APUSH AP test
New Amsterdam
Company town established by the Dutch in 1624
Fundamental Orders
Connecticut River colony constitution that established a democratic government
House of Burgesses
First democratic body in the colonies in 1619
New England Confederation
Intercolonial union between the two Massachusetts colonies and two Connecticut colonies to defend against foes
Cahokia
One of the largest settlements in North America, group of 25000 people in Mississippi
Little Turtle
War chief of the Miami Confederacy who defeated Americans in 1790 and 91 in the Great Lakes region
Anne Hutchinson
claimed that holy live was no sign of salvation and the truly saved didn't need to follow the laws of God or man (antinominalism) She was banished to Rhode Island, and then was killed by Indians in New York
First Anglo- Powhatan war
fought by De La Warr and peace was created by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe in 1614
King James I
gave Virginia company charter for Jamestown, threatened to get rid of the Puritan Separatists from Englant, prompting them to go to Massachusetts
Encomiendas
giving Native Americans to the Spanish colonists in exchange for Christianize them, basically slavery
Second Anglo- Powhatan war
he Powhatans lost because of their lack of cohesiveness as a military force and because they all died of smallpox and measles
Pequot war
1636-38, war between English and Pequots in Connecticut River colony, ended with defeat of Pequots by English and Narraganset
English Civil War
1643, distracted England from policing the colonies
Glorious (bloodless) Revolution
1688-89, replaced James II with William and Mary, who limited monarchical power and increased Parliamentary power
Leisler's rebellion
1689 Conflicts between landholders and aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the elite of NY
Stono rebellion
1739 rebellion of 50 SC slaves along Stono river, attempted to reach Spanish Florida, but were stopped by SC militia.
Bank of the United States
1791, chartered by Congress as part of Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.
Reign of Terror
1793-94 ten-month period of brutal repression where 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once it commenced.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
1794 decisive battle between Americans and Miami Confederacy. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing them to attain a peace settlement with the U.S.
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania to oppose an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.
Jay's Treaty
1794, negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels. In return, Jay bound the U.S. to pay pre-Revolutionary debts owed to British merchants and abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies towards France.
Treaty of Grenville
1795 treaty where the Miami ceded territory in the Old Northwest in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.
XYZ Affair
1797 diplomatic conflict between France and U.S. where the Americans were asked to pay a bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged undeclared war against French merchants in the Carribean
Sedition Act
1798 act by Federalist Congress trying to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, made anyone convicted with defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let it expire in 1801.
Alien Laws
1798 act passed by Federalist Congress that raised the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granted the president the right to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
1798-99 statements secretly drafted by Madison and Jefferson for the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky. Argued that the states were final arbiters in whether the federal government had overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify legislation they deemed unconstitutional.
Midnight judges
1801, Federal justices appointed by Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.
Marbury v. Madison
1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"- the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality
Pope's rebellion
A Pueblo uprising against the Spanish missionaries- it took the Spanish more than 50 years to end it
freemen
Adult men who belonged to Puritan congregations, voters
Half-way covenant
Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. Signified waning religious attitudes in NE
Convention of 1800
Agreement to formally dissolve the U.S.'s treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to America's longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.
Spanish Armada
Attacked the English, who defeated them with superior boats, The defeat of the armada marked the beginning of Spain;s decline.
Peter Stuyvesant
Best Dutch director-general, fought against Swedes in New Sweden/Delawaer, eventually surrendered to the English, who took NY and Delaware
Queen Elizabeth
British monarch who energized England and sparked its search for colonies
Lord De La Warr
Declared war against Virginia Indians and used Irish tactics to defeat them- raiding houses, burning villages and cornfields, confiscating provisions
patroonships
Dutch feudal estates along the Hudson river, granted to whoever would settle 50 people on them
Revolution of 1800
Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system
James Oglethorpe
Established Georgia as a haven for debtors and tried to keep slavery out
Cabinet
Established by Washington as interpretation of the Constitution saying that the president may require written opinions of heads of executive branch departments- originally secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, and attorney general
Federalists and Democratic Republicans
Federalists were in favor of strengthening the government, and Democratic Republicans were the successors to anti-federalists
Lord Proprietors
Founders of Carolina
Edmond Genet
French envoy who believed that the Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the will of the people and started recruiting armies to invade Spanish and British territory. Was eventually ordered to leave by Washington.
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
French foreign minister in XYZ affair
Mad Anthony Wayne
General who defeated Miami in Battle of Fallen Timbers
Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh
Gilbert tried to establish colony in Newfoundland, but failed, inspired Raleigh to start colony in Roanoke, also failed
William Berkeley
Governor of Virginia during Bacon's rebellion, was chased out of Jamestown. After Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion and hung over 20 rebels
Great migration
In the 1630's, 70,000 people left England, 20,000 came to MBC
Neutrality Proclamation
Issued by Washington in 1793, it declared America's neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, which enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.
Middle colonies
Known for agricultural farming, religious toleration, especially for Quakers, and diversity
Aztecs
Largest American society who built the largest American city, Tenochtitlan, and were eventually conquered by Cortes
Salem witch trials
Launched in 1692 after adolescent girls claimed to be bewitched by older women in the town- 20 people were put to death before the governor stopped it
West Indies
Mainly known for the sugar industry, used black slavery for labor, islands were colonized by several European nations, their slave codes, especially Barbados, influenced America
Act of Toleration
Maryland act establishing religious toleration for all Christians
Anasazi
Means ancient ones, commonly called Pueblos, carved extremely complex cities out of mountains
three-sister farming
Method of growing corn, beans, and squash together. These crops, especially corn, were vital in fueling Native American civilizations
Colombian exchange
Mixing of people, plants, animals, information, and diseases that occurred when the old and new worlds met
Separatists
Most ardent Puritans, James I threatened to make them leave England because he didn't want to be disliked as a religious (Anglican) leader or political leader
Chesapeake region
Most growth was fro immigration, esp. indentured servants, few towns or cities, only real industry was tobacco growing, most residents were poor but there was an aristocratic class
Navigation laws
Only English ships could trade with colonies and all colonial exports had to pass through England
Judiciary Act of 1789
Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created 16 new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.
Funding at par
Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.
tobacco
Perfected by John Rolfe in 1612, allowed Jamestown colony to survive
William Bradford
Pilgrim scholar who was governor of Plymouth thirty times
Sir Francis Drake
Pirate who plundered the Spanish, knighted by Elizabeth
Implied powers
Powers not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, but still used by the government- best example is elastic/necessary and proper clause, enhances power of Congress
Naturalization law of 1802
Reduced the required residence time for citizenship from fourteen years under he Alien Act to 5 years
Roger Williams
Salem minister who condemned the puritan church for not separating from Anglicans and not compensating Indians for their land, was banished and established Providence, RI as a haven for religious freedom
Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of Treasury who worked to establish America's good credit
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of treasury under Jefferson, reduced debt and balanced budget by using strict controls of the economy
Protestant ethic
Serious commitment to work and worldly pursuits
Pinckney's Treaty
Signed with Spain in 1795, which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.
Battle of Acoma
Spain established the province of New Mexico
Father Junipero Serra
Spanish priest who established missions in California
Peninsulares
Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World
John Marshall
Supreme Court chief justice, established judicial review
tariff
Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs.
excise tax
Tax on goods produced domestically. They were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey.
Quasi-war with France
The French thought that Jay's treaty signaled that the U.S. would ally with Britain, both sides were angered after the XYZ affair, they fought in the West Indies, eventually they accepted American diplomats and created Convention of 1800
Iroquois
The largest union comparable to European nations that existed in North America- comprised of five different tribes, resided in New York, although the tribes were usually independent
Compact theory
The states had formed a compact in creating a federal government, and if any act of the federal government broke the compact, the states could nullify the law, behind the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
New England town
Towns were close, tight-knit, and orderly, very focused on the family, most women had children every 2 years, it was not very ethnically diverse, farming was difficult
assumption
Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the federal government.
Treaty of Tordesilla
Treaty drawn up by the Pope to divide the New World between Spain and Portugal: Spain got most of it, Portugal got Brazil and parts of Africa and Asia
Sir Edmund Andros and the Dominion of New England
Unification of New England under Andros to better enforce English laws- curbed popular assemblies and taxed residents without their consent, collapsed after Glorious revolution
Election of 1796
Unrestrained because of the absence of Washington, two sides were less civil with each other than they had been, very close between Adams, a federalist (who became president), and Jefferson, a Republican, who became vice president
Farewell Address
Washington's address at the end of his presidency in 1796, warning against permanent alliances with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances
Headright system
Whoever paid for the passage of an indentured servant got 50 acres of land- incentivized people to hire servants, but caused the land supple to dwindle
William Penn, Pennsylvania, and Quakers
William Penn was given a charter for Pennsylvania by the kind to settle a debt to his father. Pennsylvania was one of the most liberal, diverse, and tolerant colonies
Mayflower Compact
agreement signed by the pilgrims and the travellers with them to agree to form a government ans submit to the will of the majority
slave codes
laws beginning in 1662 defining slavery, its hereditary nature, and limited slaves' rights
salutary neglect
not strictly enforcing English laws in the colonies
nullification
refusal to accept a national law
jeremiad
sermons lamenting the waning religion and piety among New Englanders
Crusades and Marco Polo
some of Europe's first excursions into the East that created the awareness and desire for Asian goods. Because of the high prices charged by Muslim merchants, the Europeans began to look for a way to get to Asia directly
Strict v. Loose Constructionist
strict constructionism is adhering rigidly to the Constitution, loose constructionism allows more interpretation- used by John Marshall
conversion
the receipt of God's gift of saving grace, after which people were expected to live sanctified lives
middle passage
transatlantic voyage for slaves from Africa to the colonies, with notoriouosly high death rates- 20%
Bacon's rebellion
uprising of Virginia farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect them against Indian attacks