro-life

Opposed abortion. Mostly because of religious or moral beliefs that life begins at conception and should be protected.

Old Right

Opposed communism and wanted traditional family values. More likely to be older and come from the south.

5

Oregon County

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

assumption

Part of Hamilton's economic theory. Stated that the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid off their debts.

noncolonization

Part of the Monroe Doctrine that was written in 1823. It said that America was closed to anymore colonization. A colonization attempt by anyone would be deemed a threat to the United States. It was created by the U.S. to protect the Western Hemisphere.

Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician in the 1940s whose book "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" influenced the upbringing of children around the world.

6

Pennsylvania Canal

18

Pensacola

Philip Armour

Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat.

Ford's Theater

Place where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening

Coin's Financial School

Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over traditional views of bankers and economics professors

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Emily Dickinson

Possibly the most famous female American poet and wrote about loneliness, love, and death, and only published seven poems during her lifetime.

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for government or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson and his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Court-packing plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Dwight Eisenhower

President at the time of Brown v Board, Montgomery Bus Boycotts, and Central HS Crisis. Not openly in favor of Civil Rights. Didn't act until forced to by the Little Rock Crisis. He approved government funding to build interstate highway system

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Richard M. Nixon

President of the United States that was instrumental in improving relations with China. This followed the U.S. policy of not wanting to work with countries that were communist. He ushered in a period of "detente" which means a relaxation of tensions during the Cold War period. He later resigned following the Watergate Scandal.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Pro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. Organization established in 1890 to promote woman suffrage; stressed that women's special virtue made them indispensable to politics.

"survival of the fittest"

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

"ethnic cleansing"

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Doctrine of a calling

Puritan belief that they are responsible to do God's work on earth

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Nathanael Green

Quaker-born member of Washington's General staff who lost the Battle of Washington Heights, but later led the American forces to victory in the South in 1781.

Great Northern Railroad

Railroad that ran from Duluth to Seattle north of the Northern Pacific. It was the creation of a man named James J. Hill. It was the last of the transcontinental railroads of the 19th century. It was finished in 1893.

track gauge

Railroads weren't standardized, at least twelve different track widths by 1860, cities didn't want to connect to ports in case freight trains went directly to the ports without stopping

Dingley Tariff bill

Raised tariff pushed through in 1897 by Republicans who had contributed strongly to Mark Hanna's campaign. Lobbyists raised the average rates to 46.5 percent.

New York Central Railroad

Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track.

Reaganomics

Reagan's theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It included tax breaks for the rich, "supply-side economics," and "trickle down" theory.

Thomas Eakins

Realist painter of the post-vellum period; contemporary and friend of Walt Whitman; focused on the ordinary; most famous work is The Gross Clinic

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

filibustering

Referring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.

Newt Gingrich

Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

destroyers-for-bases deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (1940)

James G. Blaine

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Billion-Dollar Congress

Republican congress of 1890. Gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. First billion dollar budget.

Half-Breed

Republican faction- led by James G Blaine (congressman)- favored civil service (spoils system) reform. They were composed of the moderate faction of the party.

Bob Dole

Republican nominee for President who ran and lost against Clinton between Clinton's first and second term

judicial review

Review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

8

Richmond

Northern Securities case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

trust-busting

Roosevelt wanted to break up trusts, but made a distinction between regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated to a market and breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

Samuel D. Burchard damned the Democrats in a speech as the party of "this quote"—insulting with one swift stroke the culture, the faith, and the patriotism of New York's numerous Irish American voters.

6

San Jacinto

Butternut Region

The region where Lincoln's critics usually came from; Southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. This region was also where an anti-slavery war was extremely unpopular.

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

blogosphere

The term for the millions of blogs on the Web.

Dutchification

Separatists who left England for Holland in 1608 were worried that this was affecting their children

Black Friday

September 24, 1869. Day when Fisk and Gould's plot to corner the gold market took place. They bid the price of gold skyward but then Grant released gold from the treasury and gold plummeted but Gould and Fisk escaped without financial harm. Grant had just acted stupidly and didn't get in any serious trouble.

megalopolis

Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

Mary Baker Eddy

She founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. (No need for a doctor, if have enough faith can heal self). Wrote a widely purchased book, "Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures".

Victoria Woodhull

Shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871. She was a divorcee, sometime stockbroker, and a tireless feminist propagandist.

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. This was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

15

St. Marks

scabs

Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights, Federalist.

Homestead Strike

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers

Lecompton Constitution

Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

the Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt's campaign slogan in the election of 1904. It was meant that all Americans should have an equal opportunity to succeed.

4

Thames River

Ulysses S. Grant

The 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, he worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

Ralph Ellison

The African American writer who explored the theme of social alienation in "Invisible Man"

Sarajevo

The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne

Sylvia Plath

The Bell Jar (1963); Autobiographical Novel, witty American coming of age story

impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Draft Riots

The Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid $300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers.

Sioux

The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination.

ABC Powers

The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

Maine

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty established the border of this eastern state

Shandong peninsula

The Yellow River empties into the Bohai Sea, which is bordered by this to the south; Japan captured the peninsula from Germany during WW1, and continued to occupy the peninsula after the war (in response to this, the May Fourth Movement formed in China to protest the Treaty of Versailles)

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

rugged individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Herbert Hoover.

blue state

The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Democratic Party

red state

The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Republican Party

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

compact theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

"spirit of Camp David"

The idea of peaceful coexistence that the leaders of the Western Countries and the USSR held after leaving the Camp David peace talks. It had faded by 1960.

Republican motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

popular consent

The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs.

consent of the governed

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

natural aristocracy

The idea that talent and leadership are innate or inbred qualities that cannot be acquired through effort or self-advancement

the Holocaust

The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps.

Comanches

The native tribe that lived in the north and west parts of Texas, raided small Texas settlements, and even struck deep into Mexico.

Spice Islands

The nickname given to Indonesia by the Europeans in the 1400's

John McCain

The oldest man ever to run for U.S. president, this Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War and was the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election.

Whigs

The party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. They promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1830s, they disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s.

pure and simple unionism

The phrase came to represent the AFL's rejection of political action and social reform in favor of pragmatic economic strategies servicing the immediate needs of its members, such as wages, hours of work, and procedures for handling grievances.

large-state plan

The plan proposed by Virginia at the constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

War of Spanish Succession

The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.

executive privilege

The president's power to refuse to disclose confidential information. In United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege.

"rights revolution"

The process by which socially excluded groups have struggled to win equal rights under the law and in practice

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund this, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Hiram Johnson

The reform governor of California who fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. He was successful.

Hundred Days

The special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months.

"Quarantine Speech"

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

loose confederation

The structure of political parties can best be described as a "stratarchy," or a _____.

war doves

Those Americans who called for America to withdraw from Vietnam

Thomas Reed

Tough "Czar" who ruled the House of Representatives during the "billion-dollar Congress"

Sylvester Graham

Thought meat made you horny, notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism, and the temperance movement, as well as sexual and dietary habits; father of graham crackers

Laird rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

William Faulkner

Twentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot.

Columbine High School

Two high school seniors armed with guns and explosives waged a violent assault on the school. They killed 12 fellow students and one teacher before shooting themselves. Led to a concern about the availability of guns.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in WWI

George W. Norris

US Senator from Nebraska responsible for the REA, TVA, 22nd Amendment and the Nebraska Unicameral

Oliver O. Howard

Union Civil War general given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era.

Peninsula Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital.

Edward Everett Hale

Unitarian minister, wrote "The Man Without a Country"

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

island-hopping strategy

WWII strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan

Willa Cather

Was a female American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains. Her works include: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I

Dutch "Golden Age"

Was a period in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.

16

West Florida

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800s and most of World War I?

OJ Simpson

Whose trial for killing his ex-wife was the most famous trial of the century?

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

"Little Brown Brothers"

William H. Taft's belittling term of endearment for the Filipinos.

Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)

Women volunteering for the army would not be given the same rank, pay, or benefits as men who were doing the same thing as them.

malinchista

Word in Mexico meaning "traitor"; based on the name of Cortes's translator

Lyrics of Lowly Life

Written by Paul Dunbar

David Riesman

Wrote "The Lonely Crowd", a sociological study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. He argues that the character of post WWII American society impels individuals to "other-directedness", the preeminent example being modern suburbia, where individuals seek their neighbors' approval and fear being outcast from their community.

Ignatius Donnelley

Wrote 1892 Populist Party platform introduction

William Fetterman

believed he could subdue the whole Sioux tribe with 80 men. He and all those with him were killed at Lodge Trail Ridge

Operation Rolling Thunder

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

The Nation

entirely banned immigration from east Asia to the United States

parity

equality, as in amount, status, or value

internal taxation

extra costs on goods which were imposed by the colonists themselves

The Great Gatsby

is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

constitutional convention

its purpose was to revise the articles of confederation but they made a whole new government

mainstream media

mass media reflective of prevailing currents of thought, influence, or activity. It may be contrasted with alternative media which may contain content discordant with prevailing views.

"Seward's Folly"

name given to purchase of Alaska from Russia

Thomas Macdonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.

freedom dues

necessities given to indentured servants once they were freed; included a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land

Fiscal Bank

new bank of the United States proposed by Henry Clay but vetoed by Tyler

"personal liberty laws"

pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.

mercenaries

professional soldiers who fight for anyone who will pay them.

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Kenneth Starr

prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal

"Gold Bugs"

referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver

"form follows function"

refers to when purpose defines an object and efficiency is obvious

Cartography

science or art of making maps

William H. Seward

secretary of state under lincoln and johnson - set the precedent for increased american participation in the western hemisphere - engineered purchase of alaska and invoked the monroe doctrine to force france out of mexico

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)

series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons

wage gap

the level of women's income relative to that of men

Act of Toleration

Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ

longhouse

Home of the Iroquois - made of sapling and tree bark.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Isabella of Castile

(1451-1504)Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

(1644) Powhatans made another effort to expel the Virginians but were defeated. Ended with a Peace Treaty in 1646 that banished the Chesapeake Indians from their land.

Humphrey Gilbert

English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583)

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Vinland

Newfoundland in Canada around 1000 (named after the wild grapes) settled by Leif Ericsson

Ferdinand Magellen

Portuguese navigator. While tying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines. One of his ships returned to Spain, thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida

Vasco Nunez Balboa

Spanish conquistador who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 and claimed for his the Spanish king all the lands washed by the sea

Pueblo Indians

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.

Santa Fe

The Spanish planted this outpost in the 1610.

Starving time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "___" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Native Americans

Those who lived in America before the Europeans

mesitzos

a person of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

kiva

a round room used by the Pueblo peoples for religious ceremonies

Surplus population

large group of unemployed farmers in England who went to New World to work and make money.

Law of Primogeniture

law stating only the eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates.

Preston Brooks

A hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators. He later resigned from his position, but was soon reelected.

settlement house

A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. Here, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first of these was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.

John Adams

(1797-1801) He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. Jedi of foreign policy

William Clark

(1770-1838) American soldier and friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited to explore the Louisiana Purchase and joined what became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Rome-Berlin axis

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Munich conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

lend-lease

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Carl Schurz

A German immigrant that arrived in 1860. He was a politician and journalist that fought against slavery and for good treatment of Native Americans.

Franchise

A business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area

Joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Panama Canal

A canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914.

minority president

A candidate who fails to win a majority of popular votes and yet wins the Presidency

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

closed shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869).

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, when the much-resented Navigation Laws were only weakly enforced.

"Molly Maguires"

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

J.P. Morgan

Banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and renamed it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Hiawatha

Indian from the Iroquois tribe who was one of two men who persuaded five nations to unite and work together as a group.

Reinhold Niebuhr

Influential liberal protestant clergyman who crusaded against what he perceived as the drift away from Christian foundations for over five decades after WWI. He was vehemently against fascism, communism, and pacifism, and divided the world into "children of light" and "children of darkness."

Norman Schwartzkopf

Successful commander of American forces in the First Persian Gulf War

impressment

The act of seizing by force; between 1803 and 1812, the British kidnapped about 6,000 American sailors to work on British ships, a factor in the War of 1812

Sandra Day O'Connor

The first female Supreme Court justice appointed in 1981 by Reagan

Shia

The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims.

Seventh of March Speech

This was a famous speech given by Daniel Webster when he was trying to work out the Compromise of 1850. In it, he fought for compromise. He asked for a stricter fugitive slave law and said that there was no need to legislate slavery in the territories because the land was not fit for it. His speech became widely printed and read, and it increased the popularity of Union and compromise.

Tariff of 1833

This was a compromise bill. It would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by 10% over an 8 year period. It would be a 20-25% tax on dutiable goods. Henry Clay wrote the bill. It ended the nullification crisis when South Carolina accepted the compromise.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

jingoism

belligerent support of one's country

Curtis LeMay

a general in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent Party presidential candidate George Wallace in 1968.

Committees of Correspondence

a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament.

excise tax

a tax on the manufacturing of an item.

"twisting the lion's tail"

a term for provoking the British

pro-choice

against banning abortion; a woman should have the right/freedom to choose to abort or not abort her baby

Jacob S. Coxey

demanded the government create jobs for the unemployed

Macy's/Marshall Field's

department stores that attracted urban middle class shoppers and provided urban working class jobs, many of them for women; Macy's in NY, Marshall fields in Chicago; Macy's showed consumerism and class divisions.

Beat poets

describes a group of authors who became famous in the 1950's. Composed of new experimentation with drugs and different types of sexuality. Followers were anti-war activists and peace promoters, similar to the hippie era

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

John Cotton

prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies

Christian Science

properly known as Church of Christ Science that believed the the non physical world was more important than the physical, that jesus was divine and there was a science behind his healing, material world is an illusion

sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in these across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

"fire eaters"

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Apaches

southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against the United States

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

twisting the British lion's tail

the slang term for a politician in America in the mid-1800s making negative remarks about the British to his Irish audiences.

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

rack-renting

the system practiced by landlords to squeeze as many tenants as possible onto a property in order to gain the most profit

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

primogenture

these were laws that decreed that only the eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. Ambitious younger sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, such as on the seas

Atlantic Monthly

this magazine, published in the late 1800s and early 1900s, is still published today

craft union

union made up of skilled workers in a specific trade or industry

energy crisis

when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to to the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

liberal Protestantism

while nativists were attacking immigrants, churches became more involved in helping them. much like before each great awakening, religious devotion had declined. protestant churches looked for ways to bring people into the church. did this through this philosophy-supported idea of the social gospel and attacked gospel of wealth

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

A Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

William Marbury

"Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass" -the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

Oliver Hazard Perry

"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny

George Washington

(1732-1799) Virginian who began as a commander and chief in the Revolutionary war. Had no desire to become president but the people wanted a strong national leader. Set prescient for many things, including the two terms rule. Warned US against being involved in foreign politics.

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Louisiana Purchase Treaty

(1803) The U.S. purchased land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify purchase.

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the ____ Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published a biography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

James Whistler

(1834-1903) A member of the realist movement, although his works were often moody and eccentric. Best known for his Arrangement in Black and Grey, No.1, also known as Whistler's Mother.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

The American Scholar

(Ralph Waldo Emerson) talks about how america needs a scholar all other countries have one but the US. we need our own voice. he believes that anyone can be a scholar. doesn't like old books

Camp David Accord

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Ronald Reagan

(1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961 a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Clean Air Act

(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. He withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states in order to restore local control and good will, a decision that many perceived as a betrayal of African Americans in the South. He served a single term, as he had promised in his inaugural address.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Checkers speech

A speech made by vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1952 after he had been accused of improprieties regarding a fund established for him to reimburse him for his political expenses. In it, he said that he defended himself and said regardless of what everyone else thought, he would keep a dog that his kids had named checkers. It led to an outpouring of support for Nixon and it secured his place on the republican ticket for the 1952 election.

referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

collective security

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

protective tariff

A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.

peculiar institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Many southerners used this in attempt to recreate conditions for Blacks prior to the Civil War.

reconcentration camps

A term that referred to the Spanish refugee camps into which Cuban farmers were herded in 1896 to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independence from Spain

"gender gap"

A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.

war hawks

A term used in politics for someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war, or whether to continue or escalate an existing war.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Grenada

A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans.

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

company town

A town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.

Securities and Exchange Commission

A government commission created by Congress to regulate the securities markets and protect investors. In addition to regulation and protection, it also monitors the corporate takeovers in the U.S.

Tweed Ring

A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. This supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed, this did not last.

"Ohio Gang"

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

Iroquois

A group of tribes speaking related languages in the eastern Great Lakes region of upper New York.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay

boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

George Creel

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

revenue sharing

A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any government purpose.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.

conscription

A military draft

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

A peace agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States.

transportation revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

African American

A person of African and American descent.

nativist

A person who, especially in the United States in the 19th century, favors the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.

multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Tariff of 1842

A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

stock watering

A railroad stock promoter would inflate their claims about a given rail line's assets and profitability and would sell stocks and bonds for an excess of the railroad's actual value.

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

10 percent plan

A reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Sunbelt

A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

"Fifty-four fourty or fight"

A slogan used in the 1844 presidential campaign as a call for the U.S. annexation of the Oregon territory

"black power"

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

new morality

Ideals of the loving family and personal satisfaction. The loving and emotional aspects of marriage became more important. Women began gaining support to join the workforce

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Huey Long

Immensely popular governor and senator of Louisiana; provided tax favors, roads, schools, free textbooks, charity hospitals, and improved public services for Louisiana citizens; cost: corruption and personal dictatorship; formed national organization (Share Our Wealth)

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Farmers' Alliance

In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings, education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperatives. Women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party.

Iranian hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency. The Carter administration was responsible for the release of these hostages.

"Three Sister" Farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Aimed at insuring morale and maximum use of labor force by preventing employer discrimination against workers because of race or religion. The efforts of this committee laid the foundation for the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's.

Berlin airlift

Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

8

Alamo

funding at par

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

General Incorporation Law

Allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Progressive party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Norman MacLean

An American author and scholar noted for his books A River Runs Through It and Other Stories and Young Men and Fire.

Charles Dawes

An American banker and diplomat, he negotiated an agreement between France, Britain, and Germany that American banks would make loans to Germans which would enable them to meet their reparations payments

The Maine

An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain. In 1976, it was revealed that the ship had randomly combusted.

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

"conscience" Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Nullifiers

Anti-tariff forces in South Carolina that controlled the state politics. They held a convention in 1832 and threatened the government with South Carolina secession from the Union if the tariffs were enforced.

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Antietam

Jim Crow

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's

Ninth Amendment

Any rights not explicitly listed are automatically given to the people. (Meant to appease the Anti-Federalists)

Geronimo

Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against Israel, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Battle of Plattsburgh

Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North and secured the border of US

Frances Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Oklahoma City bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Liberty Loans

Bonds sold by the Treasury Department largely through propaganda campaigns, used to raise two thirds of the cost of the war

The Theory of the Leisure Class

Book by Thorstein Veblen, which stated that the rich only engaged in wasteful business, not industry that was helpful to society

Principles of Psychology

Book by William James, provides clear detailed descriptions of peoples everyday experiences, also emphasizing that the human mind is both active and inquiring. Describes tongue phenomenon

Looking Backward

Book written by edward bellamy; described experience of a young bostonian who slept in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find the social order changed, large trusts that had grown grew and combined to create one big one that would distribute the wealth among everyone and eliminate class divisions-called it nationalism

capital goods

Buildings, machines, technology, and tools needed to produce goods and services.

James J. Hill

Built Great Northern railroad using private funds

Dick Cheney

Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

the "elect"

Calvinist term that means those who had been destined for eternal bliss.

soft money

Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.

John Smith

Captain in Jamestown who was vital to the survival of Jamestown in its early years. He said ""He that will not work shall not eat".

Virgin Islands

Caribbean territory purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917

Gibson Girl

Cartoon from the 1890's that portrayed a woman who was independent and athletic. It was created by Charles Dana Gibson and became the romantic ideal of the day.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Trent affair

Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats; tensions between Britain and the USA eased withLincoln's negotiations

dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

impeachment

Formal accusation against a president or other public official, the first step in removal from office.

ratification

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Free Soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, this organization called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. It also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Shah of Iran)

Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979)

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader.

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end The Great Depression

Know Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

An American Dilemma

Gunnar Mydral published his landmark book, this exposed the scandalous contradictions between the American Creed, the allegiance to the values of "process, liberty, equality, and humanitarianism", and the nations shameful treatment of black citizens

Herbert Hoover

Head of the food administration during WW1and 31st President of the United States.

Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian sea captain in the service of France who searched for a Northwest passage. He explored the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina in 1524.

common man

Jacksonian Democracy is named as such because it benefited this group

Menachem Begin

Leader of Israel who signed a peace treaty with Egypt withdrawing from Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip and returning them to Egypt

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

"birds of passage"

Many of the millions of immigrants who arrived in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did so with the intention of returning to their villages in the Old World. Many of these eastern and southern European migrants were peasants who had lost their property as a result of the commercialization of agriculture. They came to America to earn enough money to allow them to return home and purchase a piece of land.

mosquito fleet

Name for the navy of Jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats.

Dan Quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

Alfred M. Landon

Republican who carried only two states in a futile campaign against "the champ" in 1936

James Blaine

Secretary of State in two administrations in the 1880's led early efforts to expand american influence in Latin America. He hoped to reduce tariff rates (didn't happen) but goal of cooperation between the Pan-American Union happened and continues to exist today.

William H. Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson, he set the precedent of American involvement in everything that happened in the Western hemisphere, including the purchase of Alaska and invoking the Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work.

Schechter case

Stated that congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive. Also known as the sick chicken decision because of the involvement of a fowl business in new york.

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

United States v. Wheeler

Supreme Court determined that tribes cannot be terminated (the removal of tribes as legal entities)

Schenck v. United States

Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

New Sweden

Swedish settlement that was very close to New Netherland. Included parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The settlers that lived there and New Netherland competed over fur trade with the Native Americans

Chester A. Arthur

The 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield. As president from 1881 to 1885, he advocated for civil service reform. He was named to the powerful position of customs collector for the Port of New York. He later was removed from the job by President Rutherford Hayes in an attempt to reform the spoils system. Elected to the vice presidency in 1880, he became president after Garfield died following an assassination attempt by a disgruntled job seeker. While in office, he rose above partisanship and in 1883 signed the Pendleton Act, which required government jobs to be distributed based on merit.

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

"rule of reason"

The criterion introduced by the Supreme Court in 1911 to determine whether a particular action was illegal ("unreasonable") or legal ("reasonable") within the terms of the Sherman Act

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of WW1

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Fundamental Orders

The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachutes

Treaty of Wanghia

The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

southern nationalism

The idea that the south would develop into its own country. This lead to the Confederate States of America

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

John Updike

The master of describing, exploring, and analyzing white, middle-class American life. His religious faith plays an important role in his character's lives and novel's structure, as does his relationships with his own family. After graduating Harvard and studying art in England he took a job as a staff writer for The New Yorker, and went on to devote his life to full-time writing.

Portsmouth Conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

Charles de Gaulle

This French general and statesman was president of the 5th Republic during the 1960s -- He sought to rebuild France as a great power independent of US or Soviet domination, acquiring nuclear weapons and withdrawing France from NATO military command (but not NATO) -- He also granted independence to Algeria and pursued strong ties with West Germany within the European Economic Community

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Treaty signed between America and Spain in 1819. U.S. received claims to Florida and Oregon, while Spain received $5 million and claims to TX.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

William Rehnquist

United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice .

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

New England Immigrant Aid Society

Was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts, created to transport immigrants to the Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Landrum-Griffith Act

When the United States was in desperate need of a labor reform, because many union leaders and big industries were involved in many scandals, Congress passed this act to prevent bullying tactics and make labor leaders keep accurate financial records.

"solemn referendum"

Wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations

"politics is adjourned"

Wilson's slogan during the war to prevent partisan political strife.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate but equal".

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Josef Goebbels

a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime "the whole function of education is to create Nazis"

Solidarity Movement

a Polish trade union that was the first non - communist trade union in any country in the Warsaw Pact. The union used peaceful civil resistance for workers rights and social change against the oppressive communist government. Due to the social movement, partially free elections in Poland took place in 1989 and after the fall of the Soviet Union, the union's leadership took power in Poland. This movement was one of the first movements in a Soviet satellite nation to challenge the communist government.

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

a Shah that was placed in Iran by the CIA in 1953 and he planned to westernize and secularize Iran. He was overthrown in January 1979 by Muslim Fundamentalists. When he was overthrown Iran was left in chaos and Iranian oil production was stopped which led to higher oil prices for Americans.

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

three-fifths clause

a compromise in the Constitution that counted each slave as three-fifths of a person as to how many representatives would be in Congress

preservationism

a holistic view of nature that assumes that an intact ecosystem is greater than the sum of its parts, with an emphasis on preserving natures because of this extra value above and beyond the value of the individual parts

Wild Bill Hickok

a scout, spy, and later marshal; old west legend shot and killed during a poker game

Babbitt

a self-satisfied person concerned chiefly with business and middle-class ideals like material success a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideals is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction;

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

dry state

a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages are prohibited or tightly restricted.

wet state

a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages is allowed

privateering

a system in the colonial era by which privately-owned and operated ships were used to raid enemy shipping

land grant

a tract of land given by the government, as for colleges or railroads.

Phineas T. Barnum

an American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus

House Committee on Un-American Activities

kept up a drumbeat of accusations about supposed Communist subversives in the fed. gov, second red scare led to investigation of every federal employee

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

First Anglo-Powhatan War

led by Lord De La Warr, troops raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. Settled in 1614 by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

second front

the invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take presure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.

"melting pot"

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

"ABC" movement

the movement that started in the democratic party to nominate "anyone but Carter"

Hudson's Bay Company

the oldest company in Canada. controlled most of the fur trade and owned Rupert's land.

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite.

favorite son

the presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention

nonintervention

the principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states

Conversion

the receipt of God's free gift of saving grace.

Handsome Lake

A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men.

Slavery

The act of owning another human being

Ireland

Viewed negatively by the Protestant English since they were Catholic. Many English soldiers developed in _____ a sneering contempt for the "savage" natives, an attitude that they brought with them to the New World.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

This disestablished the Church of England in Virginia and guaranteed freedom of religion to people of all religious faiths, including Catholics and Jews as well as members of all Protestant denominations.

sewing machine

This machine was invented in 1846 by Elias Howe and Isaac Singer and made sewing clothes faster and easier.

Randolph Bourne

This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age.

Joseph Lieberman

This man was the first Jewish American to ever run for Vice President on a major party ticket

Matthew C. Perry

U.S. Naval officer who opened trade with Japan

William Belknap

US Army Major General and Government Admin in Iowa. He was the Secretary of War during the Civil war, and apparently sold weapons to France as the Secretary of war, giving him a bad reputation.

Battle of Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

George B. McClellan

Union army commander appointed by Lincoln; was a great organizer; known for transforming inexperienced troops into an army of trained soldiers ready for battle.

UNESCO

United Nations agency that promotes international collaboration on culture, education, and science

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

George Washington Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

James Naismith

United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)

Amos 'n' Andy

Various regions heard voices with standardized accents, and countless millions "tuned in" to perennial comedy favorites like "Amos 'n' Andy." White actors depicting African Americans in a pejorative way

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

John Hay

Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Henry Knox

Was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy.

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Washington, D.C.

Montgomery Ward (Sears)

came up with mail-order system with a catalog to order things that would be sent to customers

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

case in which NH wanted to make its private college public; Marshall says charters cannot be changed; questions state sovereignty

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Freemen

colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land.

7

forty-ninth parallel

Oliver H. Kelley

founded the social organization know as the Grange

identity politics

political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

cult of domesticity

tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activites for married women

Coxey's Army

unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Teapot Dome Scandal

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Tea Pot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation government officials Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Public Works Administration

1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Presbyterian

A Protestant Christian religion characterized by governance by a group of elders and traditionally Calvinistic in doctrine

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

amendment

A change to the Constitution

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

The Birth of a Nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. It also glorified KKK members and carpetbaggers.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

The Association

A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

Reform party

A minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995. It focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. It has recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity.

Gilbert Stuart

A painter from Rhode Island who painted several portraits of Washington, creating a sort of idealized image of Washington.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Josephine Baker

African-American actress, singer, opera performer, first black women to star in major motion picture

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan". Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called _____'s confederacy.

horizontal integration

An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Twelfth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1804, that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

An anatomy teacher at Harvard Medical school who was regarded as a prominent poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer and wit from 1809-1894. Poem " the Last Leaf" in honor of the last "white Indian" at the Boston Tea Party, which really applied to himself.

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.

admiralty courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Massasoit

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death.

Norman Mailer

Chronicled the events from the Lincoln Memorial protests in his book "The Armies of the Night"

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Californios

Descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

George Meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint.

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Edwin Lawrence Godkin

Editor who established the Nation magazine in 1865. In 1881 he became an editor of the New York Evening Post and in 1883 editor in chief, carrying the Nation, by then an influential critical weekly, with him as a weekly in connection with the Post.

John Wesley Powell

Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian

Winesburg, Ohio

Explores the secret or little known lives of small town characters. Suggests that if people believe too much in one main idea or "truth" it may make them "grotesque". Employs a young local news reporter to provide a medium for people to tell their stories. Mentions subjects previously considered taboo like premarital sex and adultery.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

St. Augustine, Florida

First colonial city in present day united states located in Florida and founded for Spain in 1565.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Women's Trade Union League

First national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues

National Consumers League

Formed in 1899, this organization was concerned with improving the working and living conditions of women in the workplace.

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

Battle of Chancellorsville

General Lee divided is forces his troops attacked from the front and Jackson's' troops attacked the Union on its flan, or side. General Joseph Hooker withdrew his men. Confederate soldiers fired on and wounded Jackson, he developed pneumonia and died. This affected the morale of Confederate army and citizens.

Alexander Stephens

Georgia Congressman who supported the Georgia Platform in 1850 and fought against secession in 1861 but eventually became the Vice President of the Confederate States of America.

Oral Faubus

Governor of Arkansas, that ordered National Guard soldiers to block entrance of nine black students to Central High School

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Passed in 1986, it was an update of the 1965 Immigration Act and outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years. Debates over immigration policy persisted, however, as did efforts to tighten U.S. border controls.

Nez Percé

Plains Native American tribe that attempted to resist reservation life by traveling 1500 miles with American military forces in pursuit. After being tracked and suffering cold and hardship, they finally surrendered and were forced onto a reservation in 1877.

hard money

Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.

James B. Weaver

Populist Presidential Candidate, his one million votes were 8.5% of the total votes cast from the populist party.

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Elihu Root

Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and modernized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.

Robert S. McNamara

Secretary of defense under Kennedy helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the Vietnam war and was removed from office because of it.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Albert B. Fall

Secretary of the interior for Warren Harding, caused the Teapot Dome Scandal

William Fulbright

Senator from Arkansas who was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; he began to oppose the Vietnam War

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

homesteaders

Settlers who acquired free land from the government

Millerites

Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.

King Philip (Metacom)

Native American ruler; led an attack on 52 colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Arapaho

Native American tribe, was involved in the Sand Creek Massacre

Cheyenne

Native American tribe. Colorado Volunteers attacked the Cheyenne on their way to make a peace agreement, invoking uprisings.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Cambodian incursion

Negative nickname for Nixon's secret bombing campaign and subsequent invasion of "neutral" Cambodia in 1970

Aztecs

A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.

Saul Bellow

American Modernist/Naturalist; The Adventures of Augie March

Theodore Dwight Weld

American abolitionist whose pamphlet "Slavery As It Is" (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Maxine Hong Kingston

a Chinese American essayist who wrote "Woman Warrior" and China Men" also a Professor Emerita at the University of California.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

David Farragut

(1801-1870) American soldier, he was the first commissioned American admiral, and in the Civil War he captured New Orleans and maintained a blockade along the Gulf Coast against Confederate forces.

white collar

people of high social position

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) He was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional, this case also established judicial review.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

Paul Laurence Dunbar

1st African American to make a living off his writing, Author of "We Wear the Mask," "Douglas" and "Slow through the Dark"

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Frank McCourt

Irish-American writer whose memoir Angela's Ashes revived interest in the older European immigrant groups

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

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Nashville

William Henry Harrison

Son of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Virginia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, aided Wayne in the Fallen Timbers campaign, later became governor of the Indian Territory

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Douglas Wilder

The first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States

Edith Wharton

is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Sea dogs

English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns

Moors

Spanish Muslims

Pontiac

1763 - Ottowa chief who led an Indian uprising after the French and Indian War. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when he was killed.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

UNMOVIC

1999; United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission was used to replace the former United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) and continue with the latter's mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction, and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq's compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons prohibited to it by the Security Council

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWI

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. This pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created this.

William Dean Howells

A leading late nineteenth-century literary realist and influential critic, his works described both the genteel, middle-class world he knew and the whole range of metropolitan life (considered problems industrialization and unequal wealth. "Silas Lapham," his masterpiece, dealt with the ethical conflicts inherent in a competitive society.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil"

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

"normalcy"

A return to "normal" life after the war.

Society of Cincinnati

A splinter group that wanted to take over the government; George Washington refused. A society established by former officers of the Revolutionary war as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important.

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972.

Root-Takahira agreement

Agreement between Japan and America in which they pledged to respect each others territorial claims in the Pacific and also maintained an "open door" policy for trade with China

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Big sister policy

Aimed to rally Latin American nations behind the United States and open Latin American markets to American traders.

Pearl Harbor

American military base in Hawaii

Peter Cartwright

Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.

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California

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

indentured servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

normal schools

Educational institutions which began to appear in the 19th century for the sole purpose of training teachers.

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Established in 1958 as the government agency responsible for the United States of America's space program and long-term general aerospace research

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

Tom Watson

Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremacist.

Nazi party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

Albert Gallatin

He was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget.

Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection

John P. Altgeld

Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers of the pullman strike

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Edward Kennedy

He is a Senator from Massachusetts and the last of the Kennedy brothers. In 1979, he said that he was going to challenge Carter for the Presidency, but an incident back in '69 with a car crash, handicapped his decision.

dumbbell tenement

Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities. Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.

The Rosenbergs

Husband and wife who, in 1950, were accused of spying for the Soviets. They countered the accusation on the grounds that their Jewish background and leftist beliefs made them easy targets for persecution. In a trial closely followed by the American public, the Rosenbergs were convicted and sentenced to death. They were executed on June 19, 1953.

New Democrats

Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values

Howard University

It was founded in 1867 by Gen. Oliver O. Howard of the Freedmen's Bureau, to provide education for newly emancipated slaves

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

D-Day

June 6, 1944. 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported this invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

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Lake Ontario

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Lake of the Woods

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Collis P. Huntington

Lobbyist and Vice President of the Central Pacific Railroad; one of the Big Four. Bid for Supplies

Lindbergh Law

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).

"Johnny Reb"

Name for stereotypical Southern Soldier

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Leland Stanford

One of the Big Four financial backers of the Central Pacific railroad. He was the ex-governor of California who had useful political connections. He kept clean of bribery and drove the ceremonious "last gold spike" into the connected transcontinental railroad.

Americans With Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Donald Rumsfeld

Secretary of Defense under G. W. Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.

James Buchanan Duke

Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

Carrie Chapman Catt

Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter. She later became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and a brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

Playboy magazine

Started by Hugh Hefner in 1953, showed photos of nude/scantily clad women, challenged anti-sex attitudes

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

United States vs. Wong Kim Ark

Supreme Court case that ruled that practically everyone born in the United States is a U.S. citizen.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Virginia Dynasty

The last four of the Presidents from Virginia. (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) The people wondered if all of the presidents were going to be from Virginia. This ended in 1824.

Information Age

The present time, during which infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

self-determination

The right of people to choose their own form of government

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

"phony war"

Was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

pork-barrel bills

When congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity

Board of Trade

commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England

William H. McGuffey

created the nations first and most widely used series of textbooks

William Berkeley

governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion. He had friendly policies toward the Indians and was eventually chased from Jamestown, though he soon returned and crushed the uprising.

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Knickerbocker Group

group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

Sitting Bull

leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux, lead the victory of Little Bighorn

literary realism

literature reflecting real life, rather, than imaginary or idealistic life.

Pearl Buck

novelist who won Nobel Peace prize, advanced humanitarian causes. "Americans in China"

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Walter Raleigh

organized an expedition in 1585 to Roanoke Island, NC. The Roanoke Colony disappeared.

headright system

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

passed in last days of jeffersons presidency; replaced embargo act; allowed US to trade with foreign nations except britain & france

progressive education

student-centered concept of education used in the 1920s popularized by John Dewey.

stem cell research

technology that takes primitive human cells and develops them into most any of the 220 varieties of cells in the human body

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Deganawidah and Hiawatha

two leaders who founded the Iroquois Confederacy in the late 1500s

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was a former Democrat. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

William James

(1842-1910) Published "The Principles of Psychology", the science's first textbook. Established the Theory of Functionalism: How mental processes function in our lives.

California Bear Flag Republic

(1846) Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Battle of Buena Vista

(1847) Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Millard Fillmore

(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Thorstein Veblen

(1857-1929) American economist (of Norwegian heritage). He is primarily remembered for his book "The Theory of the Leisure Class" (1899) that introduced phrases like "conspicuous consumption." He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs-of-virility found in the animal kingdom.

Confederate States of America

(1860) A group of eight Southern states that seceded from the Union, beginning with South Carolina, The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; He eventually attacked the federally controlled Fort Sumter on April 12th 1861, marking the first battle of the Civil War. The Confederacy struggled economically during the war, lagging behind the Union's industrialization. This desperately contribute to their defeat.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) A speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Albert Einstein

(1879-1955) A German Jew, Stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy. He also stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference. He helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

Ho Chi Minh

(1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Elkins Act

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Panama's independence.

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed him to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract he made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, He fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

national origins quota system

(1924) limited Europe immigration in 1924. It was widely supported by rural areas and banned all Asian immigrants from coming to the US. It affected the flow of immigrants into the US and hurt diversity. It was also considered the most enduring of the rural counterattacks and lasted until the 1960s

Osama bin Laden

(1957-2011 ) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center. Captured and killed in 2011 by the U.S.

Silent Spring

(1962) Book written by Rachel Carlson that warned about the dangers of environmental destruction years before the government took notice of the problem.

Philadelphia Plan

(1969) Program established by Richard Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Lyndon Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Ex parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.

"Ohio Idea"

1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted.

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Charles Town (Charleston)

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Tuscarora War

1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

French Revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, naming the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Battle of the Thames

1813 Fight in which General Harrison defeated British forces in the Northwest (River Thames). Tecumseh was killed in battle and with him died his dream of an Indian Confederation. The Northwest was never again seriously threatened by the Indians or the British

Cohens v. Virginia

1821, asserted Supreme Court's rights over state supreme courts

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Force Bill

1833 - This authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. This act of the same name was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified this.

Shakers

1840s; one of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate; failed due to lack of recruits

Oregon fever

1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Walker Tariff

1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.

Women's Rights Convention

1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting, they met at seneca falls NY.

California gold rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

The Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Bland-Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Yosemite National Park

1880s in California; created by Congress; Controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley there-San Francisco residents worried about needing more water, want it to be a reservoir. Naturalists say no. after many years of delays construction finally began after WWI

Civil Rights Cases

1883 - These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction to Jim Crow laws.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

McKinley Tariff

1890- Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48%

William McKinley

1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

Ulysses S. Grant

18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. The Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. A primary focus of his administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. While he was personally honest, some of his associates were corrupt and his administration was tarnished by various scandals.

Gold Standard Act

1900 - This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

"white slave" traffic

1910; made it illegal for women to be imported or transported between states for immoral purposes. Intended to keep men from traveling or immigrating with women who were not their wives.

Bolshevik revolution

1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

George Wallace

1919-1998. Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Four-Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Nine-Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Herbert Hoover

1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

Cuban missile crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Miranda v. Arizona

1964 - Held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police. Gave way to "warnings" of the same name where police inform you of your rights when you are being detained.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001. Ill prepared for office. Used republican control of congress to pass major tax cuts (by 1 vote both times). Became increasingly conservative.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Twenty-fifth amendment

A 1967 amendment to the Constitution that establishes procedures for filling presidential and vice presidential vacancies and makes provisions for presidential disability.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, he was mortally wounded.

Charles Cornwallis

A British general, he lost to Nathaniel Green in one campaign. He was humiliated by his defeat in the colonies. He finally lost at the Battle of Yorktown, commonly known as the end of the war, in 1781.

Charles Townshend

A British leader who became dominant in 1767 following Pitt's breakdown. He believed he could help to solve financial problems so he instituted the Townshend Acts.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Henry George

A California printer, journalist, and influential activist whose ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty (1879), were widely propagated.

Walter Rauschenbusch

A Christian theologian and Baptist pastor who taught at the Rochester Theological Seminary. He was a key figure in the Social Gospel and 'Single Tax' movements that flourished in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890.

Jacobus Arminius

A Dutch theologian who was the head of the Armenians. His main doctrine taught that an individual's free will, not predestination, determined a person's holiness or damnation.

Eero Saarinen

A Finnish American architect and industrial designer of the 20th century famous for shaping his neofuturistic style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism. Designed the Gateway Arch.

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John Crittenden

A Senator from Kentucky who made a last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, and he proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee forever the right to hold slaves in states south of the compromise line.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

A Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.

Ethan Allen

A Vermont blacksmith. Led the Green Mountain Boys in a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Won the Fort, and a valuable supply of cannons and gun powder, and control of a key route into Canada.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Jesse Jackson

A black candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 election who attempted to appeal to minorities, but eventually lost the nomination to Michael Dukakis

Sweatt v. Painter

A black man was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for negroes was not even close to equal. - 14th A.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

interlocking directorates

A board of directors, the majority of whose members also serve as the board of directors of a competing corporation

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

The Impending Crisis of the South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.

Watergate scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Six-Day War

A brief war between Israel and a number of Arab states in 1967; during this conflict Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

American Tobacco Company

A company formed by the Duke family of Virginia after the invention of a machine for rolling cigarettes. The invention of the machine and the growing popularity of cigarettes provided a market for the company's ready-made cigarettes. Tobacco was the one industry that the South dominated in the late 19th century.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

standard time zones

A condition created by the railroad companies because efficient RR transportation needed to be regulated and directed

cultural pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

crop-lien system

A credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants. They held a lien on the cotton crop and the merchants and landowners were the first ones paid from its sale. What was left over went to the farmer. The system ended in the 1940s

counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM)

A defensive missile designed to intercept and destroy a ballistic missile in flight.

yellow press

A deliberately sensational journalism of scandal and exposure designed to attract an urban mass audience and increase advertising revenues.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

John Chivington

A former Methodist pastor who served as colonel in the United States Volunteers during the Colorado War and the New Mexico Campaigns of the American Civil War. "I want no peace to the Indian suffer more?" Responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre

Liberty party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Bruce Barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

Ralph Nader

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

blacklist

A list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Treaty of 1818

A negotiated treaty between the Monroe administration and England. This treaty came after the War of 1812 to settle disputes between Britain and U.S. It permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries w/ the Canadians, and fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. It also provided for a 10-year joint occupation of untamed Oregon country. Surprisingly, neither Britain or America had to surrender rights or claims for this to occur.

Big Science

A new model of science founded during WWII. This form of science combined by theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large organization was not only very expensive, but also could attack extremely difficult problems from better products for consumers to new and improved weapons for the military. This required large financing from governments and also large corporations. The USA took the lead in this after WWII. Scientists were altered by this. There were many more scientists and much specialized knowledge. Specialization made teamwork, bureaucracy, and managers necessary. It became difficult to appraise an individual scientist's contribution to a team effort. However, competition was often fierce.

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

"City upon a hill"

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be watched by the world.

"silent majority"

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

Point Four

A plan for technical assistance to underdeveloped parts of the world that was the fourth part of President Truman's anti-Communist foreign policy, which included the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and NATO; it was never put into effect.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

affirmative action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations

nationalism

A sense of national pride to such an extent of exhalting one nation above all others.

Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company

A private corporation chartered by the U.S. government to encourage and guide the economic development of the newly emancipated African-American communities in the post-Civil War period. Although functioning only between 1865 and 1874, the company achieved notable successes as a leading financial institution of African-Americans. Its failure was devastating to the newly emancipated black community.

initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

James Gadsden

A prominent South Carolina railroad man, appointed minister to Mexico. He negotiated a treaty in 1853 which ceded to the United States the Gadsden Purchase area for 10 million dollars.

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman, He became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, he took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, he organized the national government by his Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.

Sussex pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Ghost Dance

A religious group that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young Indians to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Ruth Benedict

A researcher who argued that the sexual socialization of youngsters in many traditional societies was a calm and non stressful process in societies in which sexual experimentation was treated openly. Prominent 1930s social scientist who argued that each culture produced its own type of personality

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

William Miller

A self-educated farmer from New York. Convinced from his studies that Christ will return in 1843, from his studies of the Scriptures.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Nuremberg trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Navigation Laws

A series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping & control colonial trade in regard to important crops (such as tobacco) & resources, which had to be shipped exclusively on British ships.

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

steel strike of 1919

A work stoppage that began when some 365,000 steelworkers in Pennsylvania walked off the job to demand recognition of their union, higher wages, and shorter hours. Post-WWI strike, the greatest in American history, led by the AFL that eventually failed under the pressure of the Red Scare.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

World's Columbian Exposition

A world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. This was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism.

Freeport question

Abe Lincoln asked Douglas whether the court of the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

anarchy

Absence of law or government; chaos, disorder

talented tenth

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Guantanamo Bay

Acquired by sending marines. The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area without the Cuban Government reacting. This is now used as a prison.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Florence Kelly

Active in the settlement house movement and led progressive labor reforms for women and children.

Quartering Acts

Acts of Parliament requiring colonial legislatures to provide supplies and quarters for the troops stationed in America.

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Advocated isolationism and opposed FDR's reelection in 1940. These members urged neutrality, claiming that the U.S. could stand alone regardless of Hitler's advances on Europe.

Paul Robeson

African American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies.

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

mining industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to US industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the ______, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Convention of 1800

Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them

Constitutional Union Party

Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

George S. Patton

America's greatest WWII general, he commanded troops in North Africa, Sicily, and other areas of Western Europe. Under his leadership of the U.S. Third Army, more enemy prisoners were captured and more territory was liberated in less time than by any other military force in history. Helped lead the Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge.

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Sierra Club

America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco, Cali first President was John Muir group was pushed by the wealthy because they wanted to conserve the nature (despite all the land the already own and "corrupted") for their later generations

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), wrote "Common Sense"

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

John Philip Sousa

American bandmaster and composer who wrote comic operas and marches such as Stars and Stripes Forever (1897).

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

John Jay

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourge.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

enumerated products

American merchants must ship these certain products (notably tobacco) exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784). Wrote "On Being Brought from Africa to America"

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Wrote "O Captain! My Captain!".

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

The Caroline

American ship that was carrying military supplies to the rebelling Canadians when it was sunk by a British ship

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Clarence Thomas

An African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action, he was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Catharine Beecher

An American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her strong support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.

Colin Powell

An American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. He used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Toni Morrison

An American novelist, editor, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters.

David Mamet

An American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and film director. As a playwright, he has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for Glengarry Glen Ross and Speed-the-Plow.

Allen Ginsberg

An American poet and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism and sexual repression and was known as embodying various aspects of this counterculture, such as his views on drugs, hostility to bureaucracy and openness to Eastern religions.

Whig party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Salmon P. Chase

An American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States. He forced thousands of local banks to accept federal charters and regulations.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

National Woman's Party

An American women's organization formed in 1916 as an outgrowth of the Congressional Union, which in turn was formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women's suffrage, ignoring all other issues.

Flannery O'Connor

An American writer and essayist. An important voice in American literature, she wrote two novels and 32 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries, wrote "A Good Man Is Hard to Find".

Sandra Cisneros

An American writer best known for her acclaimed first novel The House on Mango Street and her subsequent short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories.

Sherwood Anderson

An American writer helped Ernest Hemingway into the literary community in Paris. Hemingway later parodied this writer's work, which led to a souring of the relationship between Hemingway and Gertrude Stein.

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Billy Graham

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Stephen A. Douglas

An Illinois Senator who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, He also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate

Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.

Morrill Tariff Act

An act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent. It was later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the Civil War. Although they were still low by today's standards, they still raked in millions of dollars.

Land Act of 1820

An act replacing the Land Act of 1800. This new act was a result of the Panic of 1819. It allowed Americans to buy 80 acres at $1.25 an acre. This helped to calm the westerners when they demanded cheaper land.

pool

An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits, essentially a cartel.

Miami Confederacy

An alliance of North American Indians in the Great Lakes region following the American Revolutionary War. This confederacy came together to resist the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territory after Great Britain ceded the region to the United States after the war.

Free Speech Movement

An antiestablishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley

squatter

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John Kenneth Galbraith

An economist who attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve America's chronic social problems. Encouraged the wealthy to spend more for the common good. He wrote "The Affluent Society".

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Cross of Gold speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLS)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

yeoman

An owner and cultivator of a small farm.

proprietor

An owner of a store or other business

Cotton Kingdom

Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton

spheres of influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Charles J. Guiteau

Assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike. Secretary of State under Cleveland, he was authorized by the President to deliver a message to London that the British were ignoring the Monroe Doctrine in their attempt to dominate Venezuela.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Jack London

Author of "The Call of the Wild" (1903) which portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization

Jack London

Author of The Call of the Wild (1903) which portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization

Henry Kissinger

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Adviser and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.

Montezuma

Aztec Emperor

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Ballinger-Pinchot affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

JP Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

nonproducers

Bankers and merchants; use connections to increase wealth to the disadvantage of producers (farmers/artisans); Whigs; Federal economic development include tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements; bankers, businessmen, farmers in good regions, wealthy planters;

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Barred homosexuals and people considered "subversive" from entering the U.S.; allowed deportation of an immigrant if he/she was a member of a communist organization, even if the person was a U.S. citizen

Chateau-Thierry

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918

USS Constitution

Better known as "Old Ironsides," this was one of the first six ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy after the American Revolution. Launched from Boston in 1797, she first saw action as the squadron flagship in the Quasi-War with France from 1799-1801 and also fought in the Barbary War and the War of 1812. She later served many years as the nation's flagship in the Mediterranean.

Worldcom

Biggest corporate bankruptcy. Founder/ CEO- Bernie Ebbers. Cooked books by classifying ordinary expenses as capital expenditures. Huge loss dressed up as 1.4 billion profit. Cookie jar accounting- Boosted its revenues by drawing on reserves it had set aside to cover various losses

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Robert Livingston

Bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about his deal.

William Howe

British General who attacked New York with 35,000 men and attacked Philadelphia when he should have been going to help Burgoyne up the Hudson River during the Battle of Bunker Hill.

jayle birds

British convicts who were shipped to America involuntarily. They included robbers, rapists, and murderers, but some were simply highly respectable citizens who had simply had been victimized by the strict English penal code

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

CSS Alabama

British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels

Fundamentalists

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

Anthony Comstock

Challenged woodhall sisters. He believed in sexual purity. Made his life a fight against the immoral. Had boasted that he had gotten the comstock law passed which allowed law enforcement to confiscated obscene pictures and was proud that he had pushed 15 people to suicide.

evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with the Confederacy. They owned slaves and felt like they had a common cause with the South. Confederate government took over federal payments for the tribes and invited them to send delegates to the Confederate conference. In return tribes supplied troops for the army. Some Cherokees and the Plain Indians sided with the Union but were not rewarded well.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Roger Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case. He stated that Scott was not a free man and that his case was unconstitutional.

Nicholas P. Trist

Chief clerk in the State Department, was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with a defeated Mexico in 1847. Before he could open negotiations he was summoned to return, but he ignored the order and stayed to negotiate the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Chief engineer of the French company that attempted to build a canal through the Panamanian isthmus, chief planner of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia, and later minister to the United States from the new Republic of Panama

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Church of England (Anglican Church)

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope. The Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political stockade of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century

Battle of Vicksburg

Civil War battle in Mississippi that was won by the Union and allowed for Union forces to gain control of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Congress of Racial Equality

Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

Comte de Rochambeau

Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.

Chesapeake Incident

Commander of the U.S. frigate Chesapeake refused to submit to a search by the British ship Leopard. The Leopard then opened fire on the this ship and killed three american soldiers. In retaliation to this attack on a U.S. ship in American waters, President Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. Pair with Lopez & Morrison cases (limiting commerce power).

single tax

Concept of taxing only landowners as a remedy for poverty, promulgated by Henry George in Progress and Poverty (1879).

Pan-American Conference

Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Cordell Hull

Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.

Dixiecrats

Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

minstrel shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, they opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, they offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

United States Steel

Created by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar Corporation

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repay war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

"axis of evil"

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

"Beecher's Bibles"

Deadly rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by antislavery pioneers.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Japanese destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944 - January, 1945. After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Andrew Hamilton

Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press.

Franklin Pierce

Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Winfield Scott Hancock

Democrat candidate in the election of 1880 who wanted to stop Chinese immigration and ran on the platform of hard money, civil service reform, and a reduced tariff. He was defeated by James Garfield.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.

Michael Dukakis

Democratic candidate for the election of 1988. He was criticized by Bush for knowing very little about foreign policy and the Furlough Plan he established while governor of Massachusetts.

James M. Cox

Democratic nominee for presidential candidate in 1920. Former governor of Ohio.

Lewis Cass

Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser."

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

The Man Without a Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union. The story was inspired by Clement L Vallandigham

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promised: 1) Remove military from South 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

almshouses

English established programs that were shelters for individuals who could not care of themselves.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

George II

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher known for his work, Social Statics: Liberal Philosophy, argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive (1820-1903)

Francis Drake

English, First man to survive circum-navigating the globe

Philippine insurrection

Even before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946.

Greenback Labor Party

Farmers complaints and anger could also be found in this party. It had the inflationary appeal of the original Greenbackers but also had a program for improving the lot of labor. In 1878, this party pulled a million votes and elected 14 members to Congress. In 1880 it ran James B. Weaver in the presidential election but he only polled 3% of the popular vote.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

The Education of Henry Adam

Felt that 18th century upbringing (related to John Adams, family standards) with emphasis on humane letters and strict moral accountability had ill-equipped him for the 20th century with emphasis on energy, science, and industr

Marilyn Monroe

Female icon of the 1950s and 60s, she could sing, dance, act, and was the most infamous Playboy Bunny

Alfred Smith

First Catholic nominee for president, known as the "Common Man," elected to New York State Assembly in 1903, sought Democratic presidential nomination in 1924, ran as Democratic candidate in 1928. Ties with Tammany Hall.

Hillary Clinton

First Lady from 1992-2000; maintained a significant career as First Lady; attacked by conservatives and anti-feminists; took leading role in government affairs; promoted equality of sexes.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Anti-Masonic party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. These people opposed Andrew Jackson, a ____, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

First Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

George Catlin

First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park

Victor Berger

First socialist elected to Congress (US House of Representative, from Wisconsin). Congress, caught up in the hyper-patriotic wartime mood and refused to allow him to be seated (because he was opposed to the war and also because he had been convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for breaking the Espionage & Sedition Acts). His seat remained vacant until 1921. Later pardoned, he was re-elected and served until 1928.

Condoleezza Rice

First woman appointed as national security advisor, by President George W. Bush, in 2001. Argued that the US should refrain from nation building and focus on Chinese and Russian relations. This focus on great power politics regardless of regime type rather than assuming propped up democratic governments will take care of business how we want them to.

Eugene V. Debs

Five time presidential candidate of the Socialist party jailed in 1918 for giving speech in which he urged workers not to support the war effort

Anita Hill

Former associate of Clarence Thomas, who accused him of sexual harassment in Senate Judiciary Committee hearings.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for African Americans.

James Ogelthorpe

Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver).

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French & Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops & was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World and South Carolina to escape religious prosecution in France

Talleyrand

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the this boat 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, etc.)

Stephen W. Kearny

General that led a detachment of 17,000 troops over the Santa fe Tail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. Secured California for the US.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

Randolph Bourne

He advocated greater cross-fertilization between immigrants and then America would become a multi-cultured nation

Venustiano Carranza

He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. He at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

William T. Sherman

He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets.

Wendell Willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.

Dwight Lyman Moody

He proclaimed a gospel of kindness and forgiveness. He was a modern circuit rider who took his message to many American cities in the 1870's and 80's. He contributed powerfully to adapting the old-time religion to the new city life. His Bible Institute in Chicago that was founded in 1889 was designed to carry out his work after his death in 1899.

Robert F. Kennedy

He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

Charles R. Forbes

He skimmed money as chief of the Veterans Bureau. He and his crowd pilfered about $200 million while building veterans hospitals. He spent a whopping two years in jail.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Dupuy de Lóme

He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

James Russell Lowell

He was an American poet, essayist, diplomat, editor, and literary critic. He is remembered for his political satire, especially in the Billow Papers ( which condemned president Polk's policy for expanding slavery). He succeeded professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as teacher of modern languages at Harvard.

James Wilkinson

He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though he was implicated in the plot.

Aaron Burr

He was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President.

Charles Wilson Peale

He was one of the outstanding painters of the early American republic, and he painted more than a thousand portraits, mostly of American Revolution leaders. He founded the nation's first museum and first art school. His 1772 portrait of George Washington is recognized as the first authentic likeness of Washington.

John Peter Altgeld

He was the 20th governor of Illinois from 1893 until 1897 the first democratic governor since 1850. A leading figure of the Progressive movement He improved workplace safety and child labor laws pardoned three of the men convicted in the Haymarket Affair rejected calls in 1894 to break up the Pullman strike with force. In 1896 he was a leader of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, against President Grover Cleveland and the conservative Bourbon Democrats. He was defeated in 1896 in an intensely fought, bitter campaign

Thomas Dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

Walter Mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

Herbert Croly

He wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909) where he called for an activist fed govn't of the kind Hamilton had advocated in the 1790s but one that would serve all citizens, not merely the capitalist class.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Head of the anti-slavery pamphlet, "The Observer", which printed anti-slavery pamphlets and distributing them for fee in pro-slavery states. To stop him, they broke his hand, threw his press in the lake, destroyed another one, then shot him. Never gave up and became an anti-slavery martyr.

Francis Parkman

Historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between France and England in colonial times for mastery of North America

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Lane rebels

In 1832 Theodore Dwight Weld went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Seminary was presided over by Lyman Beecher. Weld and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as the "Lane Rebels." They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas.

Farmers' Alliance

In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party.

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Kent State killings

In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.

Enron

In November 2001 Enron, the United States' seventh largest corporation, issued a statement drastically revising its stated profits over the past three years. Within a month, the company was forced to declare bankruptcy—the largest bankruptcy in business history—and numerous charges surfaced that the company had engaged in a repeated pattern of un-ethical and perhaps illegal practices. In addition to shareholder and employee lawsuits, Enron's executives also faced potential criminal charges for their roles in the scandal.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. This agency froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Kyoto Treaty

International treaty to limit greenhouse gas emissions. It was negotiated and opened for signatories in 1997, and took effect in 2005. Although signed by 169 (of 192) countries, the Bush Administration rejected the plan as too costly in 2001.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Francisco Pizzaro

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Welfare Reform Bill

Legislation that made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. Part of Bill Clinton's campaign platform in 1992, the reforms were widely seen by liberals as an abandonment of key New Deal/Great Society provisions to care for the impoverished.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Stephen Foster

Made a valuable contribution to American folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of the slaves. "Camptown Races"

Emancipation Proclamation

Made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed Lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army;

Works Progress Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

Thomas Eagleton

McGovern's running mate in the Democratic nomination. It was shortly discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care, forcing his removal from the ticket, and virtually dooming McGovern's candidacy.

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Cinco de Mayo

Mexican holiday on may 5th that celebrates the victory the Mexican people over the French who invaded there country.

braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

"City Beautiful" movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

"Exodusters"

Name given to the former slaves who migrated from the South to the West following the Civil War.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

American Red Cross

National organization founded in 1881 through the efforts of Clara Barton that today seeks to reduce human suffering through health, safety, and disaster-relief programs.

Mound Builders

Native American groups who built earthen mounds

Lone Star

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

"separate spheres"

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Spiro T. Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland; Gerald R. Ford replaced him

Jim Fisk

Notorious in the financial world with his partner Jay Gould. He made a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market. It would only work if the federal treasury didn't sell any gold. They tried to make sure of this by talking with President Grant and his brother in law who was paid $25,000. They bid the price of gold skyward while honest businesspeople were driven to the wall.

Harpers Ferry raid

Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of this were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.

The Man Nobody Knows

One of the most successful books of the 1920s due to the advertising executive Bruce Barton. It portrayed Jesus Christ as not only a religious prophet but also a super salesman. Bruce advertised the message that Jesus had been concerned with living a full and rewarding life and that men and women of the twentieth century should do the same.

John Singleton Copley

Painter who also had to travel to London to pursue his dreams. Regarded as a loyalist during the Revolutionary War.

Rough Riders

Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regimen of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for Governor of New York and Vice-President under William McKinley.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. He wrote "The Scarlet Letter".

globalization

Originally, this buzz term referred to the spread of economic activities from a home country to other parts of the world, but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms.

Women's Bureau

Part of the US Department of Labor that started to attack gender stereotypes

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampened further Reconstructionist efforts.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

Maine Law

Passed in 1851 - first big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale of alcohol except for medical purposes

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Warren G. Harding

President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI.

Martin Van Buren

Presidential Candidate for the Free Soil Party in 1848

James B. Weaver

Presidential candidate for the populist party in 1892

impoundment

Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated.

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

William Jennings Bryan

Principle figure in Populist Party - served as Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI) - prosecutor in the Scopes Trial

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

William Graham Sumner

Professor of political and social science at Yale; American follower of Social Darwinism; argued government action on behalf of the poor and weak interfered with evolution and sapped species (reform messed with laws of nature/ no government aid); wrote two books

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Jones Act

Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Great Rapprochement

Reconciliation between America and Britain in 1890 after tensions were rising due to border disputes in Latin America

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

corrupt bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

"big stick"

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Nikita Khrushchev

Russian politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War and during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.

Frances Perkins

She was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Henry W. Grady

Southern newspaper editor of "Atlanta Constitution" (Grady) and "Louisville Courier Journal" (Watterson)- championed doctrine of New South creed- claimed the South's rich coal and timber and cheap labor made it natural sight for industrial development- New South gained momentum in 1880s

war hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Dodge City, Kansas

The "Cowboy Capital of the world" where all of the cow hands came together to take a break from their job

D.W. Griffiths

The "Inventor of Hollywood", was an American film director who pioneered modern film-making techniques. Directed "Birth of A Nation"

Bank of the United States

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

"massive retaliation"

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

massive retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Helsinki accords

The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens.

Louisbourg

The French fortress, located on Cape Breton Island, controlled access to the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River. During the years before the French & Indian War, Great Britain saw France's decision to expand this fortress as a threat to the naval base Halifax.

Fulton J. Sheen

The Roman Catholic bishop that became a TV personality with his program, "Life is Worth Living"

self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Social Security Act

The act passed by FDR that provided for immediate relief for poor elderly; national Old-Age and survivors insurance, a shared federal-state plan of unemployment insurance, and public assistance programs (AFDC)

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

The Renaissance

The cultural movement during the Late Middle Ages, where many educated Europeans, especially in Italy, studied the literature and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

civic virtue

The dedication of citizens to the common welfare of their community or country, even at the cost of their individual interests

Hubert H. Humphrey

The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

mechanization of agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence

"supply-side" economics

The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise

Horatio Gates

The famous general during the Saratoga campaign for the colonists. He was an ex British general who was one of the most controversial fighters when he almost took Washington's place.

Louis Agassiz

The father of glaciology. Concluded that Bubble Rock and other structures like it were the result of glaciers, not a great flood.

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

USS Monitor

The first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy. She is most famous for her participation in the first-ever naval battle against the ironclad CSS Virginia of the Confederate States Navy.

National Labor Union

The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Big Four

The four most important leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution.

thirty-eighth parallel

The line dividing Korea into two sections, north of the parallel the communist Soviet Union was in charge and south of the parallel was democratic America was in charge. This line would become the demilitarized zone after the Korean conflict.

Clement L. Vallandigham

The most prominent Peace Democrat, or Copperhead, who was seized by military authorities and exiled to the Confederacy after he made a speech claiming that the purpose of the war was to free blacks, but enslave whites.

Restoration

The return of the Stuart monarchy (1660) after the period of republican government under Cromwell which was, in fact, a military dictatorship

New Immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815).

reservation system

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

cheap money

The theory that more printed money causes inflation.

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction".

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction". Member of the Anti-Imperialist League.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The 4th Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to this

mulatto population

These people owned significant property in New Orleans. In addition, white masters all too frequently would force their attentions on female slaves, which increased this population

Sacco and Vanzetti case

These were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

insular cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVE)

These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines

First Continental Congress

They endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Seminole Indians

They lived in Florida as runaways from other tribes. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the everglades.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Stalwart

They were conservative Republicans who viewed themselves as firm against sitting President Rutherford B. Hayes' efforts to reform the "spoils system," led by Roscoe ("Lord Roscoe") Conkling.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Charles G. Finney

This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God.

Guadalcanal

This WWII Pacific battle was one of the most famous of all those fought in the Pacific theater, as it was the first major offensive -and crushing victory- of the allied forces against the Empire of Japan.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Bonus Bill of 1817

This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements.

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

dime novels

This books were low-priced paperbacks that offer thrilling adventure stories.

factory system

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Ku Klux Klan

This organization was a group of Americans that often engaged in the lynching of African Americans, Jews, Catholics, among many other groups that were not native-born white Protestants.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. The pres of the company was Frances Willard.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Missouri Compromise

This set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Henry Street settlement house

This settlement was founded by Lillian Wald in NYC. It addressed serious health conditions and concerns of immigrants. Services included visiting nurses, baby clinics, disease prevention, health education, and treated minor illnesses.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.

SALT II treaty

This treaty was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.

National Banking Act

This was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. This act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

"Acres of Diamonds"

This was a lecture written by Russell Conwell that advocated Social Darwinism It justified the rich being rich and the poor being poor and, it called people not to help the poor since it was their fault, thus promoting a laissez faire ideal.

Progressive Party of 1948

This was a left-wing political party that ran former Vice President Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president and U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor of Idaho for vice president in 1948. The party failed to win a single state, coming in fourth in the November election behind Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrat Party.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

contraction

This was the policy implemented by the Treasury when they began to accumulate gold stocks against the appointed day for resumption of metallic-money payments. This policy was coupled with the reduction of greenbacks. It had a noticeable deflationary effect—the amount of money per capita in circulation actually decreased between 1870 and 1880, This policy probably worsened the impact of the depression. But the new policy did restore the government's credit rating, and it brought the embattled greenbacks up to their full face value.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

This was written after the Civil War (so after the slaves were freed). Twain is writing about a time in the recent past. He covers relevant topics like slavery and racism in the southern United States.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

triangular trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

"Richardsonian"

Type of ornamental architecture in the late 1800s made popular by Henry Richardson who is often referred to as the "first American architect"

Frank Kellogg

U.S Secretary of State in 1928 who is credited with arranging an international treaty that was designed to renounce war and promote peace

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

religious right

United States political faction that advocates social and political conservatism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Jack Dempsey

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)

Elvis Presley

United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

Was an oath-bound secret society in NYC created by Charles Allen in 1849 to protest the rise of the Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the U.S. They were also known as the "Know-nothings" because they kept the society a secret.

"Pittsburgh plus" pricing

Was designed by steel lords (like Carnegie and Morgan) in the North to keep the South at an economic disadvantage in the steel industry. The southern coal and iron ore deposits were close to where it could be processed, which would give the South an advantage since they would have to pay less money for shipping. The steel lords put pressure on the railroads to charge the goods with a fictional fee as if they had been shipped from Pittsburgh.

Matthew Lyon

Was one of the famous arrestees of the Alien and Sedition Acts. His crime was spitting at a Federalist's face and criticizing Adam's policies

George H. W. Bush

Was the 42nd President of the United States, previously Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, and director of the CIA, before becoming president.

Thomas E. Dewey

Was the 47th Governor of New York (1943-1954). In 1944 he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the closest of Roosevelt's four presidential elections. In 1948 he was again the Republican candidate for President, but lost to the incumbent President, Harry S. Truman, in one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history.

The Hump

Was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew military transport aircraft from India to China to resupply the Chinese war effort of Chiang Kai-shek and the units of the United States Army Air Forces based in China

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. This was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

St. Lawrence seaway

Waterway to connect Great Lakes on the U.S./Canadian border to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River, it allowed better shipping and transportation, and improved international relations and trade.

WMD

Weapons of Mass Destruction: nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapons which have the ability to bring harm to large numbers of people

Henry Adams

Well connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past.

"yellow peril"

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Winfield Scott

Whig candidate in 1852; an impressive figure though one whose personality and support of the Compromise of 1850 repelled the masses. Southerners did not accept his loyalty to the fugitive slave law, and northerners deplored his support of the same law. He lost to Pierce.

John Dean III

White House counsel to Richard Nixon from 1970 to 1973 who became deeply involved in the Watergate break-in and cover-up. After pleading guilty to obstruction of justice charges, he became a key witness for the prosecution whose testimony was later corroborate by tape recordings

second-wave feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

sitdown strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

American Legion

World War I veterans' group that promoted patriotism and economic benefits for former servicemen

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Women and Economics

Written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman; influenced the new generation of women aspiring to greater independence; insisted that how people earned a living shaped their entire lives, and that therefore women must free themselves from the home to achieve genuine freedom

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition, it intensified sectional conflict.

Progress and Poverty

Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land

The Promise of American Life

Written by Herbert Croly in 1909. The promise - the vision of a better future for everybody. This would be governed by the power of the state because they couldn't count on business to do it. When he wrote this book, there was a fear that big business would be a monster that would destroy liberty.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.

The Sound and the Fury

Written by William Faulkner. A Southern family on the decline crumbles completely when one of his members has a child out of wedlock. Family falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson, and many of them die tragically. Title taken from Macbeth. "tale told from [different points of views], full of sound and fury

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Stephen Crane

Wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Wrote literature opposing society, was not famous in his day but is now known for Great Gatsby and many other writings.

Ray Stannard Baker

Wrote the book 'Following the Color Line', becoming the first prominent journalist to examine America's racial divide. It was extremely successful.

Leisler's Rebellion

____ seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop

Crédit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

William D. Haywood

a leader of the Industrial workers of the World, the Wester Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America. He was one of the most feared of American labor radicals. During WWI, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation. He also spent time in jail for violating the espionage act

romanticisim

a literary and artistic movement in the 18th and 19th centuries. emphasized imagination, fancy, freedom, emotion, wildness, the beauty of the untamed natural work, the rights of the individual, the common man, and the attractiveness of pastoral life.

scientific management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

monopolistic

a market structure in which many companies sell products that are similar but not identical

Microsoft Corporation

a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices; sued by the US government for having a monopoly in the computer industry.

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

rebate

a partial refund of the price of a product

domestic feminism

a political movement composed mainly of women, begun in the late 19th century in order to campaign against women's suffrage in the United States and United Kingdom

Palestine Liberation Organization

a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

People's Party

aka Populists, this party was formed in 1892 by farmers' alliances. This party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable

Clayton Act

amended Sherman Act by outlawing exclusive dealing and tie-in arrangements, helped unions.

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Irving Kristol

an American columnist, journalist, and writer who was dubbed the "godfather of neoconservatism"

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

John C. Frémont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

pop art

an American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media

Myles Standish

an English born military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military adviser for Plymouth colony. Arriving on the Mayflower, he worked on colonial defense. On February 17, 1622, he was appointed the first commander of Plymouth colony. Later, he served as Plymouth's representative in England, and served as assistant governor and as the colony's treasurer.

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Roosevelt coalition

an alignment of interest groups and voting blocks used to remain Democratic party in power-labor unions, minority groups involved

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

Helen Hunt Jackson

an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.

Frederick W. Taylor

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

Half-Way Covenant

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. It allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

H. L. Mencken

attacked patriotism. prohibition, and other timely topics in his monthly magazine "The American Mercury"

land-grant colleges

colleges and universities created from allocations of pubic land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of the today's public universities derive from these grants.

"dot.com" businesses

companies that do most of their business on the internet

Great Compromise

compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

agrarian

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

witch hunting

condemnation and occasional execution of people accused of witchcraft; convenient way to explain problems that arose; all types of people were accused, but single women (unmarried, widows) were the majority of "witches"

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Tariff of 1857

created in response to the financial crash of 1857, reduced duties to 20%, northerners angered about low tariff walls, yet another source of north-south tension.

Branch Davidians

cult led by David Koresh, sieged by federal agents, had illegal firearms, building caught fire and no one survived

bundle of compromises

delegates wanted a federal government; the debate was over points such as: details of the structure of congress, the method by which the president is chosen, the limits that should be put on several powers in the new central government.

William Travis

former lawyer turned solider. Was given a rank of Lieutenant Cornel in the Texas army. Got command of the Alamo after Neill left for personal reasons. Wrote a famous letter asking for help from the siege but pledging to stand and fight to the death defending the Alamo.

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. This union changed from a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance to that of a union of farmworkers almost overnight

consumer goods

goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption

Bible Commonwealth

government in which religious officals make civil rules. name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints

Moderate Republicans

group that viewed Reconstruction as a practical matter of restoring states into the Union and keeping the former Confederates out of government

Slobodan Milosevic

he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s - this conflict also marked the first direct military action waged by NATO

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

John L. Sullivan

heavyweight fighter- aka "the Boston Strong Boy"- Irish immigrant decent- very pop among immigrants- eventually won last bare-knuckles championship in 1889

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

"White Man's Burden"

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized"

"cult of domesticity"

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

New Netherland

the Dutch controlled colony that controlled parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

McCain-Feingold Act

increased role of soft money in campaign financing, prohibited national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits even for state and local races or issues

Pullman Palace Cars

luxury passenger cars that were built and were very popular for travelers

blue collar

member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage

sound money

misleading slogan that referred to a conservative policy of restricting the money supply and adhering to the gold standard.

family stability

more prevalent in New England than Chesapeake region because of lack of diseases, immigration as a family, longevity, and high birth rate

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published "The Jungle", a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Bull Moose

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Little Italy

one of the oldest immigrant neighborhooods in New York City of italian immigrants where they lived together to escape discrimination and to experience their culture

Unionists

people who wanted to stay in the Union and workout their differences over slavery

Daniel Webster

supported Clay's proposals and called for an end to the bitter sectionalism that was dividing the nation. Argued for Clays compromise in order to preserve the Union

external taxation

placed on an item coming into the colony

"cash-and-carry"

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

taverns

popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip and political debate

Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

refers to the responsibility the employer has to ensure the workplace is safe for employees and that steps are taken to minimize harm.

"No taxation without representation"

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Kosovo

region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

McCarran Act

required all communist organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members

martial law

rule by the army instead of the elected government

"Blue Light" Federalists

term used by people who believed that certain federalists signaled the british when americans were coming

"televangelists"

term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks

Fernando Gorges

the "Father of English Colonization in North America", was an early English colonial entrepreneur and founder of the Province of Maine in 1622.

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Warren Burger

the Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

flexible response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

safety-valve theory

theory that people from the city could always fall back on the frontier if things didn't work out in the city or as a way to relieve pressure of increasing population.

U.S. Forest Service

this organization created by Teddy Roosevelt in 1905 brought the federal government to regulate the natural environment

Savannah Indians

tribe who had helped English settlers in Carolinas with Indian slave trade, but were later annihilated by the colonists when they tried to leave

General Federation of Women's Clubs

united mostly middle class, white women; discussed civic issues and literary issues, advocates for children clinics, schools, purer food and drug supply, and women's suffrage, initiate letter writing campaign (since they can't vote), still segregated

research universities

universities in the United States that engage in extensive research activity.

the "bloody shirt"

using the war to gain moral support; meaning to constantly remind voters of his military record used by Grant. Helped win moral support for the Republican party in the election of 1868 after war.

"asymmetrical warfare"

warfare in which opposing groups or nations have unequal military resources, and the weaker opponent uses unconventional weapons and tactics, as terrorism, to exploit the vulnerabilities of the enemy.

William Crawford

was Sec. of Treasury under James Monroe Presidency; and a canidate for Presidency in 1824 he represented the south in this election

Arsene Pujo

was a member of the United States House of Representatives best known for chairing the "(name) Committee", which sought to expose an anti-competitive conspiracy among some of the nation's most powerful financial interests.

Nelson Aldrich

was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1911. By the 1890s he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans who largely controlled the major decisions of the Senate. He was deeply committed to the efficiency model of the Progressive Era.

Harry M. Daugherty

was an American politician. He is best known as a Republican Party boss, and member of the Ohio Gang, the name given to the group of advisers surrounding president Warren G. Harding.

Yankee ingenuity

was often necessary for New England colonists. Unlike the rich and fertile soil of Virginia, New England had poor soil as well as a harsh winter and had to rely on improvisation and other means for economic success.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

written by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies

Our Country

written in 1885 intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. It may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. He was one of the first to warn that Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes.

Lew Wallace

wrote "Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ" published in 1880; accepted Christ while writing it; was the most popular novel in America in the late 19th century

Louis D. Brandeis

wrote the book "Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It". Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first Jewish person in that position.

Louis D. Brandeis

wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first Jew in that position.

yuppies

young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.